英文论文写法

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英语论文格式字号

英语论文格式字号

英语论文格式字号【篇一:英文论文字体要求】英语论文格式规范(附样例)a contrastive study between english and chinese idioms(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“times new roman”) xxx学院11xxxxx xxx 指导老师:xxx(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)【abstract】 this paper centers on the different expressionsof ??(英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“times new roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“times new roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。

)【key words】 idiom; comparison; english; chinese(英文关键词:题目采用五号“times new roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“times new roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。

)1. introduction(顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行)in both english and chinese, ?. so, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between chinese and english idoms interms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (chang liang, 1993:44; li guangling, 1999).(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. the similarities between english idioms and chinese idiomsin english, ?. and it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) i don’t know。

全英文研究论文模板(精华版)

全英文研究论文模板(精华版)

全英文研究论文模板(精华版)AbstractThe abstract provides a brief summary of your research paper. It should briefly introduce the topic, state the research objectives, highlight the methodology employed, summarize the findings, and mention the significance of the study.IntroductionThe introduction sets the stage for your research paper. Start by presenting a general overview of the topic and its importance. Then narrow down your focus to the specific research problem or question that you aim to address. Provide background information, highlight previous research on the topic, and identify any gaps or limitations that your study can address.Literature ReviewThe literature review is a critical analysis of existing research and scholarly articles relevant to your topic. It helps establish the theoretical framework and foundation for your study. Identify key concepts,theories, and methodologies employed in previous research to support your own study. Clearly state your research objectives and how they contribute to the existing body of knowledge.MethodologyIn the methodology section, explain the research design, methods, and data collection techniques you used. Clearly state your research question(s) and hypothesis(es), if applicable. Describe the sample or participants, data collection instruments, and any statistical analyses employed. This section should allow other researchers to replicate your study.Results and DiscussionPresent the results of your study in a logical and organized manner. Use tables, charts, and figures to support your findings. Then, provide a detailed analysis and interpretation of the results. Discuss any patterns, trends, or relationships observed. Relate your findings to existing research and theories. Identify any limitations or challenges encountered during the study.ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes your research, restates the main findings, and discusses their implications. Do not introduce new information here. Discuss how your study contributes to the field, highlights any future research directions, and suggests practical applications of your findings. End with a strong closing statement that emphasizes the significance of your study.ReferencesAppendix (if applicable)If you have additional materials, such as questionnaires, survey data, or supplementary information that supports your study, include them in the appendix. Label each appendix with a title or number for easy reference.Please note that this template is a general guide and can be adapted to fit the specific requirements of your research paper. As always, consult your advisor or instructor for any additional guidelines or specific formatting instructions.。

英文论文(优秀4篇)

英文论文(优秀4篇)

英文论文(优秀4篇)选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行:国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。

以下是可爱的编辑为大伙儿收集整理的英文论文(优秀4篇),希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

英语专业论文模板篇一很多学生忽视了毕业论文的重要性和现实意义,这是其写作质量不高的主要原因之一。

毕业论文是大学生在校期间向学校所交的较后一份书面作业。

英语专业学生在修完一般英语写作课程后,初步熟知和掌握了基本的写作要素和技巧,这时为了深化写作内容,进一步提高文字表达能力,须开始进行学术论文写作。

毕业论文写作在巩固了词的各种意义、搭配、用法、词序,句子的定义、结构、种类、用法,即写作的基本要素和技巧的同时,还能培养初步的研究、分析和总结问题的能力。

这就为学生在日后进一步从事相关学科的研究工作打下了坚实的基础。

《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》指出,“毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式”。

毕业论文写作的优劣、质量的高低是决定学生能否顺利毕业或可否被授予学位的重要依据。

因此大学生须重视和认真撰写毕业论文。

英语论文范文word 篇二Upon the completion of the thesis, I would like to take this opportunity toexpress my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Peng Xiaohua, who hasgiven me important guidance on the thesis. Without his help and encouragement,my thesis would have been impossible. Besides his help with my thesis,he hasalso given me much advice on the methods of doing research, which is of greatvalue to my future academic life.I am also obliged to other teachers whose lectures have broadened my scopeof vision in British and American literature and help me lay a necessaryfoundation for the writing of the thesis. I am also grateful to all the members ofthe faculty and staff in the College of Foreign Languages who have provided mewith a lot of help and guidance.Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to all the friends andfamily members who have offered me help. Without their help,I could not havefinished my study and this thesis.英语专业论文模板篇三分层次提出教学要求:英语系按照学校的要求把XX级学生以入学成绩为依据分了两个层次,A层次普通学科专业班级,B层次体音美专业班级。

英语论文格式

英语论文格式

摘要、关键词:摘要和关键词这两个词用宋体加粗,小四号,摘要内容和关键词内容用楷体四小号;英文(1) Abstract:小四号;“Abstract”粗体;(2) Keywords:3-5个用“;”分隔;小四号;最后一个关键词后不用标点符号;除专有名词,单词首字母不大写;“Keywords”粗体汉语(1) 摘要:楷体小四号;“摘要”宋体小四号粗体;(2) 关键词:3-5个用“;”分隔;楷体小四号;最后一个关键词后不用标点符号;“关键词”宋体小四号粗体。

4、目录:1) 目录部分最多保留到三级标题,注意不同层次的缩进。

2)各级标题中的实词首字母大写,虚词小写。

各级标题内容格式应与正文部分相应标题保持一致。

3) 一级标题:粗体小四号字;其余二级、三级标题为小四号字;目录部分行间距为1.5倍。

5、正文格式:1)文章题目不必出现在正文页。

2)各级标题一般要求左对齐打印。

标题一律用粗体。

一级标题:粗体三号字;二级标题:粗体小三号字;三级标题:粗体四号字。

3)英文一律采用Times New Roman小四号,论文以A4标准页面排版(21*29.7cm),1.5倍行距;如有汉字(参考文献部分),一律用五号宋体。

4)正文中每一段开头缩进两个汉字(或四个英文)字符的位置,段与段之间不空行。

5)正文中一级标题间的段落空一行。

6、参考文献:1)参考文献须另起一页。

2)“Bibliography”三号粗体,居中。

3)英文参考文献在前,中文参考文献在后。

英文参考文献按作者首字母顺序排列;同一作者按年排列。

中文按照作者姓氏的拼音字母顺序,排到所有英文文献后。

4)字体为英文小四号,中文宋体五号。

5)参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告P——专利A——文章6)作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是:姓,名字的首字母. 如:Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & I. Gordon;7)书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。

论文英文版格式(样)

论文英文版格式(样)

Towards …reuse(22pt, spacing before paragraph 30 pt, single space Blod)The first Author`s name the second author`s name(13pt, spacing before paragraph 12 pt, line space12 pt Blod)Department of Computer Science,University of xxx, TX00004-3010, USAE-mail: chxxxan@{10pt, no paragraph space, line space 12 pt}(The title of the paper should be written in bold in 22 point font, centered on the top of the paper. The first letter of first word in the title should be capitalized. The authors‟ names following the title, must be 13 point font, and their affiliations must be 10pt)Abstract:(9pt, bold, the first letter should be capitalized)In this paper, (9pt, spacing before paragraph 23 pt, line space 10 pt. Every paper should include an abstract within 500 words. At the end of the abstract, skip a line and then type “Keywords:”)Keywords:(9pt, bold, the first letter should be capitalized)shared memory parallel programming; task graph; task scheduling; compiler optimisations. (9pt, spacing before paragraph 12 pt line space 10 pt NOT bold italic and followed by a semicolon, followed by 3 to 8 words that describe the focus and contribution of the paper.)1 INTRODUCTION(FONT: HELVETICA, 9PT, CAPITALIZED, BOLD, SPACING BEFORE PARAGRAPH 18PT, SPACING AFTER PARAGRAPH 6PT, LINE SPACE 11PT)(These are instructions for authors typesetting for the 2010 International Conference of Asia-Pacific Low Carbon Economy (aplce2010) & NO.9 NAAN to be held in Changsha, China. This document has been prepared using the required format (Microsoft Word version 6.0 or later). Using this document as a template is highly recommended as it gives the best input for the final publications. (Papers prepared using applications other than Microsoft Word must conform to the format and criteria detailed in this document). )2 OUR APPROACH(FONT: HELVETICA, 9PT, CAPITALIZED, BOLD, LINE SPACE 11PT)Headings are numbered and capitalized. All major headings are centered in bold in 9 fonts. Do not put a period after the text of the heading.There should be no more than three levels of heading.Body of the paper: The whole paper should be written in “Times New Roman” font except the titles in the paper. Except the title of the paper that is in 22-font size and authors‟ names in 13-font size, with their affiliations in10-fontsize, the whole paper should be written in 10 fonts. The first paragraph of the article should be top grid, the first line of other paragraphs should be indent for 0.25cm, spacing before paragraph 6 pt, line space 12 pt.Please use 2 columns. The line spacing should be 12 pounds. Every paper should be less than or equal to 5 pages. The paper should be written in the format of A4 with the margin of 2.26cm top, 2.54cm bottom, 0cm left, 1.41cm right,1.69cm gutter. Do not use headers and footers, do not use end notes and do not put page numbers. Microsoft Word file is strongly preferred.3 CREATION AND MAPPING OF THE TASK GRAPH 3.1 Generation of tasks and task graph(font: helvetica, 9pt. The first letter of first word should be capitalized, bold,spacing before paragraph 18pt, spacing after paragraph 7pt, line space 11pt)Let NT be the number of threads andt k be the last task before this loopDO I = 1, NTk = k + 1Compute bounds of t k according to loop schedule Compute array accesses by tasks t kAdd t k to NENDDOFigure 1 The generation of tasks from an OpenMP parallel loop Figures and tables should be placed as close as possible to where they are cited. Captions should be Times New Roman 9-point, bold. Figures and Tables should be numbered separately and consecutively. Avoid color diagrams. Figure‟s captions should be flush center below the figures, and Table captions should be in center above the table body. Initially capitalize only the first word of each caption. Table contents should be Times New Roman 9-point, italic.All equations should be placed on separate lines and numbered consecutively, with the equation numbers placed within parentheses and aligned against the right margin.Figure 18 ADI kernel code ACKNOWLEDGEMENT(FONT: HELVETICA, 9PT, CAPITALIZED, BOLD)Use the singular heading even if you have many acknowledgments.Sponsor and financial support acknowledgments expre ssions such as “This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 123456”.REFERENCES(FONT: HELVETICA, 9PT, CAPITALIZED, BOLD)Balasundaram, V. and Kennedy, K. (1989) …A techniques for summarising data access and its use in parallelism enhancing transformations‟, Proceedings of ACM SIGPLAN’89 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, June.Hanging indent 0.51cm, line space 10 pt。

英文毕业论文格式

英文毕业论文格式

英文毕业论文格式模板英文毕业论文格式模板一、格式论文依次包括封面、目录、英文摘要(abstract)与关键词(key words)、中文摘要与关键词、引言(introduction)、正文、结语(conclusion)和文献目录(works cited)等部分。

二、封面具体样式参照论文样本页a,封面格式可到外国语学院网站下载。

三、标题居中。

如果有副标题,用冒号把英文主、副标题隔开,例如:the human nature motif in william golding’s lo rd of the fliesinvisible colour versus visible wall: hanif kureishi’s “strangers when we meet”中文副标题须在主标题后另起一行,前面加破折号, 例如:论威廉·戈尔丁《蝇王》中的人性母题看不见的颜色与看得见的墙——评哈尼夫·库雷西的“相逢不相识”四、英文摘要与关键词 abstract左顶格,字体为times new roman 小四号,黑正体,与摘要内容部分以冒号隔开。

摘要内容部分长度为150词以内,字体为times new roman 小四号正体,从第二行开始到结束均为左顶格。

关键词部分另起一行,以key words为标题,关键词标题左顶格,字体为times new roman 小四号,黑正体,与所列关键词以冒号隔开,关键词以3至5个为宜,字体为times new roman 小四号正体,除少数专有名词外一律小写,关键词之间以分号隔开。

五、中文摘要与关键词摘要左顶格,字体为宋体小四号,黑正体,与摘要内容部分以冒号隔开。

摘要内容部分长度为200字以内,字体为宋体小四号正体,从第二行开始到结束均为左顶格。

关键词部分另起一行,以关键词为标题,关键词标题左顶格,字体为宋体小四号,黑正体,与所列关键词以冒号隔开,关键词字体为宋体小四号正体,关键词之间以分号隔开。

英文论文有具体的格式吗_

英文论文有具体的格式吗_

1、字体设置全文统一用Times New Roman字体,小四,1.5倍行距。

段落之间空一行,每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格,而是直接顶格写。

请你务必在写作之前就把这些格式调好,以避免写好后再调节,会造成不必要的麻烦。

2、人称Essay 是理论性较强的论文,通常情况下,一定用第三人称,禁止出现“I”,“we” “our”,“you”, “your”这些第一、二人称字样,注意语言措辞,多用些副词。

为了避免使用第一人称,某些地方可以用被动语态或其他句型代替。

3、内容方面首先,由于Essay理论性较强,一定要用相关例子来支撑论点,避免空谈理论。

(“空谈误学,案例兴文”啊,所以一定要上穷碧落下黄泉,动手动脚找案例!)其次,在叙述完了理论之后,一定要对理论进行评论,体现你的critical thinking。

(毕竟是论文,要展现出你的思想level啊,老师最喜欢这样的学生了~)最后,多用数据和图表,使用数据图表时要附上reference,表明出处。

(让你的论文更具说服力~)你看,小E都不泛泛而谈,给你具体的例子。

Introductionessay的introduction只有一段,但由两部分内容组成。

第一部分相当于一个开篇,引出这篇essay的主旨。

第二部分用来介绍本文结构。

蓝色字体为第一部分,从“this eassy will”开始第二部分。

请你千万不要再用the structure is like this这样的语句了好吗?太chinglish了。

介绍结构统一用将来时态。

Body正文部分呢,要把文章分成几大部分讨论,每一个板块写一个小标题,并加粗显示。

文中reference的写法顺序是,括号,人名,逗号,年代。

本引用句句号的位置在reference的后面。

Conclusion首先,在写结论部分的时候,一定要用“In conclusion”,或者“To sum up”、“Conclusively”,因为这些词都是你的结论的标志词!其次,Conclusion 和Introduction一样,都只能写一段,而且要至少写到半页。

英文论文的详细格式(英文论文写作格式)

英文论文的详细格式(英文论文写作格式)

英文论文的详细格式(英文论文写作格式)英文论文的写作主要用于参加国际学术研讨会,以促进中外学术和文化交流;在国际学术期刊上发表论文,在国际上分享科研成果,并在英语论文中进行学术交流;此外,英文论文还包括英语相关专业人士必须用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等。

标题大纲摘要1、英文摘要是一篇文章,旨在以符合英语语法的语言提供论文内容的摘要。

(内容与中文摘要基本相同,但不需要完全判断。

)2、英文标题、摘要、关键字进入一个页面(可以是1页),放在中文摘要页面之后。

3、英文字体和行间距:在“Western字体”中使用“Times New Roman”,1.5行间距。

4、英文名称:使用第三个单词bold。

5、英文摘要:“Absract”顶部网格,使用第四个字母和粗体。

英文摘要使用第四个字母。

6、英文关键词:“关键词”顶部网格,使用第四个单词和粗体。

对每个关键字使用第四个单词文本在文中引用如果引用少于三行,则引文可以有机地整合到纸张中。

如果要引用的单词具有与需要删除的纸张无关的单词,则需要省略号。

如果省略号出现在引文中,请使用三个点。

如果它出现在引文的末尾,请使用四个点。

最后一个点表示句点并放在第二个括号之后(通常,避免在引用开始时使用省略号);点和字母之间或点和点之间的空格。

参考书目每个项目的第一行需要打印在顶部网格中,并且所有行都需要缩进五次以区分该项目与其他项目。

英文摘要英文论文摘要,也称为摘要,是论文的重要组成部分。

它旨在提供文献内容的摘要,没有评论和补充说明。

一篇简短的文章,准确描述了文献的重要内容。

摘要应该是独立和不言而喻的,并且与文献具有相同数量的信息,即,可以在不阅读全文的情况下获得重要信息。

摘要通常放在标题之后,即文章的第一篇。

在论文发表后,论文的摘要经常被文献检索系统收集。

英文摘要一般为200-300个单词,并且有一个与英文抽象表达相对应的中文摘要。

,。

英文论文投稿信的写法实例

英文论文投稿信的写法实例

英文投稿信%1.。

Dear Dr. Defendi ML:#I am sending a manuscript entitled “” by –which I should like to submit for possible publication in the journal of - .#Yours sincerely2. Dear Dr. A:Enclosed is a manuscript entitled “” by sb, which we are submitting fo r publication in the journal of - . We have chosen this journal because it deals with - . We believe that sth would be of interest to the journal’s readers.3. Dear Dr. A:Please find enclosed for your review an original research article, “” by sb. All au thors have read and approve this version of the article, and due care has been taken to ensure the integrity of the work. No part of this paper has published or submitted elsewhere. No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and we have attached to this letter the signed letter granting us permission to use Figure 1 from another source.We appreciate your consideration of our manuscript, and we look forward to receiving comments from the reviewers.#询问有无收到稿件Dear Editors,We dispatched our manuscript to your journal on 3 August 2006 but have not, as yet, receive acknowledgement of their safe arrival. We fear that may have been lost and should be grateful if you would let us know whether or not you have received them. If not, we will send our manuscript again. Thank you in advance for your help.#询问论文审查回音Dear Editors,It is more than 12 weeks since I submitted our manuscript (No: ) for possible publication in your journal. I have not yet received a reply and am wondering whether you have reached a decision. I should appreciated your letting me know what you have decided as soon as possible.#关于论文的总体审查意见1. This is a carefully done study and the findings are of considerable interest. A few minor revision are list below.2. This is a well-written paper containing interesting results which merit publication. For the benefit of the reader, however, a number of points need clarifying and certain statements require further justification. There are given below.3. Although these observation are interesting, they are rather limited and do not advance our knowledge of the subject sufficiently to warrant publication in PNAS. We suggest that the authors try submitting their findings to specialist journal such as –4. Although this paper is good, it would be ever better if some extra data were added.5. This manuscript is not suitable for publication in the journal of –because the main observation it describe was reported 3 years ago in a reputable journal of - .6. Please ask someone familiar with English language to help you rewrite this paper. As you will see, I have made some correction at the beginning of the paper where some syntax is not satisfactory.7. We feel that this potentially interesting study has been marred by an inability to communicate the finding correctly in English and should like to suggest that the authors seek the advice of someone with a good knowledge of English, preferable native speaker.8. The wording and style of some section, particularly those concerning HPLC, need careful editing. Attention should be paid to the wording of those parts of the Discussion of and Summary which have been underlined.9. Preliminary experiments only have been done and with exception of that summarized in Table 2, none has been repeated. This is clearly unsatisfactory, particularly when there is so much variation between assays.10. The condition of incubation are poorly defined. What is the temperature? Were antibody used?#给编辑的回信1. In reply to the referee’s main criticism of paper, it is possible to say that –One minor point raised by the referee concerns of the extra composition of the reaction mixture in Figure 1. This has now been corrected. Further minor changes had been made on page 3, paragraph 1 (line 3-8) and 2 (line 6-11). These do not affect our interpretation of the result.2. I have read the referee’s comments very carefully and conclude that the paper has been rejected on the sole grounds that it lake toxicity data. I admit that I did not include a toxicity table in my article although perhaps I should have done. This was for the sake of brevity rather than an error or omission.3. Thank you for your letter of –and for the referee’s comments concerning our manuscript entitled “”. We have studied their comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with their approval.4. I enclosed a revised manuscript which includes a report of additional experiments done at the referee’s suggestion. You will see that our original findings are confirmed.5. We are sending the revised manuscript according to the comments of the reviewers. Revised portion are underlined in red.6. We found the referee’s comments most helpful and have revised the manuscript7. We are pleased to note the favorable comments of reviewers in their opening sentence.8. Thank you for your letter. I am very pleased to learn that our manuscript is acceptable for publication in Cancer Research with minor revision.9. We have therefore completed a further series of experiments, the result of which are summarized in Table 5. From this we conclude that intrinsic factor is not account.10. We deleted the relevant passage since they are not essential to the contents of the paper.11. I feel that the reviewer’s comments concerning Figures 1 and 2 result from a misinterpretation of the data.12. We would have include a non-protein inhibitor in our system, as a control, if one had beenavailable.13. We prefer to retain the use of Table 4 for reasons that it should be clear from the new paragraph inserted at the end of the Results section.14. Although reviewer does not consider it is important to measure the temperature of the cells, we consider it essential.15. The running title has been changed to “”.16. The Materials and Methods section now includes details for measuring uptake of isotope and assaying hexokinase.17. The concentration of HAT media (page12 paragraph 2) was incorrectly stated in the original manuscript. This has been rectified. The authors are grateful to the referees for pointing out their error.18. As suggested by both referees, a discussion of the possibility of laser action on chromosome has been included (page16, paragraph 2).19. We included a new set of photographs with better definition than those originally submitted and to which a scale has been added.20. Following the suggestion of the referees, we have redraw Figure 3 and 4.21. Two further papers, published since our original submission, have been added to the text and Reference section. These are:22. We should like to thank the referees for their helpful comments and hope that we have now produced a more balance and better account of our work. We trust that the revised manuscript is acceptable for publication.23. I greatly appreciate both your help and that of the referees concerning improvement to this paper. I hope that the revised manuscript is now suitable for publication.24. I should like to express my appreciation to you and the referees for suggesting how to improve our paper.25. I apologize for the delay in revising the manuscript. This was due to our doing an additional experiment, as suggested by referees.。

毕业论文英文格式

毕业论文英文格式

1. 论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman〞;左面坚装 ,页边距上下左右均为2.5cm2.标题用 3 号加粗 , 居中;The Characteristics of Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice空一行班级、年级、学院名称、学校名称(小5号,居中 )Fan Lin lin小5号, 居中Class 6, Grade 2003, School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Chongqing Normal University空一行Abstract: Through an analysis of Pride and Prejudice, a well-known work written by Jane Austen, the characteristics ofElizabeth and woman rights are discussed. The heroine Elizabeth is full of gaiety, high spirit, courage and energy, withintelligence, wisdom, a good sense of judgment and good feeling. Jane Austen tried to show woman rights through Elizabeth.左顶格 , “Abstract 〞小 5 号加粗 , 内容小 5 号,两端对齐Woman has their own rights, they are not the accessory of man.Key Words: characteristics; marriage; woman rights“Key Words 〞小 5 号加粗,内容小 5 号空两行1 About the author一级标题4号加粗,左顶格,除第一个单词及专有名词外,其它单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号空一行Jane Austens ’works are always humorous, and warmly welcomed by readers. She first gave the novel its modern character through the treatment of everyday life. The most urgentpreoccupation of her bright, young heroines is courtship and finally marriage. Jane Austenfocused on middle-class provincial life with humor and understanding. She depicted minorlanded gentry, country clergymen and their families, in which marriage mainly determinedwomen's social status. In Austen’s opinion, woman should be brave, independent andintelligent. In Pride and Prejudice , Elizabeth was a girl like this.空一行2 The Characteristics of Elizabeth2.1 Treasonous and IndependentIn English,⋯. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1)I don ’ t know。

英文论文字体要求

英文论文字体要求

英文论文字体要求:论文的标题:论文标题的字体为Times New Roman,字体大小为16磅,行距为20磅,段前距10磅,段后距10磅。

Innovation of Intangible Cultural Heritage各级标题:各级标题字体使用Times New Roman,字体大小为10磅,行距为12磅,段前距0磅,段后距4磅。

Abstract:摘要部分的字体为Times New Roman,字体大小为10磅,行距为12磅,段前距0磅,段后距4磅。

摘要一词需要加重,后面加冒号,其内容和正文一样。

Keywords:关键词部分的字体为Times New Roman,字体大小为10磅,行距为12磅,段前距0磅,段后距4磅。

关键词一词需要加重,后面加冒号,每个关键词之间用逗号隔开。

论文正文:正文部分的字体为Times New Roman,字体大小为10磅,行距为12磅,段前距0磅,段后距4磅。

正文的内容需要设置为两边对齐。

英语注释:在文中需要有引用标注,如×××[1]。

当同一作者的同一作品重复出现时,只需注明作者的姓和引文所在页码(姓和页码之间加逗号)。

注释的格式如下:(空两格)作者名(名在前,姓在后,后加英文句号),书名(用斜体,后加英文句号),出版地(后加冒号),出版社或出版商(后加逗号),出版日期(后加逗号),页码(后加英文句号)。

(空两格)作者名(名在前,姓在后,后加英文句号),文章题目(文章题目用“”引起来)(空一格)紧接杂志名(用斜体,后加逗号),卷号(期号),出版年,起止页码,英文句号。

以上是关于英文期刊发表论文字体格式的要求。

论文的排版和字体大小对于论文的可读性和专业性非常重要,务必按照要求进行撰写。

以下是关于英文期刊发表论文字体格式的要求,带上p标签:英文期刊发表论文字体格式对于撰写英语论文至关重要。

以下是关于英文论文格式要求及字体大小的详细介绍:。

英文期刊论文格式

英文期刊论文格式

英文期刊论文格式【篇一:外文期刊的论文要求格式】your papers title starts here: please centeruse helvetica (arial) 14full first author1, a, full second author2,b and last author3,c12full address of first author, including country3full address of second author, including country list all distinct addresses in the same wayaemail, bemail, cemailkeywords: list the keywords covered in your paper. these keywords will also be used by the publisher to produce a keyword index.for the rest of the paper, please use times roman (times new roman) 12abstract. this template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for trans tech publications. the best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. please make the page settings of your word processor to a4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 2.5 cm (0.98 in),right/left margins must be 2 cm (0.78 in). (we shall be able to publish your paper in electronic form on our web page , if the paper format and the margins are correct. if not, we will have to scan your paper which, when compared with an electronic version, results in very poor quality) your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc.introductionall manuscripts must be in english, also the table and figure texts, otherwise we cannot publish your paper.please keep a second copy of your manuscript in your office. when receiving the paper, we assume that the corresponding authors grant us the copyright to use the paper for the book or journal in question. should authors use tables or figures from other publications, they must ask the corresponding publishers to grant them the right to publish this material in their paper.use italic for emphasizing a word or phrase. do not use boldface typing or capital letters except for section headings (cf. remarks on section headings, below).organization of the textsection headings. the section headings are in boldface capital and lowercase letters. second level headings are typed as part of the succeeding paragraph (like the subsection heading of this paragraph). page numbers. do not number your paper:tables. tables (refer with: table 1, table 2, ...) should be presented as part of the text, but in such a way as to avoid confusion with the text. a descriptive title should be placed above each table. units in tables should be given in square brackets [mev]. if square brackets are not available, use curly {mev} or standard brackets (mev).macros. do not use any macros for the figures and tables. (we will not be able to convert such papers into our system)language. all text, figures and tables must be in english. figures. figures (refer with: fig. 1, fig. 2, ...) also should be presented as part of the text, leaving enough space so that the caption will not be confused with the text. the caption should be self-contained and placed below or beside the figure. generally, only original drawings or photographic reproductions are acceptable. only very good photocopies are acceptable. utmost care must be taken to insert the figures in correct alignment with the text. half-tone pictures should be in the form of glossy prints. if possible, please include your figures as graphic images in the electronic version. for best quality the pictures should have a resolution of 300 dpi(dots per inch).color figures are welcome for the online version of the journal. generally, these figures will be reduced to black and white for the print version. the author should indicate on the checklist if he wishes to have them printed in full color and make the necessary payments in advance.equations. equations (refer with: eq. 1, eq. 2, ...) should be indented 5 mm (0.2). there should be one line of space above the equation and one line of space below it before the text continues. the equations have to be numbered sequentially, and the number put in parentheses at the right-hand edge of the text. equations should be punctuated as if they were anordinary part of the text. punctuation appears after the equation but before the equation number, e.g.c2 = a2 + b2. (1) literature referencesreferences are cited in the text just by square brackets [1]. (if square brackets are not available, slashes may be used instead, e.g. /2/.) two or more references at a time may be putin one set of brackets [3,4]. the references are to be numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text and are to be listed at the end of the contribution under a heading references, see our example below. summaryif you follow the “checklist” your paper will conform to the requirements of the publisher and facilitate a problem-free publication process.references[1] dj.m. maric, p.f. meier and s.k. estreicher: mater. sci. forum vol. 83-87 (1992), p. 119[2] m.a. green: high efficiency silicon solar cells (trans tech publications, switzerland 1987).[3] y. mishing, in: diffusion processes in advanced technological materials, edtied by d. guptanoyes publications/william andrew publising, norwich, ny (2004), in press.chemistry, edited by s.d. schwartz, volume 5 of progress in theoretical chemistry and physics, chapter, 10, kluwer academic publishers (2000).[5] r.j. ong, j.t. dawley and p.g. clem: submitted to journal of materials research (2003)从这里开始你的论文的标题:请中心使用helvetica字体(宋体)14全第一author1,整个第二author2,b和最后author31full地址的第一作者,包括国家第二作者2full地址,包括国家3list所有不同的地址,以同样的方式aemail,bemail,cemail关键词:列出你的论文中所涉及的关键字。

man and nature(人与自然英文论文,辩论)

man and nature(人与自然英文论文,辩论)

Man and nature开始的陈述:Many people say that nature's force is irresistible [,iri'zistəbl] 不可抵抗的, but I think that man can conquer nature. First, I want to explain the meaning of “conquer”. I don't mean to defeat and control nature, but tame [teim] 使变得平淡it. Living harmoniously with nature is the goal and we can get it. As we all know, human's intelligence has only been exploited partly, but with so little intelligence, man has changed the world so much. Man is clever enough to make use of nature and has ability to adjust to nature.As you know, man has learned to use many things in nature and this comforts man's life.服务人类的例子:For example, the use of fire makes people warm and supplies cooked food. Can you imagine the life without fire? You will live in darkness forever and suffer from cold in winter. You can only eat cold and uncooked food. Human governs water to avoid overflow and use it to make electricity. Using wind and solar energy to make electricity is another meaningful thing. Turning wind and solar energy into electricity can save energy and is good for environment. With electricity, we can live in light though the night comes. A series of electrical appliance, such as TV sets, computers, microwave ovens, iceboxes, washing machines etc., can be used because of electricity. Our life is colorful and convenient with them.Man can imitate 模仿things in nature and make new things to help us improve our living conditions. 利用自然的例子:Take radar and saw for instance, radar is made on the basis that bat can identify object by searching ultrasonic wave. Radar is used widely in military affairs. It can ascertain object’s shape, material and so on. On the basis of one kind of grass, Lu ban, the famous artisan of our country, invent saw. With saw we can cut off many hard things, make tools and so forth.驳论:Human beings can find, master and follow the regularity of nature. Nature will bestow us good life. Although Napoleon and Hitler were defeated by the cold Russianwinter, this can't mean that human beings can't conquer nature. This is only an individual example. And they could take some measures to avoid the Russian winter and perhaps the results have been changed. At last, perhaps they could defeat the Russia and the Soviet Union.最后的总结:I admit that man has destroyed some parts of nature and nature has paid off us. But man has regretted and done many things to improve its environment. For example, we’ve done many things to tame [teim] 使变得平淡the nature, such as successes in medicine in the fight against disease. We also plant many trees every year to prevent the desert from enlarging. Anyway, we should believe that we can tame the nature and it will forgive us and will be as beautiful as it was, even more beautiful. Man fears nature at first, then wants to defeat nature and finally understands human beings should get well along with nature.In short, our goal is to live harmoniously with nature and we can get it.The car industry in China:Firstly deny this point no China shouldn`t stop industrialization to protect environment.Second withdraw your point: China can go on industrialization and protect environment at the same time.Third state your point:1.industrialization and environment are not opposities of one thing;2.we can do both better if we take care of the ballance;3.give some examples of developing industry along with protecting environment.如果是经济的话,应该着重在发展,也就是开源,因为经济到达一定程度,科技也就会发展到一定程度,新技术成果会对中国环境改善产生很大的效用,这是开源,以英国为例,先破坏再保护,到一定程度后科技就会发挥威力,比如先进的汽车发动机对环境的破化已经大幅减小,新一代燃料电池技术几乎不破坏环境。

标准英文论文格式

标准英文论文格式

标准英文论文格式,文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的论文。

因此,论文,文献格式的统一要求有着不可或缺的意义。

下面小编为大家带来了标准英文论文格式,供大家参考。

篇一:简单版英文论文格式1.题目即标题,它的主要作用是概括整个论文的中心内容。

题目要确切、恰当、鲜明、简短、精炼。

XXXX(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)XX学院 XX级学号XX XXX 指导老师:XXX(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)2.摘要摘要是论文的高度概括,是长篇论文不可缺少的组成部分。

要求用中、英文分别书写,一篇摘要不少于200字。

要注明3—5个关键词。

【Abstract】XXXX……(英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。

)3.关键词是标示文献关键主题内容,但尽量少用不规范的主题词或新造词。

关键词是为了文献标引工作,从论文中选取出来,用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。

【Key Words】 XX; XX;XX;XX(英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。

论文英文格式

论文英文格式

论文英文格式The format of an English research paper usually consists of several sections. Here is a typical structure that can be used for a 500-word research paper:1. Introduction (approximately 50-100 words): The introduction provides a brief overview of the topic and presents the research question or thesis statement. It should also provide some background information to contextualize the study.2. Literature Review (approximately 200-300 words): The literature review summarizes previous research relevant to the topic. It should discuss different perspectives, theories, and studies that have been conducted on the subject. The review can also identify any gaps or controversies in the existing literature.3. Methodology (approximately 100 words): The methodology section explains the research design, sample size, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques. This section should provide enough details for others to replicate the study and evaluate its validity.4. Results (approximately 100 words): The results section presents the findings of the study. This can be done through the use of tables, graphs, or descriptive text. The results should be clear, concise, and objective.5. Discussion (approximately 100-150 words): The discussion section interprets the results and relates them back to the research question or thesis statement. It should explain the significance ofthe findings, discuss any limitations or constraints of the study, and propose possible directions for future research.6. Conclusion (approximately 50-100 words): The conclusion summarizes the main points of the paper and restates the main findings. It should also provide some final thoughts or implications of the study.7. References: The references section lists all the sources cited in the paper using a particular citation style, such as APA or MLA. The references should be listed alphabetically by the authors' last names and include all the necessary information to locate the original source.It is important to note that this is just a general outline, and the actual word count in each section may vary depending on the specific requirements of the research paper. Additionally, the format and style of the paper may also differ depending on the discipline or journal publishing the paper.。

论文范文英文

论文范文英文

论文范文英文In recent years, the pervasive influence of social media has been a topic of considerable debate, particularly in relation to the mental health of young individuals. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impact of social media platforms on the psychological well-being of adolescents and young adults.The proliferation of social media has fundamentally altered the way young people interact and communicate. While itoffers a plethora of benefits, such as connectivity and access to information, it also presents a new set of challenges. The constant exposure to curated online personas, the pressure to conform to unrealistic beauty standards, and the potential for cyberbullying are just a few of the issues that can contribute to feelings of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem among young users.This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. The survey data collected from a sample of 500 high school students across various demographic backgrounds reveals a significant correlation between the amount of time spent on social media and the prevalence of mental health issues.Qualitative interviews with a subset of the survey participants provide deeper insights into the lived experiences of young people as they navigate the complexitiesof social media usage. Themes of comparison, fear of missing out (FOMO), and the paradoxical nature of seeking validation through likes and comments emerge as key factors influencing mental health.The paper also reviews existing literature on the subject, highlighting the role of social media in exacerbatingexisting mental health conditions and potentiallycontributing to the development of new ones. The discussion section delves into the psychological mechanisms at play,such as social comparison theory and the impact of social media on self-esteem.Ultimately, the findings of this study underscore the needfor a balanced approach to social media usage among the youth. It calls for greater awareness among educators, parents, and policymakers about the potential risks associated with excessive social media engagement. Furthermore, it suggeststhe implementation of digital literacy programs that equip young people with the skills to navigate the online world safely and critically.In conclusion, while social media is an integral part of modern life, it is imperative to recognize and mitigate its potential negative effects on youth mental health. Byfostering a supportive environment that encourages open dialogue about the challenges of social media, we can work towards a healthier digital landscape for the younger generation.。

英文论文格式规范模板

英文论文格式规范模板

英文论文格式规范模板Title (“Times New Roman”, size 16)ZHANG Zhen-ling 1,, Author Name2, Author Name1,*(“Times New Roman”,10.5;Pleasemarked …*‟ on the corresponding author name.)(1. Address, Address, City Post Code, Country;2. Address, Address, City Post Code, Country) (“Times New Roman”,10.5)Abstract: The abstract should briefly state the problem or purpose of the research, indicate the theoretical or experimental plan used, summarize the principal findings or the significant results, and point out major conclusions. All letters must be accompanied by an abstract containing about 600 words. Acronyms should be provided their full names, e.g., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). (Word Style “Times New Roman”, size 10.5).Key words: List 3-5 key wor ds (Word Style “Times New Roman”, Acronyms should be provided their full names, e.g., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Word Style “Times New Roman”, size 10.5).标题,字体14号宋体,居中,加粗;标题应准确、清楚、简洁地概括全文,25个字以内,标题内不应出现缩写字,不能出现“小议”“浅谈”等无用语言,不能是综述类语言。

英文论文规范格式

英文论文规范格式

论文规范格局一1、标题。

应能归纳整个论文最重要的内容,要言不烦,有目共睹,通常不宜超越20个字。

2、论文摘要和要害字。

论文摘要应论述学位论文的首要观念。

阐明本论文的意图、研讨办法、作用和定论。

尽可能保存原论文的基本信息,杰出论文的发明性作用和新见地。

而不应是各章节标题的简略罗列。

摘要以500字左右为宜。

要害字是能反映论文宗旨最要害的词句,通常3-5个。

3、目录。

既是论文的提纲,也是论文组成有些的小标题,应标示相应页码。

4、导言(或序文)。

内容应包含本研讨范畴的国内外现状,本论文所要处理的疑问及这项研讨作业在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论含义与实用价值。

5、正文。

是毕业论文的主体。

6、定论。

论文定论需求明晰、精粹、完好,应阐明自个的发明性作用或新见地,以及在本范畴的含义。

7、参阅文献和注释。

按论文中所引证文献或注释编号的次第列在论文正文之后,参阅文献之前。

图表或数据有必要注明来历和出处。

(参阅文献是期刊时,书写格局为:[编号]、作者、文章标题、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。

参阅文献是图书时,书写格局为:[编号]、作者、书名、出书单位、年份、版次、页码。

)8、附录。

包含放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导,以备别人阅览便利所需的辅助性数学东西、重复性数据图表、论文运用的符号含义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关阐明等。

二1、本科毕业论文格局需求:装订次第:目录--内容提要--正文--参阅文献--写作进程状况表--辅导教员评议表参阅文献应另起一页。

纸张类型:A4纸。

A4 210×297毫米论文份数:一式三份。

其他(调查陈述、学习心得):一概需求打印。

2、论文的封面由校园一致供给。

(或听教员的组织)3、论文格局的字体:各类标题(包含“参阅文献”标题)用粗宋体;作者名字、辅导教员名字、摘要、要害字、图表名、参阅文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用Times New Roman 字体。

英语论文范文

英语论文范文

英语论文范文篇一:英文论文范例CONTENTS(以上字体Times New Roman, 小3号;加粗)(以下字体均为:Times New Roman;小4号;行距:1.5倍) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Abstract (in English) (1)Abstract (inChinese) (1)Ⅰ Introduction (1)1.1Multi-Media With Erroneous Zones (1)1.1.1 Erroneous Zone 1 (2)1.1.2 Erroneous Zone 2 (2)1.1.3 Erroneous Zone 3 (2)1.1.4 Erroneous Zone 4 (3)ⅡCountermeasures (3)2.1 UnsuitableOperation (4)2.2 Over stimulation In Courseware (4)2.3 Vague Content with AutomaticalTransformatio n (5)2.4 Neglect Of Teachers’Function (5)ⅢConclusion…………………………………………………………………………. .63.1 Prospect in English Teaching (6)3.2 Personal Opinions of Further Research (6)BIBLIOGRAPHY (7)DECLARATIONDiscussion on the Application of Multi-mediaIn English Teaching(字体:Times NewAbstract: With the rapid development of computer and popularization of the network, the present teaching pattern that still uses traditional teaching method “one chalk, one blackboard” seems to be unable to meet the requirements in the present society any longer, and English teaching is no exception. The introduction of the multi-media teaching method to the English class has been one of the tendencies to the development of English teaching. But the misuse of the modern tools will surely result in the bad effect to English teaching. So English teachers should take an active part in the research of how to use the multi-media teaching method in English teaching and try to avoid its misuses.Key words: multi-media; English teaching; overcome(英文摘要和关键词都是两边对齐;5号字;行距:单倍;字体:Times New Roman;“Abstract” 和“Key words” 两个词或词组要加粗)(关键词之间用分号隔开;词与词之间相隔一个英文字符)(空一行)摘要:随着电脑和网络的迅速发展,那种“一盒粉笔,一块黑板”的传统教学模式的应用已远远不能满足现代社会对教学的需要。

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拯救论文!学霸给出的写作建议,超级实用!如果大家仔细看了这些高质量期刊对审稿人审稿的要求或者说直接点,就是对稿件的要求,我想大家心里都有底了。

结合我个人的审稿经验,我个人认为一篇高质量的学术论文应该具有下面十个要素:(1)原创性(2)创新性(3)题目合适(4)好的摘要(5)论文组织论证严密(逻辑性强)(6)图表清晰可靠(7)英语表达好,语法拼写等错误少(8)精选参考文献(9)LETTER 要求投的文章要适合该期刊(10)可读性,好的文章通俗易懂,有影响力我审稿时看稿件的顺序是题目、摘要、图表、前言、参考文献和正文,我觉得题目、摘要、前言、图表、参考文献很重要,实验部分我觉得其次。

大部分期刊的基本要求:原创性、创新性、图表、论证、组织、写作、参考文献。

一般国外期刊至少两个审稿人,也有三个甚至还有六七个的,审稿人会有不同的审稿方位和审稿重点,所以按照审稿人意见逐条仔细修改很重要的,当然主编根据多位审稿人的意见,进行综合后给出最终决定的,所以你在写作时要从审稿人的角度去写作尽量方方面面考虑到,语法、语言组织、论文逻辑结构、图表表达,实验结果配合理论、仿真等会更好,如果是快报,当然可以只给出实验结果也行。

只有实验数据的文章,除非创新性很强,一般不会发表在高档期刊的。

也许有人认为差一点的杂志档次要求应该低一些,实际上,如果你认为档次差一点的期刊要求低一些,这对你会有害处的,不管档次高低,高标准要求自己是最好的,而且现在低一点档次的期刊投稿数量越来越多,如何在这么多文章中脱颖而出并被录用,高标准是关键因素。

至于期刊的审稿周期,我审稿的期刊都要我一个月内审完,我都提前十天审完,如果审稿人一个月内没审完,可以申请延期。

当然很好的查询审稿周期方法是:下载该期刊最近五六篇文章,查看摘要下面或者页尾的文章时间信息,会有 submit、revise、accept 和 available online 等信息,算算相关时间就能估计该期刊的审稿周期了。

现在来谈谈英文文章的写作和注意事项题目1概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项:英文题目以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和 (或) 后置定语构成。

例如:The fabrication of …。

短语型题目要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。

各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。

题目一般不应是陈述句,因为题目主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题目具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。

少数情况 (评述性、综述性和驳斥性) 下可以用疑问句做题目,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。

题目中的缩略词语:已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题目中,否则不要轻易使用。

另外,还要注意题目字数的限制,国外科技期刊一般对题目字数有所限制,这些规定可供我们参考。

总的原则是,题目应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题目词数越少越好。

摘要2与结论不重复,体现整个文章的结论和思想,包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等。

摘要写作注意事项:摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。

具体地讲,就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。

摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。

A.英文摘要的时态:时态运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。

一般现在时。

用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。

涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,当然也要用一般现在时。

一般过去时。

用于叙述过去某一时刻 (时段) 的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。

需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。

现在完成时和过去完成时。

完成时少用,但不是不用。

现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。

B. 英文摘要的语态:采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。

一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。

主动语态:现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多,因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。

被动语态:以前强调多用被动语态,理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于那件事是谁做的,无须一一证明。

事实上,在指示性摘要中,为强调动作承受者,还是采用被动语态为好。

即使在报道性摘要中,有些情况下被动者无关紧要,也必须用强调的事物做主语。

C. 英文摘要的人称:原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头,现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。

例如:To describe…,To study…,To investigate…,To assess…,To determine…,行文时最好不用第一人称,以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。

D. 避免一些语法错误:冠词。

主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。

the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。

这里有个原则,即当我们用 the 时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。

例如:The authorfabricated a new ...The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分 a 和 an,如 an X ray. 数词。

避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如8 turn solenoid inductor… 单复数。

一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。

尽量使用短句。

因为,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。

科技期刊涉及专业多,英文更是不易掌握,各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。

多看英文文献,也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。

引言3主要研究进展,有代表性的同行研究工作,自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足,前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献。

参考文献选取要有代表性,除非那种特殊专业,我觉得参考文献不要参考会议的文章,尤其那些不知名的会议文章引用。

文献要尽量全面客观:不要对相似文献避而不引,或者只引别人早期的工作,这会让人感到你对该领域了解不够,甚至是有意回避,就有学风问题的嫌疑。

不能过低贬低别人的研究工作,要考虑自己和别人工作的时间差,不在一个时代的研究当然不能说自己比前人好,所以英语用词要注意些,客观些。

引言写作注意事项:好的引言相当于文章成功一半,最重要是保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性,层层递进关系。

首先:阐述自己研究领域的基本内容,要尽量的简洁明了。

一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。

其次:文献的总结回顾。

要特别着重笔墨来描写。

一方面要把该领域内的过去和现在的状况全面的概括总结出来,不能有丝毫的遗漏,特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。

这是两个最容易出现的问题,应该是我们要极力避免的。

再次:然后就是分析过去研究的局限性并且阐明自己研究的创新点,这是整个引言的高潮所在,所以更是要慎之又慎。

阐明局限要客观。

在阐述自己的创新点时,要仅仅围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述,完整而清晰的描述自己的解决思路,并且文章摊子不要铺的太大。

创新性描述的越多越大,越容易被审稿人抓住把柄。

最后:就是总结性的描述论文的研究内容,可以分为一二三四等几个方面来描述,为引言做最后的收尾工作。

最后对引言检查。

讨论4这部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法,研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件,并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。

讨论要重新说明主要发现,用一个句子表示较为理想。

实际上,审稿人和读者最注意研究的短处,审稿人和读者一旦发现研究的短处,而作者未加讨论,他们对文章的信任会发生动摇,心生疑窦:是否还有他们和作者都未发现的其它弱点呢?其次,将该研究与以前的工作联系起来,不炫耀自己的工作比以前的工作如何好,而是比较其优劣。

与其它研究进行对照,切忌将自己的缺陷掩盖起来。

重要的是应该讨论为什么会得出不同于别人的结论,如果弄不清自己的研究结果为什么与别人的结果有差别,就不该断言自已的研究结果正确,而别人的错误。

接着应该讨论自己的研究“表明”什么,如何解释自己的研究发现,以及本研究有什么意义?作者甚至可以指出研究结果证明不了什么,防止读者得出过度、不实的结论。

最后,应点明哪些问题尚未解答,以及要继续做的工作,审稿人和读者不喜欢夸大的作法。

图表:清晰直观、代表性5清晰直观是基础,要让审稿人和读者不看正文就明白要表达的意思,代表性无论是自己实验结果还是和别人工作的比较,都要体现重点,无关的数据不要罗列在图表。

合理解释每一个参数,合理说明每一个步骤。

审稿人没时间考虑细节。

程序和参数的合理化显示出你知道你在做什么,而不是凑数据。

没理由要找理由,有理由要强调。

逻辑性6我审稿时碰到作者的结论性错误,Microelectronic Engineering 期刊的那篇,后来我给他指出错误并给他参考文献,不要轻易下结论,这很糟糕的。

我就觉得这个作者文献还是看少了,特别是理论性的东西,所以他下错误结论。

后来在修稿中改正了。

IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 的那篇,我认为作者没有好好解释实验结果,图中曲线的解释不是很好。

比方说,1,2,3,4 条曲线不同尺寸(1mm,2mm,3mm,4mm)出现轨迹差不多,但是第5 条曲线(5mm)在 x 轴前半部分和其它四条轨迹差不多,但 x 轴后半部分曲线确异常,作者只是给出结果,但没解释,我审稿时就提出,怎么解释 5mm 的曲线后半部分与其它四条曲线不同,那 6mm 的曲线又会是什么样子?5mm 是一个关键尺寸么? 所以在画实验数据图时,特别注意异常点和异常曲线,要解释异常的原因,如果涉及到尺寸的曲线,还要考虑关键尺寸或者临界尺寸。

不要指望审稿人疏忽,还是要方方面面考虑文章,毕竟发文章是严格的学术活动。

语法7写作时注意语言精炼准确,使用长句时不要出现语法错误,拼写错误可以完全避免的。

我觉得我审稿的文章,语法错误主要出现在介词、从句、对比语句和长句杂糅的错误。

使用长句时注意不要让读者困惑或者产生歧义。

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