侯增谦 大陆碰撞带斑岩铜矿
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Gangdese Syn-collision rock suites
Tethyan Himalaya
40 20
S
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Ma
Hou and Cook, 2009
mm/year
Ultrapotas sic rocks
青藏高原构造格架与冈底斯斑岩铜矿带
14.4 Ma
Porphyry copper mineralization zones of Iran
(Collision: 35-38Ma; Post-collisional: 21-0 Ma)
21Ma 17Ma
East Iran
12Ma
新近获得12个矿床Re-Os年龄:21-8 Ma
Aghazadeh,2012
大陆碰撞带斑岩铜矿:局部事件
vs. 全球事件?
Collision in Cenozoic
Himalayan-Zagros collisional orogen system
青藏高原:碰撞阶段与斑岩铜矿
● 主碰撞陆陆汇聚(65-41Ma) ■地壳缩短加厚 ■同碰撞的岩浆 ■峰期变质作用
亚洲 大陆
印度 大陆
Sr-Nd isotopic compositions for fertile and barren porphyries
Jurassic arc 软流圈来源 rocks in Lhasa 玄武岩浆 (200-174Ma) (42-40Ma) Dazi picritic basalts from asthenosphere (42-40Ma) LVS derived from mantle wedge in Tibet (64-42Ma) Fertile porphyries (17-14Ma) Barren porphyries (20-12Ma)
Fertile
Fertile porphyries
eHf = +5 - +12 TDM = 400-700Ma
Lhasa basement
Barren
Barren porphyries
eHf = -5 - +4 TDM = 1200-1700Ma
Hou et al (2012)
Fertile: much high eHf values, much young model ages; juvenile lower crust Barren: relatively low eHf values, much old model ages; old lower crust
Adakite
Possible Source for the magmas:
Eclogite or Garnet-amphibolite
Sample/N-MORB
No coeval mafic magmas associated with porphyry stocks in Gnagdese belt, except for minor MMEs, rule out the first model
大陆碰撞带含矿斑岩: CA, High-K CA and SH
★★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ MME
含矿斑岩
Gangdese
Sample/Chondrite
A
Trace element geochemistry
Both two porphyries show similar REE patterns, but fertile ones have more depleted in HREE; They show no Eu negative anormaly, implying that high H2O contents of these magmas restrain crystallization Of plagioclase.
Propylitic Post-mineral porphyry Intra-mineral porphyry K-sillicate (Ksp) K-silicate (bt)
K-silicate
bt vein
Qtz-moly-py vein with Qtz-anhy-cpyphyllic halo (D-type?) moly B-type vein
Hou et al (2012)
Fertile
Barren
Source: A thickened lower-crust involved mantle components
Zircon Hf isotopic compositions for fertile and barren porphyries
经典的斑岩铜矿成矿理论
●金属
●富水 ●高fO2
板片俯冲 钙碱性岩浆
板片脱水 MASH 过程
流体交代 岩浆房
地幔熔融 流体出溶
MASH Process
Richards, 2003,2005
大陆碰撞带斑岩铜矿
A BB
+2 km
0 km
浅部地壳
Hou et al., 2003, 2009, 2012
新模型
● 晚碰撞构造转换(40-26Ma)
■推覆/走滑/剪切 ■钾质壳/幔岩浆 ■盆地-流体活动
● 后碰撞地壳伸展(25-0 Ma) ■正断层/STD ■钾质超钾岩浆 ■淡色花岗岩
青藏 高原
印-亚大陆碰撞 青藏高原诞生
青藏高原:碰撞阶段与斑岩铜矿
N
Songpan Terrane
Main-Collision
◆大吨位,低品位,全岩矿化 ◆大范围的热液蚀变; ◆表生富集
Batu Hijau, Sumbawa (www.newmont.com)
Ag等金属的重要来
源
斑岩型矿床的全球分布
弧环境 斑岩矿床
碰撞环境 斑岩矿床
W.D Sinclair Richards,2013
Almost large and superlarge porhyry Cu deposits (97%) in the world occur in mgmatic arcs related to oceanic-slab subduction
大陆碰撞带斑岩铜矿
■大陆斑岩铜矿:局部性事件 vs.全球性事件?
■含矿岩浆起源:交代富集地幔 vs.新生下地壳?
■岩浆源区组成:弧岩浆堆积物 vs. 弧岩浆底侵?
■岩浆水的来源:变质流体 vs. 幔源岩浆去气?
■金属物质来源:硫化物重熔 vs.幔源岩浆贡献?
大陆碰撞带斑岩铜矿
新思考与新进展
侯增谦
中国地质科学院 地质研究所
houzengqian@126.com
斑岩型矿床(Porphyry-type Deposits)
◆与长英质斑岩侵入体有关;
◆细脉-网脉状、细脉浸染状、
角砾状矿石;
据统计,全球10大
铜矿山均为斑岩型
铜矿。 世界几乎所有的Mo、 50%的Cu均来自斑 岩型矿床,还是Au、
MMEs Fertile porphyries
Barren porphyries
Sample/N-MORB
Both fertile and barren porphyries show enrichment in LILE ( Rb, Sr, K, Ba) and depletion in HFSE (Nb, Ta, Ti, P etc.), suggesting a hydrous source for them. Barren porphyries yielded high positive Pb, suggesting the involvement of crust materials for their generation;
Qtz-ksp A vein
Qtz-ksp vein Qtz-cpy vein with bt halo
2 cm
2 cm
扎 格 罗 斯 造 山 带 构 造 单 元
Eurasian Plate
Yazd Tabas Block Block
Lut Block
East Iran Block
Makran
(Base map after Novgol Sadat, 1980)
Juvenile lower crust: Nd-Hf isotopic evidence
Hou et al., 2012
Barren
Fertile Jurassic arc
14-20 km thick high-velocity layer (Vp =7.2~7.5 km/s)(Owens and Zandt,1997) Owens and Zandt (1997 ) interpreted this layer as a high-density (> 3.0 g/cm3), high-pressure garnet-bearing mafic rock layer formed by underplating of mantle magmas
克尔曼铜矿带
Meiduk Cu 6 Mt @1.3Cu
Aghazadeh,2012
Sar-Cheshimeh (8Fra Baidu bibliotekt@0.64%)
东特提斯后碰撞(中新世)钙碱性岩浆带与斑岩铜矿
张洪瑞和侯增谦,2009
土耳其
20Ma 15.6Ma 14.4Ma 16Ma 中国 朗
伊
12Ma
印度 19Ma
东特提斯中新世斑岩铜矿带
Barren porphyries
Fertile porphyries
Geochemical affinity with adakite for porphyries
Gangdese
Origin of Adakitic Rocks
Melting of subduction-modified lithospheric mantle (Gao, 2008) Melting of subducted Tethyan oceanic crust (Qu et al., 2004) Melting of thickened lower crust (Chung 2003; Hou et al., 2004)
14.7 Ma
13.6 Ma
15.6 Ma
Cu
14.5 Ma
16.0 Ma
120-80Ma:雅鲁藏布江洋俯冲(ITS),形成冈底斯弧花岗岩岩基 65-41 Ma:印-亚大陆碰撞,同碰撞花岗岩(Mo),林子宗火山岩 25-8 Ma:后碰撞地壳伸展,发育钾质-超钾质岩和含Cu斑岩(Cu)
驱龙铜矿
Precursor pluton Phyllic ± argillic
-2 km
成矿新模型
●大陆碰撞导致新生下地壳熔融
-4 km
●埃达克岩浆上侵形成大岩浆房
●岩浆房流体出溶形成斑岩铜矿 ●矿床受垂直碰撞带张断裂控制 斑岩铜矿 成矿过程
-6 km
局部性成矿事件?
全球性成矿事件 ?
大陆碰撞带斑岩铜矿
■大陆斑岩铜矿:局部性事件 vs.全球性事件? ■含矿岩浆起源:交代富集地幔 vs.新生下地壳? ■岩浆源区组成:弧岩浆堆积物 vs. 弧岩浆底侵? ■岩浆水的来源:变质流体 vs. 幔源岩浆去气? ■金属物质来源:硫化物重熔 vs.幔源岩浆贡献? ■岩浆流体出溶:一次性出溶 vs. 多幕式出溶? ■斑岩成矿系统:金属组合类型 vs. 成矿系统?
Late-Collision
Post-Collision
Potassic rock suite
160
Qiangtang Terrane
Thrust, Ford Foreland basin
Potassic rocks in east Tibet Thrust, Shear, Strike-slip fault
Lithosphere thinning
140 120
Lhasa Terrane
Crustal shorting, thickening
斑岩Cu
Convergent rate curve
100 80 60
斑岩Cu
UltrapotassicPotassic rock suites Lecuogranites STD
东特提斯巨型斑岩铜矿带可与南美的安弟斯斑岩铜矿带相媲美
大陆碰撞带斑岩铜矿
■大陆斑岩铜矿:局部性事件 vs.全球性事件? ■含矿岩浆起源:交代富集地幔 vs.新生下地壳? ■岩浆源区组成:弧岩浆堆积物 vs. 弧岩浆底侵? ■岩浆水的来源:变质流体 vs. 幔源岩浆去气? ■金属物质来源:硫化物重熔 vs.幔源岩浆贡献? ■岩浆流体出溶:一次性出溶 vs. 多幕式出溶? ■斑岩成矿系统:金属组合类型 vs. 成矿系统?