美国的福利制度Welfare_System
福利国家的悖论1
福利国家的悖论国际政治2010074035姚荣荣福利国家的悖论从福利制度建立到今天福利国家的建立，福利制度经过了一个漫长的历史时期，并不断的走向完善。
起初，它的建立调动了人们生产的积极性，促进了社会的发展，稳定了社会的秩序。
然而，今天从“摇篮到坟墓”的福利却滋生了一系列的弊端。
对于福利国家的理解福利国家（welfare state）：由国家提供公益事业和救济保险等福利的国家。
1福利国家是一种国家形态，福利是这种国家形态的特性，是用来界定国家的，福利国家这种国家形态突出地强化了现代国家的社会功能，所以它是一个政治学的概念，而社会福利则是社会学概念。
福利国家不是社会保险、不是公费医疗、也不是家庭福利和社会救济计划。
福利国家甚至不等同于社会保障和社会政策，而是他们的加总。
2福利国家的起源现代福利制度起源于英国的《贝弗里奇报告》。
《贝弗里奇报告》对战后英国福利社会的建设产生了巨大的影响。
这个报告主张的社会福利可以被概括为“3U”思想：普享性原则（Universality），即所有公民不论其职业为何，都应被覆盖以预防社会风险；统一性原则（Unity），即建立大一统的福利行政管理机构；均一性原则（Uniformity），即每一个受益人根据其需要，而不是收入状况，获得资助。
正是鉴于福利制度的理论，在20世纪的大危机和世界大战之后，为了解决财政压力，英国实行了“人民预算”；面对经济的颓废，美国实行了“罗斯福新政”。
这种在战争废墟上建立起来的福利制度后被广泛的称之为“福利国家”。
30年代经济大危机是西方国家观念彻底更新的催生剂。
在凯恩斯主义的影响下，威廉•贝弗里爵士在它的最具有影响力的杰作«自由社会中的充分就业»中明确的提出：“保护公民免于大规模的失业……这必须确定无疑的是国家的职能，就像现在国家保护国民免于国外的威胁和来自内部的强盗和暴力的威胁一样。
”无论是在大陆欧洲，还是在英伦三岛，甚至远及北美，由于市场的不完善和社会的无力量，国家利用手中的权力，保护国民免于社会风险已经成为国家观念中不可分割的组成部分，成为政治和发行和政治权威性的依据之一。
高三英语社会问题词汇单选题55题
高三英语社会问题词汇单选题55题1. The ______ of plastic waste is a major environmental concern. We should encourage the use of reusable products.A. productionB. reductionC. pollutionD. protection答案：C。
解析：本题考查环保相关词汇。
题干提到塑料废物，这与环境污染相关。
A选项production意为生产，塑料废物的生产不是主要的环境关注点，这里强调的是塑料废物带来的问题而不是生产本身。
B选项reduction是减少，虽然减少塑料废物是应对措施，但此处说的是塑料废物已经存在的状况。
C选项pollution污染，塑料废物的污染是重大环境问题，符合题意。
D选项protection保护，与题意中塑料废物带来的负面情况不符。
2. With the problem of ______ becoming more and more serious, the government has introduced a series of policies to encourage young people to have more children.A. population growthB. population agingC. population densityD. population mobility答案：B。
解析：本题围绕人口问题相关词汇。
题干提到政府出台政策鼓励年轻人多生孩子，这是为了应对人口老龄化问题。
A选项population growth人口增长，与题意鼓励生育来应对的情况不符。
B 选项population aging人口老龄化，因为人口老龄化严重所以政府鼓励生育，符合题意。
C选项population density人口密度，题干未涉及人口密度问题。
中考英语社会福利的项目评估单选题40题
中考英语社会福利的项目评估单选题40题1. In the UK, the social welfare system provides various forms of support to the people. Which of the following is one of the main aims of the social welfare system?A. To make the rich richerB. To ensure the basic living needs of the peopleC. To only support the unemployedD. To encourage people not to work答案：B。
解析：社会福利系统的主要目的之一是确保人们的基本生活需求。
选项A使富人更富不是社会福利的目的；选项C社会福利不只是支持失业者，还包括很多其他需要帮助的群体；选项D鼓励人们不工作违背社会福利的初衷，社会福利是为了帮助有困难的人，而不是让人们不工作。
2. In the United States, Medicaid is an important part of the social welfare. What does Medicaid mainly do?A. Provide free houses for everyoneB. Offer medical assistance to low - income peopleC. Give a large amount of money to the elderlyD. Pay for everyone's education答案：B。
解析：Medicaid（ 医疗补助计划）主要是为低收入人群提供医疗援助。
选项A提供免费住房不是Medicaid的职能；选项C 给老人大量金钱不是它的主要工作；选项D支付每个人的教育费用也不是Medicaid的任务。
美国社会保障建立时期的妇女福利状况
华中科技大学硕士学位论文摘要1935年美国国会通过了《社会保障法》，它的颁布和实施标志着美国现代社会保障制度的确立。
美国社会保障制度的建立并不仅仅是罗斯福政府单方面努力的结果，也是社会各个群体共同努力的成果。
其中，被称作“最大多数少数民族”的妇女在美国社会保障立法的制定和实施中发挥了积极的作用。
本文从社会保障史的研究视角出发，辅以社会学、妇女学和历史学的知识，分析了美国妇女对社会福利关注的过程和妇女组织争取福利的途径，进而探讨了美国社会保障建立时期妇女的福利状况，从而说明了妇女在美国社会保障建立中的作用，以及这种作用对妇女的影响。
本文正文分为五个部分：第一部分是导论，主要介绍了本文的研究目的、意义，及其研究的理论背景。
第二部分是美国妇女权利意识的觉醒，主要分析了美国妇女受歧视的状况，论述了战争和女权运动对美国妇女权利意识觉醒的促进作用。
受英国重男轻女观念的影响，美国妇女在19世纪长期处于无权地位并被作为男性的附属品，她们的主要活动场所就是家庭。
但独立战争、内战的爆发和女权运动的高涨，使妇女提高了对自身的认识和社会的期望，逐渐投身社会争取自身的权利和福利。
第三部分是妇女组织的社会福利主张及其影响。
由于美国妇女权利意识觉醒，她们开始投入社会，组织起来参加各种革命和社会活动。
妇女组织成为美国妇女争取福利的有效途经。
赫尔馆、全国消费者联盟、妇女俱乐部、全国妇女工会联合会和控制生育联盟在美国社会保障建立中发挥了积极作用。
第四部分是美国社会保障建立时期的妇女福利状况，主要论述了妇女福利在社会保障立法中的地位和妇女福利的一般状况。
经过妇女组织在美国社会保障建立中的努力，州政府颁布了大量保护妇女和儿童的法律。
妇女成为福利的主要对象。
当社会保障建立后，在妇女组织的影响下，联邦政府开始关注弱势群体。
但社会保障的对象变成了男人，妇女只能作为福利的边缘人群而存在。
即使有立法的保障，美国妇女在生育健康、就业和婚姻家庭方面只享受到有限的福利。
Welfare System
Employee benefits system • individual accident insurance 个人伤害保险 • life assurance 人寿保险 • accident insurance 意外险 • health insurance 健康保险 medical insurance 医疗保险
Welfare System
group 5:
阎娇娇 孟欣 常婧媛 马杰
Benefits provided for all stuff include 全体员工提供的福利包括
• defined benefit 固定福利
eg: Almost half the employers surveyed offered either a defined benefit or a defined contribution pension plan.
• unemployment compensation失业补助 eg: He has to get by on unemployment
compensation .
employee stock
eg: ESOP can be seen as one path to diversifying investment in state-owned enterprises.
medical insurance eg: Although rural medical insurance have been reintroduced,out-of-pocket expenditure remains high and rural healthcare services remain inadequate. eg:I balanced the benefits against the costs of medical insurance. phrase： medicare 老年医疗保险计划 Private Health Insurance私人医疗保险
中美社会福利制度对比
American recent welfare system is Social Security Act （社会安全法案）which is published in 1936. And then the government improves and perfects it.
《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》
The people's Republic of China Law on the protection of the rights and interests of the elderly 《中华人民共和国残疾人保障法》
Law on the Protection of Person with Disabilities 《农村五保供养工作条例》
16世纪英国圈地运动迫使众多农民背井离乡，沦 为流浪汉，失业现象日益严重。英国统治者被迫 考虑救济贫民问题。
●Federal Social Insurance（联邦社会保险）
Retirement Benefits
Disability Benefits
Medicare Benefits
●Unemployment Compensation（失业补 助金）
The beginning of the American welfare was The
Poor Law (济贫法)issued by ElizabethⅠ in 1601.
In the period of the Civil War, the public welfare was charged by the locality and state. The dependence of the poor to poorhouse and hospice increased rapidly. The orphanage and beadhouse were found.
Welfare_System(1)福利
• Private foundations – The Rockefeller Foundation – The Ford Foundation – The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. The foundation is "driven by the interests and passions of the Gates family". The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology.
• Voluntary organisation play an important role in rendering help to people in need of assistance.
• For most American people Crucial——immediate & accessible
2.Medicare
• Medical Insurance (Health Care) • It means if you are sick, the government will pay for mostly money.
精华资料考研必看之paraphrase综合（收费）
Text,B,,Family-unfriendly,Policies01.…,,even,after,a,significant,reform,of,the,welfare,system,,the,single,welfare,mother,has,become,the,public,symbol,of,much,of,what,is,wrong,with,America’s,social,service,programs.,(para,8)0即使福利制度发生重大变革后，领取福利金的单身母亲成了美国福利政策的主要问题。
0Paraphrase:a.,Though,a,major,reform,of,the,welfare,system,has,been,carried,out,,the,policies,of,aiding,the,single,mother,is,still,a,demonstration(a, good,example),to,show,that,the,American,social,service,programs,have,fundamental,problems.0b.,Even,after,a,major,reform,in,welfare,system,,the,single,mother,still,enjoy,too,much,benefits,,which,is,always,regarded,as,the,main,pr oblem,in,America’s,social,service,programs.02.Federal,aid,should,give,incentives,for,couples,to,form,and,sustain,healthy,marriages,,not,encouragement,for,single,parenthood,and,nonmarital,birth.,(para,8)0联邦援助应该鼓励夫妻双方建立并维系健康的婚姻，而不是鼓励单亲家庭和未婚生育。
英美两国福利制度比较研究
英美两国福利制度比较研究A Comparative Study of National Welfare System Beween British And American摘要西方现代福利制度是人类社会文明进步的标志，在有利于加强资产阶级统治的同时，也对保障劳动群众的生活安全起到了很大的作用。
作为社会化大生产和工业革命的产物，西方福利制度为整个社会经济的有序运营创造了良好的环境。
各国以立法形式通过国民收入再分配，以社会保障税和其他税收形式将高收入者的一部分收入转移支付给低收入者，谋求实现收入的均等化，缓解了社会矛盾，维持了社会稳定；同时也保证了劳动力的再生产，促进了经济发展；此外，也是道德观念得以维护和延续。
但世界各国国情不同，期福利制度在模式、保障范围、资金支出与管理等方面也存在着巨大的差异。
本文就英美两国的福利政策制度演进历程展开比较，通过研究和借鉴英美国家从剩余型福利政策、到制度型社会福利、再到发展型社会福利的发展和改革的历程；比较英美国家的不同国情的保障制度改革，提出福利制度的改革方向：构建积极的发展性的社会保障制度。
目的在于揭示英美两国由于各自不同的历史传统，政治文化以及民情习惯等因素而形成的福利制度及其模式的特点，并探索他们在目前世界性的福利制度改革大潮中的发展趋势。
还无疑问，这将有足浴我们在思考别国的经验教训，推动目前我国正在进行的社会保障制度的完善与发展进程。
关键词：福利福利制度比较ABSTRACTWestern modern social welfare system is a sign of civilization and progress of human society, in favor of strengthening the rule of the bourgeoisie, but also to protect the lives of working people played a significant role in security. As a large-scale socialized production and the product of the industrial revolution, the Western welfare system for the orderly operation of the entire social economy to create a good environment. States to legislate through the redistribution of the national income to social security taxes and other forms of high-income tax share of income transfer payments to low-income people, the pursuit of revenue equalization, ease social contradictions, and to maintain social stability; the same time also ensure that the reproduction of labor, and promote economic development; besides, it can be maintain and extend moral valued. However, countries in the world have different national conditions, its welfare system in the mode of coverage, capital expenditures and management, there are a huge differences.In this paper, the evolution of British and American welfare system history to start comparison, through research and drawing on Britain and American social welfare policy from the remaining type, the type of social welfare system, to the developmental social welfare development and reform process; more Anglo-American countries, different conditions of security system reform, reform the welfare system put forward: building positive development-oriented social security system. As the United States and Britain intended to reveal their different historical traditions, political culture and public sentiment to form habits, the welfare system and its pattern of characteristics, and to explore their current welfare system reform global tide of trends. Undoubtedly, this will help us to reflect on the lessons of other countries to promote our country was now the perfect social security system and development process.Key word: welfare benefits system compare1、引言英美国家的福利制度理论渊源深厚，福利制度理论的研究也比较完善。
Social Welfare (社会福利)
Welfare System Social Welfare - or public charity, organized provision of educational, cultural, medical, and financial assistance to the needy. Modern social welfare measures may include any of the following: the care of destitute adults; the treatment of the mentally ill; the rehabilitation of criminals; the care of destitute, neglected, and delinquent children; the care and relief of the sick or handicapped; the care and relief of needy families; and supervisory, educational, and constructive activity, especially for the young.1. The Development of Social Work2. Modern Social Work3. Comparing welfare states4. Examples5. The politics of welfare1.The Development of Social WorkSocial work emerged as a profession out of the early efforts of churches and philanthropic groups to relieve the effects of poverty, to bring the comforts of religion to the poor, to promote temperance and encourage thrift, to care for children, the sick, and the aged, and to correct the delinquent. Orphanages and homes for the elderly were typical results of these activities. The word charity best describes the early activities, which were aimed at the piecemeal alleviation of particular maladjustments. In such charitable work the principal criterion in determining aid to families was worthiness, while the emphasis in later social work was on restoring individuals to normal life both for their own sake and for the sake of the community.The first attempts to solve the problem of poverty in a modern scientific way was made by P. G. F. Le Play, who in the 1850s made a detailed study of the budgets of hundreds of French workers' families. Forty years later Charles Booth investigated wages and prices, working conditions, housing and health,standards of living, and leisure activities among the poor of London and revealed the extreme poverty of a third of the population. Booth's social survey became a method for determining the extent of social maladjustment, and through surveys in other cities in Europe and the United States a vast number of facts were accumulated, and methods were developed that provided the basis for modern social work.In 1874 the National Conference of Charities and Correction (now called the National Conference on Social Welfare) was organized in the United States. Public relief and private philanthropic effort remained largely matters of local and state concern until after 1930, when the federal government entered the field of social work on a large scale to cope with the effects of the Great Depression. Resources were made available, the number of social workers was greatly increased, and it became necessary to coordinate public and private activities. Social work has been steadily professionalized, and special graduate schools as well as departments in universities have been established to train social workers. By 1999 there were 377 accredited undergraduate schools of social work in the United States.2.Modern Social WorkModern social work employs three methods of assistance: case work, group work, and community organization. Case work is the method by which individual persons and families are assisted. The person in need of case work may be physically, mentally, or socially handicapped. Among those regarded as socially handicapped are: the unemployed, the homeless, members of broken families, alcoholics, drug addicts, and neglected or problem children. To determine the cause of maladjustment, the social worker must understand individual psychology as well as the sociology of the community. Physicians, psychiatrists, and other specialists may be required to help diagnose the difficulty.Social group work is exemplified by the social settlement, the supervised playground and gymnasium, and the classroom, where handicrafts may be learned. The community may be called upon to provide the buildings and grounds for such activities; often the services of volunteers and of public groups are utilized; in recent years people living in poverty areas have been employed to work in and direct poverty projects in their own communities. Through community organization the welfare work of single agencies as well as of whole communities is directed, cooperation between public and private agencies is secured, and funds are raised and administered. The funds required by private agencies are often pooled in a community chest, from which each agency receives a share. Community welfare councils areorganized to map programs of rehabilitation, to eliminate duplication of services, and to discover and meet overlooked needs.4. ExamplesChild WelfareChild Welfare - services provided for the care of disadvantaged children. Foundling institutions for orphans and abandoned children were the earliest attempts at child care, usually under religious auspices. At first the goal was to provide minimum physical subsistence, but services have been expanded to include social and psychological help. In the late 18th cent., a movement developed around the idea that children should not simply be regarded as small adults, and such educators as Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Froebel were discussing children's special needs at the same time that the Industrial Revolution intensified the nonagricultural exploitation o f child labor. In the 19th cent. many religious and private institutions were organized to take care of children who were orphaned, destitute, or handicapped. In child-welfare legislation, the British Children's Charter Act of 1908 and the Ohio Children's Code Commission of 1911 marked a new era. The idea that it was the responsibility of the community to provide children with the advantages that their parents could not supply is a 20th-century development. In this category are free school lunches; medical, dental, and psychiatric services and child guidance clinics in schools; playgrounds; children's courts; special schools for handicapped children; and care in foster families for children of broken homes. Infant and child clinics are often provided by municipalities. Many social welfare agencies finance summer camps for both healthy and handicapped children. In the United States child welfare services are administered through the Administration for Children and Families within the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. A series of new child welfare programs were passed by Congress in the 1960s. These included the Child Nutrition Act, the Head Start Program, and the Foster Grandparent Program. The International Union for Child Welfare (1920) organized relief for child victims of major international and national disasters. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF, 1946) targets malnutrition and helps reestablish children's services destroyed in war. Current child welfare concerns include child abuse and child care (see day nursery).HomelessnessHomelessness - the condition of not having a permanent place to live, widely perceived as a societal problem only beginning in the 1980s. Estimates of thenumber of homeless people in the United States are imprecise, but in the late 1990s ranged from 700,000 per night to 2 million per year. A survey made in 1994 found that 12 million Americans had experienced homelessness at some point in their lives; the vast majority of those who are homeless consists of single men and families with children. The problem exists in all major cities and many smaller communities. The causes range from large-scale deinstitutionalization of mentally ill people to disintegration of the social fabric in minority communities, drug and alcohol abuse, cutbacks in federalsocial-welfare programs, job loss, and real-estate speculation.Single parentsThe rise in single parenthood is mainly based on three factors: ∙Divorce, which has been increasing as women have gainedindependence in finance and career;∙Unemployment. Unemployment is correlated with divorce, partly because it strains the marriage, and partly, perhaps, because it hasundermined the role of the traditional male breadwinner.∙Cohabitation. This effect is a statistical artefact, rather than a real change in parental status.There is no reason to attribute the rise to teenage motherhood (which, like other forms of motherhood, has tended to fall).The position of single parents who receive social benefits has been controversial. The liberal individualist position is that if people choose to have children it's then up to them to look after their family. The collectivist position, and to a large extent the dominant position in continental Europe, is that children are other people's business as well. There is also a strong body of opinion which considers that the interests of the children override any moral concerns about the status of the parents.Teenage pregnancyTeenage pregnancy was the norm in previous generations, but it has become more common for women to delay childbearing. The reasons for the delay, and for falling birthrates, include∙the effect of urban society on the cost of having children;∙the changing role of women;∙the economic effect of female employment, which leads to a loss of income if women leave the labour market to have children;∙increasing education and later marriage; and∙the availability of contraception.Teenage pregnancy is highest when these factors do not apply to the same degree. This accounts for the apparent association of some social problems with teenage pregnancy.paring welfare statesDeborah Mitchell [1] identifies five main approaches to the comparison of welfare systems:∙Comparison of policy, comparing the explicit terms in which actions are taken. Flora and Heidenheimer review the historical development ofwelfare in Europe and America. They find that welfare in differentcountries often develops on similar lines. [2]∙Comparison of inputs. Inputs are the resources which go into welfare provision. For example, Wilensky's work on welfare spending showsthat the main determinants are the age of the system and the structure of the population. [3]∙Comparing production. Different states operate different kinds of rules and structures. Esping-Andersen uses evidence on the organisationand delivery of specific services to define positions adopted by different welfare states. [4]∙Comparing operations. This is done by considering the detailed operation of benefits and services - what they do, how they are paid for, and who runs them.∙Comparing outcomes. The case can be made that what matters about welfare is not what is intended, nor what the process is, but whether or not people benefit from it. This is the basis of the work done by theLuxembourg Income Study in assessing and comparing social security systems in different countries.The United Kingdom: the Welfare StateAsa Briggs, in a classic essay on the British welfare state, identified three principal elements. These were∙ a guarantee of minimum standards, including a minimum income;∙social protection in the event of insecurity; and∙the provision of services at the best level possible. [5]This has become identified, in practice, with the 'institutional' model of welfare: the key elements are social protection, and the provision of welfare services on the basis of right.In practice, social welfare in the United Kingdom is very different from this ideal. Coverage is extensive, but benefits and services are delivered at a low level. The social protection provided is patchy, and services are tightly rationed. Germany: the Social MarketThe post-war German settlement was based on the idea of a 'social state', sometimes rendered as a 'social market economy'. The first, central principle was that economic development was the best way to achieve social welfare. The structure of social services had to reflect this priority. The principle is represented most clearly in the close relationship of services to people's position in the labour market. Social benefits are earnings-related, and those without work records may find they are not covered for important contingencies. Less clear, but probably even more important, is the general concern to ensure that public expenditure on welfare is directly compatible with the need for economic development and growth.Second, the German economy, and the welfare system, developed through a corporatist structure. This principle was developed by Bismarck on the basis of existing mutual aid associations, and remained the basis for social protection subsequently. Social insurance, which covers the costs of health, some social care and much of the income maintenance system, is managed by a system of independent funds.Third, there is a strong emphasis on the principle of "subsidiarity". This principle is taken in Germany to mean both that services should be decentralised or independently managed, and that the level of state intervention should be residual - that is, limited to circumstances which are not adequately covered in other ways. Higher earners are not covered by the main social insurance system, but are left to make their own arrangements. France: Solidarity and insertionSocial protection in France is based on the principle of solidarity: the commitment is declared in the first article of the French Code of Social Security. The principle is used in a number of different senses. The idea seems, at first sight, to refer to co-operative mutual support. Some writers apply the term inrelation to 'mutualist' groups (friendly societies) and emphasise that people insured within national schemes (les assurés sociaux) are called to contribute and benefit on an equal footing. Others stress that relationships of solidarity are based in interdependence. Solidarity is usually understood, in this context, in terms of common action, mutual responsibility and shared risks.The pursuit of 'national solidarity' was undertaken in the first place by attempting progressively to extend the scope of existing solidarities, most notably through the creation of a 'régime général' for health and social security, and subsequently through its progressive expansion. Since the 1970s this pattern of solidarities has been supplemented by additional measures designed to bring 'excluded' people into the net. The most important of these measures is the Revenu Minimum d'Insertion (RMI), introduced in 1988, which combines a basic benefit with a personal contract for 'insertion' or social inclusion.The French system of welfare is a complex, patchwork quilt of services. This kind of arrangement is relatively expensive, and much of the focus of social policy in recent years has fallen on the control of expenditure - filling 'the hole in the social', le trou de la Sécu. The main areas of concern are not dependency or unemployment, but pensions, because of the special privileges accorded to particular occupational groups, and spending on health care, where the stress on independent, market-led services (la médicine libérale) presents considerable problems in cost control.Sweden: the Institutional-Redistributive modelThe Swedish model can be seen as an ideal form of 'welfare state', offering institutional care in the sense that it offers universal minima to its citizens. It goes further than the British model in its commitment to social equality. Titmuss's 'institutional-redistributive' model combines the principles of comprehensive social provision with egalitarianism. This is an "ideal type", rather than a description of reality. Social protection is not necessarily associated with equality; the French and German systems offer differential protection according to one's position in the labour market. The Swedish system, looked at in greater detail, has many of the same characteristics: Ringen describes the system as "selective by occupational experience". [6] However, the importance of equality - sometimes identified with 'solidarity', in the sense of organised co-operation - is considerable. The model of this is the 'solidaristic wage policy' advocated by the labour movement, which emphasised improving standards, limited differentials, and redistribution.The United States: a 'liberal' regimeThe United States is sometimes described as a ‘liberal'welfare regime, in the sense that it represents individualism,laissez-faire, residualism and a punitive view of poverty. These issues often seem to dominate US debates on welfare: examples are the introduction of'workfare', the exclusion of long-term benefit dependents, and the criticism of the 'underclass'.The US does not, however, have a unified welfare system. Federalism has meant that many important functions are held by the States, including public assistance, social care and various health schemes (Minnesota and Hawaii have state-funded health systems). By comparison with other developed countries, central government has had a limited role in social welfare provision: the main developments of federal provision were during the Roosevelt administration of the 1930s, which laid the foundations for the social security system, and the "War on Poverty" of the 1960s, which provided some important benefits (notably health care for people on low incomes) and engaged the federal government in a wide variety of projects and activities at local level.In practice, the US is pluralistic, rather than liberal. There are significant departures from the residual model - e.g. state schooling, social insurance, or the Veterans' Administration, which provides health care for nearly 40 million people. In addition to federal and state activity, there are extensive private, mutualist and corporate interests in welfare provision. The resulting systems are complex (and expensive): the guiding principle is less one of consistent individualism than what Klass has called "decentralised social altruism". [7] 5.The politics of welfareGovernmentEdmund Burke wrote that "government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants".(1) Governments have a wide range of possible actions.Governments establish rules. Governments set the rules by which they and other organisations (like companies or charities) operate.∙Governments ernments can prohibit action (such as child abuse), or require some forms of action (such as sending children toschool).∙Governments provide or purchase services. Provision means that states provide services themselves. Public housing, national healthservices or state education are examples. Purchasing services impliesthat the state accepts responsibility for ensuring provision, but that theservice can be obtained from another agency.∙Governments subsidise.Subsidy consists of a financial inducement to act in a particular way, which may be a reward for doing things (e.g.increasing employment), a form of compensation , or an incentive to do things. Tax can be used in the opposite direction, as a negative subsidy - e.g. to deter people from smoking.∙Governments persuade. Examples are propaganda, exhortation and directed education.∙Governments plan. Governments 'steer' a society by watching and adjusting policy.∙Governments produce. Like independent organisations, governments may offer services to customers - e.g. insurance, banking orcommercial production. There is no rule which says that governmentactivity has to be tax-based or financed.From the perspective of welfare, the main political positions are:MarxismMarxists see society in terms of a conflict between economic classes. A dominant class (the bourgeoisie or 'capitalist' class) owns and controls the means of production; an industrial working class, the 'proletariat', is exploited by them. The marxist analysis of welfare concentrates principally on its relationship to the exercise of power. The state can be seen either as an instrument of the ruling capitalist class, or as a complex set of systems which reflects the contradictions of the society it is part of. It is often argued that welfare has been developed through the strength of working-class resistance to exploitation.Marxism is not a single doctrine; it has come to stand for a wide range of opinions within an analytical framework that is critical of 'capitalist' society. Neo-marxists argue that the state has two main functions. The first is to improve the conditions for the accumulation of capital - that is, the chance for industries to make profits. The second is to legitimate the capitalist system, by introducing measures (like welfare policies, pensions and health services) which lead people to accept the system as it stands. The requirements of accumulation and legitimation may be contradictory, and the costs of legitimation have led to a 'legitimation crisis'.The basic objections to marxist analyses are that the description of 'capitalism' is false; that power in society is divided, and not based in ownership; and that states which promote the welfare of their citizens are not pretending to be more legitimate - they are more legitimate.SocialismSocialism is misrepresented in many popular reference books. There is not one common thread, but many competing understandings. Socialism has been represented as∙ a general movement for the improvement of society by collective action ∙ a set of methods and approaches linked with collective action, such as cooperatives, mutual aid, planning and social welfare services;∙ a set of arguments for social and economic organisation based on ownership and control by the community;∙an ideal model of society based on cooperation and equality;∙ a critique of industrial society, and∙most persuasively, a range of values, rather than a particular view of how society works.The key socialist values are collectivism, empowerment and egalitarianism, though some socialists would add to that issues of rights and democracy.∙Socialism is collectivist: people have to be understood in social context, rather than as individuals. Socialism is often represented in Europe interms of 'solidarity', which means not only standingshoulder-to-shoulder but the creation of systems of mutual aid.∙Socialism calls for people to be enabled to do things through collective action, a principle variously referred to as 'freedom' and (in recent years) as 'empowerment'. This principle has been central to 'guild socialism'and trades unionism.∙Socialism is egalitarian, in the sense that socialists are committed to the reduction or removal of disadvantages which arise in society. The'Fabian' tradition, a reformist movement, attempted to achieve greaterequality through spending on social services.These principles - empowerment, equality, and solidarity - are usually described in other terms. They are the 'liberty, equality, and fraternity' of the French revolution, interpreted in collective and social terms.Historically, socialism is strongly associated with working-class movements, and in much of Europe 'socialist' issues are closely linked with labour relations. It is not equivalent to marxism: although marxists often represent their approaches and beliefs as intrinsic to 'socialism', the marxist analysis ofsociety is irrelevant to much of the mainstream of European socialism, which grew from a range of religious, occupational and communal groups.Social democracyThe differences between social democrats and socialists are hazy, because their ideals may coincide in some aspects and not in others, but two are particularly important. First, many social democrats are individualists rather than collectivists; even if they accept arguments for mutual aid or the reduction of disadvantage, they think it important to stress the liberty of the individual, to develop individual rights (as liberals do), and often to restrict the role of the state. Second, some social democrats are not concerned to remove inequality, but only to mitigate its effects through social arrangements which protect people from the worst consequences of a market society.ConservatismConservatives believe in the importance of social order. This is reflected in a respect for tradition, an emphasis on the importance of religion, and a stress on the importance of inequality - such as inequalities of class or caste - as the basis for structured social relationships. Welfare is a secondary issue, but the kinds of concerns which conservatives have are likely to impose restraints on welfare, with a particular emphasis on traditional values in work, the family, and nationhood. Welfare does raise concern where it is seen to have implications for public order - one British conservative commented, in commending the Beveridge report, that "if you do not give the people social reform they are going to give you revolution."Christian democratic thought is closely related to conservatism, but it also has important distinguishing features. Like conservatives, Christian Democrats place a strong emphasis on order; but order is to be achieved, not primarily through state action, but by moral restraints. These moral restraints have principally in Europe reflected the influence of the Catholic religion. Catholic social teaching has emphasised both the limits of the state and the responsibility of people in families and communities for each other; christian democrats tend, then, to favour limitations in the role of the state while at the same time accepting moral responsibility for social welfare.Liberal individualismLiberalism begins from the premise that everyone is an individual, and that individuals have rights. As a political position, liberalism has been important as a means of defending people from abuse by authority. Although liberalism was initially a radical doctrine, it has also been used since the 19th century to stand for a defence of propertied interests.The central value of liberalism is freedom. All freedoms are not equally important; the main liberal values are concerned with certain particularly important freedoms, such as freedom of assembly, of speech, and of worship. Liberals mistrust the state and argue that society is likely to regulate itself if state interference is removed. Hayek argues that all state activity, whatever its intentions, is liable to undermine the freedom of the individual; that society is too complex to be tampered with; and that the activities of the free market, which is nothing more than the sum total of activities of many individuals, constitute the best protection of the rights of each individual.。
美国社会福利问题
美国社会的福利问题贫穷似乎是美国长期存在的问题，在解决问题的方案中，最有争议的就是社会福利，尤其是对抚养未成年子女家庭的现金和食物补助。
这项福利计划的目的是帮助贫穷人家，让他们重建财务生机，但是，许多人抱怨所得到的结果正好相反。
人们关于福利活动的想象部分地可以从苏珊·希汉（Susan Sheehan）的著作《福利母亲》（A Welfare Mother，1976）中得到反映。
该书描绘了一家三代依靠社会福利的情况，指出社会福利拴住了穷人，而不是帮助他们摆脱贫穷。
马丁·安德森（Martin Anderson）回应希汉的观察，指出社会福利制度已经在美国创造出一个社会阶级：“这个国家大约1/10 的人口形成了一个几乎完全依赖国家的社会阶级，几乎没有人希望打破阶级局限获得自由。
或许我们应该称这些人为被抚养的美国人”。
（1978：56）很多人相信，穷人之所以贫穷是因为他们不愿意工作，乔治·基尔德（George Gilder）是他们的代言人，他说社会福利制度让穷人丧失了对自己负责的激情（1990）。
罗夫·西格曼（Ralph Segalman）和大卫·马兰德（David Marsland）也支持这种说法。
他们认为社会福利已经变成了世界各地的穷人们世代相传的生活方式。
他们强调，在依靠福利的家庭中出生的小孩，长大后也比较容易像他们的长辈那样依靠社会福利维持生活（1989）。
社会福利作为暂时的补助（这是大众的认知）和社会福利作为永久的权利（这是主管社会福利官员和规划者的认知）之间的冲突，具有重要的意涵。
社会福利国家，总体上而言，已经放弃了让当事人恢复自给自足地位的观念（这个观念是大多数社会福利制度倡导者所支持的想法）。
原本应该是暂时的援助，却变成社会福利国家永久的成本。
结果是，社会福利阻碍了生产力和自给自足，并且在社会中形成了一种得到认可的行为——把依赖当成规范。
（Segalman and Marsland 1989：6-7）这些针对社会福利负面效果的观点普遍存在于社会大众中间，甚至存在于对这个制度的宗旨持同情立场的人中，密歇根大学调查研究中心的葛瑞格·邓肯（Greg Duncan）指出，人口普查资料似乎也印证了这样的观点：贫穷的人被困在贫穷之中不得脱身。
美国福利改革_ 历史、问题与效果
【摘要】社会福利是一套政策方案，藉由这些方案重新分配资源，以改善个人，家庭和社会的福祉为目标。
然而，社会福利制度的重分配效果，随着不同国家和时间的不同而有所变化。
本文首先概述美国社會福利制度的发展，然后，具体描述1996年的福利改革。
其次，检视1996年福利改革对福利的个案数、妇女就业和兒童贫困的影响，并就政策的意涵加以讨论。
【关键词】社会福利、福利改革、重分配、美国、就业、贫困Research Report #12March 2014美國福利改革: 歷史、問題與效果黃建忠1一、前言社会福利政策是指一套政策方案，這套政策主要將資源从高所得人群移转至低所得人群，也就是一套資源重分配的措施，目的在促进个人，家庭和社会的福祉(Huang & Ku, 2011; Stern & Axinn, 2012)。
然而，若分析一個國家社會福利政策重分配的效果將發現，它隨著國家與時間的不同而改變。
這是因為即使是同一個國家，它的社會福利政策也不是固定的，而是隨著由下列幾項因素互動而成(Stern & Axinn, 2012): (1) 整體社會的生產力；(2)對社會結構的觀點；(3)對人性本質的看法；(4)歷史的傳統。
一般而言，當生產力高，社會有更多的資源，便愈有可能願意進行資源重分配。
但當人們覺得社會結構合理，貧窮的原因不是社會結構性因素時，便較不願意進行資源重分配。
同樣地，當人們認為貧窮是個人的依賴或懶惰所造成時，也較不願意進行資源重分配。
每一個社會都立基於歷史的傳承上，所以上一代如何對待窮人，而影響著下一代的政策。
這四個因素對社会福利政策的影響也不是固定的，完全看當時的社會著種在哪一個因素，以及因素間的互動。
美國於1776年建國，之前為英國的殖民地。
當時的社會，90%以上為傳統的農民，沒有現代的生產技術，整個社會的生產力有限，加上當時英國的社會福利制度是以伊麗莎白濟貧法案(Elizabethan Poor Law)為基礎，強調個人責任、家庭互相支持、工作参與、以及地區責任，是一種殘補式的福利(residual welfare)，沒有很多的資源重分配政策。
大学英语社会福利介绍
Canadian social welfare system
Canada has the world's best social welfare system, the public health system, family support payments, retirement pensions, unemployment benefits, injury assistance, social benefits are all the best social welfare system, citizens and permanent residents can be said to be old some support, medical. After arrival in Canada is one of a few things to do to apply for social security number. The nine-digit number that you can work, pay taxes, the use of government services such as code. Apply for a bank account, telephone number, and many times also are required to have Social Security numbers.
French socich people share a variety of benefits subsidy, the government pulled out from the national treasury every year a lot of money for various welfare benefits. The child from the mother after the first five months of pregnancy, has been growing up until his death, to enjoy the 400 in a variety of benefits. Redistribution of the main characteristics of the French universal access, including farmers and foreigners, the more the welfare of the poor to enjoy more. As long as foreigners have a legal residence status in France, and France will be able to enjoy certain benefits as nationals, without any discrimination, the author in France to enjoy their housing subsidies and other benefits.
新视野大学英语4第三单元
• Federal insurance office is set up for the people, working or have worked for himself and his family can participate in, including pension, pension (Retirement Benefits) (Survivor 'sB enefits) (Disability Benefits), disability benefits and health benefits (Medicare Benefits). • 2、失业补助金( Unemployment Compensation) • 2, the unemployment subsidy (Unemployment Compensation)
Words and Expressions
Convict v. 定罪 n.囚犯
我掌握一切证据来给这个年轻犯人定罪。 I have all the evidence to convict this young criminal.
美国社会福利简介 Introduction to social welfare system American
浅析中西老年社会福利制度的差异
浅析中西老年社会福利制度的差异章思思【摘要】老年社会福利制度是基本社会福利制度之一，它同时是社会保障制度中重要的一部分。
并且，现在的社会人口老龄化现象日益严重，老年人作为弱势群体，在为社会做出贡献后是否能够安享晚年，这成为许多国家的政府面临的一重大考验。
因此，老年社会福利制度成为人口老龄化危机的“缓冲器”，它在我们的社会扮演着不可或缺的角色。
随着社会福利制度的不断发展，老年社会福利制度在不同的国度里呈现出多元化和多样化模式。
多元化和多样化的同时带来了不同国家关于老年社会福利制度的差异。
本文运用比较的方法对西方的几种典型国家的老年社会福利制度和我国的老年社会福利制度的差异进行比较分析，同时就西方的老年社会福利制度对我国的思考和借鉴。
【关键词】“社会福利制度”；“老年社会福利制度”“中西差异”；“启示”Title:Analysis on the differences of Chinese and Western old agesocial welfare systemAbstract:Old age social welfare system is one of the basic social welfare system, it is also animportant part of the social security system. And now the aging of the society population is becoming more and more serious , and older persons as a vulnerable group, in making a contribution to society can enjoy their twilight years after, many Governments faced a major test. Therefore, the old age social welfare system as the population ages crisis "bumpers", it plays an essential role in our society. With the development of the social welfare system, old age social welfare systems in the different countries presents pluralism and diversity patterns. Pluralism and diversity brought about differences in the old age social welfare systems in different countries. Using comparative methods typical of the western country’s old age social welfare system and comparative analysis on the differences of the old age social welfare system, and on the effects of the old age social welfare system of Western thought and reference.Key words:" social welfare system"; "old age welfare system" " thedifference of Chinese and Western"; "enlightenment"一、社会福利制度与老年社会福利制度福利一词的英文翻译是“welfare”,来自于拉丁文中的“well”和“fare”,分别表示“好”和“生活”的意思；因此，福利的英文意思是安乐的人生和良好的生活状态。
美国习惯用语
(It will be updated if you like it. )walk今天我们要讲的两个习惯用语都是以walk这个字为主的。
Walk就是走路的意思。
我们要讲的两个习惯用语一个是好事，另一个是坏事。
我们先来讲第一个吧！To walk down the aisle. To walk down就是：走下去，aisle就是两组座位之间的走道，就像电影院,大礼堂和教堂里的走道一样。
西方人结婚一般都要在教堂里举行婚礼。
在举行婚礼时，新娘穿着白的礼服，随着结婚进行曲从入口一直走到前面主持婚礼的牧师面前。
因此，to walk down the aisle就是结婚。
我们来举一个例子。
这是一个人在讲英国查尔斯王子和戴安娜公主的婚事。
例句1: Do you remember how the royal couple walked down the aisle in Westminster Cathedral over ten years ago? I hoped they'd be happy forever after and I'm sorry to see them splitting up.这个人说：你还记得十多年前英国王族的一对夫妇在威斯敏斯特教堂举行婚礼的情况吗？当时，我真希望他们能从此永远幸福。
现在看到他们分手真让我难受。
这句话里提到的Westminster Cathedral，也就是威斯敏斯特教堂。
历代英国国王都在这******我们再来举一个例子。
这个例子是在讲一个很现代化的女子对婚姻和事业的看法。
这是她的妹妹在讲话。
例句2: My sister says she won't walk down the aisle with the first man who asks her. What she wants is to establish a career and have some financial independence like so many women these days.这个妹妹说：我姐姐讲她不会跟第一个向她求婚的男人结婚。
福利的英语单词
福利的英语单词全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：福利（welfare）是指对员工或公民提供的各种福利措施或待遇，旨在提高其生活质量、促进其健康和幸福。
在企业管理中，福利是一种重要的管理手段，通过提供各种福利，企业可以增强员工的归属感和满意度，提高员工的工作积极性和士气，从而提高企业的绩效和竞争力。
福利可以分为经济福利和非经济福利两大类。
经济福利包括薪酬、奖金、社会保险、住房补贴、医疗保险、养老金等各种经济待遇，旨在提高员工的物质生活水平；非经济福利包括带薪休假、健康保健、培训发展、节日福利等非物质待遇，旨在提高员工的心理健康和工作满意度。
在当今社会，越来越多的企业意识到福利对员工的重要性。
通过提供良好的福利待遇，企业可以吸引和留住优秀的人才，提高员工的工作积极性和专业素质，提升企业的创新和竞争力。
良好的福利也可以提高员工的幸福感和生活质量，增强员工对企业的信任和忠诚度，构建和谐的劳动关系，实现企业和员工双赢的局面。
福利不仅是企业管理的一种手段，也是社会发展的重要支撑。
政府、企业和社会组织应共同努力，建立健全的福利体系，为员工和公民提供全面的福利保障。
只有在良好的福利环境下，员工和公民才能充分发挥自己的潜力，实现自身的价值，为社会的繁荣和进步做出贡献。
福利是企业管理和社会发展中不可或缺的一部分，它不仅关乎员工的生活质量和幸福感，也关乎企业的长远发展和社会的和谐稳定。
我们应该重视福利问题，不断完善福利体系，为员工和公民提供更好的福利待遇，共同促进经济的繁荣和社会的进步。
【福利的英语单词】包括welfare, benefits, perks, compensation等，这些词汇都是与福利相关的重要术语，希望大家能够加深理解和运用这些词汇，更好地探讨福利问题，推动福利事业的发展。
第二篇示例：Welfare is a term used to describe a range of benefits and resources that are provided by the government or other organizations to help people in need. These benefits are typically designed to support individuals and families who are experiencing financial hardship or facing other challenges in their lives.第三篇示例：福利是指对员工或社会的一种福利安排，可以包括物质上的福利，如工资、津贴、保险等，也可以包括精神上的福利，如培训、健康管理等。
关于中国福利制度的英文作文
关于中国福利制度的英文作文篇一：中外福利制度英文演讲美国社会福利制度简介introduction to social welfare system american发布于: 2007/11/04 12:58 ampublished: 2007/11/04 12:58 am引用quote社会福利是日常生活不可或缺的一部分，美国的社会福利制度相当全面完善。
了解美国的社会福利制度，有助于您在移民后合理地利用于自己有利的福利措施，争取和保障自己应有的权益。
social welfare is an indispensable part of our daily life, america social welfare system is veryperfect. to understand the america social welfare system, help you after the migration toexploit for their favorable welfare measures, strive for and protect their own rights.美国现行的社会福利制度是从1936年社会安全法案(social security act)实行之后，逐步完善起来的。
社会安全法案包含如下几类福利措施：america current social welfare system is from the social security actof 1936 (social securityact) after the introduction, gradually improve. the social security act contains the followingbenefits: 1、联邦社会保险1, the social insurance联邦社会保险是为就职人士设立的，在职或曾经工作过的本人及其家属都可参加，主要包括退休金(retirement benefits)、抚恤金(survivor’s benefits)、伤残金(disability benefits)和医疗福利(medicare benefits)等。
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• Strictly control the payment of unemployment benefits and paid time standards in order to facilitate the active re-employment of the unemployed. Time payment of relief, Most of the provisions subject to a week waiting period before they could use to pay a maximum of 26 weeks, Strictly limit the issuance of several weeks is aimed at promoting a positive reemployment of the unemployed. • 严格控制失业救济金发放标准和发放时间，以利 于失业者积极再就业。救济发放时间，大多数规 定需经一周等待期后方可使用，最多支付26周。 严格限制发放周数的目的在于促使失业者积极再 就业。
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Welfare System 0f US
• American welfare system that is known to us, from which we see the American government for the United States of America's old children youth unemployment security, there are many worthy of our study. We also hope that in the future, our country's welfare system will become better and better • .
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Old age insurance
• When people aged 65 who has retired formally from his company who has attended the Social Security System can get the whole annuities. If he retires just aging 62, he can get just 80% of the annuities. What’s more, when the insured is dead, his survivor can get the annuity which depends, of course. 4
• 美国社会保障制度由社会保险 、社会福利、社会救济三部分 组成。美国自30年代建立保障 制度以来，已形成庞大的社会 保体系。
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The current Social Security System includes • • • • • • • A: Old age insurance (年老保险/退休保险) B: Medical insurance (医疗保险) C: Disability insurance(残疾保险) D: Survivor insurance (遗族保险) E: Unemployment compensation(工作保险) F: Pubic assistance and welfare(公共救济) G:Unemployment Compensation(失业补助)
Welfare System 0f US
• The social security system by the society insurance, social welfare and social relief of three parts. The United States since 30 years the establishment of security systems has formed a large social security system.
• The statutory old age retirement insurance mandatory, and contribution to the welfare, health insurance and retirement funds are the source of the normal channels can be self-adjusting .His pension and received support in accordance with pay, the principle of balance of payments, according to the aging of the population projections, retiree premiums expenditure needs, and constantly adjusting insurance tax rate, through self-adjustment of the normal cycle of self-operation. • 老年法定退休保险具有强制性、贡献性和福利性 ，退休和医疗保险基金有正常来源渠道，能自我 调整和自我调整。其退休金的收与支是按照现收 现付、收支平衡的原则确定的，根据人口老龄化 的预测、退休费支出的需要，不断调整保险税税 率，通过自我调整达到自我循环正常运转的目的 。