英汉对比研究(2)

唉，那时客臣的井蛙之见喽，所谓“情人眼里出西施”啦。 Alas, that was owing to my ignorance, that is what is called partiality.
茗烟又嘱咐道：“不可拿进园去，叫人知道了，我就‘吃不了兜着走’ 了。” “Don’t take them into the Garden, ” Ming-yen warned him. “ If they were found I’d be in serious trouble.”
Cheats 作弊
Needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play
Needs help in learning to respect the property rights of others Has qualities of leadership but needs help in learning to use them democratically
平易：Would you please lower your voices a little?
4）迂回：The cost may be upwards of a figure rather below $ 10 million.
平易：The cost may be nearly $ 10 million.


抽象表达法在英语里使用得相当普遍，有以下两个主要原因： 一、抽象思维被认为是一种高级思维（superior mind), 是文明人 的一种象征(mark of civilized man). 许多作者为了显耀其思想深奥 而故弄玄虚、嗜好抽象表达法。
The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. (= No news is good news) 没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。 Was this the realization of an anticipated liability? (Did you expect you would have to do this?) 你有没有预料到你必需做这件事？
敬辞用来褒扬对方或与对方有关的人、事物或行为，以表示恭敬，如：

令尊 your fatBiblioteka Baiduer 尊夫人 your wife 惠顾 your patronage
奉告 Inform
光临 your presence 府上 your home 久违 I haven’t seen you for ages.
Steals 偷窃
Is a bully 恃强欺弱
二、含蓄（ Implicitness) 以下这两段话能说明英国人含而不露（reserved) 的性格： An Englishman will say “ I have a little house in the country”; when he invites you to stay with him you will discover that the little house is a place with 300 bedrooms. If you are a world tennis-champion, say“ Yes, I don’t play too badly”. If you have crossed the Atlantic alone in a small boat, say “ I do a little sailing”.
这类敬辞和谦辞反映了中国人比较独特的人际态度, 英语往往没有相应的表 达法,因而一般采用较为直接或较为婉转的说法:
奉访未晤,甚怅。 Much to my regret you weren’t at home when I called. 恕不奉陪。 Sorry, I won’t be able to keep your company. 不知高见以为何故？ May I have your advice? I wonder if you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter.
In handling the materials of history, each act of selection is also an act of judgment, and therefore the charge of bias is never completely answerable. 在处理历史资料时，每选一项资料就是作出一种判断，因此不能说完 全没有偏见。
2）迂回：I have endeavoured to obtain the required information.
平易：I have tried to find out what you wanted to know.
3）迂回：I’m terribly sorry to interrupt you, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.
二、用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。
范畴词(category words)用来表示现象、属性等概念所属的范畴。
We have winked at these irregularities too long. 我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。 He discussed greatness and excellence. 他探讨了伟大和杰出的涵义。
英译汉时，这种“化虚为实”可以添文采，增加译文的可读性； 汉译英时，“化实为虚”可以化症结、消梗滞，提高转换的可译性。 他这一阵心头如同十五个吊桶打水，七上八下，老是宁静不下来。 His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight.
迂回是用较多或较长的词语表达几个简短的词就能说清的意思 （saying things the long way round）。 在英语口语和书面语里，间接迂回的说法相当流行，试比较： 1）迂回：Will you be good enough to advise me whether I should accept the invitation? 平易：Please tell me whether I should accept the invitation.
英汉对比研究2. ( 英汉-汉英口笔译常识)
6.抽象与具体
( Abstract vs. Concrete)
7. 间接与直接 (Indirect vs. Direct) 8.替换与重复 (Substitutive vs. Reiterative)
6.抽象与具体
( Abstract vs. Concrete)
汉语往往采用如下的手段来表达英语的抽象词义：
一、用动词取代抽象名词，以动代静，以实代虚。
I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. 雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。 He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. 在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。
二、英语有丰富的词义虚化手段，也大大方便了抽象表达法的使用。
前缀：trans- 跨，multi- 多，retro-后,
ultra-超
后缀：-ity 表示性质、状态、程度。 calamity, purity, humanity, gravity -tion 表示动作、状态、结果。 occupation, decoration, internationalization, realization
谦辞用来贬抑自己或与自己有关的人、事物或行为，以表示谦虚，如：
鄙人 I, me 拙著 my writing 贱恙 my illness
舍亲 my relative
过奖 Flatter 寒舍 my home 小女 my daughter
敝校 my school
5）迂回：In London there reigns a complete absence of really reliable news. 平易：There is no reliable news in London.
这类迂回说法有些是故弄玄虚、卖弄文才造成的。
讲汉语的人则往往使用敬辞和谦辞。
这种有节制的（controlled）而又漫不经心的(casual)曲言 (meiosis)，往往带有幽默和冷嘲的味道。
He had five sandwiches and a quart of milk for his snack. 他吃了五个三明治，喝了一夸脱牛奶，作为他的小吃。
三、迂回（Periphrasis）
三、用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义。
The stars twinkled in transparent clarity. 星星在清澈的晴空中闪烁。 To the Chinese, theirs was not a civilization, but the civilization. 中国人认为他们的文化不是文化中的一种，而是唯一的文化。
7. 间接与直接 (Indirect vs. Direct)
为了使措词显得客气、礼貌、文雅，讲英语的人常常采用委婉、含蓄、 迂回等间接表达法。 一、委婉（euphemism) 校长建议教师应该使用的一些委婉语： Harsh Expression (Avoid) Euphemism (Use) Lies 撒谎 Shows difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material
四、用形象性词语使抽象意义具体（figuration）。 He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation. 他等着她来，急得象热锅上的蚂蚁。 I talked to him with brutal frankness. 我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。 When young he quitted his home and traveled to the metropolis, which he reached in a state of almost utter destitution. 年轻时代，他背井离乡，徒步来到首都，几乎身无分文。
Both we and the Chinese approached that first opening toward each other with caution, uncertainty, even trepidation. 我们和中国人双方都是怀着谨慎、不安甚至是惶恐的心情来互相探讨 这初次的接触的。 What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties. 那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。
不想误触犯了官人，望乞恕罪，高抬贵手！ We had no thought of intruding upon your attention and hope you will overlook our offence. 久仰，久仰。 I’ve heard so much about you.