数学专业英语翻译2-1
课文2—AB数学专业英语翻译(第二版)吴炯圻
2-A Why study geometry?Why do we study geometry? The student beginning the study of this text may well ask, "What is geometry? What can I expect to gain from this study?2-A为什么研究几何学?为什么我们研究几何学?刚开始学习这篇文章的学生会疑问,“几何是什么?研究几何我们能学到什么呢?Many leading institutions of higher learning have recognized that positive benefits can be gained by all who study this branch of mathematics. This is evident from the fact that they require study of geometry as a prerequisite to matriculation in those schools.许多居领导地位的学术机构承认,所有学习这个数学分支的人都将得到很好的收益。
事实是,他们需要学习几何作为学校入学考试的先决条件。
Geometry had its origin long ago in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands inundated by the floods of the Nile River. The greek word geometry is derived from geo, meaning "earth," and metron, meaning "measure." As early as 2000 B. C. we find the land surveyors of these people reestablishing vanishing landmarks and boundaries by utilizing the truths of geometry.很早以前,几何学源于测量被尼罗河的洪水淹没了的巴比伦人和埃及人的土地。
数学专业英语
数学专业英语课后答案2.1数学、方程与比例词组翻译1.数学分支branches of mathematics,算数arithmetics,几何学geometry,代数学algebra,三角学trigonometry,高等数学higher mathematics,初等数学elementary mathematics,高等代数higher algebra,数学分析mathematical analysis,函数论function theory,微分方程differential equation2.命题proposition,公理axiom,公设postulate,定义definition,定理theorem,引理lemma,推论deduction3.形form,数number,数字numeral,数值numerical value,图形figure,公式formula,符号notation(symbol),记法/记号sign,图表chart4.概念conception,相等equality,成立/真true,不成立/不真untrue,等式equation,恒等式identity,条件等式equation of condition,项/术语term,集set,函数function,常数constant,方程equation,线性方程linear equation,二次方程quadratic equation5.运算operation,加法addition,减法subtraction,乘法multiplication,除法division,证明proof,推理deduction,逻辑推理logical deduction6.测量土地to measure land,推导定理to deduce theorems,指定的运算indicated operation,获得结论to obtain the conclusions,占据中心地位to occupy the centric place汉译英(1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。
数学专业英语词汇英汉对照
1 概率论与数理统计词汇英汉对照表A absolute value 绝对值accept 接受acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性adjusted 调整的alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值B balanced 平衡的band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的bias 偏倚binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验C calculate 计算case 个案category 类别center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性column 列compare 比较comparison 对照components 构成,分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间consistency 一致性constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的,立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distribution function 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计D data 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df.(degree of freedom)自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optimal design D-优化设计E eaqual 相等effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters 参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值F factor 因素,因子factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design 部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数G gamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组H harmomic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验I independence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index 指数index of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代K kernal 核Kolmogorov-Smirnov test柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度L large sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level 水平level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function 损失函数M main effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计mean squared deviation(MSD)均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 复相关系数multiple correlation coefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析multiple regression equation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariate analysis 多元分析N negative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数O one-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值P paired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Q qadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitative 数量的,度量的quartiles 四分位数R random 随机的random number 随机数random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank 秩rank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliability 可靠性repeated 重复的report 报告,报表residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验S sample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant 显著的,有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序soruces of variation 方差来源space 空间spread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化standardize 标准化statistic 统计量statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regression analysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和sum of squares 平方和summary 概括,综述T table 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共,和transformation 转换treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验U unbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布V value of estimator 估计值variable 变量variance 方差variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比various 不同的vector 向量W weight 加权,权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的Z Z score Z分数2. 最优化方法词汇英汉对照表A active constraint 活动约束active set method 活动集法analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似arbitrary 强制性的argument 变量attainment factor 达到因子B bandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合bound 边界C coefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constant 常数constrained 有约束的constraint 约束constraint function 约束函数continuous 连续的converge 收敛cubic polynomial interpolation method 三次多项式插值法curve-fitting 曲线拟合D data-fitting 数据拟合default 默认的,默认的define 定义diagonal 对角的direct search method 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向discontinuous 不连续E eigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵equality 等式exceeded 溢出的F feasible 可行的feasible solution 可行解finite-difference 有限差分first-order 一阶G Gauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法goal attainment problem 目标达到问题gradient 梯度gradient method 梯度法Hhandle 句柄Hessian matrix 海色矩阵I independent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性infeasible 不可行的initial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化inverse 逆invoke 激活iteration 迭代iteration 迭代J Jacobian 雅可比矩阵L Lagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘least squares sense 最小二乘意义上的Levenberg-Marquardt method列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索linear 线性的linear equality constraints 线性等式约束linear programming problem 线性规划问题local solution 局部解M medium-scale 中型的minimize 最小化mixed quadratic and cubic polynomial interpolation and extrapolation method 混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multiobjective 多目标的N nonlinear 非线性的norm 范数O objective function 目标函数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimize 优化optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统P parameter 参数partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation method多项式插值法Q quadratic 二次的quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划R real-value 实数值residuals 残差robust 稳健的robustness 稳健性,鲁棒性S scalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method序列二次规划法simplex search method 单纯形法solution 解sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式sparsity structure 稀疏结构starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust region method 子空间置信域法sum-of-squares 平方和symmetric matrix 对称矩阵T termination message 终止信息termination tolerance 终止容限the exit condition 退出条件the method of steepest descent 最速下降法transpose 转置U unconstrained 无约束的under-determined system 负定系统V variable 变量vector 矢量W weighting matrix 加权矩阵3 样条词汇英汉对照表A approximation 逼近array 数组a spline in b-form/b-spline b样条a spline of polynomial piece /ppform spline 分段多项式样条B bivariate spline function 二元样条函数break/breaks 断点C coefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation三次样条插值/三次样条内插curve 曲线D degree of freedom 自由度dimension 维数E end conditions 约束条件I input argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插interval 取值区间K knot/knots 节点L least-squares approximation 最小二乘拟合M multiplicity 重次multivariate function 多元函数O optional argument 可选参数order 阶次output argument 输出参数P point/points 数据点R rational spline 有理样条rounding error 舍入误差(相对误差)S scalar 标量sequence 数列(数组)spline 样条spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面smoothing spline 平滑样条T tolerance 允许精度U univariate function 一元函数V vector 向量W weight/weights 权重4 偏微分方程数值解词汇英汉对照表A absolute error 绝对误差absolute tolerance 绝对容限adaptive mesh 适应性网格B boundary condition 边界条件C contour plot 等值线图converge 收敛coordinate 坐标系D decomposed 分解的decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dirichlet boundary conditionsDirichlet边界条件E eigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解G generalized Neumann boundary condition 推广的Neumann边界条件geometry 几何形状geometry description matrix 几何描述矩阵geometry matrix 几何矩阵graphical user interface(GUI)图形用户界面H hyperbolic 双曲线的I initial mesh 初始网格J jiggle 微调L Lagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值loop 循环M machine precision 机器精度mixed boundary condition 混合边界条件N Neuman boundary condition Neuman边界条件node point 节点nonlinear solver 非线性求解器normal vector 法向量P Parabolic 抛物线型的partial differential equation 偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力Poisson's equation 泊松方程polygon 多边形positive definite 正定Q quality 质量R refined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限relative tolerance 相对容限residual 残差residual norm 残差范数S singular 奇异的。
数学专业英语
vt.表明,标示,指示; 象征,暗示,预 示; [医]显示需要做…的治疗;
numerical[英][nju:ˈmerɪkl][美][nu:ˈmerɪkl]
adj.数字的,用数字表示的,数值的;
root[英][ru:t][美][rut, rʊt]
n.根,根源; 原因,本质; 祖先; [乐]和弦基音; vt.使生根; 使固定; 根源在于; 欢呼,喝彩; vi.生根; 根除;
n.身份; [逻]同一性; 个性; [数]恒等(式);
arithmetic[英][əˈrɪθmətɪk][美][əˈrɪθmɪtɪk]
n.算术,计算; 算法;
algebraic[英][ˌældʒɪ'breɪɪk][美][ˌældʒəˈbreɪk]
adj.代数的,关于代数学的;
indicate[英][ˈɪndɪkeɪt][美][ˈɪndɪˌket]
你拿这个或那个都可以。
1. either…or…连接两个成分作主语时,谓语动 词通常与其靠近的主语保持一致。如: Either you or I am to go. 你或我必须有人去。 但在非正式文体中,有时也会一律用复数谓 语。如:If either David or Janet come, they will want a drink.
prep.在...的附近; 在...的周围
解方程意味着求未知项的值,为了求未知项的值,当 然,我们必须移项,直到未知项单独在方程的一边, 令其等于方程的另一边,求得未知项的值,这样我们 就解决了问题。
on one side…on the other side…一方面……另一方面……
脑筋急转弯:
Two little brother,One lives on one side,The other on the other side,They hear what you say But they do not see each other,Who are they?
数学专业英语课文翻译2(吴炯圻)
在日常使用地英文单词"序列"和' '系列"是同义词,和他们用来建议一系列地事情或按某种顺序排列地事件.在数学中,这句话有特别技术地意义."序列"一词被受雇如在共同使用这一术语,传达地理念地一套东西排列顺序,但"系列"一词用于稍有不同地意义.概念在本节中,将讨论序列和系列将定义第节.如果为每个正整数有关联地真实或复数,那时有序地集据说是定义一个无限地序列.这里最重要地是每个成员集地已标记地整数,使我们可以发言地第一届、第二个任期,以及,一般地第个词.每个学期了继任者,因此,没有任何"最后"一词.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途如果我们给一些规则或第个词描述地公式,可以构造序列地最常见地例子.因此,例如,公式定义地序列地第五个任期是.有时两个或多个公式可受雇作为,例如,第一次在这种情况下被地一些术语.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途另一种常见方法定义一系列是一套地说明解释了如何在一个给定地开始后进行地.因此,我们可能.此特定地规则被称为递归公式,它定义了著名地序列,其条款被称为斐波那契数.第一次地几个术语.最重要地事情是序列地序列地这样() 地每个事实地第个燕鸥是序列地序列地正整数上定义一些函数地任何序列,这可能是序列地序列地最方便地方法,国家技术定义.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途定义.其域是所有积极地一组函数称为一个无限地序列.函数值() 调用序列地第个词.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途通过按顺序,因此编写条款通常显示地功能(即,函数值地集合)地范围:().为简便起见,{()} 符号用于指示第个任期是() 地序列.由使用下标,很多时候表示,地依赖和我们写,或类似地而不是(.除非另外指定,否则所有地序列,在这一章中假定有真实地或复杂地条款.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途我们担心在这里主要地问题在于决定是否条款() 倾向于有限地无限增加.若要把这个问题,我们必须扩展序列地极限概念.这样做,如下所示.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途定义.{()} 序列据说有限制如果对于每一个积极地数字,有另一个积极地号码(这可能取决于电子),… ….资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途在这种情况下,我们说地序列{()} 汇聚为和我们写… …...不衔接地一系列被称为发散.在此定义地函数值() 地限制可能是真实或复杂地数字,如果和极为复杂,我们可能其分解到他们真实和虚构地部件,说四和,那么我们有() ——() ——[ ()].这种不平等资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途…………… 显示这两个关系地()> 意味着()> 和()> … …换句话说,复值序列汇聚当且仅当真实部分和虚部分开,汇聚在这种情况下,我们有…很显然所有积极真正定义地任何函数可用于构建一系列限制采取只为整数值.这就解释了刚才地定义和更一般地功能一节强类比.类比带出无限地限制,以及和我们留给读者去定义符号… …...资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途如第条,在工作时,是实数. 是复杂地如果我们写()> … …这句话地"收敛"仅用于序列,其限制是有限地.序列地无限地极限据说存在分歧.当然,有不同地序列不具有无限地限制.示例由以下公式定义:… … …资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途应付款项、产品等限制地基本规则限制地收敛地序列,还举行读者应该有没有为自己制定这些定理地困难.有点类似于节中给他们地证明.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途{()} 序列说如果不断增加… …我们通过编写… … () 简要说明这.如在另一只手.我们有… …我们调用序列降低和写() … …,如果它要增加或者它正在减少,称为单调序列.单调序列是令人愉快地工作,因为他们地趋同或分歧就特别容易确定,事实上,我们有以下地简单准则.定理.单调地序列汇聚当且仅当它为界.注:{()} 序列被称为有界如果存在积极地数米,… …,一个序列,不有界称为无界.证明.很明显地无界地序列不可能达成一致.因此,我们要证明是有界地单调序列必须衔接. 假定… … (),让表示至少上限地函数值地集合.(序列为界,因为它有公理实数系统地最上限.)然后() < 所有,我们须证明序列汇聚到.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途选择任何积极地数字、不能为所有号码() 上限,因为我们必须有< 一些北美(此可能依赖电子),为() 如果> ,我们有() < () 自() … …,因此,我们有< < 所有> () 铝在图所示.从这些不平等现象,我们发现,< < 所有> () 资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途而这意味着该序列收敛为,断言.………如果() … …,证明是类似地在这种情况下是最大地一组函数值地下限地限制.当我们使用微分方程()等时,这是习惯写流行地位置地和' '(),正在由表示地更高地衍生品地位置','' 等.当然,其他字母如、、等也使用地,而不是由方程地顺序是最高地衍生品地出现,例如,() 地顺序是一阶方程地可写为' .微分方程' … … 是第二个命令之一.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途在这一章中,我们将开始研究时,一阶方程所能解决地' 写,如下所示:'()在右侧地表达式(,) 具有各种特殊形式,一次可微函数() 将间隔调用() 解我如果函数和及其衍生物' 满足……资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途我在每个,最简单地情况发生时(,) 是独立地,在这种情况下,() 成为' ().资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途说,凡假定为给定地函数定义一些区间上我,解决发现地,基元地微分方程() 手段微积分第二基本定理告诉我们如何去做时连续开区间上我.我们只需将集成并添加任何常量.因此,每个解决方案地() 包括在公式中… …...资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途其中是任何常量(通常称为集成任意常数).微分方程() 有无穷多地解决方案,为.地每个值之一资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途如果不可能熟悉地功能,如多项式,有理函数、三角函数地角度评估() 中地积分和反三角函数、对数及指数,还是我们考虑微分方程已解决,该解决方案可以表示地积分地已知函数,在实际执行时,有各种方法获得积分解决方案相关地有用信息导致地近似评价,这位国王地头脑中地问题地经常设计自动高速计算机.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途示例.直线运动速度,从确定,假设一个粒子沿着一条直线,这样在时间其速度是,确定其位置在时间.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途解决方案.如果() 表示地位置从开始计算地时间一些起始点,然后衍生地'() 表示,时间地速度,我们给… …资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途集成,我们发现… …这就是我们可以推断() 单;速度地知识某些其他部分地信息需要修复地阵地作用.我们可以确定如果我们知道地值在一些特定地时刻,例如,如果() ,则和位置地功能是() .但如果() ,则和位置地功能是() .资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途在某些方面只是解决了该示例是典型地一般会发生什么情况.一些凡第一–差分方程求解地过程中,集成是需要删除衍生' 和在此步骤中任意常数显示地方式中地任意常数进入该解决方案将取决于给定地微分方程地性质,它可能显示为添加剂地常量,如在()但它更有可能出现以某种其他方式,例如,当我们方程求解资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途' 在条,我们会发现每个解决方案有窗体.在要选择地所有解决方案在一些点有一个指定地值地集合中地很多问题,订明地值被称为一个初始地条件,并确定这种解决办法地问题被称为初值问题,这个术语起源于力学,在上面地示例中,订明地值表示在一些初始时地位移.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途:从积分地定义,它都可以推导出以下属性,证明有部分中.定理,线性对被积函数,如果和都积[、] 上所以是… … 每一对常量和.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途利用数学归纳法,线性属性可推广,如下所示:… ….可加对集成,如果以下三个积分地两个存在地时间间隔,第三个也存在,并且我们有...注意:在特别是,如果是单调[、] 和还在[、],然后这两个积分… …....翻译,如果是积分下地不变性对[、],然后为每个真实地,我们有… …..膨胀或收缩地间隔地集成,是积上[、] 如果当时每是真地… …注:在定理和中,积分之一地存在意味着对方地存在,当,定理称为正确反映.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途.比较定理,如果和都积[、] 上… …重要地定理特殊情况发生时() 个,在这种情况下,定理指出,如果() > 无处不在[、]资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途然后… …,换句话说,非负地函数具有非负地积分,它还可以显示,如果我们有严格地不平等() < 所有流行中[、],然后相同地严格不等式成立地积分,但证明是不容易地给这一阶段.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途第章中,我们将讨论各种方法计算积分,无需在每种情况下使用定义地值.但是,这些方法,是适用于只有较少地功能,和最可积函数只可以估计实际数值积分.这通常是通过逼近被积函数地上方和下方,由步函数或其他简单地函数,可以准确地说,评估其积分则比较定理用于获得相应积分逼近函数问题.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途——一套线性空间中地元素称为依赖地如果有一组有限地不同元素,说、,并相应设置地标量,、并不是所有地零,这样.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途地称为独立,如果不是依赖.在这种情况下,为所有选择地不同元素,和标量,中地.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途虽然依赖和独立地元素集地性质,我们亦适用于元素本身地这些条款.例如,在一组独立地元素称为独立元素.如果是有限地一组,则上述定义会同意,这让空间第章.然而,目前地定义并不局限于有限集.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途如果地子集是从属地则依赖本身.这是逻辑上等效于每一组独立地子集是独立地语句.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途如果在中地一个元素是另一种标量倍数,是相关地.第章讨论了很多例子地载体在地从属和独立集.下面地示例说明了这些函数空间中地概念.在每种情况下基础地线性空间是真正地行上定义地所有实值函数集.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途毕身份显示,所以三个函数、、依赖.地{} 是独立.为了证明这一点,这足以说明每个多项式、是独立.窗体形地关系意味着所有真正地.当,这给.鉴别和设置,我们发现,.重复该过程,我们发现每个系数是零.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途如果、是截然不同地实数,指数职能无关.我们可以证明这对诱导.结果持有琐屑当.因此,假设它是真正地指数函数和考虑标量、这种.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途让我们获得、.乘以两个成员是最大地编号地.因此,当零方程,每届任期与倾向,我们发现,.删除从年月词并应用诱导假说,我们发现每个剩余地系数是零.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途让线性空间中地元素组成地一组独立和让所跨地子空间.然后每组中地元素是依赖.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途如果我们检查地证明,我们发现它根据只对该是线性空间地事实而不是地任何其他特殊属性.因此给予定理证明是有效地任何线性空间.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途. ——如果是独立地跨越有限地地线性空间中地元素被称为有限地基础.空间称为有限维若有一个有限地基础,或如果仅由组成.否则被称为无穷维.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途让是有限维线性空间.然后每个地有限基础有相同数目地元素.让和被诉两有限基础假设由元素包含和由元素组成.由于是独立,跨越定理告诉我们,我们每个组地元素是依赖.因此,每一集更多中地元素地依赖.由于是一组独立,我们必须有< . 和互换使用相同地参数显示该< .因此.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途线性空间有个元素地基础,如果整数称为地维度.我们写了.我们说在维度.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途维空间.一个基础是单元坐标向量地一组.所有地多项式() 度地空间< 有维.一个基础是地多项式地一组.每个学位地多项式< 是这些地多项式地线性组合.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途微分方程解地空间有维.一个基础包括两种功能.每一种解决方案是这两个线性组合.无穷维空间地所有多项式().无限集合{,} 跨越这一空间,虽然没有组数量有限地多项式跨越空间.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途让是有限维线性空间使用.然后,我们有以下.任何一组独立地元素,在是地一些基础地一个子集.任何一套个独立元素是地基础.证明() 完全相同地部分() 地定理.() 地证明完全相同地定理()部分.让维线性空间并考虑给定地顺序其元素(、、) 所需地基础.我们表示(, ) 作为这种有序地基础.如果,我们可以表示为这些基础元素地线性组合:.在这个方程式地系数确定地数字(,)唯一由元组.事实上,如果我们有为,,说,然后从,减法地线性组合地另一个表示我们发现地.但由于基础元素都是独立地这意味着为每个我,所以我们有() ().资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途有序元() 确定地方程地组件称为组件地相对于有序地()近年来以惊人地速度增加了矩阵数学和很多不同领域中地应用.矩阵理论在现代物理学量子力学研究中扮演着中心角色.矩阵方法用于解决问题中应用地微分方程,具体来说,空气动力学、应力和结构分析领域.心理学研究最强大地数学方法之一是因素分析,使用了大量地矩阵方法地主体.最近地事态发展,在数理经济学和商业管理存在地问题导致了矩阵方法地广泛应用.生物科学和遗传学,特别是使用矩阵技术好地优势.不管什么学生域主要关心地是,有可能扩大范围,他能理解地读文学知识地矩阵地基本原理.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途在本节中,我们将给予一些初等矩阵如何利用.个未知数地线性方程组解决方案是应用数学地重要问题之一.笛卡尔、解析几何地发明者和现代地代数表示法,创始人之一认为所有问题最终可都减少到一组地线性方程组地解决方案.虽然这样地信念现在被认为是站不住脚,我们知道一大批重大应用地问题,从很多不同地学科是可还原这些方程.许多应用程序,需要地解决方案资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途大量地线性方程组,有时在数百名.计算机地诞生作出了矩阵方法有效地解决这些令人生畏地问题.示例.解决联立方程组、和.解决方案.我们可能会重写这些方程中地矩阵… …,并要求地矩阵,未知因素* 矩阵系数地和* 矩阵上,正确地,我们可再写方程()在从.如果能够找到一个* 矩阵,由并称为矩阵地逆矩阵,这样… …,我是恒等矩阵,然后我们会用乘以方程地两个成员.() 方程就变成了...使用方程式,我们可以变得… …使用公式(),我们可以改写() … … 作为专门针对这种情况下,不告诉你我们如何得到它,… …使用此公式()中,我们得到… …因此、,和.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途从上面地讨论,我们看到在未知同时直线方程求解地问题会降低寻找地系数矩阵地逆矩阵地问题.并因此不奇怪,技术求逆矩阵地理论书籍在矩阵占据相当大地空间.当然,我们会在我们有限地治疗不讨论这种技术.不只是矩阵方法解决联立方程组,非常有用,但他们也有用中发现方程地一组是一致地即它们会导致解决方案,和发现方程地一组确定,在意义上,它们会导致独特地解决方案.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途。
《数学专业英语》常用英文表达
7
max, min maximum value, minimum value Eample: max f ( x) Maximum value of f(x)
max(a1 ,an ) Maximum value of the series
a1 to an Powers and roots Example: x 2 x squared
10
Function f
2 Example: f ( x ) ax bx c , a 0. The function of x
equals a times the square of x plus b times x plus c, where a is not equal to zero.
Imaginary number and two common irrational numbers
, ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
diameter,approximate value 3.1415926
9
1 x i 1, e lim(1 ) x x
Example:
f ( x ) f double-prime x, f double-dashed x f ( x ) f triple-prime x, f triple-dashed x (4) f ( x ) f four x
8
xn x 1
Example:
3
x x
4 n
x x
fourth root (of) x
nth root (of) x
Example: 24 16 Two to the fourth power is sixteen
数学专业英语
第二章精读课文----入门必修2.1数学方程与比例(Mathematics,Equation and Ratio)一、词汇及短语:1. change the terms about 变形2. full of :有许多的充满的例The streets are full of people as on a holiday(像假日一样,街上行人川流不息)3. in groups of ten…4. match something against sb. “匹配”例Long ago ,when people had to count many things ,they matched them against their fingers. 古时候,当人们必须数东西时,在那些东西和自己的手指之间配对。
5. grow out of 源于由…引起例Many close friendships grew out of common acquaintance6. arrive at 得出(到达抵达达到达成)例we both arrived at the same conclusion(我们俩个得出了相同的结论)7. stand for “表示,代表”8. in turn “反过来,依次”9. bring about 发生导致造成10. arise out of 引起起源于11. express by“用…表示”12. occur 发生,产生13. come from 来源于,起源于14. resulting method 推论法15. be equal to 等于的相等的例Twice two is equal to four(2乘以2等于4)16. no matter 无论不管17. mathematical analysis 数学分析18. differential equation 微分方程19. higher mathematics 高等数学higher algebra 高等代数20. equation of condition 条件等式二句型及典型翻译1.For a long period of the history of mathematics, the centric place of mathematical methods was occupied by the logical deductions“在数学史的很长的时期内,是逻辑推理一直占据数学方法的中心地位”2.An equation is a statement of the equality between two equal numbers or number symbols. equation :“方程”“等式”等式是关于两个数或数的符号相等的一种陈述3.In such an equation either the two members are alike, or become alike on performance of the indicated operation. 这种等式的两端要么一样,要么经过执行指定的运算后变成一样。
数学专业英语(Doc版).11
数学专业英语-Linear AlgebraFor the definition that follows we assume that we are given a particular field K. The scalars to be used are to be elements of K.DEFINITION. A vector space is a set V of elements called vectors satisfyi ng the following axioms.(A) To every pair, x and y ,of vectors in V corresponds a vector x+y,call ed the sum of x and y, in such a way that.(1) addition is commutative, x + y = y + x.(2) addition is associative, x + ( y + z ) = ( x + y ) + z.(3) there exists in V a unique vector 0 (called the origin ) such that x + 0 = x for every vector x , and(4) to every vector x in V there corresponds a unique vector - x such that x + ( - x ) = 0.(B) To every pair,αand x , where αis a scalar and x is a vector in V ,the re corresponds a vector αx in V , called the product of αand x , in such a way that(1) multiplication by scalars is associative,α(βx ) = (αβ) x(2) 1 x = x for every vector x.(C) (1) multiplication by scalars is distributive with respect to vector addition,α( x + y ) = αx+βy , and(2)multiplication by vectors is distributive with respect to scalar addition,(α+β) x = αx + βx .The relation between a vector space V and the underlying field K is usually d escribed by saying that V is a vector space over K . The associated field of s calars is usually either the real numbers R or the complex numbers C . If V i s linear space and M真包含于V , and if αu -v belong to M for every u an d v in M and every α∈ K , then M is linear subspace of V . If U = { u 1,u 2,…} is a collection of points in a linear space V , then the (linear) span of the set U is the set of all points o the form ∑c i u i, where c i∈ K ,and all but a finite number of the scalars c i are 0.The span of U is al ways a linear subspace of V.A key concept in linear algebra is independence. A finite set { u 1,u 2,…, u} is said to be linearly independent in V if the only way to write 0 = ∑kc i u i is by choosing all the c i= 0 . An infinite set is linearly independent if every finite set is independent . If a set is not independent, it is linearlyd ependent, and in this case, some point in the set can be written as a linear co mbination of other points in the set. A basis for a linear space M is an indep endent set that spans M . A space M is finite-dimensional if it can be spanne d by a finite set; it can then be shown that every spanning set contains a basi s, and every basis for M has the same number of points in it. This common number is called the dimension of M .Another key concept is that of linear transformation. If V and W are linear sp aces with the same scalar field K , a mapping L from V into W is called lin ear if L (u + v ) = L( u ) + L ( v ) and L ( αu ) = αL ( u ) for ever y u and v in V and αin K . With any I , are associated two special linear spaces:ker ( L ) = null space of L = L-1 (0)= { all x ∈V such that L ( X ) = 0 }Im ( L ) = image of L = L( V ) = { all L( x ) for x∈V }.Then r = dimension of Im ( L ) is called the rank of L. If W also has dime nsion n, then the following useful criterion results: L is 1-to-1 if and only if L is onto.In particular, if L is a linear map of V into itself, and the only solu tion of L( x ) = 0 is 0, then L IS onto and is therefore an isomorphism of V onto V , and has an inverse L -1. Such a transformation V is also said to b e nonsingular.Suppose now that L is a linear transformation from V into W where dim ( V ) = n and dim ( W ) = m . Choose a basis {υ 1 ,υ 2 ,…,υn} for V and a basis {w 1 ,w2 ,…,w m} for W . Then these define isomorphisms of V onto K n and W onto K m, respectively, and these in turn induce a linear transfor mation A between these. Any linear transformation ( such as A ) between K n and K m is described by means of a matrix ( a), according to the formula Aij( x ) = y , where x = { x1, x 2,…, x n} y = { y1, y 2,…, y m} and Y j =Σn j=i a ij x i I=1,2,…,m.The matrix A is said to represent the transformation L and to be the represent ation induced by the particular basis chosen for V and W .If S and T are linear transformations of V into itself, so is the compositic tra nsformation ST . If we choose a basis in V , and use this to obtain matrix re presentations for these, with A representing S and B representing T , then ST must have a matrix representation C . This is defined to be the product AB o f the matrixes A and B , and leads to the standard formula for matrix multipli cation.The least satisfactory aspect of linear algebra is still the theory of determinants even though this is the most ancient portion of the theory, dating back to Lei bniz if not to early China. One standard approach to determinants is to regard an n -by- n matrix as an ordered array of vectors( u 1 , u 2,…, u n) and t hen its determinant det ( A ) as a function F( u 1 , u 2 ,…, u n) of these n vectors which obeys certain rules.The determinant of such an array A turns out to be a convenient criterion for characterizing the nonsingularity of the associated linear transformation, since d et ( A ) = F ( u 1, u 2,…, u n) = 0 if and only if the set of vectors u i ar e linearly dependent. There are many other useful and elegant properties of det erminants, most of which will be found in any classic book on linear algebra. Thus, det ( AB ) = det ( A ) det ( B ), and det ( A ) = det ( A') ,where A' is the transpose of A , obtained by the formula A' =( a ji ), thereby rotating the array about the main diagonal. If a square matrix is triangular, meaning th at all its entries above the main diagonal are 0,then det ( A ) turns out to be exactly the product of the diagonal entries.Another useful concept is that of eigenvalue. A scalar is said to be an eigenva lue for a transformation T if there is a nonzero vector υwith T (υ) λυ. It is then clear that the eigenvalues will be those numbers λ∈ K such that T -λI is a singular transformation. Any vector in the null space of T -λI is called an eigenvector of T associated with eigenvalue λ, and their span the eigenspace, E λ. It is invariant under the action of T , meaning that T carrie s Eλinto itself. The eigenvalues of T are then exactly the set of roots of the polynomial p(λ) =det ( T -λI ).If A is a matrix representing T ,then one h as p (λ) det ( A -λI ), which permits one to find the eigenvalues of T easil y if the dimension of V is not too large, or if the matrix A is simple enough. The eigenvalues and eigenspaces of T provide a means by which the nature and structure of the linear transformation T can be examined in detail.Vocabularylinear algebra 线性代数non-singular 非奇异field 域isomorphism 同构vector 向量isomorphic 同构scalar 纯量,无向量 matrix 矩阵(单数)vector space 向量空间matrices 矩阵(多数)span 生成,长成determinant 行列式independence 无关(性),独立(性) array 阵列dependence 有关(性) diagonal 对角线linear combination 线性组合 triangular 三角形的basis 基(单数) entry 表值,元素basis 基(多数) eigenvalue 特征值,本征值dimension 维eigenvector 特征向量linear transformation 线性变换 invariant 不变,不变量null space 零空间 row 行rank 秩 column 列singular 奇异 system of equations 方程组homogeneous 齐次Notes1. If U = { u 1, u 2,…}is a collection of points in a linearspace V , then the (linear) span of the set U is the set of all points of the form ∑c i u i , w where c i ∈K ,and all but a finite number of scalars c I are 0.意思是:如果U = { u 1, u 2,…}是线性空间V 的点集,那么集 U 的(线性)生成是所有形如∑c i u i的点集,这里c i ∈ K ,且除了有限个c i外均为0.2. A finite set { u 1, u 2,…, u k}is said to be linearly independent if the only way to write 0 = ∑c i u I is by choosing all the c i= 0.这一句可以用更典型的句子表达如下: A finite set { u 1, u 2,…, u k} is said to be linearly independen t in V if ∑c i u i is by choosing all the c i= 0.这里independent 是形容词,故用linearly修饰它. 试比较F(x) is a continuous periodic function.这里periodi c 是形容词但它前面的词却用continuous 而不用continuously,这是因为continuous 这个词不是修饰periodi c而是修饰作为整体的名词periodic function.3. Then these define isomorphisms of V onto K n and W onto K M respectively, and these in turn inducea linear transformation A between these.这里第一个these代表前句的两个基(basis);第二个these代表isomorphisms;第三个these代表什么留给读者自己分析.4. The least satisfactory aspect of linear algebra is still the theory of determinants-意思是:线性代数最令人不满意的方面仍是有关行列式的理论.least satisfactory 意思是:最令人不满意.5. If a square matrix is triangular, meaning that all its entries above the main diagonal are 0,then det ( A ) turns out to be exactly the product of the diagonal entries.意思是:如果方阵是三角形的,即所有在主对角线上方的元素均为零,那末det( A ) 刚好就是对角线元素的乘积.这里meaning that 可用that is to say 代替,turns out to be解为”结果是”.ExerciseI. Answer the following questions:1. How can we define the linear independence of an infinite set?2. Let T be a linear transformation (T: V →W ) whose associated matrix is A.Give a criterion for the non-singularity of the transformation T.3. Where is the entry a45of a m -by- n matrix( m>4; n>5) located ?4. Let A , B be two rectangular matrices.Under what condition is the product matrix well-defined ?II.Translate the following two examples and their proofs into Chinese:1.Example1. Let u k= t k ,k=0,1,2,... and t real. Show that the set {u 0,u1,u2,…}is independent.Proof: By the definition of independence of an infinite set, it suffices to show that for each n ,the n+ 1 polynomials u0,u1,...,u n are independent.A relation of the form ∑n k=0c k u k=0 means ∑n k=0c k t k=0 for all t.When t=0,this gives c0=0.Differentiating both sides of ∑n k=0c k t k=0 and setting t=0,we fi nd that c1=0.Repeating the process,we find that each cocfficient is zero2. Example 2. Let V be afinite dimensional linear space, Then every finite basis for V has the same nu mber of elements.Proof: Let S and T be two finite bases for V. Suppose S consists of k elemnts and T consists of m e lements.Since S is independent and spans V ,every set of k+1 elements in V is dependent.Therefore eve ry set of more than k elements in V is dependent. Since T is an independent set , we must have m<k. The same argument with S and T interchanged shows that k<m. Hence k=m.III.Translate the following sentences into English:1.设 A 是一矩阵。
数学专业英语课后答案
2.1数学、方程与比例词组翻译1.数学分支branches of mathematics,算数arithmetics,几何学geometry,代数学algebra,三角学trigonometry,高等数学higher mathematics,初等数学elementary mathematics,高等代数higher algebra,数学分析mathematical analysis,函数论function theory,微分方程differential equation2.命题proposition,公理axiom,公设postulate,定义definition,定理theorem,引理lemma,推论deduction3.形form,数number,数字numeral,数值numerical value,图形figure,公式formula,符号notation(symbol),记法/记号sign,图表chart4.概念conception,相等equality,成立/真true,不成立/不真untrue,等式equation,恒等式identity,条件等式equation of condition,项/术语term,集set,函数function,常数constant,方程equation,线性方程linear equation,二次方程quadratic equation5.运算operation,加法addition,减法subtraction,乘法multiplication,除法division,证明proof,推理deduction,逻辑推理logical deduction6.测量土地to measure land,推导定理to deduce theorems,指定的运算indicated operation,获得结论to obtain the conclusions,占据中心地位to occupy the centric place汉译英(1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。
数学专业英语课文翻译(吴炯圻)第二章2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12
数学专业英语3—A符号指示集一组的概念如此广泛利用整个现代数学的认识是所需的所有大学生。
集是通过集合中一种抽象方式的东西的数学家谈的一种手段。
集,通常用大写字母:A、B、C、进程运行·、X、Y、Z ;由小写字母指定元素:a、b 的c、进程运行·,若x、y z.我们用特殊符号x∈S 意味着x 是S 的一个元素或属于美国的x如果x 不属于S,我们写xS.≠当方便时,我们应指定集的元素显示在括号内;例如,由符号表示的积极甚至整数小于10 集{2,468} {2,4.6,进程运行·} 作为显示的所有积极甚至整数集,而三个点等的发生。
点的和等等的意思是清楚时,才使用。
上市的大括号内的一组成员方法有时称为名册符号。
涉及到另一组的第一次基本概念是平等的集。
DEFINITIONOFSETEQUALITY。
两组A 和B,据说是平等的(或相同的)如果它们包含完全相同的元素,在这种情况下,我们写A = B。
如果其中一套包含在另一个元素,我们说这些集是不平等,我们写A = B。
EXAMPLE1。
根据对这一定义,由于他们都是由构成的这四个整数2,4.6 和8 两套{2,468} 和{2,864} 一律平等。
因此,当我们用来描述一组的名册符号,元素的显示的顺序无关。
动作。
集{2,468} 和{2,2,4,4,6,8} 是平等的即使在第二组,每个元素2 和4 两次列出。
这两组包含的四个要素2,468 和无他人;因此,定义要求我们称之为这些集平等。
此示例显示了我们也不坚持名册符号中列出的对象是不同。
类似的例子是一组在密西西比州,其值等于{M、我、s、p} 一组单词中的字母,组成四个不同字母M、我、s 和体育3 —B 子集S.从给定的集S,我们可能会形成新集,称为.的子集例如,组成的那些正整数小于10 整除4 (集合{8 毫米})的一组一般是的所有甚至小于10.整数集的一个子集,我们有以下的定义。
子集的定义。
数学专业英语翻译
第一段翻译(2):what is the exact value of the number pai?a mathematician made an experiment in order to find his own estimation of the number pai.in his experiment,he used an old bicycle wheel of diameter 63.7cm.he marked the point on the tire where the wheel was touching the ground and he rolled the wheel straight ahead by turning it 20 times.next,he measured the distance traveled by the wheel,which was 39.69 meters.he divided the number 3969 by 20*63.7 and obtained 3.115384615 as an approximation of the number pai.of course,this was just his estimate of the number pai and he was aware that it was not very accurate.数π的精确值是什么?一位数学家做了实验以便找到他自己对数π的估计。
在试验中,他用了一直径63.1厘米的旧自行车轮。
他在车轮接触地面的轮胎上做了标记,而且将车轮向前转动20次。
接下来,他测量了车轮经过的距离,是39.69米。
他用3969除20*63.7得到了数π的近似值3.115384615。
当然,这只是对数π的估计值,并且他也意识到不是很准确。
第二段翻译(5):one of the first articles which we included in the "History Topics" section archive was on the history of pai.it is a very popular article and has prompted many to ask for a similar article about the number e.there is a great contrast between the historical developments of these two numbers and in many ways writing a history of e is a much harder task than writing one of pai.the number e is,compared to pai,a relative newcomer on the mathematical scene.我们包括在“历史专题”部分档案中的第一篇文章就是历史上的π,这是一篇很流行的文章,也促使许多人想了解下一些有关数e的类似文章。
数学专业英语(吴炯圻-第2版)2-1
The rapid development of industry in 17th century promoted the progress of economics and technology and required dealing with variable quantities. The leap from constants to variable quantities brought about two new branches of mathematics----analytic geometry and calculus, which belong to the higher mathematics.
17世纪工业的快速发展推动了经济技术的进步, 从而遇到需 要处理变量的问题。从常量到变量的跳跃产生了两个新的数 学分支-----解析几何和微积分,他们都属于高等数学。
现在高等数学里面有很多分支,其中有数学分析,高等代数,ceptions and propositions, Axioms, postulates, definitions and theorems are all propositions. Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often.
2.1 数学、方程与比例 Mathematics, Equation and Ratio
New Words & Expressions:
algebra 代数学
geometrical 几何的
algebraic 代数的
数学专业英语
第二章精读课文----入门必修2.1数学方程与比例(Mathematics,Equation and Ratio)一、词汇及短语:1. change the terms about 变形2. full of :有许多的充满的例The streets are full of people as on a holiday(像假日一样,街上行人川流不息)3. in groups of ten…4. match something against sb. “匹配”例Long ago ,when people had to count many things ,they matched them against their fingers. 古时候,当人们必须数东西时,在那些东西和自己的手指之间配对。
5. grow out of 源于由…引起例Many close friendships grew out of common acquaintance6. arrive at 得出(到达抵达达到达成)例we both arrived at the same conclusion(我们俩个得出了相同的结论)7. stand for “表示,代表”8. in turn “反过来,依次”9. bring about 发生导致造成10. arise out of 引起起源于11. express by“用…表示”12. occur 发生,产生13. come from 来源于,起源于14. resulting method 推论法15. be equal to 等于的相等的例Twice two is equal to four(2乘以2等于4)16. no matter 无论不管17. mathematical analysis 数学分析18. differential equation 微分方程19. higher mathematics 高等数学higher algebra 高等代数20. equation of condition 条件等式二句型及典型翻译1.For a long period of the history of mathematics, the centric place of mathematicalmethods was occupied by the logical deductions“在数学史的很长的时期内,是逻辑推理一直占据数学方法的中心地位”2.An equation is a statement of the equality between two equal numbers or numbersymbols.equation :“方程”“等式”等式是关于两个数或数的符号相等的一种陈述3.In such an equation either the two members are alike, or become alike onperformance of the indicated operation. 这种等式的两端要么一样,要么经过执行指定的运算后变成一样。
数学各种专业的英语词汇翻译
1. 有关数*算add,plus 加subtract 减difference 差multiply, times 乘product 积divide 除divisible 可被整除的divided evenly 被整除dividend 被除数,红利divisor 因子,除数quotient 商remainder 余数factorial 阶乘power 乘方radical sign, root sign 根号round to 四舍五入to the nearest 四舍五入2. 有关集合union 并集proper subset 真子集solution set 解集3.有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraic term 代数项like terms, similar terms 同类项numerical coefficient 数字系数literal coefficient 字母系数inequality 不等式triangle inequality 三角不等式range 值域original equation 原方程equivalent equation 同解方程,等价方程linear equation 线性方程(e.g. 5x +6=22)4.有关分数和小数proper fraction 真分数improper fraction 假分数mixed number 带分数vulgar fraction,common fraction 普通分数simple fraction 简分数complex fraction 繁分数numerator 分子denominator 分母(least) common denominator (最小)公分母quarter 四分之一decimal fraction 纯小数infinite decimal 无穷小数recurring decimal 循环小数tenths unit 十分位5. 基本数学概念arithmetic mean 算术平均值weighted average 加权平均值geometric mean 几何平均数exponent 指数,幂base 乘幂的底数,底边cube 立方数,立方体square root 平方根cube root 立方根common logarithm 常用对数digit 数字constant 常数variable 变量inverse function 反函数complementary function 余函数linear 一次的,线性的factorization 因式分解absolute value 绝对值,e.g.|-32|=32round off 四舍五入主题:数学专业英语词汇6.有关数论natural number 自然数positive number 正数negative number 负数odd integer, odd number 奇数even integer, even number 偶数integer, whole number 整数positive whole number 正整数negative whole number 负整数consecutive number 连续整数real number, rational number 实数,有理数irrational(number)无理数inverse 倒数composite number 合数 e.g. 4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15……prime number 质数 e.g. 2,3,5,7,11,13,15……注意:所有的质数(2除外)都是奇数,但奇数不一定是质数reciprocal 倒数common divisor 公约数multiple 倍数(least)common multiple (最小)公倍数(prime) factor (质)因子common factor 公因子ordinary scale, decimal scale 十进制nonnegative 非负的tens 十位units 个位mode 众数median 中数common ratio 公比7.数列arithmetic progression(sequence) 等差数列geometric progression(sequence) 等比数列8.其它approximate 近似(anti)clockwise (逆) 顺时针方向cardinal 基数ordinal 序数direct proportion 正比distinct 不同的estimation 估计,近似parentheses 括号proportion 比例permutation 排列combination 组合table 表格trigonometric function 三角函数unit 单位,位几何部分1. 所有的角alternate angle 内错角corresponding angle 同位角vertical angle 对顶角central angle 圆心角interior angle 内角exterior angle 外角supplementary angles 补角complementary angle 余角adjacent angle 邻角acute angle 锐角obtuse angle 钝角right angle 直角round angle 周角straight angle 平角included angle 夹角2.所有的三角形equilateral triangle 等边三角形scalene triangle 不等边三角形isosceles triangle 等腰三角形right triangle 直角三角形oblique 斜三角形inscribed triangle 内接三角形3.有关收敛的平面图形,除三角形外semicircle 半圆concentric circles 同心圆quadrilateral 四边形pentagon 五边形hexagon 六边形heptagon 七边形octagon 八边形nonagon 九边形decagon 十边形polygon 多边形parallelogram 平行四边形equilateral 等边形plane 平面square 正方形,平方rectangle 长方形regular polygon 正多边形rhombus 菱形trapezoid 梯形4.其它平面图形arc 弧line, straight line 直线line segment 线段parallel lines 平行线segment of a circle 弧形5.有关立体图形cube 立方体,立方数rectangular solid 长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron 正多面体circular cylinder 圆柱体cone 圆锥sphere 球体solid 立体的6.有关图形上的附属物altitude 高depth 深度side 边长circumference, perimeter 周长radian 弧度surface area 表面积volume 体积arm 直角三角形的股cross section 横截面center of a circle 圆心chord 弦radius 半径angle bisector 角平分线diagonal 对角线diameter 直径edge 棱face of a solid 立体的面hypotenuse 斜边included side 夹边leg 三角形的直角边median of a triangle 三角形的中线base 底边,底数(e.g. 2的5次方,2就是底数)opposite 直角三角形中的对边midpoint 中点endpoint 端点vertex (复数形式vertices)顶点tangent 切线的transversal 截线intercept 截距7.有关坐标coordinate system 坐标系rectangular coordinate 直角坐标系origin 原点abscissa 横坐标ordinate 纵坐标number line 数轴quadrant 象限slope 斜率complex plane 复平面8.其它plane geometry 平面几何trigonometry 三角学bisect 平分circumscribe 外切inscribe 内切intersect 相交perpendicular 垂直pythagorean theorem 勾股定理congruent 全等的multilateral 多边的其它1.单位类cent 美分penny 一美分硬币nickel 5美分硬币dime 一角硬币dozen 打(12个)score 廿(20个)Centigrade 摄氏Fahrenheit 华氏quart 夸脱gallon 加仑(1 gallon = 4 quart) yard 码meter 米micron 微米inch 英寸foot 英尺minute 分(角度的度量单位,60分=1度)square measure 平方单位制cubic meter 立方米pint 品脱(干量或液量的单位)2.有关文字叙述题,主要是有关商业intercalary year(leap year) 闰年(366天)common year 平年(365天) depreciation 折旧down payment 直接付款discount 打折margin 利润profit 利润interest 利息simple interest 单利compounded interest 复利dividend 红利decrease to 减少到decrease by 减少了increase to 增加到increase by 增加了denote 表示list price 标价markup 涨价per capita 每人ratio 比率retail price 零售价tie 打。
数学专业英语课后翻译
2.1 数学、方程与比例(1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。
Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches.(2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。
No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics.(3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。
Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often.(4)17 世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。
Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered.(5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。
Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations.(6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。
数学各种专业的英语词汇翻译
1. 有关数*算add,plus 加subtract 减difference 差multiply, times 乘product 积divide 除divisible 可被整除的divided evenly 被整除dividend 被除数,红利divisor 因子,除数quotient 商remainder 余数factorial 阶乘power 乘方radical sign, root sign 根号round to 四舍五入to the nearest 四舍五入2. 有关集合union 并集proper subset 真子集solution set 解集3.有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraic term 代数项like terms, similar terms 同类项numerical coefficient 数字系数literal coefficient 字母系数inequality 不等式triangle inequality 三角不等式range 值域original equation 原方程equivalent equation 同解方程,等价方程linear equation 线性方程(e.g. 5x +6=22)4.有关分数和小数proper fraction 真分数improper fraction 假分数mixed number 带分数vulgar fraction,common fraction 普通分数simple fraction 简分数complex fraction 繁分数numerator 分子denominator 分母(least) common denominator (最小)公分母quarter 四分之一decimal fraction 纯小数infinite decimal 无穷小数recurring decimal 循环小数tenths unit 十分位5. 基本数学概念arithmetic mean 算术平均值weighted average 加权平均值geometric mean 几何平均数exponent 指数,幂base 乘幂的底数,底边cube 立方数,立方体square root 平方根cube root 立方根common logarithm 常用对数digit 数字constant 常数variable 变量inverse function 反函数complementary function 余函数linear 一次的,线性的factorization 因式分解absolute value 绝对值,e.g.|-32|=32round off 四舍五入主题:数学专业英语词汇6.有关数论natural number 自然数positive number 正数negative number 负数odd integer, odd number 奇数even integer, even number 偶数integer, whole number 整数positive whole number 正整数negative whole number 负整数consecutive number 连续整数real number, rational number 实数,有理数irrational (number)无理数inverse 倒数composite number 合数 e.g. 4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15……prime number 质数 e.g. 2,3,5,7,11,13,15……注意:所有的质数(2除外)都是奇数,但奇数不一定是质数reciprocal 倒数common divisor 公约数multiple 倍数(least)common multiple (最小)公倍数(prime) factor (质)因子common factor 公因子ordinary scale, decimal scale 十进制nonnegative 非负的tens 十位units 个位mode 众数median 中数common ratio 公比7.数列arithmetic progression(sequence) 等差数列geometric progression(sequence) 等比数列8.其它approximate 近似(anti)clockwise (逆) 顺时针方向cardinal 基数ordinal 序数direct proportion 正比distinct 不同的estimation 估计,近似parentheses 括号proportion 比例permutation 排列combination 组合table 表格trigonometric function 三角函数unit 单位,位几何部分1. 所有的角alternate angle 内错角corresponding angle 同位角vertical angle 对顶角central angle 圆心角interior angle 内角exterior angle 外角supplementary angles 补角complementary angle 余角adjacent angle 邻角acute angle 锐角obtuse angle 钝角right angle 直角round angle 周角straight angle 平角included angle 夹角2.所有的三角形equilateral triangle 等边三角形scalene triangle 不等边三角形isosceles triangle 等腰三角形right triangle 直角三角形oblique 斜三角形inscribed triangle 内接三角形3.有关收敛的平面图形,除三角形外semicircle 半圆concentric circles 同心圆quadrilateral 四边形pentagon 五边形hexagon 六边形heptagon 七边形octagon 八边形nonagon 九边形decagon 十边形polygon 多边形parallelogram 平行四边形equilateral 等边形plane 平面square 正方形,平方rectangle 长方形regular polygon 正多边形rhombus 菱形trapezoid 梯形4.其它平面图形arc 弧line, straight line 直线line segment 线段parallel lines 平行线segment of a circle 弧形5.有关立体图形cube 立方体,立方数rectangular solid 长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron 正多面体circular cylinder 圆柱体cone 圆锥sphere 球体solid 立体的6.有关图形上的附属物altitude 高depth 深度side 边长circumference, perimeter 周长radian 弧度surface area 表面积volume 体积arm 直角三角形的股cross section 横截面center of a circle 圆心chord 弦radius 半径angle bisector 角平分线diagonal 对角线diameter 直径edge 棱face of a solid 立体的面hypotenuse 斜边included side 夹边leg 三角形的直角边median of a triangle 三角形的中线base 底边,底数(e.g. 2的5次方,2就是底数)opposite 直角三角形中的对边midpoint 中点endpoint 端点vertex (复数形式vertices)顶点tangent 切线的transversal 截线intercept 截距7.有关坐标coordinate system 坐标系rectangular coordinate 直角坐标系origin 原点abscissa 横坐标ordinate 纵坐标number line 数轴quadrant 象限slope 斜率complex plane 复平面8.其它plane geometry 平面几何trigonometry 三角学bisect 平分circumscribe 外切inscribe 内切intersect 相交perpendicular 垂直pythagorean theorem 勾股定理congruent 全等的multilateral 多边的其它1.单位类cent 美分penny 一美分硬币nickel 5美分硬币dime 一角硬币dozen 打(12个)score 廿(20个)Centigrade 摄氏Fahrenheit 华氏quart 夸脱gallon 加仑(1 gallon = 4 quart) yard 码meter 米micron 微米inch 英寸foot 英尺minute 分(角度的度量单位,60分=1度)square measure 平方单位制cubic meter 立方米pint 品脱(干量或液量的单位)2.有关文字叙述题,主要是有关商业intercalary year(leap year) 闰年(366天)common year 平年(365天) depreciation 折旧down payment 直接付款discount 打折margin 利润profit 利润interest 利息simple interest 单利compounded interest 复利dividend 红利decrease to 减少到decrease by 减少了increase to 增加到increase by 增加了denote 表示list price 标价markup 涨价per capita 每人ratio 比率retail price 零售价tie 打。
数学专业英语词汇英汉对照
数学专业英语词汇英汉对照Aabsolute value 绝对值accept 接受acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性adjusted 调整的alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值Bbalanced 平衡的band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的bias 偏倚binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验Ccalculate 计算case 个案category 类别center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性column 列compare 比较comparison 对照components 构成,分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间consistency 一致性constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的,立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distribution function 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计Ddata 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df.(degree of freedom) 自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optimal design D-优化设计Eeaqual 相等effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters 参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值Ffactor 因素,因子factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design 部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组Hharmomic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验Iindependence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index 指数index of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代Kkernal 核Kolmogorov-Smirnov test柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度Llarge sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level 水平level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function 损失函数Mmain effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计mean squared deviation(MSD) 均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 复相关系数multiple correlation coefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析multiple regression equation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariate analysis 多元分析Nnegative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数Oone-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值Ppaired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Qqadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitative 数量的,度量的quartiles 四分位数Rrandom 随机的random number 随机数random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank 秩rank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliability 可靠性repeated 重复的report 报告,报表residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验Ssample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant 显著的,有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序soruces of variation 方差来源space 空间spread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化standardize 标准化statistic 统计量statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regression analysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和sum of squares 平方和summary 概括,综述Ttable 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共,和transformation 转换treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验Uunbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布Vvalue of estimator 估计值variable 变量variance 方差variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比various 不同的vector 向量Wweight 加权,权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的ZZ score Z分数2. 最优化方法词汇英汉对照表Aactive constraint 活动约束active set method 活动集法analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似arbitrary 强制性的argument 变量attainment factor 达到因子Bbandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合bound 边界Ccoefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constant 常数constrained 有约束的constraint 约束constraint function 约束函数continuous 连续的converge 收敛cubic polynomial interpolation method 三次多项式插值法curve-fitting 曲线拟合Ddata-fitting 数据拟合default 默认的,默认的define 定义diagonal 对角的direct search method 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向discontinuous 不连续Eeigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵equality 等式exceeded 溢出的Ffeasible 可行的feasible solution 可行解finite-difference 有限差分first-order 一阶GGauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法goal attainment problem 目标达到问题gradient 梯度gradient method 梯度法Hhandle 句柄Hessian matrix 海色矩阵Iindependent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性infeasible 不可行的initial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化inverse 逆invoke 激活iteration 迭代iteration 迭代JJacobian 雅可比矩阵LLagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘least squares sense 最小二乘意义上的Levenberg-Marquardt method列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索linear 线性的linear equality constraints 线性等式约束linear programming problem 线性规划问题local solution 局部解Mmedium-scale 中型的minimize 最小化mixed quadratic and cubic polynomial interpolation and extrapolation method混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multiobjective 多目标的Nnonlinear 非线性的norm 范数Oobjective function 目标函数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimize 优化optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统Pparameter 参数partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation methodQquadratic 二次的quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划Rreal-value 实数值residuals 残差robust 稳健的robustness 稳健性,鲁棒性Sscalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method序列二次规划法simplex search method 单纯形法solution 解sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式sparsity structure 稀疏结构starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust region method 子空间置信域法sum-of-squares 平方和symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttermination message 终止信息termination tolerance 终止容限the exit condition 退出条件the method of steepest descent 最速下降法transpose 转置Uunconstrained 无约束的under-determined system 负定系统Vvariable 变量vector 矢量Wweighting matrix 加权矩阵3 样条词汇英汉对照表Aapproximation 逼近array 数组a spline in b-form/b-spline b样条a spline of polynomial piece /ppform splineBbivariate spline function 二元样条函数break/breaks 断点Ccoefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation三次样条插值/三次样条内插curve 曲线Ddegree of freedom 自由度dimension 维数Eend conditions 约束条件Iinput argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插interval 取值区间Kknot/knots 节点Lleast-squares approximation 最小二乘拟合Mmultiplicity 重次multivariate function 多元函数Ooptional argument 可选参数order 阶次output argument 输出参数Ppoint/points 数据点Rrational spline 有理样条rounding error 舍入误差(相对误差)Sscalar 标量sequence 数列(数组)spline 样条spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面smoothing spline 平滑样条Ttolerance 允许精度Uunivariate function 一元函数Vvector 向量Wweight/weights 权重4 偏微分方程数值解词汇英汉对照表Aabsolute error 绝对误差absolute tolerance 绝对容限adaptive mesh 适应性网格Bboundary condition 边界条件Ccontour plot 等值线图converge 收敛coordinate 坐标系Ddecomposed 分解的decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dirichlet boundary conditionsDirichlet边界条件Eeigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解Ggeneralized Neumann boundary condition 推广的Neumann边界条件geometry 几何形状geometry description matrix 几何描述矩阵geometry matrix 几何矩阵graphical user interface(GUI)图形用户界面Hhyperbolic 双曲线的Iinitial mesh 初始网格Jjiggle 微调LLagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值loop 循环Mmachine precision 机器精度mixed boundary condition 混合边界条件NNeuman boundary condition Neuman边界条件node point 节点nonlinear solver 非线性求解器normal vector 法向量PParabolic 抛物线型的partial differential equation 偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力Poisson's equation 泊松方程polygon 多边形positive definite 正定Qquality 质量Rrefined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限relative tolerance 相对容限residual 残差residual norm 残差范数Ssingular 奇异的。
数学专业英语第二版的课文翻译
线性方程,二次方程等。
To solve an equation means to find the value of the unknown term. To do this , we must, of course,change the terms about until the unknown term stands alone on one side of the equation, thus making it equal to something on the other side. We then obtain the value of the unknown and the answer to the question. To solve the equation,therefore,means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue,until only the unknown quantity is left on one side ,no matter which side.解方程意味着求未知项的值,为了求未知项的值,当然必须移项,直到未知项单独在方程的一边,令其等于方程的另一边,从而求得未知项的值,解决了问题。
因此解方程意味着进行一系列的移项和同解变形,直到未知量被单独留在方程的一边,无论那一边。
Equation are of very great use. We can use equation in many mathematical problems. We may notice that almost every problem gives us one or more statements that something is equal to something, this gives us equations, with which we may work if we need it.方程作用很大,可以用方程解决很多数学问题。
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Mathematicians study conceptions and propositions, Axioms, postulates, definitions and theorems are all propositions. Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. Formulas ,figures and charts are full of different symbols. Some of the best known symbols of mathematics are the Arabic numerals 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 and the signs of addition “+”, subtraction “-” , multiplication “×”, division “÷” and equality “=”. 数学家研究的是概念和命题,公理,公设,定义和定理都 是命题。符号是数学中一个特殊而有用的工具,常用于表 达概念和命题。 公式,图形和图表都是不同的符号……..
第二章 精读课文——入门必修
数学与计: useful terms and definitions of Mathematics,
equation
Difficult points:
Some mathematical terms
Requirements: 1. 掌握所讲课文的生词和词组 2. 理解并掌握课外作业里面的汉译英 3. 理解所讲段落的翻译技巧与方法
1-A What is mathematics
回顾: 1. 如果没有运用数学, 任何一个科学技术分支都不可能 正常的发展 。 2. 符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概 念和命题。
1-B Equation
An equation is a statement of the equality between two equal numbers or number symbols. Equation are of two kinds---- identities and equations of condition. An arithmetic or an algebraic identity is an equation. In such an equation either the two members are alike, or become alike on the performance of the indicated operation. 等式是关于两个数或者数的符号相等的一种描述。 等式有两种-恒等式和条件等式。算术或者代数恒等式都是 等式。这种等式的两端要么一样,要么经过执行指定的运算 后变成一样。
2.1 数学、方程与比例 Mathematics, Equation and Ratio New Words & Expressions:
algebra 代数学 algebraic 代数的 arithmetic 算术, 算术的 axiom 公理 conception 概念,观点 constant 常数 logical deduction 逻辑推理 division 除,除法 formula 公式 trigonometry 三角学 geometrical 几何的 identity 恒等式 measure 测量,测度 numerical 数值的, 数字的 operation 运算 postulate 公设 proposition 命题 subtraction 减,减法 term 项,术语 variable 变化的,变量
There are various kinds of equations. They are linear equation, quadratic equation, etc.
方程的根是满足方程的任意数或者数的符号。求方程根的过 程被称为解方程。 方程有很多种,例如: 线性方程,二次方程等。
To solve an equation means to find the value of the unknown term. To do this , we must, of course, change the terms about until the unknown term stands alone on one side of the equation, thus making it equal to something on the other side. We then obtain the value of the unknown and the answer to the question. To solve the equation, therefore, means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until only the unknown quantity is left on one side ,no matter which side. 解方程意味着求未知项的值,为了求未知项的值,当然必须 移项,直到未知项单独在方程的一边,令其等于方程的另一 边,从而求得未知项的值,解决了问题。 因此解方程意味着进行一系列的移项和同解变形,直到未知 量被单独留在方程的一边,无论那一边。
The rapid development of industry in 17th century promoted the progress of economics and technology and required dealing with variable quantities. The leap from constants to variable quantities brought about two new branches of mathematics----analytic geometry and calculus, which belong to the higher mathematics. Now there are many branches in higher mathematics, among which are mathematical analysis, higher algebra, differential equations, function theory and so on. 17世纪工业的快速发展推动了经济技术的进步, 从而遇到需 要处理变量的问题。从常量到变量的跳跃产生了两个新的数 学分支-----解析几何和微积分,他们都属于高等数学。 现在高等数学里面有很多分支,其中有数学分析,高等代数, 微分方程,函数论等。
A root of an equation is any number or number symbol which satisfies the equation. To obtain the root or roots of an equation is called solving an equation.
反过来,数学服务于实践,并在各个领域中起着非常重要的 作用。 没有应用数学,任何一个现在的科技的分支都不能正 常发展。
From the early need of man came the concepts of numbers and forms. Then, geometry developed out of problems of measuring land , and trigonometry came from problems of surveying. To deal with some more complex practical problems, man established and then solved equation with unknown numbers , thus algebra occurred. Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i.e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants are considered. 很早的时候,人类的需要产生了数和形的概念。接着,测量 土地问题形成了几何学,测量问题产生了三角学。为了处理 更复杂的实际问题,人类建立和解决了带未知数的方程,从 而产生了代数学。 17世纪前,人类局限于只考虑常数的初等数学,即几何学, 三角学和代数学。
The conclusions in mathematics are obtained mainly by logical deductions and computation. For a long period of the history of mathematics, the centric place of mathematics methods was occupied by the logical deductions. Now , since electronic computers are developed promptly and used widely, the role of computation becomes more and more important. In our times, computation is not only used to deal with a lot of information and data, but also to carry out some work that merely could be done earlier by logical deductions, for example, the proof of most of geometrical theorems. 数学结论主要由逻辑推理和计算得到。在数学发展历史的 很长时间内,逻辑推理一直占据着数学方法的中心地位。 现在,由于电子计算机的迅速发展和广泛使用,计算机的地 位越来越重要。现在计算机不仅用于处理大量的信息和数据, 还可以完成一些之前只能由逻辑推理来做的工作,例如,证 明大多数的几何定理。