医学学位缩写

医学学位缩写【篇一：医学学位缩写】准备投稿某个杂志时，有的杂志需要写上你的最高学位，特别是一些专业顶尖杂志，在院子里找了一圈，没找到这方面的资料，自己也经常遇到这个问题，不知道怎么写，抽空查了一下外国网站，贴出来一起分享吧british degree abbreviationsfrom wikipedia, the free encyclopediadegree abbreviations are used as an alternative way to specify an instead of spelling out the title in full, such as in reference books like and on . many degrees have more than one abbreviation.overviewthe usage in the two ancient english universities of , and in some scottish universities, particularly the differs slightly from that in other uk universities – the ma degree is not a substantive qualification, but reflects the ancient practice of these universities of raising bas to mas (and thus full membership of the university) a few years after graduating (see ). conversely, some bachelors degrees in the higher faculties (i.e., those other than arts) at those universities are postgraduate qualifications (e.g., the bcl and bmus at oxford). many have been changed to the corresponding masters degree (e.g., bsc is now msc), but only within the last generation. the bd remains a higher degree at some older universities (e.g., oxford, cambridge, and durham) but is an undergraduate degree at most (e.g., london, edinburgh, aberdeen and glasgow). oxford and cambridge grant bas after three years to students on undergraduate courses lasting longer than this (the undergraduate masters degrees and the mb, chb in medicine), though not in modern languages, which is typically four years in length at any university, or in the oxford degree of , also four years long (and at oxford modern languages combined with , known technically in this case as classics, is five years).usage of titles of masters degrees (in particular the undergraduate masters degrees) is in continuing flux, not leastbecause of discussions of harmonisation of qualifications within the as part of the .there is an international (but not universal) custom that certain degrees will be designated .... of philosophy. examples are mphil (master of philosophy) and phd or dphil (doctor of philosophy). most recipients of such degrees are not philosophers; they can be students of any subject. the origins lie in the ancient practice of regarding all areas of study as elements of philosophy and the greek meaning, love of wisdom. this is confusing to people looking at university degrees from the outside.thus holders of an mphil degree may have earned it in any discipline including, but not limited to, history, physics and management.most universities, worldwide, award doctorates by one of three routes. normal doctorates are awarded after research and the submission of a thesis. british universities award normal doctorates in the form of phd or dphil in all subjects. higher doctorates are awarded on the basis of a substantial body of published academic work. british universities award these in the form of dlitt (literature), lld (law), dmus (music), dsc (science), engd (engineering), dd (theology) etc. honorary doctorates are awarded to persons of distinction (such as statesmen or philanthropists) or academics that have made a notable contribution to their discipline, through research and publication, and the higher doctorate designations are used. however, some newer universities (e.g. essex, stirling, and the open university) do not do this and instead award duniv (doctor of the university) irrespective of the field in which the honorary graduate is being recognised.undergraduatethese, like most bachelors degrees, are honours degrees, indicated by putting (hons) after the degree abbreviation. the majority of undergraduate masters degrees are within science and engineering subjects. the undergraduate mas of the are also honours degrees and may also add (hons). meng used to be offered by some universities as a postgraduate degree, but is now an undergraduate degree. however, all students completing the meng at british universities have alreadycompleted the requirements for the beng, but they choose not to be awarded the degree when entering the meng year. bachelors degreesin england, northern ireland and wales, almost all bachelors degrees are awarded as , sometimes indicated by (hons) after the degree abbreviation without a space, for example ba(hons). at the (st andrews, edinburgh, glasgow, aberdeen) a bsc(hons) indicates a four year course, being the equivalent of the for science degrees. a scottish bsc without honours indicates a three year course with less specialisation (an ordinary degree or a general degree). across the united kingdom, bachelors degrees leading to registration for certain professions such as law and medicine are typically awarded at ordinary rather than honours level. in some circumstances, a medical student may study for an additional year or more to obtain an intercalated bachelors degree with honours in one of their professional subjects (e.g. physiology)some of the following are postgraduate degrees in a few universities, but generally bachelors are undergraduate degrees.see also .ba - bacc - bachelor of accountingbae - bachelor of arts and barch - basc or bas or bappsc - bba - bcj - bcl - bcoun - bachelor of bd - bdes - bds or bchd - bachelor of dental becon - becon fin - bachelor of and bed or edb - beng or be - bfa - bfin - bachelor of bhsc - bachelor of blitt or littb - bachelor of literature or bachelor of lettersbmedsc or bmsc - bachelor of bmid - bachelor of bmin - bachelor of ministrybmsc - bmus or musb - bnurs or bn - bpharm - bphil - bsc(psych) - bachelor of science in bsc - bsc(econ) - bachelor of science in bsc(eng) - bachelor of science in bscecon/bscec - bachelor of economic and social studiesbsocsc - btchg- bachelor of teachingbtech - (not to be confused with )bth, thb or btheol - llb - mb or bm - bs, chb, bchir or bch - bvetmed, vetmb, bvms or bvm bvs-bachelor of veterinary medicine ( surgery)bvmedsc or bvsc - bachelor of veterinary (medical) sciencepost graduatepostgraduate degreespostgraduate degrees are not honours degrees, and do notadd (hons) to indicate this. is only used for the undergraduatedegree of the : as there are no examinations for the mas in oxford and cambridge there are consequently no honours to be awarded. the may be differentiated by putting the name of the institution after the degree, thus ma (oxon) or ma (cantab). the mphil is normally reserved for longer (often two year) research-based masters degrees (as at ), although at the mphil is usually either a nine-month or twelve-month, either taught or research, degree. the muniv is only ever an honorary degree. postgraduate masters degrees are generally classified as pass, pass with merit and pass with distinction, although not all universities incorporate merit. the percentage bandings for these award levels are usually 50%-59% (pass), 60%-69% (merit) and 70%+ (distinction), although a merit banding ofonly 65%-69% is used in some universities whilst a single pass banding of 50%-69% is usually used at universities that do not award a merit.llm - pg dip - (this can be awarded either for a course that is vocational or allows a graduate student to study a new academic subject. they are also awarded to masters students who fail to do the masters dissertation)ma - march - mba - mbm - master of business and managementmbiolsc - master of mcd - master of mclindent - master of clinical dentistrymdrama - master of dramamed - master of mfa - mjur - master of jurisprudence () (magister juris at oxford)mlib - master of mlitt - master of lettersmmus or musm - master of mpa - master of public administrationmph - master of public healthmphil - mps or mprofst mres - master of msc - mssc/msocsc - mst - mtl - master of teaching and learningmth or mtheol - master of muniv - master of thein american universities colleges of education a post-masters degree is offered, straddling the niche between the doctorate and the master degrees. often referred to as a junior doctorate the education specialist is a qualification corresponding to the coursework component of doctoral studies, and is earned in the various disciplines of education, especially administration, curriculum and instruction and psychology.eds -masters degreessee also .ma - or from macc - master of mbiochem, mbiolsci - master of mbiol - master of mchem - master of mcomp - master of mdiv - mdes - master of mearthsci, mesci - master of mecon - master of meng - menvsc - master of mgeog - master of mgeol - master of mgeophys - master of minf- master of mmath - mmathcomp - master of mmathphys - master of and , master of mmathstat - master of and mmorse - mnatsc - master of natural sciencemnurssc - master of nursing sciencemocean - master of mpharm - master of mphys - mplan - master of msc - master in (master of natural science at )msc - integrated master in sciencemstat - master of mtheol -doctors degreesdue to the flexibility of latin word order, there are two schools in the abbreviation of doctors degrees. at cambridge, d follows the faculty (e.g. phd, littd.), while at oxford the abbreviation d precedes the faculty (e.g. dphil, dlitt). most universities in the uk followed oxford for the higher doctorates but followed international precedent in using phd for doctor of philosophy. doctor of medicine (md or dm) is sometimes a professional (e.g. in the us and others) and sometimes a research doctorate (e.g. in the uk and some of the commonwealth). however, the md/dm research degree often requires a shorter period of study than, for example, a phd and is considered to be more on par with an mphil than a doctorate proper (e.g. the ); it can simply consist of the submission of a number of multi-authored publications, where authorial responsibility is unclear. doctor of philosophy is normally reserved for doctorates awarded on the basis of original research, other doctorates (typically professional doctorates) have substantial taught elements. higher doctorates are normally awarded as honorary degrees (honoris causa), but can also be awarded on the basis of published work. duniv is only ever an honorary degree. the sorting between doctorates below is dependent on the granting institution.see also .junior (professional) doctoratesdba - dclinpsych - dds - dnurssc - doctor of dprof - *edpsychd/dedpsy - doctor of educational hscd/dhsc - md or dm -intermediate doctoratesdpt - edd/ded - dmus or musd - dmin - doctor of ministryphd or dphil (, and a few others) - socscd - doctor of social sciencethd - doctor of theologyhigher doctoratesthe order of seniority for varies from institution to institution and not all institutions award the same degrees. the following order generally pertains, especially in older universities.dd - dcl - doctor of especially at oxfordlld - dlitt or littd - ; awards the analogous degree of dlit (doctor of )dsc or scd - engd - duniv -【篇二：医学学位缩写】应该是指国内国外的医学学位，比如中国mb(bachelor of medicine) 和美国md(doctor of medicine)1807年设立m.d.(doctor of medicine, md)学位时欧美医学仍不算进步，当时美国的大学也无博士学位，欧洲医学一直到1840年之后德国科学家将实验室科学研究方法带入医学领域，欧洲医学才出现突飞猛进的进步，美国医学的进步又更晚，19世纪美国医师的地位与江湖郎中差异不大。