不定式的时态
【精品】英语语法_动词不定式的时态和语态
I am glad to be talking with your brother.我很高兴正在和你哥哥谈话。 完成进行时
结构: to have been doing
概念: 在谓语之前开始发生,直到谓语发生时,不定式的动作依然在发生。
完成时 结构: to have done to have been 概念: 发生在谓语之前。 例句: I am glad to have finished my task.我很高兴已经完成了我的任务。 The boy to have been happy is very sad now.这个已经高兴过的男孩现在非 常难过。
动词不定式的时态、语态
动词不定式的时态
一般时 结构: to do to be 概念: 与谓语同时发生(少见)。 发生在谓语之后。 例句: I am glad to see you.我很高兴(将)见到你。(与谓语同时,或在谓语之 后。) I should study hard to achieve my dream.我应该努力学习以实现我对的梦 想。(在谓语之后)
例句: You seem to have been writing very long. 你好像已经写了很久了。 The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 据说战斗已经进行 两天了。
动词不定式的语态
主动语态 被动语态
不定式的时态+不定式的语态
不定式的时态+不定式的语态不定式的时态1. 一般时(to do);I begin to understand the truth.Would you like to come to my birthday party?Did you go to visit the Great Wall last year ?2. 现在时(to be doing);He seems to be following us.I happened to be standing next to him when he fell to the ground.The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in.3. 完成时(to have done);He seems to have caught a cold.Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.I hope to have finished the work by now.4. 完成进行时(to have been doing);He seems to have been waiting a long time.He pretended to have been studying.He was said to have been teaching in high school for 2 years.不定式的被动语态1.不定式一般时的被动语态(to be done);Did it need to be done so soon?She cant bear to be laughed at.There was a lot of rubbish to be got rid of.2.不定式完成时的被动语态(to have been done);Im pleased to have been given this opportunity.The work seemed to have been finished before the deadline. Its said to have been built in the Ming dynasty.。
动词不定式时态的用法
动词不定式时态的用法动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,由“to +动词原形”构成。
它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等成分。
动词不定式的时态有一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式,下面我们来详细了解一下它们的用法。
一、一般式(to do)动词不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生。
1、表示将来的动作例如:“I have a lot of work to do tomorrow”(明天我有很多工作要做。
)这里的“to do”表示将来要做的工作。
2、用于某些动词后作宾语常见的这类动词有:want, hope, wish, decide, plan, expect 等。
比如:“She wants to buy a new dress”(她想买一件新裙子。
)3、作定语“There is nothing to worry about”(没什么可担心的。
)“to worry about”修饰“nothing”,表示“可担心的事情”。
4、目的状语“We come here to learn English”(我们来这里是为了学英语。
)“to learn English”表示来这里的目的。
二、进行式(to be doing)动词不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行。
例如:“He seems to be waiting for someone”(他似乎在等什么人。
)“to be waiting”与“seems”同时发生。
这种形式用得相对较少,通常在某些特定的语境中使用,以强调动作正在进行。
三、完成式(to have done)动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
1、表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或计划比如:“I intended to have written to you, but I was too busy”(我本打算给你写信的,但我太忙了。
动词不定式时态用法
动词不定式时态用法动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,具有丰富的时态变化。
理解和掌握动词不定式的时态用法对于准确、流利地使用英语至关重要。
一、一般式(to do)动词不定式的一般式(to do)表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生。
例如:“I have a lot of work to do”(我有很多工作要做。
)这里“to do”表示的动作是在“have”这个动作之后发生的。
再比如:“He decided to go abroad”(他决定出国。
)“decided”和“to go”几乎是同时发生的动作。
一般式还用于表达将来的动作,这种将来的意味往往是基于当前的计划或安排。
比如:“We are going to build a new house next year The materials to be used have been prepared”(我们明年要建一座新房子。
要用的材料已经准备好了。
)这里“to be used”表示将来要被使用的材料。
二、进行式(to be doing)动词不定式的进行式(to be doing)表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行。
例如:“He pretended to be reading when I came in”(我进来时,他假装在读书。
)“pretended”和“to be reading”是同时发生的。
这种时态用法强调的是动作正在进行的过程。
三、完成式(to have done)动词不定式的完成式(to have done)表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
比如:“I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long”(很抱歉让你等了这么久。
)“to have kept”发生在“am sorry”之前。
再看这个例子:“She is said to have studied abroad for two years”(据说她在国外学习了两年。
(完整word版)不定式的时态
答: 动词不定式的时态和语.1.动词不定式的时.动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式, 一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式.动词不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的, 具体表现在.1)不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之后或同时发生。
例如.M.parent.hav.mad.plan.t.spen.thei.holiday.i.Haina.nex.week.(t.spend发生在mad.plans之后.2)不定式的进行式表示其动作正在进行, 与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。
例如.s.night.sh.happene.t.b.doin.he.homework.3)不定式的完成式表达下列意义.(1)不定式的完成式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之前。
例如.The.ar.sai.t.hav.jus.finishe.cleanin.thei.bedrooms.(t.hav.jus.finished发生在the.ar.said所表示的时间之前.(2)不定式的完成式用在intended.expected.meant.hoped.promised.planned.wished.thought.desired.wa s.were等词后, 表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。
t.have+过去分词表示动作, t.hav.been表示状态。
例如..mean.t.hav.droppe.i.a.you.office.(但没来.(3)用在seem.appear.think.consider.believe等后, 表示动作先于另一个动作发生。
例如..see.t.hav.me.he.a..part.before.(met在seem之前发生.(4)在shoul.like或woul.like后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。
例如..woul.lik.t.hav.see.he.expressio.whe.sh.hear.th.news.(但没有看到.4)不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动作之前发生, 而且一直进行着。
动词不定式的完整讲解
动词不定式1、不定式的时态和语态:一般式:完成式:进行式:不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作一般没有时间先后顺序。
不定式的完成式表示额动作一般发生在谓语动词之前,强调动作的先后顺序。
不定式的进行式表示的动作一般与谓语动词同时进行。
翻译下列句子:1)I hope to finish reading the book again.2) You appear to have travelled quite a lot.3) It’s nice to be sitting here with you.4) I am v ery happy to be praised.5) It is impossible for him to be appointed.2、不定式的句法功能1)作主语To succeed calls for hard work.(不定式在句中作主语相当于名词或代词。
)It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. (不定式作主语往往用形式主语it 代替)It’s difficult for us to finish the work in a week.2)作宾语不定式一般作动词的宾语,不直接作介词的宾语,但“疑问词+不定式”结构可以作介词的宾语。
如:Y our father has at last decided to quit smoking.Talk with friends about where to shop.只接to do 作宾语的常见动词有:afford, agree, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, help, hope, plan, hesitate, long, manage, offer, prepare, refuse, pretend, promise, want, intend ,prefer3)作表语,可以表示主语的具体内容,目的。
不定式的时态、独立主格结构
不定式的时态
1.一般式:不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与位于动词表示的动
作同时发生或在其之后发生。
例如:
I want to have a holiday as soon as possible.
2.完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。
例如:
I am so sorry to have given you so much trouble.
3.进行式:不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动词之后发生。
例如:
Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps.
4.完成进行式:不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已经发生,并仍在进行。
例如:
He appears to have been waiting a long time.
注:“名词或代词+非谓语动词(不定式、动词ing动词、动词ed动词)”构成非谓语动词的独立主格结构,名词或代词与非谓语动词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。
动词不定式
C-不定式的概念、作用语法梳理不定式一、概念:在语法中,动词不定式是指动词的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的形式。
形式为:to+动词原形+其他。
之所以被叫做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词形变化所局限。
不定式属于非谓语动词。
不定式的时态有:一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。
二、不定式的作用1、作主语。
不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。
往往用it作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。
如:It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意:(1)其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
(2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is …to…的句型。
试比较:It is to negate(取消,否定)my own idea to believe him.(错)To believe him is to negate my own idea .(对)(3)It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of, 否则用for.2、作宾语(1)动词+不定式。
如:He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.(it 作形式宾语)(2)动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。
如:I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can’t decide when to go there.注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。
英语中不定式的时态、语态和用法讲解
英语中不定式的时态、语态和用法讲解在谓语以外的句子成分中使用的动词一定要变词形(不能用动词原形),把动词原形变成不定式、-ing式或者过去分词,所以我们把这三种动词形式称为非谓语动词。
不定式的时态和语态:不定式共有4种时态形式(均是主动语态),另有2种被动语态形式:不定式的用法:不定式可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。
1)作主语To work hard doesn’t necessarily mean getting high grades.下苦功不一定就能获得高分。
For one to do a good deed is very easy.一个人做一件好事很容易。
2)作表语My job is to take care of children.我的工作是照看小孩。
Her plan is to build a highway for the villagers.她的计划是为村民们建一条公路。
3)作宾语不定式作宾语的场合很多,以下是能够带不定式作宾语的动词:ask, want, agreeexpect, like, hatehope, wish, trystart, begin, offerprefer, continue, manageforget, promise, meanintend, attempt, decidedetermine, pretend, learndesire, choose, telladvise, show, discussI asked to be the first volunteer.我要求当第一名志愿者。
Do you want to leave here?你想要离开这里?We all agreed to do the spring cleaning.我们都同意过进行春季大扫除的。
He hopes to be chosen.他希望被选中。
有几十个动词后面不能接不定式作宾语,只能接-ing式,查阅公众号宾语部分。
不定式的用法和动词不定式的时态
不定式的用法和动词不定式的时态动词不定式是英语语法中的一种形式,它由不定式标志to加上动词的原形构成。
不定式在句子中可以充当名词、形容词或副词,具有一定的时态和语态。
一、不定式的基本用法1. 作主语:动词不定式可以在句子中作主语,表示某种动作、状态或观点。
- To learn a foreign language is important.- To be honest is always appreciated.2. 作宾语:动词不定式可以作及物动词的宾语,表示及物动词的动作或含义。
- I want to travel around the world.- She decided to quit her job.3. 作表语:动词不定式可以作系动词的表语,表示主语的身份、职业、特点等。
- Her dream is to become a doctor.- The important thing is to keep calm in any situation.4. 作定语:动词不定式可以修饰名词或代词,表示名词或代词的用途、目的等。
- I have a book to read.- We have a meeting to attend tomorrow.5. 作状语:动词不定式可以在句中作状语,表示目的、原因、结果、时间等。
- He exercises every day to stay healthy. (目的)- She cried so hard as to lose her voice. (结果)二、动词不定式的时态动词不定式有两种时态:一般时和完成时。
1. 一般时不定式:使用动词的原形表示不定式的一般时态。
- I hope to visit my grandparents next week.- She likes to read books in her free time.2. 完成时不定式:使用动词的完成时形式,由“to have + 动词的过去分词”构成。
(完整版)不定式的时态和语态
一、非谓语动词的定义:非限定动词,在句中不能单独作谓语,因此也叫非谓语动词,包括动词不定式(the infinitive)、动名词(the gerund)、现在分词(the Present participle)、过去分词(the Past Participle)四种形式。
现把其用法辨析如下非谓语动词的句法作用(表一)二.非谓语动词的时态和语态:1.不定式的时态和语态(表二)(表三)(表四)通过上述几个表格的比较,我们可以知道四种非谓语动词的时态和语态形式,下面我们再总结一下:1.非谓语动词的否定式:一律直接在非谓语动词之前加not 即可。
例如:(1)The doctor advised me not to smoke.(2)I regret not having gone together with her.(3)Not having been there before, I don’t know the shortest way to the railway station.(4)Not educated well, he found it difficult to solve such a complicate problem.2.非谓语动词的完成式:不定式的否定式我们只要在原来不定式中的动词之前加have即可,然后把原来的动词变为它的过去分词即可,如to do→not have done. 而过去分词只有一种形式,即done.下面我们重点来看现在分词和动名词的完成形式。
现在分词和动名词完成形式是完全一样的,其变化规律是:一律在现在分词或动名词的一般式之前加having→having done,再把原来的现在分词或动名词变为它的过去分词。
如stud y →having studied3.非谓语动词的被动式:不定式的被动:看表二现在分词和过去分词的被动:看表三动名词的被动:看表四从第二点我们可以知道现在分词和过去分词都可以表被动,那么他们有什么区别?区别:现在分词的被动形式除了可以表示被动之外,还可以表示进行过去分词除了表示被动之外还可以表示完成例如:(1)The house being built now will be a hospital.(2) The house built last year is a hospital.下面我们重点讨论一下现在分词和过去分词在句子中的用法。
不定式的时态语态 [不定式的时态和语态总结归纳]
不定式的时态语态[不定式的时态和语态总结归纳] 小编给大家总结了不定式的时态和语态,希望对大家的英语学习有帮助。
不定式的时态和语态:时态\语态主动被动一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing完成式to have done to have been done完成进行式to have been doing不定式的用法:1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3) 进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.4) 完成进行时:She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.单项选择:( )1. The teacher told them ________ make so much noise.A. don’tB. notC. will notD. not to( )2. My mother often tells me _______so many mistakes.A. not to makeB. to not makeC. don’t makeD. not make( )3. Tell him _______ the window.A. to shut (关)notB. not to shutC. to not shutD. not shut( )4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to( )5. Mrs Smith warned(警告) her daughter ________ after drinking.A. never to driveB. to never driveC. never drivingD. never drive( ) 6. The doctor asked the patient ____rich food after the operation(手术).A. to eat notB. eating notC. not to eatD. not eating( )7. The workers want us ________ together with them.A. workB. workingC. to workD. worked( )8. I saw him _______ out of the room.A. goB. wentC.is goingD. goes( )9. He often makes his little sister _____,A. cryB. cryingC. criedD. to cry( )10 There’re so many kinds of new bikes on sale that I can’t make up my mind _____ to buy.A. whatB. whichC. howD. where( )11. He can’t decide ______ to stay or not.A. whetherB. ifC. eitherD. if he will( )12. --- The light in the office is still on. --- Oh, I forgot _______.A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. turned it off( )13. We agreed _________ here.A. metB. meetingC. to meetD. meet( )14. Frank is the kind of person who people like to ________.A. make friend withB. make friends ofC. make friendsD. make friends with ( )15. Go on ________ the other exercise after you finishthis one.A. to doB. doingC.doesD. did( )16. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rockA. restedB. restingC. to restD. rest( )17. Tom kept quiet about the accident because he was afraid of____ his job.A. loseB. to loseC. losingD. lost( )18. I need a day or two ________.A. to think it overB. to think overC. of thinking( )19. He was too excited _________.A. speakB. to speakC. not to speakD. speaking( ) 20. I’m hungry. Get me something _________.A. eatB. to eatC. eatingD. for eating( )21. --- I usually go there by train.--- Why not _______ by boat for a change ?A. to try goingB. trying to goC. to try and goD. try going( )22. I asked him to _______ me a few minutes so that we could go over all the problems.A. spendB. spareC. saveD. share( )23. They won’t let his mother _______him in that way.A. to treatB. treatedC. treatD. treats( )24. I’m sorry I forgot ______your dictionary. Let’s borrow one from Li Ming. A. to take B. taking C. to bring D. bringing( ) 25. She couldn’t decide which restaurant _______.A. to have lunchB. to eatC. to eat atD. eating at( ) 26. Don’t forget _________ the letter .A. to sendB. sendC. sendingD. sent( )27. The chair looks very old, I want a new one _________ .A. sitB.to sit onC. satD.sit on( )28. Is ______ necessary to return the book tomorrow ?A. thisB. thatC. itD. which( )29. I’m afraid they would not allow(允许) him ________ here .A. to smokeB. smokingC. smokesD. smoke( )30. Mother told me ________ the water before I drank it .A. boilingB. boiledC. boilD. to boil( )31. On my way home , I stopped _______ some food .A. buyB. to buyC. buyingD. bought。
动词不定式的时态
动词不定式的时态动词不定式是英语中的一种非谓语动词形式,它可以用来表达目的、目标、原因、愿望、建议、能力等各种含义。
在使用动词不定式的时候,时态也是一个需要特别注意的问题。
本文将从现在时态、过去时态、将来时态和完成时态四个方面来阐述动词不定式的时态用法。
一、现在时态1. 表示现在的动作或状态动词不定式在现在时态下,可用来表示一个正在进行或者一直持续的动作或状态。
例如:- I need to study for my exams.(我需要为考试学习。
)- She wants to become a doctor.(她想要成为一名医生。
)2. 表示将来的动作或意图动词不定式在现在时态下,也可以用来表示将要发生的动作或者表示某人的意图。
例如:- I hope to see you tomorrow.(我希望明天见到你。
)- They plan to travel around the world next year.(他们计划明年周游世界。
)二、过去时态动词不定式在过去时态下,主要用于表达过去某一时刻的意图、计划或者希望等。
例如:- I wanted to visit my grandparents last weekend, but I was too busy.(上周末我想去看望我的祖父母,但是我太忙了。
)- He hoped to find a new job, but it was not easy.(他希望找到一份新工作,但这并不容易。
)三、将来时态动词不定式在将来时态下,主要用于表达将来某一时刻的意图、计划、要求以及命令等。
例如:- We are going to meet at the park tomorrow.(我们明天打算在公园见面。
)- The teacher expects us to finish the project by the end of the week.(老师希望我们在本周结束之前完成这个项目。
动词不定式时态
一、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to。
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。
动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。
(一)动词不定式的特征及用法1.动词不定式的构成及特征“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式,是一种非谓语形式,在句子中不能作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。
1. 作主语例如:To learn English well is not easy.或It is not easy to learn English well.动词不定式作主语时,往往用it作形式主语,这种句型可归纳为下面的句型:It is + adj.+ 动词不定式如果要说明不定式的动作执行者,可以用forIt is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.2. 作表语My wish is to become a teacher.3. 作宾语Most of us like to watch football matches.4. 作宾语补足语He told me to be here on time.5. 作定语I have nothing to say about that thing.6. 作状语He stopped to have a look.3.动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形例如:He asked me not to make such a mistake.4.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式,构成动词不定式短语,可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
不定式
不定式一、不定式的一般式、进行式、完成式不定式的时态。
动词不定式一般有三种时态形式(1)一般式(to+动词原形):表示与主句谓语动词动作同时(或几乎同时)发生或在主句谓语动词之后发生的事情。
例如:We're happy to have you on our side.有你在我们这边我们很高兴。
I saw him go out.我看见他出去了。
(不定式go out与see同时发生。
)They invited me to have dinner with them.他们邀请我和他们一起吃晚饭。
I hope to see you again.我希望再见到你(to see发生在hope之后)(2)进行式(to be+现在分词):表示主句谓语的动作发生时,不定式动作正在进行。
例如:She's said /believed to be living nearby.据说/据信她就住在附近。
When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed.他进来时,我碰巧正在床上睡觉。
They seem/appear to be enjoying themselves.看上去他们似乎很快活。
(3)完成式(to have+过去分词):表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。
如:I'm glad to have met your parents here.我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。
(己见过)I'm sorry to have kept him waiting for me so long.我很抱歉让他等了我这样久。
(己经等过了) ·不定式的完成式位于表示愿望、意图的及物动词如:expect,wish,suppose,plan,intend,hope,want,mean或动词be之后可表示过去曾打算做的而实际没有做到的事情。
I meant to have telephoned, but I forget.我本来想打电话的,但我忘了。
非谓语动词 -不定式
非谓语动词-不定式原形动词前加to,构成动词不定式。
不定式不作谓语,属非谓语动词。
第一节不定式的时态和语态 一 不定式的时态 1 时态的构成(1) 一般是的使用范围○1 不定式所示动作或状态与谓语动词所示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生或存 在,用一般式:I ’m glad to see you.I saw her enter the room just now.○2 不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之后,也用一般式: My uncle asked me to see him this summer.I ’m glad to take my younger sister to the countryside. (2) 完成式的使用范围不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之前,用完成式: I ’m glad to have seen your mother yesterday.He is said to have written a novel about the Long March(长征). (3) 进行式的使用范围当谓语动词的动作或状态发生时,不等式动词所示动作正在进行时,用进行时: They seemed to be talking about you.You are said to be writing a paper on pollution. 二 不定式的被动语态1 被动语态的两种时态不定式被动语态常用于两种时态,一种是一般式被动语态,一种是完成时被动语 皇帝下令织这种神奇的布These students want to be sent work in our company.这些学生想要分到我们公司工作(2) 完成式举例:He is said to have been killed. The assistant seemed to have been fired. 2 被动语态的用法在下列情况下不定式要用被动语态:(1) 当句子的主语是这个不定式所示动作的承受者时:The girl is to be taken to the Summer Palace. The book is said to be put into English.(2) 当不定式所修饰的名词是此不等式的逻辑宾语,且句中又无它的逻辑主语时: He wanted the letter to be typed at once.Are you going to the meeting to be held this afternoon?(3) 当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语,且不定式本身又带有一个宾语时: She is too nervous to be told such bad news. I ’m glad to be given a gold ring. (4) 当句子的主语和表语是指同一人(物),不定式修饰这个表语名词,且与这个名词有动宾关系时:He is a man to be trusted. 但也可用主动式:This is a nice place to visit.(5) 不定式作定语,且与所修饰的名词有动宾关系时:The plan to be made is a five-year plan.注意:不定式动作是相关名词的执行者还是承受者,对这个不定式用主动还是 被动语态关系很大,试比较下列各组句子:It ’s a good thing to be elected a model worker.被选为模范工人是好事 It ’s a good thing to elect him a model worker.选他当模范工人是好事Have you anything to be done this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事要人做? Have you anything to do this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事情要自己做? 三 不定式的主动态代替被动态在下列情况下,不定式可用主动态代替被动态:1 当不定式与最近的名词(代词)有动宾关系,且与句中另一名词(代词)有主谓关系时:He has nothing to eat . I ’ll give you a book to read. I have a lot of papers to type.Would you bring me a bench to sit down? 2 当不定式在“主语+表语(形容词)”结构中作状语,且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时:This test is easy to recite.The washing –machine is too expensive for me to buy. 3 当不定式修饰there(here) be 引导的句子中的主语时: There are two tractors to repair.Here is a baby to take care of.当然也可用被动态:There is nothing to fear(to be feared).句中不定式如有逻辑主语,则只用主动语态:There is nothing for us to fear.4 to let, to blame,等不定式一般只用主动语态:The house is to let.房子要出租I’m to blame. 我要受责备的第二节不定式的语法功能一作主语1 直接用作主语:To get to the palace with just a flower is to say “I’m poor.”How to get rid of (清除)these things is a big problem.2 用it代替不定式作形式主语:It’s bad manners to be rude to people.It made us very happy to hear from him.How would it be to start tomorrow?It was decided to bring the matter up at the meeting.已决定把这件事提交会议讨论1,2 两种形式可以互换:It made us very excited to hear of his success.=To hear of his success made us very excited.但如果不定式短语在疑问句或感叹句中作主语,则只能用it作形式主语:To watch the TV play is very interesting.(改为一般问句)Is it very interesting to watch the TV play?To get to the station took me two hours.(特殊问句)How long did it take you to the station?To lose this necklace was a pity.(感叹句)What a pity it was to lose this necklace!二作宾语1 可用不定式直接作宾语的动词want, like, wish, hate, prefer, continue, refuse, mange, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend, begin, decide, learn, agree, care, choose, determine,expect, afford等2 需用it代不等式作宾语的动词: find, make, think, consider, feel等:He found it important to study the situation in Russia.This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry工农业to develop very quickly.I thought it impossible to arrive there in half an hour.Do you consider it better not to go. I feel my duty to say that you are wrong.3 不能直接用不定式作宾语的动词:单词know需在不定式前加连接代词或副词:They knew how to weave cloth. I know when to start.We don’t know where to go. They don’t know whether to stay or not.Nobody knew what to do next. Does he know which to take?但why不能用于此句型,不说:I don’t know why to do it.有些动词根据意思的需要,也可在不等式前加连接代词或连接副词:The computer will then tell what to do.I’ve forgot which way to takeThe students of today will have to decide how to use the computers of tomorrow.Everyone wanted to learn how to make silk.You must remember when to begin.4 不能接不定式作宾语的动词:enjoy, finish, suggest, excuse, pardon, give up, avoid,advise, can’t help, delay, escape, miss, imagine, mind, keep, practice, consider等三作宾补1 可接不定式作宾补的动词:(1)love, teach, ask, get, tell, invite, force, oblige, beg, allow, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, forbid, lead, trouble,summon, 等。
动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式是一种非谓语形式,通常由“to + 动词原型”构成。
它可以用于表示动作、状态或目的。
动词不定式在时态和语态方面也有一些变化。
时态动词不定式有两种时态:一般式和完成式。
**一般式:**一般式动词不定式表示的是一般的、经常性的动作或状态。
它在句子中常常用作主语、宾语、主语补足语、宾语补足语等。
示例:- To walk is good for our health.(走路对我们的健康有好处。
)(作为主语)To walk is good for our health.(走路对我们的健康有好处。
)(作为主语)- I want to study abroad.(我想出国研究。
)(作为宾语)to study abroad.(我想出国学习。
)(作为宾语)**完成式:**完成式动词不定式表示的是动作或状态已经完成或将来完成的情况。
它通常用于表示某个动作在主句谓语动词之前完成。
示例:- I am happy to have finished my homework.(我很高兴已经完成了作业。
)to have finished my homework.(我很高兴已经完成了作业。
)语态动词不定式也有被动语态和完成被动语态。
**被动语态:**被动语态的动词不定式的构成方式是“to be + 动词的过去分词”。
它表示动作的接受者或经历者而不提及动作的执行者。
示例:- He needs to be reminded of the deadline.(他需要被提醒截止日期。
)to be reminded of the deadline.(他需要被提醒截止日期。
)**完成被动语态:**完成被动语态的动词不定式的构成方式是“to have been + 动词的过去分词”。
它表示过去的动作或状态已经完成且对现在产生影响。
示例:- They are excited to have been selected for the team.(他们很兴奋因为被选入了队伍。
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答:动词不定式的时态和语态
1.动词不定式的时态
动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式,一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式。
动词不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的,具体表现在:
1)不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之后或同时发生。
例如:
My parents have made plans to spend their holidays in Hainan next week. (to spend发生在made plans之后)
2)不定式的进行式表示其动作正在进行,与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。
例如:
When her parents came back last night, she happened to be doing her homework.
3)不定式的完成式表达下列意义:
(1)不定式的完成式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之前。
例如:
They are said to have just finished cleaning their bedrooms. (to have just finished发生在they are said所表示的时间之前)
(2)不定式的完成式用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等词后,表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。
to have+过去分词表示动作,to have been表示状态。
例如:
I meant to have dropped in at your office. (但没来)
(3)用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe等后,表示动作先于另一个动作发生。
例如:
I seem to have met her at a party before. (met在seem之前发生)
(4)在should like或would like后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。
例如:
I would like to have seen her expression when she heard the news. (但没有看到)
4)不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动作之前发生,而且一直进行着。
例如:
He looked too young to have been traveling to several countries.
他看上去太年轻,不像已经到过好几个国家的人。
2.动词不定式的被动语态
在不定式中,如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者时,不定式要用主动语态;如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者,不定式用被动语态。
试比较:
The teacher asked the students to go out for some fresh air. (主动式)
The celebrations have to be put off because of the stormy weather. (被动式)
难点:
难点一、形式上主动,意义上被动的不定式
1.在there be+主语中,不定式用作定语修饰名词或代词,并同所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
例如:
There is no money to buy such useless things.
There are a lot of trees to plant.
2.在“名词(代词)+be easy(difficult, fit等形容词)+不定式结构”中,有时尽管主语是动作的承受者,不定式在意义上是被动,形式上却是主动,这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语for us, for me, for you等。
例如:The problem is not easy to work out.
The new student is hard to get along with.
3.如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者,不定式和它所修饰的名词虽然在逻辑上有动宾关系,也必须用主动语态,因为逻辑主语跟不定式的关系更为直接。
例如:
The people there have little to eat or use.
分析:句子主语The people在逻辑上是不定式to eat or use动作的执行者,不定式to eat or use 和它修饰的名词little在逻辑上是动宾关系,用主动形式表示被动意义。
The old man has a lot to show off.
分析:句子主语the old man在逻辑上是不定式to show off动作的执行者,不定式to show off 和它修饰的名词a lot在逻辑上是动宾关系,用主动形式表示被动意义。
4.在too…to和enough to结构中,不定式可以用主动语态表示被动意义。
例如:
The suitcase is too heavy to carry.
The glass necklace is cheap enough to buy.
5.blame的不定式作表语时,用主动语态表示被动的意义,含义不同。
例如:
As the accident is so serious that some leaders are to blame. (=you were in fault你应负责任) 6.something, little, what, much, a great deal to do等作句子主语,作表语时,不定式可用主动语态表示被动意义。
例如:
The couple have just come back from the holiday, so a lot of house- work remains to do.
What is to do tonight?
7.to let表示“出租”,作表语时,可用“to be let”形式,但含义有些差别。
例如:The empty house is to let. 此房出租。
(从房屋主人的立场讲话,由房子主人亲自向租房人说或登出广告)
The empty house is to be let. (从房屋本身来说,代理人向租房人讲话)
这个不是时态的问题
这是个非谓语的题
因为appear这个词后要接不定式,但是不定式的动词和谓语动词appear有先后的问题:比如你说的She appears to have known it. 这里面know这个动作发生在appear这个动作之前,所以要用完成式的形式来表达。
那么如果不定式的动作发生在appear这个动作之后或者无须强调先后则直接用to do的一般式表达即可。
例如She appears to be the same one.她好像就是那个人。