Methodology例文
方法 的英文作文
方法的英文作文Title: The Significance of Methodology in Academic Pursuits。
In the realm of academic endeavors, methodology serves as the cornerstone upon which research and analysis stand. Its significance cannot be overstated, as it not only guides the process of inquiry but also ensures the validity and reliability of findings. In this essay, we delve into the essence of methodology, its various manifestations across disciplines, and its pivotal role in advancing knowledge.At its essence, methodology refers to the systematic approach employed to conduct research or solve a problem. It encompasses a range of techniques, procedures, and tools utilized to gather, analyze, and interpret data. Whether in the natural sciences, social sciences, or humanities, the selection of an appropriate methodology is paramount to the integrity of the study.In scientific inquiry, methodology often revolves around experimentation and empirical observation. Researchers meticulously design experiments, control variables, and employ statistical analysis to draw meaningful conclusions. The rigor of the scientific method ensures that results are reproducible and robust, thereby advancing our understanding of the natural world.In the social sciences, methodologies vary widely depending on the nature of the research question and the phenomena under investigation. Qualitative approaches such as ethnography, interviews, and case studies are commonly employed to explore complex social phenomena in-depth. On the other hand, quantitative methods such as surveys and experiments offer statistical insights into patterns of behavior and relationships between variables.In the humanities, methodology takes on diverse forms ranging from textual analysis to hermeneutics. Scholars scrutinize literary works, historical documents, and cultural artifacts using interpretative frameworks groundedin theory and critical discourse. By unpacking layers of meaning and context, researchers shed light on the complexities of human expression and experience.Regardless of disciplinary boundaries, the choice of methodology is guided by the overarching goal of generating valid and reliable knowledge. Validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately measures what it claims to measure, while reliability pertains to the consistency and stability of results over time and across contexts. Achieving both validity and reliability requires careful consideration of research design, data collection methods, and analytical techniques.Moreover, methodology is not a static entity but rather evolves in response to advancements in technology, theoretical paradigms, and interdisciplinary collaboration. With the advent of big data analytics, for instance, researchers can now analyze vast datasets to uncover patterns and trends previously inaccessible. Similarly, interdisciplinary approaches bring together insights from multiple fields to tackle complex problems that defytraditional disciplinary boundaries.In conclusion, methodology lies at the heart of academic inquiry, providing the framework through which knowledge is generated, evaluated, and disseminated. Whether in the natural sciences, social sciences, or humanities, the selection of an appropriate methodology is crucial to the integrity and credibility of research. By adhering to rigorous methodological standards, researchers uphold the principles of objectivity, transparency, and intellectual rigor essential for the advancement of knowledge.。
英语论文分析学习第3节methodology
Abstract
Introduction
methodology
results
Discussion/conclusion
The contents of a research article or thesis
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Warming up question:
what kind of research methods do you use in your field.?
APA format
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General structure of the methods Section
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definition
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Quantitative the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
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Model analysis-Sentence1
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practice: read the 3 examples and decide what are the ways to introduce the Methodology? ways
方法论英语作文模板
方法论英语作文模板英文回答：Introduction.A research methodology provides a structured framework for conducting research. It outlines the steps involved in the research process, from problem formulation to data analysis and interpretation. A well-designed methodology ensures that the research is conducted systematically and rigorously, producing valid and reliable results.Components of a Research Methodology.1. Research Design:The research design determines the type of study to be conducted. Common research designs include experimental designs, quasi-experimental designs, non-experimental designs, and mixed-method designs.2. Data Collection Methods:Data collection methods are used to gather data from participants or sources. These methods include surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, and document analysis.3. Sampling:Sampling involves selecting a representative subset of the population to participate in the study. Sampling methods include random sampling, stratified sampling,cluster sampling, and convenience sampling.4. Data Analysis:Data analysis involves examining and interpreting the data collected. Statistical techniques, such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and regression analysis, are often used for this purpose.5. Ethical Considerations:Researchers must adhere to ethical principles throughout the research process, including obtaining informed consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality, and avoiding any potential harm to participants.Conclusion.A research methodology provides a roadmap for conducting research that is methodologically sound and produces meaningful results. By following a structured approach, researchers can increase the validity and reliability of their findings, enhancing the credibility and impact of their research.中文回答：引言。
方法论英语作文模板
方法论英语作文模板Title: The Essence of Methodology in Academic Research.In the realm of academic inquiry, methodology holds a pivotal position, guiding researchers towards reliable and valid conclusions. It is the systematic approach that underpins the entire research process, ensuring that objectives are met, hypotheses are tested, and data are analyzed with precision and rigor.Methodology is not merely a set of techniques or tools; it is a philosophy that dictates how one approaches a problem, selects appropriate methods, and interprets findings. It is the backbone of any research study, informing every step from conceptualization to dissemination of results.The foundation of any methodology is the theoretical framework. This framework provides a lens through which the researcher views the world and interprets data. It is thetheoretical backdrop that guides the selection of methods, the interpretation of findings, and the ultimateconclusions drawn.In selecting a methodology, researchers must consider the nature of their research question. Is it descriptive, explanatory, or exploratory? The answer to this questionwill determine the appropriate research design, sample size, data collection methods, and analytical techniques. For example, a descriptive study might employ quantitative methods such as surveys or experiments to gather data,while an exploratory study might rely on qualitative methods like interviews or case studies.The sampling technique is also crucial. Whether the researcher opts for a probabilistic or non-probabilistic sample, the chosen method must be representative of the population being studied. Otherwise, the findings may notbe generalizable or reliable.Data collection is another vital aspect of methodology. Researchers must determine the best method for gatheringdata, whether it be through primary or secondary sources. Primary data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments, while secondary data can be obtained from existing databases, published studies, or government reports. The choice of data collection method should be based on the research objectives and the availability of resources.Data analysis is where the real magic happens. It is here where raw data are transformed into meaningful information that answers the research question. The analytical techniques employed should be appropriate forthe type of data collected and the research objectives. For example, quantitative data might be analyzed using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, or regression analysis, while qualitative data might be analyzed through content analysis, thematic analysis, or grounded theory.Finally, the dissemination of results is an integralpart of the research process. Researchers must communicate their findings in a clear and concise manner, ensuring thattheir work is accessible to other scholars and practitioners. Publications in peer-reviewed journals, presentations at conferences, and the sharing of data and materials are all important avenues for disseminating research findings.In conclusion, methodology is the lifeblood of academic research. It is the compass that guides researchers through the maze of inquiry, ensuring that they stay on course and arrive at reliable and valid conclusions. By paying careful attention to the theoretical framework, research design, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis, and dissemination of results, researchers can ensure that their work makes a meaningful contribution to the field.。
文科的methodology样本
文科的methodology样本
首先，Methodology中文意思是方法论，顾名思义就是你写这篇毕业论文所运用的方法是什么，以及为什么用这样的方法，最后是怎么做。
最终目的就是为了让你的导师能够从你提供的数据或者信息中确认这篇论文的可靠性和有效性。
（1）. 描述你的研究方法
To determine whether … is work, I used the ….
为了确定......是否是工作，我使用了....
（2）. 论证你为什么选择这个方法/可以通过对比Po出优势
The reason why I choose this method is because it represents an innovative alternative to …, which is also the most popular approach to prove…
我之所以选择这种方法，是因为它代表了一种创新的替代方法去研究…,这也是最流行的方法来证明…
（3）. 描述你在研究中运用了哪些工具/软件
The instrument/ apparatus I used is …
我使用的仪器/设备是......。
The device set up in order to solve…
设置的装置是为了解决...
（4.）评估和证明（记得稍微提一下Limitation）
Although this is the most effective way to solve…, it undeniably has some limitations.。
methodology for a survey study
3.1 Number of subjects If the survey study is a major part of our project and it aims to reveal a general pattern, we have to choose a large sample. If it is only part of our project and is exploratory in nature, we can select a relatively small sample. The smallest sample for a survey is no less than 30. If the number of subjects is changed in the process, we should report the change and explain the reason. (longitudinal)
3.2 A random sample or a convenience sample? When representativeness is a compulsory requirement for our research, we must have a random sample. There are three random sampling techniques: simple random sampling, systematic random sampling and stratified-random sampling.
1.Introduction
It describes the research design briefly in one or two sentences. We may write like this: This thesis reports a survey study of the autonomoument of a questionnaire.
methodology 模板
文章标题：深度解析方法论模板：从简到繁一、引言方法论是指在研究中所采用的研究方法和研究设计的基本原则和规范。
在科研、学术论文或者实践中，方法论的选择对于研究的成败至关重要。
本文将深度探讨方法论模板，帮助读者全面理解和灵活运用。
二、方法论模板的概念与意义方法论模板是指在进行学术研究或实践中，所采用的一种固定的研究方法和设计框架，用以指导研究的整个过程。
方法论模板的选择对于研究的深度和广度具有重要的影响。
一个合理的方法论模板可以有效地指导研究者进行全面、深入的研究，并确保研究的可靠性和可信度。
三、方法论模板的分类及应用1. 定性研究方法论模板在社会科学领域中，定性研究方法论模板被广泛应用。
通过对个案的深入分析和解释，揭示出事物的内在规律和现象的深层含义。
定性研究方法论模板侧重于研究对象的质性特征和内在结构，具有独特的研究价值。
2. 定量研究方法论模板定量研究方法论模板通过量化研究对象的特征和变量，利用统计学的方法进行分析和解释。
定量研究方法论模板侧重于研究对象的数量特征和变化规律，能够客观、准确地反映现象和问题。
3. 实证研究方法论模板实证研究方法论模板结合了定性和定量研究的特点，旨在通过实证数据和案例分析来验证研究假设和观点。
实证研究方法论模板具有综合性和系统性的优势，能够全面、深入地揭示研究对象的特征和规律。
四、方法论模板的实际应用与案例分析以社会科学领域为例，通过对不同国家文化背景下的领导力特点进行调查和分析，运用定性研究方法论模板，揭示出不同文化下领导力特点的内在规律。
结合定量研究方法论模板，通过量化分析各国领导力特点的差异和变化趋势。
通过实证研究方法论模板，验证和论证研究假设，得出科学的结论和结论。
五、方法论模板的个人观点与理解在我看来，方法论模板并非一成不变的模式，而是应根据具体研究对象和目的来灵活选择和应用。
方法论模板应结合实际情况和研究需求，在深度和广度的要求下，不断完善和优化。
只有在具体研究实践中不断总结经验和改进方法，才能取得更为可靠和丰富的研究成果。
英文文献的方法部分-Methodology
Sophie
Materials & Methods
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4.1 Introduction to Methodology Section
4.1.2 Why explain how you obtained your results? The method affects the results. There are different methods that we can use. The methods is consistent with accepted practice in the field of
• Give details and nothing more
Sentence 9: mentions a possible difficulty in the methodology.
• But how can I talk about problems in my work without looking like a
Sophie
Materials & Methods
study. The research methods must be appropriate to the objectives of the
study. The methodology should also discuss the problems and the ways
teachingmethodology
TitleCompare, contrast and critically evaluate the main methods and approaches that have been used in English language teaching, comment on the extant to which each of these can be used in your future teaching practice.IntroductionTeaching methodology in EFL(English as a foreign language), which has developed for hundred years, is handed down and affects us in today’s teaching practice. In the main body, four particular teaching methods are analyzed and evaluated, especially their strengths and weakness in the real teaching practice. Also, their respective significance to EFL development can not be overlooked. Moreover, many other methods and approaches except the foregoing are briefly listed. Above all, the ultimate goal of this writing is to enrich my knowledge about language teaching and absorb what is refined in each method, which will possibly be applied to my future teaching practice.1. Generally, teaching method is a way of teaching a language which is based on systematic principles and procedures. Or we can simply regard it as an application of views on how a language is best taught and learned. Following methods were adopted in different times in order to achieve the teaching goals.2. Grammar-translation Method2.1 BackgroundThis method sprung up in the mid 18th century and reached its height around the 19th century, which was the time when classical Latin and Greek were widely taught for th ere’s a great need to read the literature. Not until the late 19th century, the time when travel became popular and conversationin English became necessary, did the GTM come under criticism.2.2 Objectives●Because of its great emphasis on understanding and appreciating foreign language literature, reading and writing are the major focuses.●Through the study of grammar, students tend to become more aware of correctness and accuracy of the sentence.2.3 Techniques●Students have to intentionally memorize rules, vocabulary and meaning. Examples will be applied frequently to illustrate and explain the rules.●Plenty of translation exercises are involved in class. Mother language is applied in class instead of the target language●Vocabulary is obtained from the text reading. Moreover, lists of vocabulary items are presented with their equivalent translation.2.4 Characteristics●Class is organized mainly in students’ mother tongue.●Grammar rules memorizing is the basic and the most important means in language learning. Also, those rules will be elaborately illustrated and explained through the text reading and sentence translation.●Almost no attention is paid to the oral and listening skills. Pronunciation is overlooked in this method2.5Assessment (strengths)●Systematic learning in reading and writing is achieved throughGMT for its great focus on rules learning.●Correctness and high-standard accuracy are presented in students’ reading and writing.●Problem-solving situation and translation-based tasks are built to activate students’ initiative s2.6Assessment (drawbacks)●Students can never get rid of the influence of their mother tongue.●Tremendous memorization is prescribed while language creativity is smothered.●In most situations, learners can only memorize one or two meanings of each word. The result is that they feel confused if the word shows up in a third meaning, which will hinders them from fully understanding the text.3. Direct Method3.1 BackgroundDirect Method can be regarded as the outcome of the lang uage teaching reforms taken from 1850-1900. For the GTM was attacked as outdated and failing to meet the needs at that time, reformers intended to build up a new method, and the DM was the invention. Linguists like M. Berlitz and F. Gonin were the main contributors.●Moreover, the revitalization of the phonetics and the founding of IPA also gave impetus to the emergence of the DM.3.2 Objectives●Unlike GMT, Direct Method puts the speaking part precedes other language skills. Oral communication is emphasized.●Target language is adopted during the whole teaching. First language translation is avoided in order to set the students free from mother tongue and develop students’ ability to think in the target language.3.3 Techniques●“Oral communication skills were built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and studen ts in small, intensive classes.”(By Richards and Rodgers, 1986). Besides, Class exercises like dictation, Q&A, narrative, imitation and free composition are involved.●W ords are explained in target language and demonstrations. Grammar rules are not listed by teachers but found by students through their speaking, listening and reading.●Utterances and pronunciation are stressed, and students’ w rong pronunciation will be immediately pointed out and corrected.3.4 Characteristics●Only target language is involved in class, and learners are supposed to fully immerse themselves into the environment and think in the target way.●Conversations in realistic everyday situation are prescribed for thelearners instead of the book reading and literature appreciating.3.5 Assessment (strengths)●Through total immersion in the target language, learners’ ability to think in the target language will be developed.●Pronunciation and utterance are learned.●Learners’ initiatives are encouraged, and effective teaching is achieved through the plenty of demonstrations and involved imitations.3.6Assessment (drawbacks)●Absolute avoidance of the first language sometimes troubles the teaching, for it’s difficult for teachers to explain everything mainly by paraphrasing and demonstrating, especially some abstract concepts.●Lack of translation and grammar explanation also lead to the mistakes in students’ speaking.●Overemphasized on the similarities between the natural first language acquisition and the second language learning.4. Audio-Lingual Method4.1 BackgroundALM, known as the Army Method, had its origins during the W orld W ar II which created the need to oral communication in English. Besides, the ALM arose out of the theory proposed by behaviorist psychologists like B.F Skinner, saying that all behavior (including language) was learnt through repetition and positive or negative reinforcement. In a simple word,language learning is through habit formation. Later in the late 1950s, the method fell from popularity because its theoretical basis was questioned by some linguists. Among which, Chomsky was the most famous one for his review of B.F Skinner's Verbal Behavior in 1959. Despite of all the criticisms it gained in the past several decades, ALM continues to be used today.4.2 Objectives●Four language skills are emphasized, especially listening and speaking. Students are expected to gain their communicative skills through imitation and repetition of the presented dialogues.●Without much explanation in mother tongue, grammar rules are not obtained through memorization, but by examples.4.3 Techniques●Dialogues and pattern drills are involved in class. Learners are told to imitate the dialogues and memorize the drills presented in the dialogues.●Repetition is the most important strategy. Students are asked to repeat the teacher’s sentence in order to reinforce their memorization.●False utterance will be corrected right in the spot. Repetition also applied to pronounce some unaccustomed phonemes for some particular learners.●Modern means like the tapes and video are used as aids. Correct pronunciation, rules and culture are presented through them.4.4 Characteristics●Learners are asked to mimicry, repetition and memorization all the time. Sentence structure patterns are learned through repetitive drills.●Grammar and vocabulary are obtained through the regular dialogues and context the learners memorized.●Reference to mother tongue is not permitted and native-speaker-like model is set up.●Tapes and visual aids provide an easy way for learners to access to the correct utterance.4.5 Assessment (strengths)●Compare to other methods, this method realizes both input and output. Students listen and learn, and then they memorize it and speak it out.●Through the long-term memorization, students are able to use the simple and basic sentence structures correctly. Simple grammar knowledge can be taught through the habit formation.4.6 Assessment (drawbacks)●Because of the long-term imitation and repetition, students are not able to create their own sentence or anything spontaneous. Also, they can not adapt themselves to natural speech situations.●Teachers tend to overuse the tapes and visual materials. Boredom and mindlessness are engendered among learners soon.5. Communicative Approach5.1 Background●This approach has its origins in 1960s, and became extremely popular in the 1970s when many experts, represented by Munby(1978) and Wilkins(1979), felt dissatisfied with the traditional language teaching methods like the Grammar-translation method and the audio-lingual method. Teaching communication ability at that time has become an irreversible trend in language teaching.5.2 Objectives●Students are expected to able to communicate with other people in appropriate language.●“Communicative competence” refers to the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of language in order to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom. (Hymes) In this method, grammar is not stressed, instead, the students are carefully taught to choose the appropriate words and sentences according to the different situations.●After the course, students are able to maintain the conversation despite the fact that their language knowledge is limited.5.3 Techniques●Communicative activities are set for learners such as role plays, problem-solving situations and designed games.●Teachers are expected to not just organize and manage the activities but sometimes take part in it in order to activate the class.●Group discussing is manipulated to ensure that every individual hasa chance to speak and interact with other group members.5.4Characteristics●W e can simply regard it as a learner-centered form of teaching.Unlike other traditional methods, in this approach, teachers function as facilitators while students are the main contributor to the class.●Authentic materials and real communication situations are used.●Emphasis is put on learning to communicate in target language.●Students’ personal emotions and experiences are concerned. They are encouraged to express their feelings in class.5.5 Assessment (strengths)●More appropriateness and accurate communications are presented in this method.●Learners are greatly activated by the classroom activities, which eventually results in effectiveness in the teaching process.5.6 Assessment (drawbacks)●Because of its randomness and great focus on fluency, learners tend to use the target language informally and sometimes incorrectly.●Without the basic knowledge of rules and vocabulary, it’s hard for students to achieve progress and become higher-level learners.6.In the long history of EFL development, there’re still many other methods and approaches, besides the foregoing ones, have contributed a lot to the language teaching development. After a shallow study of these methodologies, some simple conclusions are formed.6.1 Total Physical Response, a method claims that teachers teach words and expressions through body motions. TPR is supposed to be effective in simple teaching, but difficult to be used in complex language.6.2 Suggestopidia, which aims to speed up the teaching process by encouraging students and cultivating their confidence.6.3 Reading Method. In this method, learners are taught through foreign materials reading, with direct comprehension of meaning.6.4 Task-based Method. Just as its name implies, tasks are contributed to every students. Students learn the language through the tasks accomplishing.7. Personal opinions on application of these methods.After analyzing all the mentioned methods above, I really appreciate some of them, especially the GMT and the Communicative Method, and I intend to apply them into my future teaching. I try to analyze the application of these methods in two ways.7.1 Choose the right methods according to different target learners.Different people from different ages have different intellectual features. Children can recite poems fluently despite that they can not understand them.They are willing to open their mouths to imitate and speak. For them, Communicative Method should be greatly applied in class in order to interest them. Adults and high-level learners are more enthusiastic in learning sentence structures and grammar knowledge. So, explanations for grammar rules and advanced vocabulary should be included in teaching them.7.2 Choose the right methods according to the different phases of student’s learning.In the beginning phase of learning, students lack of vocabulary and basic knowledge, so it is not reasonable to explain knowledge in target language. Grammar-translation is necessary in this phase because it can be clearer to the beginners. Also, Total Physical Response can be very effective because of its vivid body motions for the children. In the middle rank of learning, students already gain the basic knowledge of four language skills. In this phase, Communicative Method can be effective to consolidate their knowledge. Task-based method can sometimes be a facilitator for students in this phase to activate their initiatives.All and all, effective teaching is not achieving through one or two methods. In future teaching, knowing how to combine different methods to realize different goals is the biggest theme of my future learning in teaching.ReferencesDavid Nunan, 1992, Research Methods in Language Learning, Cambridge University PressPaul Davies, 2000, Success in English Teaching,Oxford University Press王渭刚，《浅析外语教学中几种主要的教学法》，渭南师范学院外语系章兼中，《国外外语教学主要流派》，华东师范大学出版社。
methodology
反向答题法
Q: Why are few artists wealthy?
A: Really? I thought all the artists are wealthy as far as I know. Oh no no no, hold on a sec, Vincent van Gogh, he was not wealthy all his life. I bet you must know him; everyone does. He is known as one of the greatest painters now but back in his time, when he was alive, nobody appreciated his work and he couldn’t sell one of the paintings, he was always starving. Now, his painting can be sold at a couple of millions easy. What a shame he only became famous years after his death.
抽象变具体法
Q1: Do you like bad news or good news? Q2: Is there much false information in news? Q3: Which do you think is better, to have ‘one man rule’ or to have rule by everybody? Q4: Who is usually the leader in a family in China? Q5: What can cause water pollution? Q6: What are the benefits for companies to give holidays to the employees?
英国毕业论文｜Methodology怎么写？
英国毕业论文｜Methodology怎么写？展开全文英国院校的毕业论文中都被要求写Methodology，很多同学都对Methodology表示一脸懵，这究竟是个什么东西？Methodology就是你写这篇毕业论文所运用的方法是什么，以及为什么用这样的方法，以及采用这种方法的步骤。
Methodology通常分两步走。
第一步解释你的研究途径，就是你需要解释做什么研究，在哪里做研究，为什么这样做以及你需要确定用何种研究方法，是定量分析还是定性分析等。
第二步阐述你的研究设计，在这里你需要详细解释到你的数据来源，以及会得出一个大概什么样的数据分析预测等等。
听起来是不是还有些懵，具体该怎么做呢，好，话不多说，直接上结构。
引言在methodology的引言部分，需要提纲携领的概括一下在这一部分要涉及到什么内容，比如研究设计，数据收集方法，样本选择以及道德考虑和研究局限性等。
介绍研究设计在这一部分同学们要解释是采取了定性研究还是定量研究，为什么要用这种方法（定性or定量），这种方法的优点，对你论文的适用性是什么以及它的局限性。
介绍研究途径研究途径通常分为三种：positivism，interpretivism，post pos itivism。
一般情况下，Positivism一般用于自然科学例如商科等毕业论文写作。
需要用到定量分析。
Interpretivism一般用于人文社科等文科类科学，需要用到定性析。
而post positivism适用于objective world by subjective experience。
这种情况下会同时运用到定量与定性分析。
这里同样要介绍采用了何种研究途径，为什么要用它，以及优缺点。
介绍数据收集方法和工具在这一部分你要详细解释你的数据来源。
具体来说，定量分析需要进行数据收集，收集过程分为一手数据（问卷调查）和二手数据（如公司年报，股票证券的历史数据等等）。
而定性分析则通过interview来实现。
材料和方法Writing the methodology chapter
Lecture Six
Distinction between methods and methodology
It is important to realize that simply looking at research articles to provide guidance on how to compose a methodology section may not be adequate, as methods sections in scientific research articles tend to be ‘extremely compressed’, whereas in theses they are likely to be ‘more leisurely and explicit明白/确’ (Swales, 2004).
How the data were processed
the greater length of methods sections in the social as compared to the hard science suggests less unanimity全体一致 as to methodological practice. The language used is often impersonal, with verbs in the passive voice, in order to focus on the processes involved. The section should also discuss any problems encountered with the analysis or limitations.
(完整)Methodology例文
3.1 IntroductionThe purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with an understanding of the methodology and relevant research approaches adopted in our research. In this chapter， we explain the research philosophy， approaches and strategies， and why the methodology has been adopted， at the same time, the constraints associated with data collection and the limitations to the work will also be discussed。
The research aim for this dissertation is to investigate the current human resource management practices of small and medium—sized enterprises (SMEs) in China。
Obtaining effective data and information is of vital concern to build an accurate picture of the issue being studied。
To a large extent, methodology determines the outcomes of any research。
Therefore， it is crucial to choose appropriate research methods and conduct them effectively in order to answer the research question and meet the research objectives well。
方法的重要性英语作文
方法的重要性英语作文The Crucial Role of Methodology.In the realm of academic pursuit, the significance of methodology cannot be overstated. It is the backbone of any research, guiding the investigator through the maze of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The choice of methodology determines the validity and reliability of the findings, influencing the overall impact of the study.Methodology is not merely a set of techniques or procedures; it is a philosophy that governs the entire research process. It involves the selection of appropriate research design, sampling techniques, data collection methods, and analytical frameworks. Each step of the research process is informed by the chosen methodology, ensuring that the study is systematic, rigorous, and objective.The importance of methodology is further emphasized inthe context of the ever-evolving academic landscape. With the advent of new technologies and research paradigms, traditional methodologies are being challenged and new ones are being developed. It is crucial for researchers to keep up with these changes, adapting and refining their methodologies to stay relevant and effective.One of the primary reasons for the importance of methodology is its impact on the reliability of research findings. If the methodology is flawed or inappropriate, the results may be inaccurate or biased, leading to misleading conclusions. This can have profound implications for academic research, policy making, and even societal understanding of complex issues.Moreover, methodology affects the generalizability of research findings. A well-designed study with a robust methodology can produce results that are more widely applicable, providing valuable insights across different contexts and populations. Conversely, a study with a weak methodology may yield findings that are limited to a narrow scope, lacking the broader impact and significance.In addition to reliability and generalizability, methodology also plays a crucial role in ethical considerations. Researchers have a responsibility to ensure that their methodologies are ethical,尊重参与者的权益，保护他们的隐私和数据安全。
英国毕业论文Methodology写作详解---英国翰思教育
最近很多同学都开始着手Dissertation了，但是Dissertation写起来真的好麻烦啊，Dissertation 里面最难的一部分就数Methodology了，很多同学都不知道Methodology怎么写，本文小编为大家带来Methodology写作详解。
首先小编来帮大家把Dissertation的基本结构框架捋顺一下：1.Title Page2.Table of Contents3.Chapter I-Introduction（about 2000 words）4.Chapter II-Background（about 4000 words）5.Chapter III-Methodology（about 3000 words）6.Chapter IV-Results（about 3200 words）7.Chapter V-Conclusions and Recommendations8.References9.Appendix前面的Introduction和Background比较好写，大家也可以自己搞定，但每当进行到Methodology环节，同学们就开始麻爪完全无从下手，而这个部分又相当重要。
因为这个部分要讲清楚你是如何进行研究的，以及用怎样的方式通过研究得出结论。
在整个Methodology章节，你需要说明所写文章如何对数据与资料进行收集，关于资料收集的方法。
也就是说对于你所做的调查，数据发掘以及进行的实验，你必须给出明晰的解释，而且必须表明搜集资料的过程中，你运用的方法是科学的、可行的，这样做可以增加可信度。
Methodology怎么写？01.说明研究中的样本首先你需要对研究中的参与者或样本给予定义，说明试验中有多少人或样本容量，以及选择他们的方法和过程。
比如说：介绍参与者时简单用一句话概括即可，相对来讲介绍样本选择要复杂得多。
包括时间、地点、名称以及样本容量，都需要进行详细说明，不要有任何遗漏。
Methodology例文
3.1 IntroductionThe purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with an understanding of the methodology and relevant research approaches adopted in our research. In this chapter, we explain the research philosophy, approaches and strategies, and why the methodology has been adopted, at the same time, the constraints associated with data collection and the limitations to the work will also be discussed.The research aim for this dissertation is to investigate the current human resource management practices of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China. Obtaining effective data and information is of vital concern to build an accurate picture of the issue being studied. To a large extent, methodology determines the outcomes of any research. Therefore, it is crucial to choose appropriate research methods and conduct them effectively in order to answer the research question and meet the research objectives well.3.2 Discussion of Methodology Theory3.2.1留学生论文网Research PhilosophyThe first question that any researcher should raise before conducting a real research project is what research philosophy you will adopt, this is very fundamental step and generally speaking, there are three views about the research philosophy that dominate the literature: positivism, interpretivism and realism (Saunders et al., 2003).The key idea of positivism is that the social world exists external, and its properties should be measured through objective methods, rather than being inferred subjectively through sensation, reflection or intuition (Smith et al, 1991). If your research philosophy is positivism, you will assume the role of an objective analyst, make detached interpretations about data collected in a value-free manner and emphasize on a highly structured methodology to facilitate replication (Gill and Johnson, 1997) and quantifiable observations that lead themselves to statistical analysis.By contrast with positivism, interpretivism is often associated with the term social constructionism which is critical of positivism and argues that rich insights into this complex world are needed. The role of the interpretivist is to seek to understand the subjective reality of those that they study in order to be able to make sense of and understand their motives, actions and intention (Saunders et al., 2003). In other words, social constructionism offers that reality is subjective and it is socially constructed and given meaning by people (Seddighi, 2005).Finally, realism recognizes the importance of understanding people’s socially constructed interpretations and meanings, or subjective reality, within the context of seeking to understand broader social forces, structures or processes that influence, and perhaps constrain, the nature of people’s views and behaviors (Saunders et al., 2003).(责任编辑：留学生论文网) Based on the differences of three philosophies, this research is of an exploratory nature which is a kind of social constructionism. As Cooper and Schindler (1998, p. 131) state that, “exploratory studies tend toward loose structure with objective of discovering future research tasks”. Besides, MacDaniel and Gates (1999, p.63) claim that “exploratory research is usually small-scale research undertaken to define the exact nature of the problem and gain a better understanding of theenvironment within which the problem occurred”. All of these fit well with the objectives and other conditions of my research project. Therefore, we adopt the interpretivism philosophy of an exploratory nature in this study.3.2.2 Research ApproachInductive and deductive approachesThere are two basic research approaches available when conducting business research including deductive and inductive methods (Saunders et al., 2000). Their characteristics are described in the following table:Table 3.1 Comparison of Deductive and Inductive Research ApproachInduction emphasizes Deduction emphasizes-gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events -scientific principles-a close understanding of the research context -moving from theory to data-the collection of qualitative data -the need to explain causal relationships between variables-a more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses -the collection of quantitative dataresearcher independence of what is being researched-a realization that the researcher is part of the research process the application of controls to ensure validity of data-less concern with the need to generalize -the operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition-a highly structured approach-the necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalize conclusions (Saunders et al., 2003)The deductive approach is usually regarded as an effective way to test theories, where people develop a theory and a hypothesis (or hypotheses) and design a research strategy to test the theory (Saunders et al., 2000). The focus is on whether or not the suggested theory fits, and is appropriate for the organization (Saunders et al., 2000; Seddighi, 2000). The deduction to research owes much to what we would think of a scientific research, in which you develop a theory and hypothesis and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis (Saunders et al., 2003).On the other hand, inductive approach is usually used to build theories, in practice, people need to collect data and develop theory as a result of data analysis. Nevertheless, the two methodologies are not mutually exclusive, in reality; they are often used jointly in business and management studies (Seddighi, 2000). However, it is important to point out that the choices of research approach should base on the research question and research objectives.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality, the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachThere are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scale surveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough to ensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct a truly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying that quantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intention of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). The essence of qualitative research is that it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especi ally useful for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However, it is important to point out that the results generalized from the process are often subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality, the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachThere are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scale surveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough to ensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct a truly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying that quantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intent ion of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). The essence of qualitative research is that it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especially useful for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However, it is important to point out that the results generalized from the process are often subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑：留学生论文网) Commonly, secondary data come from printed sources (Books, Magazines, Journals, and trade Newspapers) and in electronic sources (CD-ROM encyclopaedias, Software packages, or online services, such as the Internet.) Books are general resource to provide relevant theory support for the study. Journals are a useful resource for information on a daily basis. They could provide the latest views and development in the particular area of study. The Internet is also very helpful for the data collecting, especially professional websitesAdvantages of Secondary Data CollectionThe most important factor determining me to use the secondary data is that it is easy to do and helps to save both time and money. My research dissertation has to be completed within three months, which implies constraints from the budget, time, and some other factors. Usually, it is much less expensive to use secondary data than to collect the primary data. Furthermore, the verification process is more rapid and the reliability of the information and conclusion is greatly enhanced.Disadvantages of Secondary Data CollectionAlthough secondary data collection is very useful for us to collect the existing information, the information collected through this method may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quite clear about what they are looking for and this technique is restricted to the data that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect data. If you are not clear about what youare looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the data you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about what kind of data you want to collect.And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historic information and can not collect the in-depth information. The data sources of secondary data collection are from the public and existing materials and are not directly from the customers or other market sources.3.3.1.2 Primary Data CollectionThere are many data collection techniques to collect primary data from the research including interview, questionnaires, focus group and case study and so on. Primary data collection is every important for us to collect in-depth data and information, while secondary data collection only can provide us with the existing and skin-deep data and information.Table 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary DataAdvantages of Primary Data Disadvantages of Primary Data:Can probe deeper answers Takes timeCan get detailed information on what causes problems or benefits. More opportunities for bias creep in when results are "coded"Can also elicit more honest and more sensitive information Also the ever-present problem of all self-report measuresBy using interviews, future change agents can also introduce themselves to the people in an organization, and establish both rapport and trust Accuracy(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Due to the advantages of primary data, it is important for us to collection primary data through data collection techniques like interviews. Primary data collection can provide us with the in-depth data and information related to our research questions. Therefore, primary data collection is crucial to the success of my research despite of its main disadvantage that it could take a long time and cost much to collect the data and information.3.3.2 Data Collection MethodsAccording to the different types of research, there are many different data collection techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, survey, observation, focus group, and documentation review and so on (Saunders et al, 2003). The different data collection techniques have their different advantages and disadvantages, and should be adopted according to the different research purposes. In this research, three data collection methods of documentation review, in-depth interviews and observation will be adopted.3.3.2.1 Documentation ReviewAmong data collection techniques, documentation review is the method to quickly and accurately collect the existing information and historical information. This method is to collect data through reviewing the formal company documents and reports about production, sales and finance. (Saunders et al, pp. 104, 2003)Advantages and LimitationsWe choose this method of documentation review, because this method is easy to do and has few limits to the market environment and we need to use this method to collect some existing and historic data and information for the research. This method of documentation review has many advantages and is generally used in the case study. The information collected through documentation review is factual information and through this method, we can get the comprehensive and historical information with few biases. So this method is very useful for us to understand the real information about the company at the beginning, because the documents about the company are all announced by the company, and are real and open to all the people concentrating on the company.Although the research method of documentation review is very useful for us to collect the existing information, this method often takes time and the information may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quite clear about what they are looking for and this technique is restricted to the data that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect data. If you are not clear about what you are looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the data you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about what kind of data you want to collect. And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historic information and can not collect the in-depth information. The information sources of this method are from the public and existing materials and are not from the customers or other market sources.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)3.3.2.2 In-depth InterviewsGenerally, Observation, interviews and questionnaires are three main primary data collection methods (Sekaran, 2000). According to the purpose of this project and the restriction of time and geography, I will mainly focus on the method of interviews to collect qualitative data. The semi-structure interview has been used to collect data.Interview is a good data collection technique to get the in-depth information and it is particularly useful for getting the story behind a participant’s experiences. This method is used when we want to fully understand the impressions or experiences of someone or want to learn about their answers to the questionnaires. (Creswell, pp.125, 1994) Interview is the process of the communication between the interviewer and interviewee. The communication includes the free talking and the discussion about the assigned questions. This data collection technique provides people with a communication way to know the information they want to know from other people or know the opinions of other people on the assigned questions. This method of interview has strong pertinence to investigate the special issue and widely used in the market research to obtain the in-depth information.Advantages and LimitationsThis data collection technique of interviews has many advantages. It is the most direct way for market researchers to communicate with the interviewees. Through this face-to-face way, themethod of interviews can collect the full range and depth of information from the interviewees. This kind of information is very useful and may not be collected through other ways. And this method can be flexible with the different interviewees and the interviewers can determine and choose the questions based on their thoughts and objectives to discuss with the interviewees and obtain the data and information they need. Besides, it is also a good way to develop the relationship with the clients. (Creswell, pp.136, 1994)And data collection technique also has many disadvantages and may lead to the biases of the collected information, because the use of this method may take much time, may be hard for people to analyze and compare, may be costly and the interviewer may bias the responses and opinions of the interviewees. On the one hand, the interviewees may not tell the full information they know or may tell the wrong information to the interviewers. And on the other hand, the interviewers may misunderstand the information from the interviewees and causes the bias during the process of data collection.3.3.2.2 Participant ObservationAccording to Collis and Hussey (2003), the method of participant observation is where the researcher becomes a working member of the group or situation to be observed. The aim of this method is to understand the situation from the inside: from the viewpoints of the people in the situation, and the researcher shares the same experiences as the subjects and this form of research can be particularly effective in the study of small groups/small firms. Participant observation can be overt (everyone knows it is happening) or covert when the subjects being observed fro research purposes are unaware it is happening (Collis and Hussey, 2003).(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Company, and this company is one of SMEs in China. This company is a good case for the author to study the research question about the current human resource management practices of SMEs in China, and this is the reason for the author to choose this company for internship. During the period of internship, the author also studies the research questions through observation in daily work of the company.3.3.3 Sample SelectionBesides the company in which the author worked during the period of internship, the author also chose other ten small and medium sized enterprises in the sample for research. There are many SMEs in the whole China, so it is impossible for the research to include all SMEs in the sample. Because the author was working in Beijing during the period of internship, so ten SMEs in Beijing were randomly selected in the sample.3.3.4 AccessI contact with these SMEs in the sample to make an appointment with their directors and managers for interviews. The interviews will be conducted in these companies.Based on the method of interview to collect primary data from the directors or managers of these selected SMEs, I just simply make the sources anonymous and the information about the interviewees such as the name and position will be kept in confidentiality. This technique will not affect the data collection and the research. The true and effective data and information collectedfrom these anonymous sources will be used to analyze the research questions.3.4 In-depth Interview DesignIt is true that the quality of the data to a large extent depends upon the structure of the interview as well as the design of each individual question (Saunders et al., 2003). Interview is the method that may take much time and lead to the bias. So we must design the appropriate questions and design the process of the interview. In order to collect the data and information we need for the analysis, I design the questions according to our research aims and objectives.The research aim of our paper is to investigate the current human resource management practices of Chinese SMEs. Based on this main research aim and other research objectives that have been decided before the research, the research should focus on the current practices of human resource management in Chinese SMEs including the status quo of the current human resource management for Chinese SMEs, the main problems involved with Chinese SMEs in human resource management. So the questions designed for the interview must help collect the data and information focusing on these aspects relating to research aim and objectives. The collected data must help the study to realize the research objectives.Besides the contents of the questions, the process of interview is also very important. I plan to start with some simple closed format questions focusing on some general information about human resource management of Chinese SMEs and then majority of questions with open format are created during the interview for the interviewees to express their opinions freely. This way that asking the general questions first and then discussing the in-depth questions gives both the interviewer and the interviewee more flexibility to communicate and discuss the issues. One important point for us to attention is that we should ask the questions in a clear, easy and simple way for the interviewees to understand and discuss.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)The designed questions for the interview are summarized as follows:1）Do you think human resource management is important to the development of the enterprise?2）What do you think of the current human resource management in your enterprise?3）What are the differences between practices of human resource management in China and those in the western developed countries?4）What do you think of the role of human resource management to SMEs in China?5）Do you think the current human resource management in your enterprise is effective or not?6）What are the main problems involved with the human resource management in your company?7）As a SME in China, do you think your enterprise have to face more problems in human resource management compared with the large enterprises in China?8）What are your suggestions for Chinese SMEs to improve their human resource management?3.5 Data AnalysisThe data collected in this research include both the quantitative data and the qualitative data,so the different methods of data analysis have to be adopted to analyze the different types of data.3.5.1 Analysis of Quantitative DataQuantitative data refers to numerical and standardized data, which usually can be analyzed through using of diagrams and statistics (Saunders et al., 2000). Basically, data can be divided into categorical and quantifiable data, it is important to edit and code data before start analysis (Saunders et al., 2000). In practice, it is useful to conduct exploratory data analysis in the initial stages of data analysis, this approach highlights the importance of using diagrams to explore and understand data (Saunders et al., 2000). For instance, pie charts and percentage component bar charts can be used to explain the proportions of customers agreeing or disagreeing with the statements which are presented in the questionnaire. “Subsequent analysis will involve describing your data and exploring relationships using statistics” (Saunders et al., 2000). Finally, it is essential to re-emphasis the importance of using PC software programmes during the process of data analysis, such as SAS, APAK EXCEL etc (Greenfield 2002).3.5.2 Analysis of Qualitative DataIt is obvious that qualitative data here refers to the data collected by semi-structured interviews and the possible secondary source of data. According to the nature of qualitative data, it is important to develop data categories and to classify them into appropriate categories before analysis, “otherwise the most that can result will be an impressionistic view of what it means” (Saunders et al., 2000, p381). It is also important to recognize the relationship between different categories of data, as well as to develop and test hypotheses with regard to the research question and objectives (Saunders et al., 2000). In reality, it is necessary to develop a provisional set of categories from the research question, research themes and initial propositions, the categories should be closely related to the research question. In short, it is critical to conduct data analysis effectively in order to answer the research question and achieve research objectives.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)3.6 Ethical Issues“Research ethics refer to the appropriateness of researchers’ behavior in relation to the rights of those who bec ome the subject of your work and are affected by the work” (Saunders et al., 2000, p142). They are likely to occur during the whole process of the research: seeking access, data collection, and data analysis and reporting (Skearan, 2000). There are some ethical issues to be considered in my research. First is privacy, which may be seen as the cornerstone of the ethical issues that confront those who undertake research. In my interviews, I will not ask the participants to fill their name and I will keep all the information I have got from the interviews as confidentiality. No matter during the design and initial access stage, the data collection stage or the analysis and reporting stage, the confidentiality and anonymity are always important. I will not attempt to apply any pressure on intended participants to grant access. Once access has been granted, I will remain within the aims of my research project that I shared and agreed with my intended participants. Sometimes, the findings may be used to make a decision that could adversely affect the collective interest of those who will be my participants, it is ethical for me to refer to this possibility even though it may reduces the level of access that I will achieve. The last problem is netiquette, which has b een developed to provide a heading for a number of “rules” or。
方法的重要性英语作文
方法的重要性英语作文The Paramount Importance of Methodology.Methodology, the systematic and structured approach to inquiry and problem-solving, is a cornerstone of the scientific process and a vital component of any meaningful investigation. It provides a framework for researchers to design, execute, and evaluate their studies, ensuring rigor, replicability, and validity in their findings.Foundation of Credible Research.A sound methodology serves as the backbone of any credible research endeavor. It outlines the specific steps and procedures involved in the study, ensuring that the findings are based on systematic observation, analysis, and interpretation. Without a clear and well-defined methodology, the results of a study are susceptible to bias, error, and misinterpretation.Ensuring Rigor and Objectivity.Methodology plays a crucial role in promoting rigor and objectivity in research. It establishes the criteria for data collection, analysis, and interpretation, minimizing the influence of personal opinions and biases. By adhering to a systematic approach, researchers can ensure that their findings are based on empirical evidence rather than subjective judgments.Facilitating Replication and Verifiability.A well-designed methodology enables other researchers to replicate and verify the findings of a study. By providing a clear and detailed account of the methods used, subsequent studies can build upon or challenge existing knowledge, fostering the cumulative growth of scientific understanding.Establishing Validity and Generalizability.Methodology is essential for establishing the validityand generalizability of research findings. It ensures that the methods used are appropriate for the research question and that the results can be generalized to a wider population beyond the immediate study sample. This is particularly important in social science research, where researchers must consider the representativeness of their sample and the potential for confounding variables.Guiding Data Collection and Analysis.Methodology provides guidance for data collection and analysis, ensuring that the data is gathered andinterpreted in a systematic and unbiased manner. It specifies the appropriate methods for collecting data, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments, and establishes clear criteria for data analysis, reducing the risk of misinterpretation or manipulation.Diverse Applications Across Disciplines.The importance of methodology extends across a wide range of academic disciplines. In the natural sciences,methodology provides a framework for conducting experiments, collecting data, and testing hypotheses. In the social sciences, methodology guides researchers in designing surveys, conducting interviews, and analyzing qualitative data.A Cornerstone of Scientific Inquiry.In conclusion, methodology is an indispensable aspectof scientific inquiry. It provides a systematic and structured approach to problem-solving, ensuring the rigor, objectivity, replicability, and validity of research findings. By adhering to sound methodological principles, researchers can contribute to the advancement of knowledge and make meaningful contributions to their respective fields.Additional Benefits of a Well-Defined Methodology.1. Enhanced Clarity and Transparency: A clear and well-defined methodology enhances the transparency of research findings, allowing readers to understand how the study wasconducted and evaluated.2. Identification of Potential Biases: A rigorous methodology helps to identify and minimize potential biases that could influence the research results.3. Increased Efficiency: A well-designed methodology optimizes the research process, reducing the likelihood of costly errors or wasted time and resources.4. Foundation for Future Research: A sound methodology provides a foundation for future research projects, facilitating the building of knowledge and the cumulative advancement of scientific understanding.5. Enhanced Credibility and Respect: Researchers who employ a rigorous and transparent methodology gain credibility within their field and earn the respect oftheir peers.。
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit4DescribingMethodology
Unit 4 Describing MethodologyObjectives─ Be clear about the significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of passive voice in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in using sequential markers in writing a process─ Be familiar with proof-reading skills─ Learn to design a questionnaireContents─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a methodology section?─ Language Focus: Passive voice and sequential markers─ Writing Practice: Understanding the sentence patterns and sentence order in writing a process─ Writing Project: How to design a questionnaire1.Reading ActivityIn natural sciences the method section is often called Materials and Methods. In social sciences it is common to introduce a section called Theory and Methods. Sometimes it is divided in two sections: Theoretical Framework and Methods.Research methodology is mainly concerned with the answers to the following questions:1) Why is a particular research study undertaken?2) How has one formulated a research problem?3) What types of data have been collected?4) What particular methods have been used?5) Why is a particular technique of analysis of data used?1.1Pre-reading TaskThe following is the method section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then havea discussion with your classmates:1) What is the function of the method section?2) What information elements does a method section include?3) What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of activevoice verbs to passive voice verbs in this method section?1.2 Reading PassageEnglish for College Students in Taiwan:A Study of perceptions of English Needs in a Medical ContextThe experiment was initiated to investigate perceptions of English needs in a medical context among college students in Taiwan.The subjects were 341 medical students in the Department of Medicine, including 97 freshmen, 74 sophomores, 90 juniors, and 80 seniors, and 20 faculty members in the medical program at Chung Shan Medical College in Taichung, Taiwan, China.Two questionnaires were developed for the survey, based on two earlier survey instruments by Taylor & Hussein (1985) and Guo (1989). The questionnaires were translated into Chinese, piloted, and modified according to the feedback from l0 respondents: six medical students and four faculty members from Chung Shan Medical College. The questionnaire given to the medical students consisted of five sections of 23 questions, the topics of which were the importance of English incollege and professional careers, perceived language skill needs and problems, the activities needed in a freshman language course, and suggestions for development of course content and materials as well as demographic information. The faculty questionnaire consisted of four sections of l6 questions, which were parallel to those in the version given to the students except no demographic information was gathered (see Appendix).One of the authors, a faculty member at Chung Shan Medical College, selected one required class for each group of students (freshmen sophomores, juniors and seniors). Copies of the student questionnaire for administration to the students were then sent to cooperating instructors teaching these courses; copies of the faculty questionnaire were given to 20 teachers who were willing to complete the survey.The data were computer-analyzed using an SPSS program: in the questionnaire, percentages were determined for all questions except 8 and 13 for which means were computed. Chi-square, t-tests, and ANOVA analyses (方差分析) were conducted in order to determine the perceptions of English language needs of medical college students and their faculty and to compare the perceptions held by the various groups.( Pang, 2008)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage. Research objectiveResearch subjectsResearch locationMaterialsProcedureStatistical analysis1.3.2 Understand more about the method section of this research. Whatdo you know about the questionnaires used in the survey?2. Language Focus2.1 Passive voiceThe passive voice is usually used in academic writing, because passive structures have less subjective coloring in most cases than active ones. When describing a process or a scientific experiment, it is important to write in a neutral style, as an observer. To do this, you can use passive voice. There are three instances in which the passive voice is recommended: 1) when we do not know or do not care about who has performed the action; 2) when we focus on the receiver instead of the performer of the action; and 3) when we would like to remain in a neutral or objective position in writing. More examples from the methodology section are as follows:1) The study was conducted at the beginning of the semester and the final one was given at the end of the semester. ( procedure )2) In summer, the greenhouse was cooled by pulling in air through water saturated pads on the south end of the building. ( specially designed material )3) The quartz reactors tested for this work are fabricated by the A&B Sales Company of Wheeling, Leeds, UK. ( instrument )4) In order to provide a broad sampling of college students, respondents were recruited from diverse fields of study. ( sampling )5) The final scores were computed into mean averages (X) and standard deviations (SD). ( statistical analysis)2.1.1 Go over the Reading Passage and mark verbs in the passive voiceand then complete the following table:2.1.2 Rewrite the following text with passive voice.Some people consider a poison ivy infection to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. Contact with the plant causes a rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days. Scientists have studied poison ivy infection for centuries, but they have found no preventive pill or inoculation. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After urushiol has touched the skin, blisters and weeping sores will soon cover the exposed area.2.2 Sequential markersA process paragraph explains how to do something or how something works. Process paragraphs are usually developed step-by-step in a chronological or logical sequence. The following sequencing expressions are more frequently used to link steps in a description of a process or to divide a process into steps:● Firstly … To begin with … First of all … etc.● Secondly … Next … After that … In addition … etc.● Finally … Lastly …The following sentences describe a process of making paper. Use sequential words and rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.1) The logs are placed in the shredder.2) They are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid.3) They are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned.4) It is chemically bleached to whiten it.5) It is passed through rollers to flatten it.6). Sheets of wet paper are produced.7) The water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.3. Writing PracticeA well organized, logically ordered and easily understandable chapter on methodology makes the thesis a really outstanding work. Normally, a method section includes:1) Overview of the experiment: one sentence briefly tells what was done (like a topicsentence);2) Population: state the people/subjects studied, or the things tested;3) Location : where the study took place;4) Restriction/Limiting conditions: precautions taken to make sure that the data are valid;5) Sampling Techniques : describe how the subject are selected for the study;6) Materials : describe the materials used to conduct the study or experiment;7) Procedures : State the steps of the experiment in a chronological order;8) Statistical Treatment: describe how the statistics are examined.Of all the items on this list, the only items that are always included in the method section are the materials and procedures.3.1 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.(1) A total of 369 participants of European origins (52.7% female) with a mean age of27.2 years were recruited by research assistants in public places in the Montrealregion.(2) The data used for the current analysis consists of 60 texts taken from 20engineering journals.(3) Experimenters approached potential participants by introducing themselves asstudents from the University of Quebec in Montreal and then asked if they would accept to participate in a short study on facial expressions.(4) The study aims to examine the use of SEF as a tool for providing evidence ofteaching effectiveness in tertiary education.(5) The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to statistical tests ofreliability and significance using SPSS.(6) Envelopes containing the survey materials were sent to the local business managerof each union. In the envelopes, there was a cover letter explaining the project, the questionnaire itself, and a pre-paid return envelope. The union business manager was contacted and asked to select workers from his union and to send the envelopes to the chosen workers.(7) The participants were 90 first-year students from the School of Foreign Languagesat a major university in Nanjing. Their average age was 18 years old. They constituted a convenience sample.(8) The investigation was performed in a national laboratory affiliated to a researchcenter for industrial automation in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.3.2 Completing sentencesThe following words and phrasal verbs are more commonly used in Method Section Subjects / participants choose, include, recruit,volunteered / paid to participate, …Materials be composed of, be located, be installed,be equipped with, obtain, supply, …Research designapply, employ, develop, resort to, use, …Procedurecarry out, follow, perform, propose, …Complete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.A group of MBA students from a major metropolitan state university were recruited as participants for the investigation. （1）（问卷调查实施）after the topic of the BSC had been discussed in the course. 136 students enrolled in a managerial accounting course ( 2 ) （完成了此次问卷. _( 3 )_（表2给出了这些参与者的背景信息）. As is shown, the majority of participants are male. _( 4 ) _（参与者的平均年龄约29岁）, _( 5 )_（平均工作经历约6年）, and the mean number of accounting classes was approximately four.(Liu, 2008)1)_________________________________________________________________2)_________________________________________________________________3)_________________________________________________________________4)_________________________________________________________________5)_________________________________________________________________3.3 Reordering sentencesThe following is the method section of a research article from the field of engineering with sentences in a scrambled order. Please rearrange them in a more conventional order. Write the sequential number in the box on the right side of the table below.a The data was rank-ordered from the lowest X value of 1.2 tothe highest of 3.8--- see Table 2 below.b The SD scores show to what extent the teachers agreedamong themselves when judging the gravity of each error.c The survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire, inwhich the errors appeared in a random order.d The assessors were instructed to view each error in itscontext and determine to what extent it deviated fromnormal English.e The questionnaire included the context in which each errorhad occurred and a marking scale ranging from 0 for "noerror” to 5 for “the most severe error".f After scoring, the assessors were given the option to writedown the principles that guided them in their scoring.g The scores were computed into mean averages (X) andstandard deviations (SD).h Unless otherwise indicated, the numerical data in the textrefer to the mean average scores.i The higher the SD score, the more diverse the assessors'opinions regarding the gravity of the item.3.4 Rewriting sentencesThe following sentences are taken from method sections of different published articles. Rewrite each sentence to make it more acceptable.(1) Table 5 shows the number of students per level and their L1 languagebackgrounds which are represented.__________________________________________________________________(2) Two questionnaires which were administered respectively to the personnel officersand business employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (3) The scores of the two raters were averaged and all the data were entered forstatistical analysis._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (4) The model which was used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006Test package, which was originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (5) Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule. He used scores on theStanford Achievement Test as the measure.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (6) Having explained the directions, the students began to write.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (7) The schedule was in effect only 1 year, with students achieving better results.__________________________________________________________________ (8) The teacher put the assignment on the board, and then she checked the roll andfound that three students were absent.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (9) School administrators who are interested in making changes that are not tooexpensive or too complex for the most part have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (10) One of the obstacles that deter the installation of solar energy systems that aredesigned to achieve the savings that are important to all people is the reluctance of those same individuals to make large capital investments.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________3.5 Turning notes into a passageYou are required to write the method section of a research paper about the experiment to investigate into students’ preferences and attitudes towards sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Pay particular attention to the choice of tense and voice.Aim of research To determine student’s preferences and attitudestoward sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetenedbeverages.Research subjects Ten people, five male and five female students, froma Science English class 1, chosen at random Materials Thirty straws, two cups, one blindfold, and twocontainers of Kool-Aid, a popular drink in the UnitedStates, one container with four cups of orange Kool-Aid sweetened with one half cup of sugar, the othercontainer with four cups of orange Kool-aidsweetened with 9 packets of Nutrasweet brandartificial sweetener.Procedure Ten volunteer students, five males, into two lines, one for males and the other for females. Alternately, men and women test, a blindfold over the eyes of the tester, he/she could not see, the two cups filled with beverage, one with artificially-sweetened Kool-Aid and the other with sugar-sweetened Kool-Aid. Then three questions asked from a survey and the answers tabulated. Next, use a straw, a sip from each cup.Data treatment The final two questions on the survey and the answers tabulated; finally, the remaining drink thrown away, and the next tester came forward, repeated the process.4. Writing Project4.1 Gathering information for a method section.You are required to write the method section of a research paper in the field of English language class attendance with the information elements given below. Gather information for your research.Aim of research To investigate into the status quo of your group ofstudents’ attendance in English classroom andreasons for absence.Research subjectsSampling techniquesMaterials mProceduresData treatment4.2 Designing a questionnaireThe design of a questionnaire will depend on whether the researcher wishes to collect exploratory information (i.e. qualitative information for the purposes of better understanding or the generation of hypotheses on a subject) or quantitative information (to test specific hypotheses that have previously been generated).A good questionnaire is one that: 1) enables collection of accurate data in a timely manner; 2) facilitates the work of data collection, data processing and the tabulation of data; 3) ensures that there is no collection of non-essential information; and 4) permits comprehensive and meaningful analysis as well as purposeful utilization of the data collected to ensure that the technical task of the questionnaire receives the various input that it requires.Types of questionsThere are many different types of questions you can use to get the information that you need. In the main, these fall into open and closed questions. An open question allows the respondents to use their own words to answer, e. g., “What do you think are the main causes of racism?” A closed question gives them pre-defined options, e.g., “Which of the following do you think are the main causes of racism: a, b, c, d”.The pros and cons of each are given in the following table.Rating design in a questionnaire: Look closely at the following example of a rating design.Please rate the quality of the medical insurance of this company.□ Poor □ Fair □ GoodThere are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:1. Decide the information required;2. Define the target respondents;3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents;4. Decide on question content;5. Develop the question wording;6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format;7. Check the length of the questionnaire;8. Pre-test the questionnaire;9. Develop the final survey form.Now work in groups of four, and design a questionnaire to obtain information about students’ attendance and causes for their absence.4.3 Drafting your method sectionBegin your writing now with the information you have just obtained from your survey.5. Final ChecklistRevision gives you an opportunity to take another look at what you have written. Therefore, you have to do some extra work to revise your draft. Here are some general rules for your check.。
经典综述写作范本New Methodology review
New Methodology reviewProtocol information[Empty name]11[Empty affiliation]Citation example: [Empty name]. New Methodology review [Protocol]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Year], Issue [Issue].Contact person[Empty name]DatesAssessed as Up-to-date:Date of Last Search:Next Stage Expected:Protocol First Published:Not specifiedReview First Published: Not specifiedLast Citation Issue: Not specifiedWhat's newDate Event DescriptionAdd What's new eventHistoryAbstractPlain language summary BackgroundDescription of the problem or issueDescription of the methods being investigatedHow these methods might workWhy it is important to do this review ObjectivesMethodsCriteria for considering studies for this reviewTypes of studiesTypes of dataTypes of methodsTypes of outcome measuresPrimary outcomesSecondary outcomesSearch methods for identification of studies Electronic searchesSearching other resourcesData collection and analysisSelection of studiesData extraction and managementAssessment of risk of bias in included studiesMeasures of the effect of the methodsUnit of analysis issuesDealing with missing dataAssessment of heterogeneityAssessment of reporting biasesData synthesisSubgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneitySensitivity analysisResultsDiscussionAuthors' conclusions Acknowledgements Contribution of authors Declarations of interest Differences between protocol and reviewPublished notesCharacteristics of studies Summaries of findings Additional tablesReferences to studiesOther referencesAdditional referencesOther published versions of this reviewClassification pending referencesData and analysesFiguresSources of supportInternal sources∙No sources of support providedExternal sources∙No sources of support providedFeedbackAppendices。
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3.1 IntroductionThe purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with an understanding of the methodology and relevant research approaches adopted in our research. In this chapter, we explain the research philosophy, approaches and strategies, and why the methodology has been adopted, at the same time, the constraints associated with datacollection and the limitations to the work will also be discussed.The research aim for this dissertation is to investigate thecurrent human resource management practices of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China. Obtaining effective data and information is of vital concern to build an accurate picture of the issue being studied. To a large extent, methodology determines the outcomes of any research. Therefore, it is crucial to choose appropriate research methods and conduct them effectively in order to answer the research question and meet the research objectives well.3.2 Discussion of Methodology Theory3.2.1留学生论文网Research PhilosophyThe first question that any researcher should raise before conducting a real research project is what research philosophy you will adopt, this is very fundamental step and generally speaking, there are three views about the research philosophy that dominate the literature: positivism, interpretivism and realism (Saunders et al., 2003).The key idea of positivism is that the social world exists external, and its properties should be measured through objective methods, ratherthan being inferred subjectively through sensation, reflection orintuition (Smith et al, 1991). If your research philosophy is positivism, you will assume the role of an objective analyst, make detached interpretations about data collected in a value-free manner and emphasize on a highly structured methodology to facilitate replication (Gill and Johnson, 1997) and quantifiable observations that lead themselves to statistical analysis.By contrast with positivism, interpretivism is often associatedwith the term social constructionism which is critical of positivism and argues that rich insights into this complex world are needed. The roleof the interpretivist is to seek to understand the subjective reality of those that they study in order to be able to make sense of and understand their motives, actions and intention (Saunders et al., 2003). In other words, social constructionism offers that reality is subjective and it is socially constructed and given meaning by people (Seddighi, 2005).Finally, realism recognizes the importance of understandingpeople’s socially constructed interpretations and meanings, or subjective reality, within the context of seeking to understand broader social forces, structures or processes that influence, and perhaps constrain, the nature of people’s views and beha viors (Saunders et al., 2003).(责任编辑:留学生论文网) Based on the differences of three philosophies, this research is of an exploratory nature which is a kind of social constructionism. As Cooper and Schind ler (1998, p. 131) state that, “exploratory studies tend t oward loose structure with objectiveof discovering future research tasks”. Besides, MacDaniel and Gates (1999, p.63) claim that “exploratory research is usually small-scaleresearch undertaken to define the exact nature of the problem and gain a better understanding of theenvironment within which the problem occurred”. All of these fit well with the objectives and other conditions of my research project. Therefore, we adopt the interpretivism philosophy of an exploratory nature in this study.3.2.2 Research ApproachInductive and deductive approachesThere are two basic research approaches available when conducting business research including deductive and inductive methods (Saunders et al., 2000). Their characteristics are described in the following table:Table 3.1 Comparison of Deductive and Inductive Research ApproachInduction emphasizes Deduction emphasizes-gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events -scientific principles-a close understanding of the research context -moving from theory to data-the collection of qualitative data -the need to explain causal relationships between variables-a more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses -the collection of quantitative dataresearcher independence of what is being researched-a realization that the researcher is part of the research process the application of controls to ensure validity of data-less concern with the need to generalize -the operationalisationof concepts to ensure clarity of definition-a highly structured approach-the necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalize conclusions (Saunders et al., 2003)The deductive approach is usually regarded as an effective way to test theories, where people develop a theory and a hypothesis (or hypotheses) and design a research strategy to test the theory (Saunders et al., 2000). The focus is on whether or not the suggested theory fits, and is appropriate for the organization (Saunders et al., 2000; Seddighi, 2000). The deduction to research owes much to what we would think of a scientific research, in which you develop a theory and hypothesis and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis (Saunders et al., 2003).On the other hand, inductive approach is usually used to build theories, in practice, people need to collect data and develop theory as a result of data analysis. Nevertheless, the two methodologies are not mutually exclusive, in reality; they are often used jointly in business and management studies (Seddighi, 2000). However, it is important to point out that the choices of research approach should base on the research question and research objectives.(责任编辑:留学生论文网)Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality, the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachThere are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scalesurveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough toensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct atruly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying thatquantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intention of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). The essence of qualitative research is that it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especially usef ul for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However, it is important to point out that the results generalized from the process are often subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑:留学生论文网)Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality,the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachThere are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scalesurveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough to ensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct atruly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying thatquantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intention of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). The essence of qualitative research is th at it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especially useful for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However, it is important to point out that the results generalized from the process are often subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑:留学生论文网) Commonly, secondary data come from printed sources (Books, Magazines, Journals, and trade Newspapers) and in electronic sources (CD-ROM encyclopaedias, Software packages, or online services, such as the Internet.) Books are general resource to provide relevant theory support for the study. Journals are a useful resource for information on a daily basis. They could provide the latest views and development in the particular area of study. The Internet is also very helpful for the data collecting, especially professional websitesAdvantages of Secondary Data CollectionThe most important factor determining me to use the secondary datais that it is easy to do and helps to save both time and money. My research dissertation has to be completed within three months, which implies constraints from the budget, time, and some other factors. Usually, it is much less expensive to use secondary data than to collect the primary data. Furthermore, the verification process is more rapidand the reliability of the information and conclusion is greatly enhanced.Disadvantages of Secondary Data CollectionAlthough secondary data collection is very useful for us to collect the existing information, the information collected through this method may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quiteclear about what they are looking for and this technique is restrictedto the data that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect data. If you are not clear about what youare looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the data you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about what kind of data you want to collect.And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historicinformation and can not collect the in-depth information. The data sources of secondary data collection are from the public and existingmaterials and are not directly from the customers or other market sources.3.3.1.2 Primary Data CollectionThere are many data collection techniques to collect primary data from the research including interview, questionnaires, focus group and case study and so on. Primary data collection is every important for us to collect in-depth data and information, while secondary datacollection only can provide us with the existing and skin-deep data and information.Table 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary DataAdvantages of Primary Data Disadvantages of Primary Data:Can probe deeper answers Takes timeCan get detailed information on what causes problems or benefits. More opportunities for bias creep in when results are "coded"Can also elicit more honest and more sensitive information Also the ever-present problem of all self-report measuresBy using interviews, future change agents can also introduce themselves to the people in an organization, and establish both rapport and trust Accuracy(责任编辑:留学生论文网)Due to the advantages of primary data, it is important for us to collection primary data through data collection techniques like interviews. Primary data collection can provide us with the in-depthdata and information related to our research questions. Therefore, primary data collection is crucial to the success of my research despite of its main disadvantage that it could take a long time and cost much to collect the data and information.3.3.2 Data Collection MethodsAccording to the different types of research, there are many different data collection techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, survey, observation, focus group, and documentation review and so on (Saunders et al, 2003). The different data collection techniques have their different advantages and disadvantages, and should be adopted according to the different research purposes. In this research, three data collection methods of documentation review, in-depth interviews and observation will be adopted.3.3.2.1 Documentation ReviewAmong data collection techniques, documentation review is the method to quickly and accurately collect the existing information and historical information. This method is to collect data through reviewing the formal company documents and reports about production, sales and finance. (Saunders et al, pp. 104, 2003)。