非谓语动词讲义 (1)

非谓语动词

●谓语动词：能直接作谓语的动词叫谓语动词

●非谓语动词：不能单独作句子的谓语，不受句子主语的人称和数的限制，而是担任句子其

他语法功能的动词，叫非谓语动词。

●非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式，动词现在分词（动名词）和动词过去分词

一、动词不定式

1. 动词不定式的形成：

1）to+do

e.g.1. He wants to be a doctor.

2. To pass the college entrance exam, we must study hard.

3. I have a lot of reading to complete before the end of this term.

4. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.

5. She asked to be sent to work in the countryside.

6. He was the only man to have been praised at the meeting.

Given enough time, we are sure to do it well.

The two men pretended to working hard.

2. 不定式的句法功能：在句中不定式可作主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定语，和状语。

1)作主语

To make a living in the big city is not easy.

为了句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻常采用it作形式主语，而把作真正主语不定式置于句末。

It is not easy to make a living in the big city.

It is impossible to buy a car for her young son.

= To buy a car for her young son is impossible.

2)作宾语不定式做及物动词的宾语。还有个别介词如：but/except的介词宾语.这些动词

有：想决心学会（是有）希望（的），want/expect, decide, learn, hope/wish （先）假装失败，pretend, fail

（再）设法拒绝，manage/try, refuse,

（然后）主动答应（别人的）计划，offer, promise, plan

（最后）同意选择请求别人帮一帮。agree, choose, ask/beg, help

e.g.1. Right now you need to stay until help comes.

2. They don’t want to be too close to one another.

3. 不定式在but后时，若but前有实义动词do时，不定式不带to，否则须带to.

1) We have nothing to do but _____( wait) for the doctor.

2) I have no choice but ________(wait) for the doctor.

3) He did nothing all day but _____( practice) reading.

4. 如作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，置于谓语动

词后面，而将动词不定式放到宾语补足语后面。构成; v +it+adj.+ to do 结构

They found it hard to learn Chinese.

Don’t you think it better to translate it in this way?

He felt ____his duty to work for human right and progress.

A. what

B. this

C. that

D. it

( 能跟it作形式宾语的常见动词有：find /think/ feel/ believe/consider. )

3. 作表语

不定式作表语用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设；但不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具有未来的含义。

His dream is to become an actor.

Waving one’s hand is to say “Goodbye”.

4.作宾语补足语：

（1）在有些动词后作宾语补足语，构成v+sb. to do sth.结构。这些动词有：等待希望和鼓励，wait for /expect/wish/encourage

想请求建议和允许，want, beg/ask,advise,allow

喜欢命令但依靠说服，like/love, order,depend on, persuade,

打算拜访告诉（你有人）邀请，intend, tell, invite, call on

宁可教（你）使用强迫（或）禁止（手段）。prefer,teach, get, forbid

（2）动词不定式作感官、使役动词的宾语补足语时，动词不定式不带to，但当句子变为被动语态，作主语补足语时，须带to. 这些动词有;

吴（五）看三室（使）两厅（听）一感觉半帮助

look at/ see/ watch/ notice/ observe

make/ let/ have

listen to/ hear

feel

help(可以带to也可以不带to)

常见的使役动词有四个：have,make,let,get,表示“使、让”的含义。

5. 作定语

（1）不定式作定语表示将来的动作。

I have a lot of things to do.

The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.

（2）不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或者代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后所需要加相应的介词。I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at.

I have no room to live in.