语言学教程chapter 1 练习

• 10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact. F 11. Saussure„ s exposition of synchronic 共时 性analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.索绪尔是历时性 F • 12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. T
• 5. The theory that language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has been called the _____ theory. ▪ pooh-pooh • 6. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _____ over writing. ▪ speech 7. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _____ study. ▪ diachronic linguistic历时语言学
8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. descriptive 规定式 • 9. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.
• Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph? • 交通灯没有二重性。很显然交通灯不是双层的系 统。符号与意义之间只有一一对应的关系，而意义 单元不能进一步分为更小的无意义的成分。因此， 交通灯跟动物的叫声一样，只有底层没有上层。 • 红→ 停 • 绿→ 行 • 黄→ 准备
Pragmatics语用学
• II. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. • 1. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T • 2. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language. F
A grammatical unit
• • • • •
clause complex clause word group/phrase word morpheme（词素/形位）
A desirable likely inspired happy developed sophisticated
B undesirable unlikely uninspired unhappy undeveloped unsophisticated
• Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph? • Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals‟ calls.
Chapter 3
From Morpheme to Phrase
2013-9-16
The theory of grammar is concerned with the question: What is the nature of a person‟s knowledge of his language, the knowledge that enables him to make use of language in the normal, creative fashion? A person who knows a language has mastered a system of rules that assigns sound and meaning in a definite way for infinite class of possible sentences. Noam Chomsky, Language and Mind,1968
Linguistics：A Course Book
语言学教程
毛峻凌
Exercises of Chapter 1
• 1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _verbal communication. • 2. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _creativity • ____.创造性
• 6. By diachronic 历时性study we mean to study the changes and development of language. • T • 7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints. • T • 8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary. F • 9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners' communicative skills. T
• There are many expressions in language which are metalingual元语言 or self-reflexsives, namely, talking about talk and think about thinking. For example, to be honest, to make a long story short, come to think of it, on second thought, etc. Can you give some more instances of these expressions? • There are many other expressions such as To tell the truth, frankly speaking, as a matter of fact, to be precise, in other words, that is to say. • Such expressions are used most frequently when we want to expatiate细说 the meaning of former clauses in another way in argumentation.
• 3. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is _ metalingual function ____. 元语言功能 ▪ • 4. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the _ yo-he-ho ____ theory. ▪
Morphologyቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ The Words of Language

A word is dead when it is said, some say. I say it just begings to live that day.
Emily Dickinson, “A Word is Dead” , Complete Poems, 1924.
• 3. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations. T • 4. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F • 5. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us. T