被动语态

被动语态

第一节被动语态的构成和基本用法

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一、定义：

语态是表示主、谓语之间关系的一种动词形式，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

二、被动语态的公式：be +过去分词（by sb）

The watch has been repaired by the man.

三、被动语态的一般用法如下：

1．当说话者不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。

The flight was cancelled due to the fog.

The project will be finished next year.

2.在特定的语境或上下文中，动作的执行者为双方所知道，没有必要说出来时。

He was elected monitor of the class.

3.强调或侧重动作的承受者时,说话人对动作的承受者更感兴趣或更为关心时，用被动语态能突出动作的对象

和结果。

A lecture on English will be given by Professor Wang this afternoon.

All the rooms are cleaned regularly.

His new car was stolen.

4.说话者本身是行为者，但出于对某种考虑，由于婉转、礼貌等不愿说出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态。

He was considered to be a computer genius.

About the matter, much has been said, but little has been done.

5.为了行文通顺。

The hero appeared, and was warmly applauded by the students.

当那位英雄出现时，学生们给予了热烈的掌声。

A river may be dammed and when that is done,a large pressure of water is built up behind the dam.

河上可以筑坝，坝后形成了很大的压力。

6．在突出动作承受者时，如想同时指出动作的执行者，可用介词“by+动作执行者（宾语）”。

7．“It+被动语态+that从句”表示谨慎或不太肯定的语气，常用于该结构的动词有say,think,believe,agree,expect,consider,feel,know,decide,report,suggest,prove,hope.suppose,admit,

announce,require,demand,estimate等。

It is said that prices will rise again this month.

It is reported that all the passengers died in the crash.

It is thought that about a million dogs are born each year.

It is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.

It is well known that …

It is believed that…..

8.用于通告标题广告等的被动语态往往省去助动词be。

No chinese spoken here.

Shoes repaired.

Famous Painting stolen.

Passengers are requested to remain seated until the aircraft comes to a complete stop.

Candidate are required to present themselves fifteen minutes before the examination begins.

五、被动语态的五条特殊规则

1．有些动词，带有两个宾语，因此可改成两种被动语态

My father gave me a present. (主动语态)

I was given a present by my father.（被动语态）

A present was given to me by my father.

分析：me是间接宾语，present是直接宾语。若把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，须在被保留的间接宾语之前加上适当的介词。

1）一般情况下，直接宾语变为被动语态的主语时，须在被留的间接宾语之前加上介词to。

下列动词引导的双宾语句子在把直接宾语改为主语时，间接宾语前加to:

award（授予）bring (带来) give(给) hand（交给）

leave(遗赠) lend(借出) mail(寄给) offer(提供)

pass(传给) pay(支付给) promise(答应给) recommend（推荐给）

read(读给) return（还给）sell(卖给) send（寄给）

serve(端给) show(出示给) sing(唱给) take (去拿给)

teach(教给) tell(告诉给) throw（扔给）write （写）

2）特殊用法：下列十四个动词的直接宾语（物）改成主语时，间接宾语（人）前面加for。

buy 买borrow借（进来）build（建筑）call (叫)

cook烧，煮catch （抓住）change(兑换) choose（选择）

cut(切) do(做) dance跳舞draw(画)

fetch(去取) find（找到）fix(安装) gather(收集)

get得到keep(保留) leave(留下) make制造

order(订购) pick(摘) prepare(准备) play 演奏

reach(够取) reserve(保留) save (省下) sing唱歌

select选择weave织布

He will borrow me a book from the library tomorrow.

--A book will be borrowed for me from the library.

I fetched you the dictionary just now.

--The dictionary was fetched for you just now.

2.下列十一个半动词用作主动时，它们的宾语补足语要省略to;但用在被动语态中不能省to。