2015职称英语新增阅读理解逐句翻译版
2015职称英语_教材新增文章逐词翻译_综合类
综合C阅读判断新增文章第三篇Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.Across 穿越the不翻译Desert沙漠参考译文：穿越沙漠1. The Sahara Desert撒哈拉沙漠is是the不翻译largest最大的desert沙漠in在…里the不翻译world世界.参考译文：撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
2015年职称英语考试卫生类C级新增加文章及全文翻译(全)
第五篇 Tracking Down HIVIn the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells.By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died.In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsiblefor2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infected people. Today scientists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed, then perhaps it can be eradicated3, but it is still a race against time.词汇：spot n. 地点，斑点，斑块，青春痘lymph n. 淋巴结sarcoma n. 肿瘤，肉瘤，恶性毒瘤exhaustion n. 衰竭，耗尽，精疲力竭immunologist n.免疫学家malfunction n. 故障，失灵，疾病count n. 计数，计算infection n. 传染病，感染breakdown n. 故障，衰弱，崩溃toll n. 代价，死亡人数intravenous drug n. 静脉注射药物abnormalities n. (abnormality的复数形式)畸形，异常情况blood transfusion n. 输血symptom n.症状virologist n. 病毒学家virus n. 病毒panel n.座谈小组，仪表板hemophiliac n. 血友病患者vaccine n. 疫苗注释：1．play a key role...扮演一个关键角色，有至关重要的作用2．be responsible for...对……负责，是……的原因3．can be eradicated可以被根除的练习：1．This passage is mainly about ____.A the spreading of the disease known as HIVB the work of Dr. Robert GalloC infectious diseasesD the symptoms of HIV2．A T-cell is a ____.A patient’s bloodB deadly strain of tuberculosisC white blood cell important in providing immunity to diseaseD red blood cell3．The final paragraph leads the reader to see that scientists ____.A have no hope in ever finding a cure for HIVB have hope that a cure for HIV will be foundC have run out of time to find a cure for HIVD are in a contest against each other to find a cure for HIV4．The basic pattern used to develop this passage is ____.A chronological orderB personal narrativeC comparison and contrastD question and answer5．The word u eradicated the last paragraph means ____.A made extremeB celebratedC remove by rubbingD gotten rid of entirely答案与题解：1．A从开篇的病例介绍，到后面感染人数的不断上升可以推断出，这篇文章的主旨是讲艾滋病病毒在美国的传播。
【真题译文】2015新课标卷1阅读理解和完形填空
【真题译文】2015新课标卷1阅读理解和完形填空【真题译文】2015新课标卷1阅读理解和完形填空2015年新课标卷1阅读理解A原文及译文高考英语2018-08-12Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum【1】Our monthly talks start at 19:30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book. They end around 21:00.【2】November 7thThe Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building.Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”.【3】December 5thIce for the Metropolis, by Malcolm Tucker. Well before the arrival of freezers, there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering, Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells, and how London’s ice trade grew.【4】February 6thAn Update on the Cotsword Canals, by Liz Payne. The Smoudwater Canal is moving towards reopening. The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer. We will have a report on the present state of play.【5】March 6thEyots and Aits-Thames Islands, by Miranda Vickers. The Thames had many islands. Miranda has undertaken a review ofall of them. She will tell us about those of greatest interest.Onlinebookings : /doc/dd13500701.html,/bookMoreinto:/doc/dd13500701.html,/wh atsonLondon Canal Museum12-13 New Wharf Road, London NI 9RT/doc/dd13500701.html,www.canalmuseum.mobiTel:020 ********21.When is the talk on James Brindley?A. February 6th.B. March 6th.C. November 7th.D. December 5th.22. What is the topic of the talk in February?A. The Canal Pioneers.B. Ice for the MetropolisC. Eyots and Aits-Thames IslandsD. An Update on the Cotsword Canals23. Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames.A. Miranda VickersB. Malcolm TuckerC. Chris LewisD. Liz Payne译文：伦敦运河博物馆每月谈每月的第一个星期四晚上19:30举办每月讲谈，八月除外。
2015全国职称英语等级考试必看卫生类阅读理解译文
2015全国职称英语等级考试必看_卫生类__阅读理解__译文第四部分阅读理解第一部分 (ABC级)第一篇第一篇：纳米保健技术走向贫困国家纳米技术的应用对象都是分子级和原子级的物质。
如今，长度为一纳米，即十亿分之一米的粒子已被开发出多种用途，如制造美容产品和抗污型服装等。
但其中一个领域科学家认为潜力尤为巨大，那就是医药领域。
•在上周于华盛顿Woodrow Wilson国际中心召开的一个项目会议上，科学家们探讨了如何将纳米技术应用于贫困国家人口保健的事宜。
来自多伦多大学的Peter Singer声称一项名为量子点的纳米技术可被应用于疟疾的诊断。
相对于传统的仅用显微镜观察血液样本的方法，此技术要先进得多。
由于贫困国家往往没有条件应用此项新技术，许多健康人被误诊为疟疾患者，而药物的滥用又导致了抗药性的产生。
所谓量子点是指一些被激活后会发光的粒子，如今科学家正在研究为它们编程的方法，以便当靶分子存在的时候就能够通过发光来诊断疾病。
纳米技术的优越性不光体现在疾病的诊断，还包括疾病的治疗。
国立卫生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski与大家共同探讨了如何运用纳米技术来增强药效。
以一些已经使用了纳米技术的抗癌药物为例，他指出，如果药物可以针对癌症病灶而不是整个人体，治疗所需药量就会大大减少，副作用也会降低。
Andrew Maynard是Woodrow Wilson中心新兴的纳米技术工程部骨干科学家，他注意到巴西、印度、中国及南非正在开发可被贫困国家所应用的纳米技术。
与此同时他指出，与较大分子不同，纳米材料的颗粒在人体内和体外环境中的作用可能有所不同，因此纳米技术的应用存在一定风险，若要深入研究这些风险则需要更大的资金投入。
第二篇：医学期刊医学杂志医学杂志是向医生和其他医务人员提供医学信息的出版物。
在过去，这些杂志只有印刷版。
随着电子出版的发展，许多医学杂志现在都有网站了，有些杂志只有网络版。
少数的医学杂志，如《美国医学会杂志》，被看做是普通医学杂志，因为它们涵盖了医学的许多领域。
2015年职称英语新增文章翻译
亚瑟的创奇
很多文化都有某类能代表他们民族深信的价值观的英雄。有关亚瑟王的不同寻常的事情就是他的英雄主义传奇已经持续了几个世纪，并且影响力早已超越它所诞生的英国。 在有关亚瑟王早期的故事中，他是一个战士，他在公元约700年抗击、震慑入侵的北欧人。许多这类亚瑟王的故事大概是基于事实。无论是否叫作亚瑟，大量证据证明是有这样一个战士存在的。后来这些故事被美化修饰，使得它们的真实性受到质疑。根据这些故事，我们知道亚瑟出生在位于英国西海岸廷塔杰尔的一座城堡里，这里经常狂风暴雨。由于亚瑟是国王UtherPendragon的私生子，所以他被巫师Merlin偷偷地带走，因此他不知道自己的真实身份。在王者之剑从它刺穿的石头中拔出时，他才成为国王。他娶了美丽的Guinevere，并且召集所有贵族骑士来到他的王宫，这其中就包括Lancelot，后来Guinevere背叛了亚瑟王和他，在一起。亚瑟王最终在决斗中被他的私生子Mordred打败，他的尸体被偷偷地运到阿瓦隆岛上。 这个传奇故事对中世纪的英国人和法国人很有吸引力，那个时候骑士精神的道德标准——骑士的理想的品格——是许多故事中很重要的一部分。Galahad，Percival，Gawain，以及其他亚瑟王的骑士的英雄主义故事也都传播开来。 在今天的英国，有许多地方都宣称是亚瑟王传奇遗址的一部分。廷塔杰尔还有一座成为废墟的城堡。格拉斯顿堡附近还有一座古代修道院的遗迹，据说亚瑟王和Guinevere的尸体在12世纪就在这里被挖掘出来。这些都不能证明传奇的真实性，但是它们却让这种神秘气氛延续下去。
AcrosstheDesert
穿越沙漠 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。它从塞内加尔到埃及横跨非洲。撒哈拉沙漠的环境不好。白天非常热，晚上有时又很冷。在撒哈拉沙漠中很难找到水。 2006年，KevinLin,RayZahab和Charlie决定做些困难的事情。他们决定跑步穿越4300英里（6920千米）的撒哈拉沙漠。这似乎是不可能完成的，但是他们还想尝试一下。他们三人喜欢挑战自己，而这将是一个很大的挑战式 11月2日的早晨，Kevin,Ray和Charlie开始了他们跑步穿越撒哈拉的旅程。他们每天早晨5点开始跑，到上午11点停下来休息，然后到下午5点继续跑，一直跑到下午9点半。他们每天大概跑40英里（64千米）。每天如此，起床，跑步。听着iPod里的音乐不休停地跑。 在旅途中，Kevin,Ray和Charlie需要吃很多事物。大多数的人每天需要2000卡路里的热量，而他们三人每天需要6000—9000卡路里。那真是很多食物！他们每天也需要喝大量的水。 三人在途中也出现了很多问题，很多次他们都想放弃回家。白天通常很热（140华氏度／60摄氏度），高温导致他们生病，他们的腿和脚都受了伤。有时候天刮起了大风导致他们什么也看不见。有一次他们迷了路，但是他们没有放弃。111天以后，Kevin,Ray和Charlie成功完成了他们穿越撒哈拉沙漠的旅途。他们彼此拥抱，把手伸进红海的海水里，然后他们跑进旅馆好好洗了个澡。
2015职称英语新增阅读理解逐句翻译版
第九篇AnEssential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green ing sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon theplants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that‟snot all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is usedby the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animalsand other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygenis called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also usewater and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. Thecarbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. Thecarbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of greenplants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophyllsthat give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules thattrap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide toproduce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of thestomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent ofwater a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. Duringthe daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide toenter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is notneeded. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be littlefood or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. Theearth‟s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essentialfor life on our planet.An Essential Scientific Process参考译文：一个至关重要的科学过程1. All life on the earth depends upon green plants.参考译文：地球上所有的生命都依靠绿色植物生存。
2015年职称英语考试综合类阅读理解文章及译文汇总
2015年职称英语考试阅读理解文章必备习题（综合类）Older Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive 课程免费试听volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming thatfollowed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global 课程免费试听warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts 课程免费试听lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.词汇：dioxide n. 二氧化物 lava n. 熔岩Permian adj. 二叠纪 gigaton n. 十亿吨梯恩梯genera n. 种类 dinosaurs n. 恐龙asteroid n. 课程免费试听小行星注释：The Permian extinction 上学吧视频超市二叠纪物种灭绝练习：1. Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?A) Because they killed off life more easily.B) Because they were brighter.C) Because they were larger.D) Because they were hotter.2. How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?A) By estimating how long they lasted.B) By counting the dinosaurs they killed.C) By studying the chemical composition of lava.D) By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.。
2015职称英语(卫生类)新增文章及翻译
卫生类教材新增文章补全短文卫生B 第七篇 Powering Napping is Good for the I.Q.阅读理解卫生C 第五篇 Tracking Down HIV补全短文卫生C 第二篇 The Hope Children’s Hospice阅读判断卫生A Inquest told of hospital error补全短文卫生A 第十二篇 The enemy Within卫生B补全短文新增文章*第七篇Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.Today we hear more and more about the importance of getting enough sleep—about eight hours a night. Sleep can help heal and give energy to both the body and the brain. ____1____ It seems almost certain that the third of our lives that we spend asleep has a great effect on the two-thirds that we are awake. Sleep affects our emotions, memory, focus, and behavior.Studies show that people in developed countries spend less time asleep and more time at work or commuting. Dr. Karine Spiegel, at the University of Chicago, has found that the average length of sleep has gone down from nine hours a night in 1910 to seven-and-a-half hours a night today. However, our bodies cannot function well without enough sleep. ____2____ According to Canadian scientist Dr. Stanley Coren, every hour of lost sleep at night causes us to lose one I.Q. point the next day. For example, when someone gets only five or six hours of sleep each night for a week, the person’s I.Q. could go down 15 points or more. ____3____Most sleep experts say that humans need at least eight hours of sleep every day, but it should be in two stages: a long sleep at night and a shorter nap in the afternoon. Some companies help their employees follow this advice. ____4____ They say this makes the workers much more efficient.To study sleep deprivation (not getting enough sleep), scientists use a test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). During the test, a person stays in a darkened, quiet room during the daytime. Scientists believe that a sleep-deprived person will fall asleep quickly. If it takes ten minutes or longer to fall asleep, the person is probably getting enough sleep.Scientists have also found that the time of year seems to affect how much sleep we need. ____5____ However, in the summer, people sometimes sleep as little as six hours, without having any problems.词汇：emotion n. 情绪commuting n. 乘公交车上下班，通勤I.Q. n. 智商（全称为intelligent quotient）deprivation n. 剥夺，匮乏Sleep Latency Test n. 睡眠潜伏期注释：1．have/has an effect on... 对……有效果的2．go down from... to...从………降至……练习：A They allow them to “power nap” in the afternoon, if only for 20 minutes.B Losing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious health problems.C People usually sleep longer in the winter, sometimes as much as 14 hours a night.D People in power are more intelligent because they take naps.E Medical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise.F That’s why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks. 答案与题解：1．E本题的做题线索为其之前的一句话，即“睡眠能有助于恢复补充身体和大脑的能量”，其描述的是睡眠的功能，选项E说的也是睡眠的功能，与前文形成补充说明。
2015职称英语新增文章英汉互译
Real World Robots现实世界中的机器人When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out当你想到一个机器人，你想像的有光泽，具有相同的一般形状的金属装置，作为一个人类，执行人的功能，在一个单调的声音高亢的音调的声音加重你的问题的回应？这是许多我们想象一个机器人，但是在现实世界中，一个机器人都不是人形。
取而代之的是一个机器人往往是无声的，箱型机，有效地进行repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans.重复的或危险的通常是由人执行的功能。
Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning,drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience. A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A今天的机器人是一个自动的机器，执行一个任务，一次又一次。
2015年职称英语考试综合类阅读理解文章及译文汇总
2015年职称英语考试阅读理解文章必备习题（综合类）Older Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive 课程免费试听volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming thatfollowed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global 课程免费试听warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts 课程免费试听lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.词汇：dioxide n. 二氧化物 lava n. 熔岩Permian adj. 二叠纪 gigaton n. 十亿吨梯恩梯genera n. 种类 dinosaurs n. 恐龙asteroid n. 课程免费试听小行星注释：The Permian extinction 上学吧视频超市二叠纪物种灭绝练习：1. Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?A) Because they killed off life more easily.B) Because they were brighter.C) Because they were larger.D) Because they were hotter.2. How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?A) By estimating how long they lasted.B) By counting the dinosaurs they killed.C) By studying the chemical composition of lava.D) By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.。
2015年职称英语之阅读理解24篇重点文章(精心整理)
2015职称英语教材讲解阅读理解——目录2015年职称英语考试（综合类）阅读理解 (2)1、第二篇Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference (2)2、第九篇Single-parent Kids Do Best（卫生第35篇） (3)3、第十八篇Goal of American Education (6)4、第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach（理工第29篇） (9)5、第三十六篇Life as a Movie Extra (11)6、第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa (14)7、第四十七篇Narrow Escape (16)2015年职称英语考试（理工类）阅读理解 (20)1、第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones (20)2、第十五篇Winged Robot Learns to Fly (22)3、第十八篇Thirst for Oil (25)4、第三十篇Digital Realm (27)5、第三十二篇Mind-reading Machine (30)6、第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources (33)7、第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright (36)8、第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic,Pedestrian Fatalities (39)2015年职称英语考试（卫生类）阅读理解 (43)1、第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor (43)2、第二十五篇Eat to Live (46)3、第十八篇Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics (49)4、第二十四篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories（理工第28篇） (51)5、第三十六篇Dangerous Sunshine to Children (54)6、第三十七篇Hypertension Drugs Found to Cut Risk of Stroke (56)7、第三十九篇Sauna (59)2015年职称英语考试（综合类）阅读理解1、第二篇Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big DifferencePutting a bunch of college students in charge of a$300,000Dance Marathon,fundraiser surely sounds a bit risky1.When you consider the fact that the money is supposed to be given to children in need of medical care,you might call the idea crazy.Most student leaders don't want to spend a large amount of time on something they care little about,said 22-year-old University of Florida student Darren Heitner.He was the Dance Marathon's operations officer for two years.Yvonne Fangmeyer,director of the student organization office at the University of Wisconsin,conducted a survey in February of students involved in campus organizations2.She said the desire for friendship was the most frequently cited reason for joining.At large universities like Fangmeyer's,which has more than40,000students,the students first of all want to find a way to"belong in their own corner of campus".Katie Rowley,a Wisconsin senior,confirms the survey's findings."I wanted to make the campus feel smaller by joining an organization where I could not only get involved on campus butalso find a group of friends."All of this talk of friendship,however,does not mean that students aren't thinking about their resumes."I think that a lot of people do join to'fatten up their resume'",said Heitner."At the beginning of my college career,I joined a few of these organizations,hoping to get a start in my leadership roles."But without passion student leaders can have a difficult time trying to weather the storms that come.For example,in April,several student organizations at Wisconsin teamed up3for an event designed to educate students about homelessness and poverty.Student leaders had to face the problem of solving disagreements, moving the event because of rainy weather,and dealing with the university's complicated bureaucracy."Outside-of the classroom learning really makes a big difference",Fangmeyer said.练习：1.An extracurricular activity like raising a fund of$300,000is risky because most student leaders_________.A)are lazy B)are stupid C)are not rich enough D)will not take an interest in it2.Atherican students join campus organizations mostly for_________.A)making a difference B)gaining experienceC)building friendship D)improving their resumes3.Who is Katie Rowley?_________.A)She's a senior professor B)She's a senior studentC)She's a senior official D)She's a senior citizen4.What do student leaders need to carry an activity through to a successful end?_________.A)Passion.B)Money.C)Power.D)Fame.5.The phrasal verb fatten up in paragraph6could be best replaced by_________.A)invent B)rewrite C)polish D)complete答案与题解：1.D本题问的是：像募集30万美元的课外活动有点冒险是因为多数学生领导者？答案可以从第二段的第一句话中找到。
2015职称英语新增文章参考译文
第九篇AnEssentialScientificProcess一个至关重要的科学过程地球上所有的生命都依靠绿色植物生存。
植物利用阳光制造自己的食物，而动物则以植物为食，它们吸收植物制造和储存的营养物质。
但是植物能做的还不仅仅这些，它们还能利用阳光产生氧气，这些氧气的一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，这些多余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。
植物将光转化为营养物质和氧气的这个过程叫作光合作用，在这一过程中，植物不仅吸收阳光中的能量，还吸收水和二氧化碳。
水通过根系进入植物体内，而二氧化碳则通过叶片上的小孔进人植物体，这些小孔叫作气孔。
二氧化碳进入植物体内后，到达叶绿体，叶绿体是绿色植物体内的一种特殊细胞。
叶绿体是光合作用发生的地方。
叶绿体内包含叶绿素，这种物质使得叶子呈现绿色，它是一种能吸收光能的分子，吸收进来的光能将水和二氧化碳转化，产生氧气和一种结构简单的糖——葡萄糖。
二氧化碳和氧气通过气孔进出。
水蒸气也是从气孔逸出。
植物体通过根系吸收的水分中的90%。
白天，大多数植物的气孔都是张开的，使得二氧化碳能进入植物体参与光合作用。
到了夜晚，植物不再需要二氧化碳，于是大多数植物的气孔就关闭了，水分散失也停止了。
如果光合作用停止的话，地球上将不会再有食物或其他有机物质，大多数生物体都会消失，地球的大气中的氧气也将消失。
光合作用对于地球上的生命来说是至关重要的。
理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇ARecord-BreakingRover 参考译文：破纪录的漫游车美国宇航局的火星漫游车“机遇号”到达了其他任何漫游车都没能到达的地方——至少从距离上来说是如此。
自2004年“机遇号”到达火星以来，它已经行驶了25.01英里，比任何外星漫游车走的距离都长。
在火星上行驶数年之后，到7月27日，如高尔夫球车那么大的“机遇号”已经行驶了超过24英里，打败了之前的纪录保持者——一辆1973年被送上月球的苏联漫游车。
2015年职称英语卫生类A新增文章及译文
阅读判断第十二篇Inquest told of hospital errorA HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis(DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard.Stephen Melvin Newbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins.Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital,saying that his death was“untimely and unnecessary”.Mr Newbold,a 52-year-old maintenance worker,went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot.He should have been sent to a surgical ward where he would have been treated with Fragmin,a drug which counters the effects of DVT. However,hospital staff wrongly admitted him to an orthopedic ward,where he stayed for two days,before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon.Twenty-four hours later,on November 6,doctors decided they would have to operate to remove his leg below the knee.The operation went ahead on November l0,but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest.A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism,a condition related to DVT.Mr. Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November16.Giving evidence,the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been admitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin.He did not know why his medical team had not given Mr. Newbold the drug later.York coroner Donald Coverdale said,‘From November 3 until the day of the operation,noFragmin was given to Mr Newbold.If he had been admitted to a consultant vascular surgeon’s care from day one,it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed.Fragmin reduces the risk of DVT,but does not eliminate it.It is impossible to say whether Mr Newbold would have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin.’He recorded a verdict of death by misadventure.Kim Daniells,Mr Newbold’s family’s lawyer,said,‘The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errors,and that no other families will have to suffer in the future.’A spokeswoman for York Hospital’s NHS Trust said,‘We would like to extend our sincere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold during this difficult time.’练习：1．The patient was admitted with an injured foot. 2.The patient was admitted to the surgical ward.3.The patient did not get the correct medication.4.The patient died before he could be operated on.5.The patient died of brain damage.6.It was decided that the patient’s death had been an accident.7.Mr Newbold’s family’s lawyer was not qualified. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not Mentioned答案与题解：1．A从文中第二段的第一句话可以看出，病人是因为感觉右脚胀痛而去医院的(aswollenrightfoot)，而从文章第二段的第三行最后一句话(However,hospitalstaff..)可以看出毛他是被医院容留住院了，只不过是去错了病房。
2015职称英语_综合B阅读理解原文与译文
十七 Eiffel Is an Eyeful（引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔）Some2 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble3. Japanese,Brazilians, Americans — they graffiti4 their names,loves and politics on the cold iron —transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move5.世界各地的人们都来到大约300米高，接近埃菲尔铁塔顶端的地方涂鸦。
日本人、巴西人、美国人都在冰冷的铁上涂上自己的名字、喜好和政治观点，使这最具有法兰西色彩的纪念碑成为动感世界的象征。
With Paris laid out in miniature6 below，it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view7. But the graffiti also raises a question ： Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular8?从塔上可以看到巴黎市的远景，但奇怪的是观光者们宁愿花时间留下到此一游的痕迹，而不去观赏风景。
但这些涂鸦者也引起了一个问题：为什么在建成114年后，埃菲尔铁塔仍然这么受欢迎?尽管它在几十年前减已经不是世界上最高的建筑物了。
2015考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
2015考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译2015 Text 1Paragraph 11、King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ?kings don`t abdicate, they die in their sleep.? But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 西班牙国王胡安?卡洛斯曾说?国王不会退位，他们逝世于睡眠中?。
但是最近几次欧洲大选中，丑闻盛行、共和党人大受欢迎迫使胡安?卡洛斯收回之前的言论，并被迫退位。
1.1 abdicate英/'?bd?ke?t/ 美/'?bd?ket/vt. 退位；放弃vi. 退位；放弃1.2 scandal英/'sk?nd(?)l/ 美/'sk?ndl/n. 丑闻；流言蜚语；诽谤；公愤2、So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? 如此说来，西班牙的危机是否表明君主制已到穷途末路？是否意味着欧洲皇室以及他们锦衣玉食的生活走向末路已无可更改？2.1 monarchy英 /'m?n?k?/ 美/'mɑn?ki/n. 君主政体；君主国；君主政治2.2 the writing is on the wall某事将失败的不祥预兆2.3 royal英/'rl/ 美/'rl/n. 王室；王室成员adj. 皇家的；盛大的；女王的；高贵的；第一流的2.4 magnificent英/m?g'n?f?s(?)nt/ 美/m?g'n?f?snt/adj. 高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的2.5 majestic英 /m?'d?est?k/ 美/m?'d??st?k/adj. 庄严的；宏伟的Paragraph 21、The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. 西班牙的事例既提供了支持君主制的论据，也提供了反对君主制的论据。
2015年职称英语考试阅读理解文章及译文(综合类)
Older Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes were more destructive in ancient history,not because they were bigger,but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions.Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals,but all the mass extinctions over the past300million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock.To his surprise,the older the massive volcanic eruptions were,the more damage they seemed to do.He calculated the"killing efficiency"for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size,older eruptions were at least10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.The Permian extinction,for example,which happened250 million years ago,is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide.The global warming that followed wiped out80per cent of all marine genera at the time,and it took5million years for the planet to recover.Yet60 million years ago,there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction.Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years."The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all,"Wignall says.He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs65million years ago,because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.Vincent Courtillot,director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France,says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations.He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted.And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years.He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced,and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.词汇：dioxide n.二氧化物lava n.熔岩Permian adj.二叠纪gigaton n.十亿吨梯恩梯genera n.种类dinosaurs n.恐龙asteroid n.小行星注释：The Permian extinction二叠纪物种灭绝练习：1.Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?A)Because they killed off life more easily.B)Because they were brighter.C)Because they were larger.D)Because they were hotter.2.How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?A)By estimating how long they lasted.B)By counting the dinosaurs they killed.C)By studying the chemical composition of lava.D)By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.3.When did dinosaurs become extinct?A)300million years ago.B)250million years ago.C)60million years ago.D)65million years ago.4.What can be inferred from paragraph3concerning dinosaurs?A)They were killed off by an asteroid.B)They died of drastic climate change.C)They were wiped off by a volcanic eruption.D)The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.5.What is the main thesis of the article?A)Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.B)Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.C)Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.D)It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.答案与题解：1.A本题问的是：为什么远古的火山爆发比近期的火山爆发破坏性更大?第一段是这么说的：古代的火山更具破坏力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出的二氧化碳更能容易地毁灭生命。
2015职称英语理工A阅读翻译1-3篇阅读
1、Ford Abandons Electric VehiclesThe Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts say．General Motors。
and Honda’ceased production of battery．powered cars in 1 999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer．Ford has now announced it will do the same．Three years ago．the company introduced the Think City two—seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor．It hoped to sell 5，000 cars each year and 10，000 carts．But a lack of demand means only about l，000 of the cars have been produced，and less than 1。
700 carts have been sold so far in 2002．“The bottom line is we don’t believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market．”Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday．“We feel we have given electric our best shot”The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time．General Motors’EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range。
2015年职称英语综合类阅读理解问题答案中英对照背诵版41篇
第一篇Telling Tales about People传记类文学作品第二篇Shark Attack! 小心鲨鱼！第三篇The Travels of Ibn Battuta 伊本白图泰游记第四篇Native American Pottery美国本土陶器第五篇Modern Sun Worshippers现代日光浴者第六篇Single-parent Kids Do Best单亲幼儿最出色第十篇 A Letter from Alan 艾伦的来信第十二篇Smuggling走私第十三篇The Barbie Dolls芭比娃娃第十四篇Sleep睡眠第十五篇Orbital Space Plane轨道航天飞机第十六篇The Sahara撒哈拉沙漠*第十七篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔美国教育的目标*第十八篇Goal of American Education*第十九篇The Family家庭可怕的过去*第二十篇Tales of the Terrible Past*第二十一篇Spacing in Animals动物间的间隔距离*第二十二篇Some Things We Know about Language我们知道的关于语言的一些事情*第二十四篇The Romance of Arthur亚瑟的传奇*第二十五篇Income收入*第二十六篇Seeing the World Centuries Ago看许久以前的世界*第二十七篇Importance of Services服务业的重要性*第二十八篇The National Park Service国家公园的服务机构ll Be Bach我也能成为巴赫*第二十九篇I’* 第三十一篇Pool Watch泳池监护*第三十二篇The Cherokee Nation柴罗基部落+第三十四篇To Have or Have Not逃亡+第三十六篇Life as a Movie Extra群众演员的人生+第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa非洲的流行音乐+第三十九篇Eat to Live为了活着吃饭+第四十篇New US Plan for Disease Prevention为预防疾病的新美国计划+第四十一篇The Operation of International Airlines国际航空公司的经营+ 第四十二篇Sauna桑拿浴+ 第四十三篇Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack? 建筑设计能使建筑抵御恐怖袭击吗？+ 第四十四篇Americans Get Touchy越来越爱肢体接触的美国人+第四十五篇Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for Longer女性在迷你裙上逗留的时间更长+ 第四十六篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed 捍卫进化论仍必要+ 第四十七篇Narrow Escape九死一生+ 第四十八篇Finding Enlightenment in Scotland苏格兰启蒙运动The Beginning of American Literature美洲文学的起源+ 第四十九篇+ 第五十篇Older Volcanic Eruptions远古火山爆发。
2015年新课标卷2阅读理解B原文及译文
【1】Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the wayyoudesign your home could play a role in whether you pack on the poundsorkeep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead ofagainstyou. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of diet plan.【2】Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are morelikely to encourage overeating , for people are often less self-conscious（难为情）when they’re in poorly litplaces－and so more likely to eatlots offood. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps andflood the place withbrightness.【3】Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.Inone study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent lessthanthose in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make tood appearmoreappetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it’s timetorepaint, go blue.【4】Don’t forget the clock-or theradio. People who eat slowly tend toconsume about 70 fewer calories（卡路里）per meal than those who rushthrough their meals. Begin keepingtrack of the time, and try to make dinnerlast at least 30 minutes, And whileyou’re at it, actually sit down to eat. If youneedsome help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likelytorush through a meal.【5】Downsize the dishes, big serving bowls and plates can easily makeusfat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead ofa10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one ,totalintake（摄入）jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than atall, skinny glass.25. The text is especially helpful forthose who care about_______.A. their home comfortsB. their body shapeC. house buyingD. healthy diets26. A home environment in blue can helppeople_________.A. digest food betterB. reduce food intakeC. burn more caloriesD. regain their appetites27. What are people advised to do atmealtimes?A. Eat quickly.B. Play fast music.C. Use smaller spoons.D. Turn down the lights.28. What can be a suitable title for thetest?A. Is Your House Making You Fat?B. Ways of Serving DinnerC. Effects of Self-ConsciousnessD. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?参考答案：BBCA译文：你的房子可能对你的体重有影响。
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第九篇AnEssential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green ing sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon theplants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that‟snot all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is usedby the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animalsand other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygenis called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also usewater and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. Thecarbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. Thecarbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of greenplants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophyllsthat give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules thattrap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide toproduce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of thestomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent ofwater a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. Duringthe daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide toenter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is notneeded. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be littlefood or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. Theearth‟s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essentialfor life on our planet.An Essential Scientific Process参考译文：一个至关重要的科学过程1. All life on the earth depends upon green plants.参考译文：地球上所有的生命都依靠绿色植物生存。
2. Using sunlight, the plants produce their ownfood.参考译文：植物利用阳光制造自己的食物。
3. Then animals feed upon the plants.参考译文：而动物则以植物为食。
4. They take in the nutrients the plants have madeand stored.参考译文：它们吸收植物制造和储存的营养物质。
5. But that's not all.参考译文：但是植物能做的不仅仅是这些。
6. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen.参考译文：植物还能利用阳光制造氧气。
7. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen thanit uses.参考译文：这些氧气的一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物制造的氧气远多于它们消耗的氧气。
8. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals andother organisms to live.参考译文：这些额外的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。
9. The process of changing light into food andoxygen is called photosynthesis.参考译文：植物将光转化为食物和氧气的过程叫做光合作用。
10. Besides light energy from the sun, plants alsouse water and carbon dioxide.参考译文：植物不仅吸收阳光中的能量，还吸收水和二氧化碳。
11. The water gets to the plant through its roots.参考译文：水通过根系进入植物体内。
12. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves throughtinyopeningscalled stomata.参考译文：二氧化碳通过小孔进入叶子，这些小孔叫做气孔。
13. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplastsspecial cells in the bodies of green plants.参考译文：二氧化碳到达叶绿体，叶绿体是绿色植物体内的一种特殊细胞。
14. This is where photosynthesis takes place.参考译文：光合作用就是在这里发生的。
15. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that giveplants their green color.参考译文：叶绿体内含有叶绿素，这种物质使得叶子呈现绿色。
16. The chlorophylls are the molecules that traplight energy.参考译文：叶绿素是能够收集光能的分子。
17. The trapped light energy changes water andcarbon dioxide to produce oxygen anda simple sugar called glucose.参考译文：收集来的光能将水和二氧化碳转化，产生氧气和一种单糖——葡萄糖。
18. Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out ofthe stomata.参考译文：二氧化碳和氧气通过气孔进出。
19. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata.参考译文：水蒸气也是从气孔逸出。
20. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes inthrough its roots escapes through the stomata.参考译文：植物体通过根系吸收的水分中，超过90%都是从气孔逸出的。
21. During the daytime, the stomata of most plantsare open.参考译文：白天，大多数植物的气孔都是张开的。
22. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leavesfor photosynthesis.参考译文：这使得二氧化碳能进入叶子参与光合作用。
23. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed.参考译文：到了夜晚，植物不再需要二氧化碳。
24. The stomata of most plants close.参考译文：大多数植物的气孔就关闭了。
25. Water loss stops.参考译文：水分散失也停止了。
26. If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little（表否定）food or other organic matter onthe earth.参考译文：如果光合作用停止，地球上将不会再有食物或其他有机物质。
27. Mostorganisms would disappear.参考译文：大多数生物体都会消失。
28. The earth's atmosphere would no longer containoxygen.参考译文：地球的大气中将不再有氧气。
29. Photosynthesis is essential for life on ourplanet.参考译文：光合作用对于地球上的生命来说是至关重要的。
第二十二篇Real WorldRobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny,metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performinghumanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voiceaccentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imaginea robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robotoften is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries outrepetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today‟s robot ismore than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modernrobot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, arobot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associatedwith human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learningfrom past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for thesimple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced.A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that rolland rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination withjoints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robotutilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot‟s base detectanything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on anincline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential.To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach theobject，the robotbounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in itspath2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to thecomputer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts therobot‟s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progressin its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.Real World Robots参考译文：现实世界中的机器人1. When you think of a robot, do you envision ashiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being,performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotonevoice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps.参考译文：当你想到机器人的时候，你脑海中浮现的是不是一个有着大致人类轮廊的、能够发挥像人类一样的功能，并且能用夹杂着高音的单调音调回答你的问题的有光泽的金属装置？2. This is the way many of us imagine a robot, butin the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all.参考译文：很多人想象中的机器人都是这个样子的，但是，在现实世界中，机器人和人类长得一点都不像。