英汉翻译 1comparative study in sentence
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海建桥学院 上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
英汉翻译动静态比较以背影为例
Stativeness and Dynamicity between Chinese and EnglishA case study of zhang Peizhi's English version of Figure.Generally speaking,a stative language,like English,in order to stress concepts or states ,must rely heavily on nouns and nominal expressions,Such as nouns, prepositions, adjectives, etc.whereas a dynamic language ,like Chinese,which emphasizes motions or actions,would find more expressions in verbs and verbal patterns.This paper will make a comparative study of the static and dynamic characteristics in English-Chinese translation of the original figure and zhang Peizhi's English version of Figure.1. Nominalization is one of the features of English static languageEnglish, especially written language, is highly static and has its own unique preferences in the choice of parts of speech. Nouns are most frequently used in written language. If you us e a verb in a Chinese sentence, use a noun in English1.1 When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。
lecture 5 汉英词语翻译
7). 昨天看电影我没有买到好票：
* I did not buy a good ticket for yesterday’s film. I did not buy a good seat for yesterday’s film.
8). 这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批人才
(batches of )。 * The national heavy university has sent/transported batches of qualified talents to the society. The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. 9). 他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱买房子。 * They save food and expenses to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment. They live frugally/economically/thriftily to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment.
Appropriateness in word selection-ii
To choose word according to the collocation 2). 好： 好教徒 好父母 好儿女 好妻子 好丈夫 3). 水平： 英语水平 生活水平 游泳水平
2) good a faithful/devout/pious/sincere/ devoted Christian/believer a loving/caring parent an obedient/filial child a virtuous/devoted wife a dutiful/responsible husband 3) level English proficiency/ level living standard swimming skill
经典：语言对比与翻译1
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Please translate the following:
人到齐就开会。 The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。 Don’t say what others have said. 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。 The problem was solved.
Types of Translation
• 语内翻译：指的是“同一种语言的一些符 号对另一些符号所作出的解释”。
• 语际翻译：“语际翻译或者严格意义上的 翻译指的是一种语言的符号对另一种语言 的符号所作出的阐释”。
• 符际翻译：“非语言符号系统对语言符号 作出的阐释” ----雅各布森（Jacobson）
implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic
语义型语言
(以意统形)
English
Form-focused with emphasis on
explicit cohesion （显性联接） Hypotactic
形态型语言
(以形驭意)
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Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
语言 对比与翻译
Languages Contrast and Translation
欢迎光临
1
Course description
• Teaching objectives of the course: ---to familiarize you with some knowledge of translation theories and techniques ---to grasp the differences between English and Chinese so as to better understand the transfer between the two languages ---shift from intuition in translation to conscious understanding of translation ---to apply translation theories in your practice and to justify your act of translating with theories
comparative study
Comparative study1.major progress/ great progressmajor与minor是相对的，强调的是“大小”的概念。
如major in后加表示学科的名词，意思是专修某类专业。
Great是指质量、影响力、内涵、程度等高于一般水平，有更广泛的意义。
2.crucial areas/ important areascrucial是决定性的、关键的概念，含有“成败在此一举”之意，程度强于important.3. a century/ one hundreda century有一种文学的厚重感，是规范的书面语，是文学作品中的语言更富美感。
One hundred 可理解为单纯的数字，没有附加的情感。
4. Characteristics/ featuresCharacteristic侧重于表达一种极富个性化的特点，这种特点是性格化的，是被描述主语本身所特有的。
而feature只是表面意义上的特征，与生俱来，没有感情色彩的简单陈述。
5.historic/ historicalhistorical是与历史有关的，可能不是真实存在的。
而historic是历史上的，有历史意义的，真实存在的。
如历史遗迹，用historic site.6.in real terms/ in realityin real terms是在陈述一种观点，可能对，也可能错，没有任何批判性的意义。
In reality是实际上，有可能下文陈述的观点与常识有悖，它通常强调的是批判性的观点。
7.programs/ undertakingundertaking强调事业、项目、任务等的艰巨性，如教育事业，用undertaking. 而program所指的范围比较小。
8.ethnic groups/ minoritiesethnic groups所指的是某个国家或地区的，与主要民族不同的种族或部落。
而minorities指的是少数群体，可能有一种歧视的意味在里面。
Omission in translation
省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中 虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。也 就是说，把一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背 译文语言习惯的词删去，从而使译文简洁，符合汉语的 表达习惯。一般地说，英译汉并不随便删减词语，但汉 语有其简洁的特点，如果过分强调表达一切，把每一个 词都译出，反而因为保全了一些次要部分而破坏了整体， 即所谓因小失大。因此，只有敢于牺牲一些不影响原意 的词句，才能更好地突出重点。一个认真负责的译者往 往不仅善于保全，而且也善于牺牲。但是应该注意，省 略千万不能破坏原文的思想内容。该保全的，决不能少 译一个字；该牺牲的，整个从句也可删去不译。下面， 我们就从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例说明。
Why do we feel cooler when we fan ourselves? 扇扇子时为什么会感到凉快些？ He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。
2.强调句型用it （emphatic pronoun）
It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told.
直到那时我才开始怀疑，我的经历究竟能 不能公诸于众。 It is only shallow people who judge by appearances. 只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。
Omission of the pronoun in comparative sentence The climate in Switzerland is absolutely different from that in Somalia. 瑞士的气候与索马里截然不同。
主语突出与主题显著——汉语句子与英语sentence的对比及英汉翻译
- 230-校园英语 / 翻译探究主语突出与主题显著——汉语句子与英语sentence的对比及英汉翻译中北大学/高媛【摘要】英语是主语凸显的语言，sentence的基本结构形式是“主语——谓语”，汉语是主题凸显的语言，句子的基本结构形式是“话题——说明”。
本文对英汉句子进行了对比分析并总结了英汉互译时的注意事项和翻译策略。
【关键词】句子 sentence 话题——说明 主语——谓语一、主语凸显与主题凸显作为表义结构中一个较大的停顿单位，人们往往把汉语句子与英语sentence等同，其实从本质上是有很大差异的。
柯林斯词典对于sentence的定义是很明确的，“A sentence is a group of words which , when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.”可见，英语是形合的语言，英语句子好像一棵大树，结构紧凑严密，注重形式的严谨性；以动词为中心，以“主语——谓语”结构为框架，其核心规则就是主谓之间的一致关系。
相比之下，对汉语句子的定语则众说纷纭。
马建忠曾尝试用对英语sentence的定义来解释汉语句子，但有汉语中很多情况都没法解释。
Hockett于1958年提出“话题——说明”学说。
而赵元任最早提出汉语是“话题——说明”结构。
Charles N. Li和Sandra A. Thompson在其著作Subject and Topic一书中将语言分为四种基本类型：注重主语的语言；注重话题的语言；主语和话题都注重的语言；主语和话题都不注重的语言。
注重主语的语言是指句子结构主要是以主语——谓语这一结构为框架；而注重话题的语言，句子的基本结构形式是“话题——说明”。
1英汉对比研究与翻译
课内练习
现在请大家通过翻译以下的简单句子熟练掌握 这一技巧
1.I would not believe what he said.
2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.
3.I know Mr. Wang.
4.He is the best singer.
distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little
copper ball fell.
• 过了一些时候, 从远方传来消息: 小铜球坠落那天, 人们感受到了地震.这 一切终于得到了澄清。
• (3) Let everybody share the food if there is any . 有饭大家吃
• 英语国家1沿，袭形了古合代希与腊意人非合常严格和规范的语
词系统。古代希腊人认为,语词系统与思维系统是 相一致的,要表达一个清晰合理的思想就离不开清 晰合理的词形和句法。而在一个毫无条理的陈述 结构中,思想肯定也是杂乱无章的,而杂乱无章的 思想是没有意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样 一种背景之下形成的。
•
1)我常见许多青年的朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优
异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封信亦难得
通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面.
• 倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译成英文,可能是:
1)I have come across a great many young friends, 2)Bright and diligent, 3)Do exceedingly well in studies, 4)but they are rather weak in
lecture 15 Discourse translation 汉英翻译
• As I began to explain my ideas, he asked me to
write the equations on the blackboard so he could
• 汉语的段落却不一样，读者往往需要寻找 段落的主题或中心思想，段尾也可能会引 出新的主题，科技和学术文章虽然较接近 于英语论文，但仍存在这种情况。
• 看下面一段：
• 秦始皇顺应历史发展的趋势，完成了统一全国的 事业。进而又在政治、经济、军事等方面采取一 系列巩固统一的措施，打击了封建割据势力和奴 隶主贵族残余势力，加强了封建中央集权制度。 如实行郡县制，把全国分为36郡；颁行统一的法 律条令；统一文字和货币；统一度量衡；修驰道； 统一车轨等等。这些措施对于国家的统一和封建 经济的发展有巨大的意义。秦始皇不愧为一个杰 出的政治家，但其思想统治政策，对于文化的发 展起了消极破坏作用。
• 熟铁几乎都是纯铁。因价格昂贵，熟铁在校办 厂里不太常见。熟铁好锻，很容易热弯和冷弯， 还能够焊接。
• For years my father soothed my little sister and me to sleep with his delightfully fantastic tales. They were inexhaustible; each night there was a new one, told in the darkness against the evening throb of the tenement.
篇章翻译注意事项
英汉翻译 1comparative study in sentence
7
• The commonly used Chinese SPs • VPS general No object无宾句 • (动谓句) (一般） mono-object单宾句 • di-object 双宾句 • with 是 • SP with 有 • (主谓句） special with 把 • with 被 • Single double-verb 连动句 Sentence with object compliment 兼语录句 judgement判断句 existential 现存句 APS形谓句 NPS名谓句 SPPS 主谓谓语句 no subject Non-SP mono-word (单词句）
“If you had told me that you wouldn’t go, I wouldn’t have waited for you there.”
ｅｇ 你先告诉我你不去，我就不会在那里 等你了．
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• 1、跑得了和尚跑不了庙。 • The monk may run away, but the temple won's run with him. • 2、你死了我去当和尚。 • If you died, I would go and become a monk. • 3、他不去我去。 • I would like to go if he wouldn't go. • 4、他不去我也去。 • I'd go there even if he wouldn't go with me. • 5、他不去我才去。 • I'd go there only if he won't.
定语从句的翻译
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1. Combination :By combination, we actually convert the English sentence into a simple Chinese sentence, in which an English restrictive attributive clause is embedded in the Chinese sentence , and is placed before the words being modified ( the antecedents). By combination, we actually converted the conplex sentence into a simple Chinese sentence. Examples: Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
Translation
of attributive clauses
定语从句的翻译
1
A compese Attributive structure
As some linguists have pointed out , an English sentence may be followed by an unlimited number of attributive clauses following the word being modified, while a Chinese sentence allows only a limited amount of words preceding the word being modified. And eventually, there is no correspondence between their sentence structure.
A comparative study of sentences in Chinese and English.
A comparative study of Chinese and EnglishID number: 201855820Name: LI MINGMINProfessor:박순혁Abstruct: English belongs to the Indo-European languages, is a synthetic language, grammatical relations between words in a sentence depends mainly on the morphological changes of words and maintained by the consistent relation between subject predicate structure to express; and the Chinese are different, the Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, is an analytical language, grammatical relations between words not by morphological changes and maintained by the consistent relation between subject predicate structure to express, but through the function words and word order to express, so the Chinese passive sentence mainly with "is", "by", "have" to express. On the features of Chinese grammar, Chinese unlike English has various forms, so the Chinese passive sentence and the semantic relations are often more closely. Modern language school attaches great importance to the study of the passive sentence, and try to use the case grammar, valence theory, cognitive theory to the analysis of Chinese passive sentences, the theory has achieved significant results in the analysis of the characteristics of Chinese passive sentence in the.I am on the basis of previous studies, mainly on the syntax, semantics and pragmatics, further study of English and Chinese sentence similarities and differences between the historical evolution of the problem, to effectively solve the difficult points in learning Chinese and English passive sentences.Key words:Chinese and English difference grammar type comparison1.Introduction about Chinese and EnglishSubjects and predicates in English and Chinese have active and passive relations. Because English belongs to Indo European language and Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language, so it is different in terms of morphology and syntax. English is a comprehensive language. The grammatical relations between words and words in a sentence depend mainly on the morphological changes of the word itself.In Chinese and English, the form, development, and semantic, syntax, pragmatic of sentences have a great difference. Moreover, the comparative study of Chinese and English sentences is an important aspect of contrastive linguistics. There is a close relationship between Chinese and English historical grammar studies and Synchronic Grammar Studies. Chinese and English sentences have always been an important issue in the study of Chinese grammar. This issue has been actively discussed and studied by many scholars. Therefore, on the basis of drawing on the achievements of predecessors, I will continue to learn about it.2.The difference of cognitive science and typology between Chinese and English2.1The difference of cognitive scienceFrom the perspective of thinking mode, thinking mode is the way of thinking exercise, and it is the unity of thinking structure and thinking exercise. There is a great relationship between thinking and language. Language structure determines theprocess of thinking, and different national language form different ways of thinking. Therefore, the differences between Chinese and English form a different way ofthinking between Chinese and English nations.Westerners are accustomed to antagonisming between subject and object, and regard nature as an external thing. So they emphasize concepts, avoid generality, emphasize human rights, and advocate the opposition between man and nature, andman's request for nature. Therefore, the opposite thinking mode has been formed between subjects and objects. The Chinese are accustomed to unifying the subjectand object and regard man and nature as a whole. They emphasize human relations,ignore utensils, emphasize morality, and advocate the unity of man and nature, and harmony between man and nature. Therefore, the western philosophical view of the opposition between the subject and object and the unified Chinese subject and object determine that Chinese and English expressions have their own characteristics.2.1.1Chinese focus on parataxis, English focus on hypotaxisThe English speakers always use words and sentences structures to show meanings and realize the connection between words or sentences by logical relations between semantics or sentences. English lays stress on the tightness of formal structure in order to make the relationship between parts of sentences clear, and they usually use related words, parts of speech, and function words. However, Chinese expressions are relative random and implicit in form, and the conjunction of words or sentences is achieved by means of connectives or linguistic forms. Chinese does not attach importance to the tightness of formal structure, so they rarely use relevant words and sentences. In Chinese, the sentence coherence mainly depends on the semantic connection, and makes full use of the causal relation between the words and sentences to show the action sequence to cohere. Moreover, they hardly use related words but phrases and clauses. Connection between sentences in Chinese the inherent logic and formless relation to connect the combination of sentences, so in Chinese sentences, there is not exist any changes in words and often saves the connection between sentences.The connective elements in Chinese are not necessary, but express meanings of words and sentences in contexts. From the whole, we can understand the specific meaning and the relationship between sentences. It highlights the flexibility and conciseness of Chinese when use some logical connectives.Compare with Chinese passive sentences, English sentences are more compact and tight because of the various connectives which play a role in bonding the relationship within words. The relationship in English sentences needs the morphological changes of all forms of words to emphasize the syntactic forms and syntactic functions, and focus on the relationship between sentence meanings and logical forms. In the sentence structure components, with the verb as the core, the subject and the predicate form a spindle, andthe object and the complement extend along the main spindle, the attributive and the adverbial are branch line in the extension, and are connected with the main line with related words. Conjunctions (such as however, but, so, since, etc.), relation words (such as which, when, that, where, who, how, etc.), and preposition ( such as about, to , with, in , of , to, etc) are very important in English sentences. Try to compare these two sentences as below:1) Wo men wei pei yang si wei he xun lian er jiao jiao xue,zhe liang zhe dou neng kuo zhan si wei,zeng qiang xue sheng wei she hui zuo gong xian de neng li,zhe shi jiao yu de zhong ji mu di.We teach math for thinking and discipline, both of which expand the mind and increase the students’ability to function as a contributing individual in society: the ultimate goals of education.Chinese do not need to use connection words to express logical relations between sentences, but English must use word order to show conjunctions between sentences. Because Chinese words do not have any twists and turns, so when express ideas in Chinese sentences, there is not any change of grammatical forms, but use direct combination of various components within a sentence. In contrast, when English vocabulary changes, which leading to the characteristics of English syntactic changes mainly rely on words forms. Moreover, the change in the English language mainly focuses on verbs, such as predicates change according to the subjects, verbs have non-finite form. In English, numbers, case of nouns, tense and voice of the verbs; relative pronouns, relative adverbs and conjunctions between main clauses and subordinate clauses, play an important role to link up sentences. Thus, Chinese and English sentences are two different patterns.2.1.2Chinese focus on subject , English fo cus on objectThe Chinese people are accustomed to way of thinking of the unity between subject and object. The thinking mode of Chinese nationality is unitary subjective thinking mode. Its characters are the subject intervening in the object, and the object integrating into the subject, which posses a strong subjective initiative, but lack some objective scientific nature. This way of thinking is expressed in language: Chinese sentences are often used to personal subject, and often they are omitted when it is self-evident. For example, the Chinesesentence "I suddenly thought of a good idea", the focus of its thinking is "I", while the object "idea" is secondary.In contrast to Chinese, Westerners are accustomed to the way of thinking of the opposite of the subject and the object. The thinking mode of the Westerners has dual characters, subject and object,and the latter occupies the dominant position, because the traditional western thinking takes ‘nature’ as the cognitive object. This object thinking way makes Westerners focus on things rather than the subject themselves when observing things. Expressed in language, Objects are often used as subjects in English sentence, and generally cannot be omitted, and thus the passive form of predicate is produced. For example, the same meaning as the previous one, used to say in English: "A good idea suddenly struck me." Here object "a good idea" becomes the focus of thinking, and the thinking subject "me" is placed in a secondary position.2.1.3Chinese—‘scatter’ language, English—‘focus’ languageFrom the morphology change of sentence, western language is a "focus" language, while Chinese is "scattered " language. Generally speaking, Chinese often uses SVO sentence patterns, so many sentences have no focus, and clauses are arranged in logical order of development. While English is different, the predicate of English sentence must be a finite verb, which must be consistent with subject in person and number. If there are other verbs in a sentence, it must be consistent with the subject. Therefore, the predicate verb is the soul and focus in English sentences. Compared with Chinese, the way of English sentence-making is according to form chains, and the way of Chinese sentence-making is according to natural temporal and spatial order.In terms of the characteristics of the sentence, there are great differences in the way of observing things between Chinese and English. English people always pay attention to the individuality of thinking, the refinement and concretion of thinking, and grasp the most important information and focus from the complex and changeable things, and put the most important information in the main sentence and put subordinate information in the secondary position. In contrast, Chinese pay more attention to the generalization and comprehensiveness of the thinking, and are not good at catching the most importantinformation from the complex and changeable things, neglecting the relationship and priority between individuals.Try to compare:2) Lulled by the motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep.Zhuan er qing qing yao dang,bo sheng chan chan yue er,hai zi men bu jiu jiu shui zhao le.In this example, ‘fell asleep’ is the predicate and the center in the whole sentence, and other verbs like ‘lull’ and ‘soothe’ use only –ing form. Therefore, it is very clear to see key information and sentence structure in English sentence, however, the Chinese one is just not clear and blurry, moreover, we cannot tell the difference in three sub-clauses above.2.2The difference of typology2.2.1 Chinese—analysis mode , English—integrate modeFrom the point of morphological classification, the world's languages can be classified into comprehensive and analytic languages. Analytic language means that the grammatical relation is not expressed through the morphological changes of the words themselves, but by means of function words and word order etc. Comprehensive language means that a language changes through the form of a word itself to express grammatical meaning, such as case, number, tense etc. According to this, we can infer that Chinese is a language based on analysis. In other words, grammatical relations are not expressed by the morphological changes of the words themselves, but by functional words and word order. On the other hand, English is a language developed from comprehensive to analytical language, that is, English mainly express grammatical meaning by means of its own change of forms.There are not any changes or turns in Chinese. Nouns will not change their form into plural, and verbs do not change their form to express the past tense, present tense and future tense. Modern English still holds some character of the comprehensive language, but it has the character of the analytic language: there are morphological changes; Word orders are more flexible than Chinese, but relatively fixed; Many of function words are used quite frequently. There are no morphologic changes in Chinese like Indo-European languages. But Chinese also has its own special features. There are two tense words exist in Chinesesentences: tense auxiliaries and time adverbs. There are three tense auxiliary words in Chinese: "着（zhe, v-ing）", "了（liao, v-ed）", "过（guo, have been）" and its collocation forms; And the usually used time adverbs are as follows: 总（zong, always）, 又（you, again）, 老（lao, again）, 再（zai, again）, and a large number of special time adverbs, such as 现在（xianzai, now）,过去（guoqu, past）and so on. However, English belongs to a comprehensive language, whose symbol is the inflection form of the predicate. An English verb itself has four forms: present, present participle, past and past participle, such as the four forms of the verb go: go, went, going, gone and so on. Then use these four forms can change into sixteen different tenses. At the same time, English verb forms must abide by various norms, and have strict requirements in terms of number, tense, and voice. The difference in tense between English and Chinese is mainly reflected in the diversification of verb forms. In Chinese sentences, the verb forms are more stable than English.2.2.2 Pronunciation differenceChinese phonemes are divided into two categories: vowels and consonants, and the same with English. A Chinese syllable is usually composed of one single vowel and one single consonant. The vowel (V) is the central component of a syllable, and consonant (C) is an auxiliary part of a syllable. There are four types of syllables in Chinese: V, CV, VC and CVC, and we can see that vowels are dominant ones when syllables are formed. In contrast, the syllable compositions in English are much more complicated. Besides the above four types, it can also be linked by three or four consonants, such as Aus-tra-li-a. Chinese is a tone language, and its tone feature endows Chinese with a cadence of musical beauty. Every Chinese character has four voices: high level, high rising, falling and rising, and falling. Tone is an indispensable part of syllables, and if the tone of Chinese character is different, although vowel consonants are same, meaning can be different. Such as: 韩（hán，family name）喊（hǎn，shout）汗（hàn, sweat）旱（hàn, dry）and so on. The rhythm of voice, degree, length, speed and the timbre of the speaker enables Chinese to express the rich thoughts and exquisite feelings accurately. Chinese sentences have intonation, which is generally displayed on the stressed words at the end of a sentence, but it cannot change the tone and is restricted by the tone.English is not a tone language, but an intonation language. The unit of the intonation is usually a sentence group or a clause, and the stress is usually at the end of a sentence. Intonation has not only abundant grammatical functions, but also can separate declarative sentences, interrogative sentences or disjunctive questions. Besides, they also have unique expressive effect. Different intonation can express different attitudes, tone, thoughts and feelings, and posses a melody beauty in English sentences. There is no tone in English words, but there is a stress. The regular arrangement of stress is an important phonetic feature of English. The difference of the position of stress indicates the different word class or meaning. The change of the position of sentence stress can strengthen the tone and highlight the contrast meaning.2.2.3 Vocabulary differenceChinese is one of the oldest languages in the world. Chinese vocabulary is rich and its meaning is abundant. With the development and change of language, Chinese vocabulary has developed from "monosyllabic" to "double syllable". The development trend of vocabulary makes it easier to clear the meaning of homophones, which makes the meaning of words become more accurate. Idioms are one of the most characteristic words in Chinese. They play a very important role in Chinese vocabulary. They are concise and comprehensive, which can be replaced and regulated, which giving Chinese expression more strong. There are many synonyms in Chinese. The nuances between synonyms not only enrich the expressive power of Chinese, but also embody the implicit beauty of word meanings. With the rapid expansion of foreign exchange communication, Chinese has absorbed many foreign words (such as computer, sofa, Coca-Cola, software, mouse and so on). They are not only products of foreign culture nut also embodiment of cultural integration.English is the most widely used language in the world. It absorbs Latin, Greek, French, German, Portuguese, Russian, and Chinese with its development and formation, which are the most important words in the world. It also has flexible methods of word formation, which can be used to form new words and new meanings by changing the inflection. The vocabulary of English is very rich, which makes the English ideographic both accurate and vivid, and can vividly express the delicate thoughts and feelings; the meaning of Englishwords are wide, the phenomenon of polysemy and many characters in one word are very common. The division of words in Chinese and English is different. There are two categories of Chinese notional words and function words. Notional words include nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and quantifiers. Functional words have prepositions, conjunctions, interjection and auxiliary words. English is also divided into two categories: notional words and function words. Notional words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronoun and numerals. There are no quantifiers in English; the function words include prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs and articles, and there are no articles in Chinese.2.2.4 Grammatical differenceThe difference in grammar between Chinese and English is mainly embodied in the following aspects: (I) there is no sign of the word class in Chinese, except for some limited suffixs such as子（zi）,员（yuan) and auxiliary words such as 的（de）, 地（de）, 得（de）. For example, "画（huà）" is a verb and a noun. We cannot know the feature only we see the whole sentence and analysis its structure. A Chinese verb itself does not have any grammatical form to express tense, voice and tone. There are articles in English and other Indo-European languages. Articles are used to mark nouns, and nouns are also the main parts of sentence grammar. After determining nouns, verbs can be basically determined in form accordingly. The changes in the tense of English verbs are expressed in the form of inflection, such as "He studies (studied, has studied, is studying)." Moreover, Adjectives pass through -ful, and adverbs are easier to identify by -ly. Second, nouns and pronouns in Chinese do not change in nominative or objective form. For example, "she loves me" and "I love her" as the subject of "she" and "I" are the same character to "I" and "she" as objects. In English, the nominative and the objective are the same and the forms are different. Third, subject and predicate of Chinese sentences only require the semantic consistency, without the corresponding change in form. In English, the subject predicate language is strict in terms of number, person and verb tense.For example:3) wo xihuan huahua, ta xihuan huahua, wo men da jia dou xihuan huahua.I like painting,she like painting,we all all like paintingI like drawing. She likes drawing. We all like drawing.3.ConclusionThe similarities between any two languages are universal and differences are relative. All human languages are symbolic and important tools of human life. The evolution of language has been developed from imperfection to perfection. Grasping of the differences accurately between Chinese and English helps us to understand the characteristics of these two languages better.。
英汉对比与篇章翻译
English Order of Linguistic Elements 英语语序
Relatively flexible order （语序相对灵活） resulting from the use of inflections and connectives Phrases:
the Russian people, the people of Russia, the people living in Russia, the people who live in Russia a pretty and clever girl a girl pretty and clever a girl who is pretty and clever
Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements
Order of logic <cause-effect, conditionresult> （逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果） • 志同道合，友谊才会持久。 • 名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。 • 天下雨，运动会延期了。 • 他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。
我们看到很多住人的迹 象，当漫步街头走过一 个很大的棚户集中地， 离中央大道不远。
Hale Waihona Puke 我们漫步街头，在中 央大道附近发现了一 个很大的棚户区，有 很多迹象表明茅棚里 还住了人。
Pay attention to Chinese order of time and space.
Contrast Between English and Chinese
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.
cai 2 英汉语言对比sentence
英语可以运用丰富的词缀构词造句，如：
He moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movements astonished us. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. 他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。／他行进速度之快，令人惊讶 他的快速行进使我们感到惊讶。／我们对他的快速行进感到惊讶。
Chapter Two
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese
王力 (1984:53) 指出: “就句子的 结构而论,西洋语言是法治的, 中国语言是人 治的。所谓‘法治’，即句子的形式严格受到 语法的制约， 如句子必须有主语和谓语动词， 及物动词必须有宾语，这些不管用得着用不 着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律。所谓 ‘人治’， 即句子比较不受形式的约束，可以 因表意的需要而加以变通，词语的分合伸缩 比较灵活，用得着就用，用不着就不用，只 要双方意思明白，就可以了。英语有综合语
1.英汉句子的主要成分如主语、谓语动词、
广东外语外贸大学高等教育自学考试商务英语专业论文参考选题
广东外语外贸大学高等教育自学考试商务英语专业论文参考选题一、专业介绍本专业培养具有良好职业道德，掌握一定经贸理论知识、熟悉国际商务操作规程，具备扎实的国际经济和国际贸易理论基础，掌握国际经济与国际贸易的基本知识与基本技能，具有较扎实的英语听、说、读、写、译能力，较好的英语沟通能力的应用型英语人才。
毕业后能在外贸、文化教育、旅游（酒店）等行业从事翻译、外贸实务、教学和涉外文秘等工作。
主要课程：高级英语，综合英语，商务英语听说，商务英语翻译，国际贸易实务，外刊经贸知识选读。
二、选题要求1、论文选题必须是属于本专业方向范畴以内的，可参考本文所列的论文选题，但不仅限于本文所列的论文选题。
2、本文所列论文选题主要用于指引论文写作可选择的研究方向，不可照抄本文论文选题作为题目。
3、考生可选用本文论文选题中的关键词（红色字体），结合自己的写作思路或研究方向确定论文写作题目。
三、论文选题：Translation related topics:1.The Influence of Cultural Factors on Translation of idioms in Business English试论文化因素对经贸领域中习语翻译的影响2.Lexical Features of Business Contract English and Its Translation经贸合同英语的词法特征及其翻译3.The Characteristics of Foreign Trade English Translation经贸英语的翻译特点4.Influence of Contextual factors on Business English Translation经贸英语翻译中语境因素的作用5.On the Translation Criteria of Business English 试论经贸英语翻译的标准6.Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in BusinessEnglish Contracts英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译7.On Abbreviations in Business English谈经贸英语中的缩略语现象8.On the Characteristics of Business English Vocabulary经贸英语的词汇特点9.Diction in Economy and Trade Translation经贸翻译的词义选择10.Multi-discipline motivations of the Business English Vocabulary论商务英语词汇的多学科性11.On the linguistic/ cultural Features of Business English E-mails浅谈商务英语电子邮件的写作特点12.Analysis of the Stylistic Features of the Contract English浅析合同英语的文体特点13.Translation of English Advertisement in Cross-cultural communication跨文化背景中的广告英语翻译14.Translation of Dates, Amount and Numbers in the Business English Contracts浅析商务合同中日期、金额和数字的翻译15.On Translating Strategies of Modern Business English现代商务英语的翻译策略16.On the Principle of Faithfulness in C-E Business Translation浅谈商务英语英汉翻译的"信"原则17.Methods and Principles of Trade Mark Translation商标翻译的方法及应遵循的基本原则18.The Linguistic Characteristics and Translation Strategies of EnglishAdvertisement广告英语的语言特点及翻译策略Linguistic aspects：19.A Study of the syntactic features in English Business Contracts 试谈英语经贸合同的句法特点20.On the Accuracy of Business English Translation浅析商务英语翻译的准确性21.On the Rhetorical Features and Translation strategies of Advertising English浅析广告英语的修辞特点及翻译方法22.Translation of Metaphor in Business English 浅谈商务英语中的隐喻翻译23.On "Faithfulness" and "Innovation" in Business English Translation外贸英语翻译的"忠实"与"变通"24.The Strategies of Domestication and Dissimulation on Advertising EnglishTranslation广告英语翻译的"归化"和""异化"策略25.Cross-cultural Factors i n Advertising English Translation广告英语翻译中的跨文化因素26.On the Rhetoric and Translation Approaches in Advertising English论广告英语的修辞艺术和翻译方法27.The Function of Fuzzy Language in Business English Writing论模糊语言在商务英语写作中的作用28.The Application of Polite Principles in Business English Writing 礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的应用29.On the Preciseness of Business English Contracts论商务英语合同语言的严谨性30.How to Achieve Consideration in Business E-mails如何实现商务电子邮件中的“consideration”31.An Analysis of the Rhetorical Devices in Advertising English广告英语的修辞方法探析32.On the Translation Principles of Trademarks in Business English浅析商务英语中的商标翻译33.On Functions of Business English Abbreviations 浅析商务英语中缩略语的功能34.Influence of Cultural differences on the Translation of Business English文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响35.On the Writing Features of Business English Letters 浅析商务英语信函的写作特点36.On Linguistic features of Business English Correspondence 商务英语信函的语言特征Culture related topics:37.The Influence of Cultural Elements on the Translation of idioms in BusinessEnglish 浅析文化因素对商务英语习语翻译的影响38.A Pragmatic Analysis of Long Sentences in Business English Contracts商务英语合同中的长句语用分析39.The Lexical Features of E-commerce English 电子商务英语的词汇特征分析40.A Study of the Cross-cultural Factors in Business Negotiation 商务谈判中的跨文化因素研究41.Functions of Non-verbal Communication in Business Negotiation 非语言交际在商务谈判中的功能研究42.A Study of Cultural Factors in Sino-American Business Negotiation中美商务谈判中的文化因素研究Business English teaching related topics:43.The Application of Case Study in Business English Teaching案例教学法在商务英语教学中的应用44.The Application of Situated Teaching Theory in Business English Teaching 情境教学理论在商务英语教学中的运用45.On Fostering Communicative Competence in Business English Teaching 试论商务英语教学中语言交际能力的培养46.The Application of Task-based Teaching in Business English Teaching 任务教学法在商务英语教学中的应用47.Cultivation of Cross-cultural Communication competence in BusinessEnglish Teaching 商务英语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养温馨提示：如《英语教育》专业本次以新专业《英语》申请学位，请参考旧专业《英语教育》论文选题。
新标准大学英语综合教程1-课后翻译
心之所向，所向披靡英语精读课后翻译英译汉:Ｕniｔ１1.Ｆｉnａｌly , with my moｔｈer red in thｅfａceａnd ｓhort ofbreatｈ,we fｉnd Ｒoｏm8 , Ｉunlocｋthｅｄoor ,and we aｌｌwaｌk in ．译:等我们终于找到８号房间的时候，妈妈已经涨红了脸,累得上气接不上下气。
我打开门锁,我们都走了进去。
2.Ｓhe impresseｓmｅ, and I feeｌso ignorａnt tｈat I ｓhouｌdn’t even breａthe the same air aｓher .译：她给我留下了深刻的印象,我觉得自己太无知了,甚至不配跟她呼吸同样的空气。
3.I ｄｏn’t know why I ｈａve to ｂe iｎtroducｅｄto literaｔurebuｔｔhe woman in tｈe aｄmiｓｓions oｆｆicｅsａys if it’ｓ a requiｒement even thｏugh I’ｖe read Dｏsｔoyevｓky anｄMelｖille aｎd that’ｓadmirable for sｏmeoｎe ｗithｏut a high ｓcｈｏol educａtｉo ｎ.译:我不知道为什么我非得了解文学。
可是招生办公室的那位女士说,虽然我读过陀思妥耶夫斯基和梅尔维尔的小说,虽然一个没上过高中的人能读这些书的确令人钦佩，但这门课是必修课。
4.I’m iｎhｅaveｎand tｈe ｆｉrst ｔhｉnｇtｏdｏｉs bｕｙｔｈe reｑｕireｄｔextboｏks,cｏｖer them wiｔh the pｕrｐle and white NYU book jａｃｋetｓsｏthａt peｏple iｎthe ｓubwａy w ｉllｌｏok at ｍｅａｄmｉｒingly .译:我乐得飘飘然了,第一件事就是去买所需要的课本,然后用纽约大学紫白相间的护封把它们套起来,这样地铁里的乘客就会向我投来艳羡的目光了。
定语从句的翻译
个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这 个中国人所珍爱的，在过去， 个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。 个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质， 燃料是一种物质，在适当的温度下能够燃烧并放
（1）重复关系词所指代的含义 ） .He is with his youngest brother, who is accompanying him on his tour in China. 他和他的小弟弟在一起。他的小弟弟正陪同他 在中国旅游 I have to book ahead for concerts, which are usually held in London. 我得预购音乐会的票。这些音乐会通常在伦敦 举行
There is no habit so old that may not be cured by a strong willpower. 只要有坚强的毅力，没有什么改不了的旧习 惯。 (2）句子的状语较短，而修饰宾语的定语从句较 ）句子的状语较短， 长 I put the books in the cupboard which you read yesterday. 我把你昨天读过的那些书放在橱柜里了 （3）先行词是主句的主语，而主句的谓语较短， ）先行词是主句的主语，而主句的谓语较短， 为了句子平衡而把定语从句放在主句谓g for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力， 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每
英汉对比与翻译(好)
Part Two
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
英汉语对比研究
Difference Between
Comparative Study and Contrastive Study
will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and
benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources
Examples of Negative Transfer
6. -- Your English is wonderful. -- Oh, no. My English is still poor. -- Your English is wonderful. -- Thank you, but I still have a long way to go before I really master it.
have stopped hunting for him.
Please compare the underlined words:
不要人云亦云。 这件事，你做也好，
他做也罢，我看谁 都做不好。
Don’t say what others have said.
Whether you do it or he does it, I’m afraid neither will do it well.
【汉语】英汉的语言对比
【关键字】汉语英汉语言对比Comparative Studies of English and Chinese Languages英语是文化的组成部分，是信息的载体，也是文化的载体。
一定社会的语言是这个社会文化的组成部分，而每一种语言在词语上的差异都会反映使用这种语言的社会、事物、习俗以及各种活动在文化方面的重要特征，比如物质文化、社会文化、宗教文化和语言文化等。
吕叔湘先生曾说过，“要认识汉语的特点，就要跟非汉语比较，要认识现代汉语的特点，就要和古代汉语比较；要认识普通话的特点，就要跟方言比较。
无论语言、词汇、语法，都可以通过对比来研究”。
英汉语言对比主要通过实际英汉翻译例证，分析英语和汉语在语言风格上、句法现象上、词汇表达上的差异；了解两种语言在词汇意义、次的搭配、语序安排上的异同；掌握句子结构、句子顺序及内容在表达上的特点等，科学地进行翻译练习和翻译实践。
语言的表达方式不仅与文化有着密切的关系，而且与思维及逻辑方式也有着密切的关系。
这种思维及逻辑方式的差异在语言表达方式上的表现即存在于语篇的思路和结构上，也存在于句子的水平上。
英汉语言特征对比Comparisons between English and Chinese Language Fetures英语重形合，汉语重意合英语重形合{hypotaxis}是指英语语言符号之间有较强的逻辑关系；汉语重意合{parataxis}是指汉语句子主要通过字词的意义连接起来。
英语是一种重形式逻辑的语言，英语在词形变化上除了通过词的派生表示词性或词义的变化外，还有名词的复数形式，动词时态形式，人称代词格的形式等，这些词的形式变化表示着意义的变化。
汉语里却没有这种词形的变化。
汉语里却没有这种词形的变化。
汉语的一些字词也通过偏旁部首的改变产生词义的改变，但在多数情况下通过增加、减少或改变字词引起意义上的变化，如“男大夫”，“女演员”等。
在句子的结构上，英语句子的各个成分要由各种连词、介词、关系词等连接起来，特别强调句子成分之间的从属、修饰、平行、对比等关系。
英译汉翻译技巧及方法2
八、Adverbs—Adjectives
1. The English language has changed subtly and pervasively.
英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。 2. She looked at me expectantly. 她用期待的眼光看着我。 3. Hopefully, it will be done early next month. 下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。 4. Traditionally, there had always been good relations
despondency of the unsuccessful career. 近四十岁时，由于事业上的挫折，他几乎为失意所毁。 4. The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller. 飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。
15. 把被动语态译成汉语主动句
无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。 2. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the
study of translation. 读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。 3. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with
他们沿着大街走去，经过许多商店，穿过一个大广场， 然后进入了一座大厦。
2. Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in. 琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来。 3. That day she was up before sunrise. 那天她在日出前就起来了。 4. They were suspicious and resentful of him. （adj.-v.） 他们不信任他，讨厌他。
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• Teaching aims: to learn about the linguistic
differences of Chinese and English so as to translate them accurately. • Main Language points:
• Comparative studies of syntactic structure in
Chinese and English
• Difficult teaching points: hypotactic &
paratactic; subject-prominent & topic
prominent; static & dynamic .
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• It is necessary to know grammar, and it is better to write grammatically than not, but it is well to remember that grammar is common speech formulated. • 懂得语法，很有必要。写得符合语法当比 不合语法好；但要记住，语法只是日常言 语的规范化。
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• 3.4 Parataxis and hypotaxis Hypotaxis refers to the linking of linguistic elements of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, achieved by syntagmatic devices whereas parataxis refers to the linking of linguistic elements achieved by meaning and logic for covert coherence.
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.2.1 sentence patterns
• 2.2 model of sentence expansion (句子扩展模式) English close-beginning (句首封闭性)，and open-ending (句尾开放性) ． Chinese: open-beginning(句首开放性) and close-ending(句尾封闭性) • Eg. ：汉语句首开放性(open-beginning) 对． 不对． 他不对． 我认为他不对． 我告诉过你我认为他不对． 我明明告诉过你我认为他不对． 我开会时我明明告诉过你我认为他不对． 我昨天开会时我明明告诉过你我认为他不对．
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3.Syntactical features
• • • • 3.1 Subject-prominent vs. theme-prominent English sentence: subject+ predicate Chinese sentence: theme+ rheme Eg. Thank you for your help yesterday.
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3.3Covertness and Overtness • Syntactical features of both English and Chinese are influenced by grammar. • 英语的外显性特征体现在词语的词性可通 过词形辨识，如 -tion, -er, -logy; -ed; -ly;
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• • • • • • • •
美景 beautiful scenery 展览品 the exhibits on display 药酒 mediated wine 解困酒 wine to drive out sleeping
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Ｅｇ I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. • 1)我常见许多青年的朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩 优异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封 信亦难得通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文 方面.
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:English: hypotaxis (形合); The sentence is built on the form-pivot, Structure is emphasized. Chinese: parataxis (意合); The sentence is built on the thought-pivot, it is the meaning instead of structure that is emphasized.
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• 11.0.3 discussion: • Eg. 1. John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.
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1英汉句子结构对比
• • • • • • • • 英语 主语突出 常用无灵主语 叙述多呈静态 组句多焦点透视 句式呈树式结构 思维重逻辑 句式严谨规范 • • • • • • • • 汉语 主题突出 有灵主语 叙述多呈动态 组句多散点透视 句式呈竹状结构 思维重语感 句式灵活多变
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2. Sentence patterns
• • • • • • The 5 commonly used English SPs SV Fish swim. SVC He is rich. SVO He dug a hole. SVoO He gave me a hand. SVOC He asked me to help him.
“If you had told me that you wouldn’t go, I wouldn’t have waited for you there.”
ｅｇ 你先告诉我你不去，我就不会在那里 等你了．
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• 1、跑得了和尚跑不了庙。 • The monk may run away, but the temple won's run with him. • 2、你死了我去当和尚。 • If you died, I would go and become a monk. • 3、他不去我去。 • I would like to go if he wouldn't go. • 4、他不去我也去。 • I'd go there even if he wouldn't go with me. • 5、他不去我才去。 • I'd go there only if he won't.
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• 3.2Compact vs diffusive • English sentences are compact, namely, tightly combined with connection or prepositions, while Chinese is diffusive, that is loose in structure. • Eg. Although lonely in a new land, he was described by his fellow workers and students as cheerful, of a friendly nature, honest, and modest. • 虽然他单身一人，又处在异乡客地，但正 如他的同事和学生描述的那样，他为人愉 快开朗，温文尔雅，诚实谦逊。
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• 正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位 姑娘，（。）年纪约十八九岁，装束与前一个毫无 分别，（。）瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，（。）相貌不 过中人之姿，（。）只觉得秀而不媚，清而不寒。 （刘鹗《老残游记》第二回） • Amidst the feverish bustling, there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen or nineteen years old, dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like melon-seed. Her beauty was above the average woman-charming but not coquettish, and a clarity of complexion but not coldness.
• Teaching methods: Analysis and Practice • Time arrangement: 2 periods
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• 11.1 E-C Syntactical features
• 11.2 sentence patterns and expansions
• 11.3 Methods of Translating Sentences
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• Teaching references: • 1. 方梦之. 翻译新论与实践[M]. 青岛出版社，2002
• 2. 孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程[M]. 上外教出版社；彭长江. 英汉－汉英翻译教程[M]. 湖南师大出版社； • 3. 陈宏薇，新编汉英翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，
2004
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• 话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。 • They say the momentum of history was ever thus: the empire, long divided, must unite; long united, must divide. • 2、他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须 马上停止。 • They must stop all their provocations at once, which create tensions.