托福听力TPO1原文 Lecture 4
托福听力tpo50 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo50 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an ancient history class.FEMALE PROFESSOR: OK, last time we were discussing trade and commerce during the Bronze Age … And I said a little over 3,000 years ago there was quite a lively trade among the countries along the Mediterranean Sea—people were making objects out of bronze, and they were using bronze tools to make other goods, and they developed trade networks to trade these goods with other countries around the Mediterranean … One of the things they traded was glass …And recently there was an archeological excavation in Egypt—on the Nile River, around where it enters the Mediterranean Sea—where they discovered an ancient glass factory. Robert?MALE STUDENT: I thought our textbook said that the Egyptians imported their glass from other countries.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, until now that's what the evidence seemed to suggest. I mean, we had some evidence that suggested that the Egyptians were making glass objects, uh, but not glass.MALE STUDENT: OK, am-am I missing something? They're making glass, but they're not making glass.FEMALE PROFESSOR: I said they were making glass objects, right? You see, it was previously thought that they weren't actually making the raw glass itself, that they were importing unfinished glass from Mesopotamia—um, which today is a region consisting of Iraq, and parts of Syria, Turkey, and Iran—and simply reworking it. Most archeologists believed that the glass factories were in Mesopotamia because that's where the oldest known glass remains come from. You see, there were two stages of glassmaking: the primary production stage, where they made disks of raw glass… Uh, an- and then there was the secondary stage, where they melted the raw glass, the glass disks, and created decorative objects or whatever.And from this new Egyptian site we've learned that the primary production stage had several steps. First, they took quartz—a colorless, transparent mineral—and crushed it. Then they took that crushed quartz and mixed it with plant ash; uh, “plant ash” is just what it soundslike—the ash that's left after you've burned plant material. They slowly heated this mixture, at a relatively low temperature, in small vessels, um containers, like jars, made out of clay. Uh, and that yielded a kind of glassy material…They took this glassy material and ground it up into a powder, and then they used metallic dye to color it… After that, they poured the colored powder out into disk-shaped molds and heated it up to very high temperatures, so that it melted. After it cooled, they'd break the molds, and inside…there were the glass disks. These disks were shipped off to other sites within Egypt and places around the Mediterranean. Then, in the secondary phase, the disks were reheated and shaped into decorative objects. Susan?FEMALE STUDENT: So what kind of objects were people making back then? FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, the most common objects we’ve found—mostly in Egypt and Mesopotamia—uh, the most common objects were beads; one thing Egyptians were very, very good at was imitating precious stones; they created some beads that looked so much like emeralds and pearls that it was very difficult to distinguish them from the real thing. Uh, and-and also beautiful vessels, uh, with narrow necks; they were probably really valuable, so they wouldn't have been used to hold cooking oil or common food items; they were most likely used for expensive liquids like perfume. Now the glass made at this factory was mostly red; to get this red color, they used copper; in a sophisticated process. Of course, any kind of glass was very valuable, so these red bottles would only have been owned by wealthy people. In fact, because it was so difficult to make, and sort of mysterious and complicated, it was probably a product produced for the royal family, and they probably used glass to show their power. Also, beautiful, expensive objects make great gifts if you're looking to establish or strengthen political alliances…and it's quite possible that ancient Egyptians were actually exporting glass, not just making it or importing it. The trade with Mesopotamia was probably a friendly, mutual trade…because, uh, Mesopotamian glass was usually white or yellow, so Mesopotamians might have said something like, “We'll give you two white disks for two red disks.” There’s no proof ofthat, uh—at least not yet…题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. New information about glass production and use in ancient EgyptB. Whether Egyptians or Mesopotamians were the first to invent glassC. Differences between Egyptian glass and other kinds of glassD. Reasons why ancient Egyptians imported glass from other countries2.What is the importance of the archaeological evidence recently found in Egypt?A. It supports the theory that ancient Egyptians imported glass from Mesopotamia.B. It proves that ancient Egyptians made glass objects prior to the Bronze Age.C. It provides the first evidence that glassmaking in the Bronze Age required two different stages.D. It shows that ancient Egyptians were producing raw glass.3.The professor describes a process for making glass disks. Summarize the process by putting the steps in the correct order. [Click on a sentence. Then drag it to the space where it belongs. The last one is done for you.]A.Glass-like material is ground up and dyed blue or red.B.Powdered material is heated at very high temperatures.C.Crushed quartz and plant ash are heated at low temperatures.D.Containers are broken to remove glass disks.4.Based on the lecture, what are two kinds of glass objects that were valued in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia? [Click on 2 answers.]A. BeadsB. Cooking utensilsC. ContainersD. Windows5.According to the professor, what are two reasons why ancient Egyptians exported glass? [Click on 2 answers.]A. To build relationships with foreign leadersB. To hold cooking oil that was sold in other countriesC. To get bronze tools from other countriesD. To acquire colors of glass not made in Egypt6.Why does the professor say this:Robert: Ok. Am……Am I missing something? They are making glass but they are not making glass?Professor: I said they were making glass objects, right?A. To emphasize that glass objects were only made in ancient EgyptB. To find out what the student does not understandC. To indicate that there was no contradiction in her previous statementD. To correct what she said in her previous statement答案A D CABD AC AD C译文旁白：请听一个古代历史课上的讲座片段。
托福听力tpo40 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo40lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR:Last class I passed out your assignment for your first paper,and today I want to spend some time going over it.Mm…most people never take any art history until they get to college,so many of you have probably never written an art history paper before.I gave you a list of appropriate works of art for you to write about.So your next step in this process needs to be to go look at the work you've selected as your topic.And bring a pencil and a notepad with you,because I don't mean you should just drop by at the museum and glance at it so you can say you've seen it in real life.You need to go and sit in front of the work and really look at it—carefully and slowly.And keep careful notes about what you see—you’ll need them for the kind of art history paper you're going to be writing…it's what we call a formal analysis.A formal analysis of a work of art,any kind of art,is based on its formal qualities, which means qualities related to the form—things like color…texture…line…shapes…proportion…and composition.Probably the closest thing to a formal analysis you might have written is for an English class.If you've…say…written an analysis of a poem,you've used the same skills—you've given an analysis of the poem by describing and analyzing its form and meter.A formal analysis paper in art history is very similar.Now,before you begin writing your formal analysis,you'll want to start with a summary of the overall appearance of the work—a brief description of what you see. Are there figures—people?What are they doing?Or is it a landscape…or an abstract representation of something?Tell what the subject is,and what aspects are emphasized in the painting.This will give your reader an overview of what the work looks like before you analyze it.The next part of your paper—the actual formal analysis—will be the longest and most important section of your paper,where you describe and analyze individual design elements.For this portion of the paper,you're going to rely on the notes you took at the museum,because you should be able to describe in detail the design elements the artist uses,and how they are used.For example,does the artist use harsh lines or soft lines—are the colors bright or muted?Focus on the design elements that you feel are most strongly represented in that particular work of art. And if you don't know where to begin,take note of where your eye goes first.Then describe things in the order in which your eye moves around the work.This will help you understand how one part relates to another—the interaction between the different parts of the work.OK,this kind of analysis should occur throughout the main portion of the paper.In the last section of your paper—and this goes beyond formal analysis—you comment on the significance of what you have seen.What details of the work convey meaning?Some significant details will not be apparent to you right away,but if you look long enough,you realize how important they are for your interpretation of the work.Many years ago,I was writing a formal analysis of a painting of a little boy.In the painting,a little boy was standing in his nursery,and he was holding a toy bird in his hand,and there were more toys around him in the background of the painting. Because of the bird he was holding,I assumed at first that the painting was about the innocence of children.But as I looked at the painting longer,I realized that the boy's eyes looked sad even though there was no discernable expression on his face.And then it dawned on me that,even though he was surrounded by toys,he was all alone in his nursery.The boy's eyes were a significant detail in the painting,that I didn't notice at first.题目1.What point does the professor make about the writing of a formal analysis in art history?A.Its objective is to identify common features of several works of art.B.Its most important part is the explanation of an artwork's significance.C.Several styles of writing a formal analysis are used by art historians.D.A particular approach is required to present Information about an artwork.2.According to the professor,what will students need to do before writing the art history paper?A.Look at examples of formal analysis in textbooksB.Take notes on the artwork they will write aboutC.Go to different museums before selecting a topic for the paperD.Study the historical context of the artwork they will write about3.Why does the professor mention an English class?A.To explain the difference between visual language and written languageB.To explain that students need good writing skills for their assignmentC.To point out similarities between a poetry paper and the students'assignmentD.To point out that many art historians become writers4.What does the professor recommend as a way to understand the relationship between different parts of an artwork?A.Looking for lines that connect different parts of the workB.Examining the artwork from several different anglesC.Looking for similar colors the artist used throughout the workD.Determining how the viewer's eyes move around the work5.Why does the professor talk about his own experience analyzing the painting of a little boy?A.To point out a common misconception about formal analysisB.To stress the importance of looking at an artwork thoroughlyC.To show why a formal analysis should not emphasize small detailsD.To provide an example of an artwork that is easy to analyze6.The professor describes three sections the art history paper should contain.Place them in the order in which they should appear in the paper.Click on a phrase.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.A.Analysis of the design elements the artist usesB.Discussion of the meaning of the artworkC.Summary of the appearance of the artwork答案D B C D B CAB译文旁白：下面听一段艺术史课程的片段。
托福听力tpo46 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo46lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:I'd like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today's class by focusing on a concept we haven't yet touched upon—swarm intelligence.Swarm intelligence is a collective behavior that emerges from a group of animals,like a colony of termites,a school of fish,or a flock of birds.Let's first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence,and we'll use the ant as our model.Now,an ant on its own is not that smart.When you have a group of ants,however, there you have efficiency in action.You see,there's no leader running an ant colony. Each individual,each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when foraging for food.Rule number1:Deposit a chemical marker…called a pheromone.And rule2:Follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food.So,for example,when ants leave the nest,they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take.If they find food,they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger—it's doubled in strength.Because an ant that took a shorter path returns first,its pheromone trail is stronger,and other ants will follow it, according to rule2.And as more ants travel that path,the pheromone trail gets even stronger.So,what's happening here?Each ant follows two very basic rules,and each ant acts on information it finds in its immediate local environment.And it's important to note: Even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan,they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and a food source because it's the most reinforced path.By the way,a-a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we're studying to everyday life.And swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how concepts in biology can be applied to other fields.Well,businesses have been able to use this approach of following simple rules when designing complex systems,for instance,in telephone networks.When a call is placed from one city to another,it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way.At each point,a decision has to be made:Which direction does the call go from here?Well,a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants use to find food.Remember,individual ants deposit pheromones,and they follow the path that is most reinforced.Now,in the phone network,a computer monitors the connection speed of each path, and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest—the least crowded parts of the network.And this information,converted into a numeric code,is deposited at the network nodes.This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule the telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced.So,similar to the ant's behavior,at each intermediate node,the call follows the path that is most reinforced.This leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the network as a whole,and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior,another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively.How do they coordinate their movements and know where they're supposed to be?Well,it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow.Rule1:Stay close to nearby birds.Rule2:Avoid collision with nearby birds.And rule3:Move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds.Oh,and by the way,if you're wondering how this approach can be of practical use for humans:The movie industry had been trying to create computer-generated flocks of birds in movie scenes.The question was how to do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these threerules in a computer graphics program,and it worked!There have also been attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence.However,I'm not surprised that more research is needed.The three rules I mentioned might be great for bird simulations,but they don't take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior.So,if you want to create crowds of people in a realistic way,that computer model might be too limited.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Various methods that ants use to locate foodB.A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC.A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD.Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation2.According to the professor,what behavior plays an important role in the way ants obtain food?A.Ants usually take a different path when they return to their nest.B.Ants leave chemical trails when they are outside the nest.C.Small groups of ants search in different locations.D.Ants leave pieces of food along the path as markers.3.What are two principles of swarm intelligence based on the ant example?[Click on2answers.]A.Individuals are aware of the group goal.B.Individuals act on information in their local environment.C.Individuals follow a leader's guidance.D.Individuals instinctively follow a set of rules.4.According to the professor,what path is followed by both telephone calls on a network and ants seeking food?A.The path with the least amount of activityB.The most crowded pathC.The path that is most reinforcedD.The path that has intermediate stopping points5.Why does the professor mention movies?A.To identify movie scenes with computer-simulated flocks of birdsB.To identify a good source of information about swarm intelligenceC.To emphasize how difficult it still is to simulate bird flightD.To explain that some special effects in movies are based on swarm intelligence6.What is the professor's attitude about attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people?A.She believes that the rules of birds'flocking behavior do not apply to group behavior in humans.B.She thinks that crowd scenes could be improved by using the behavior of ant colonies as a model.C.She is surprised by how realistic the computer-generated crowds are.D.She is impressed that computer graphics can create such a wide range of emotions.答案C B BD C D A译文下面听一段生物学讲座的片段。
托福听力tpo39 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo39lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (23)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Since Earth formed,some four and a half billion years ago,the number of minerals here has increased dramatically,from a few dozen relatively simple minerals early on…to over4,300kinds of minerals we can identify today—many of them wonderfully complex.A basic question of geology is how all these new minerals came into being.Well,recent studies have turned to biology to try to explain how this happens.Now,much of biology is studied through the lens of evolution.And the theory of evolution suggests that,as environments change—and inevitably they do—some organisms will have characteristics that allow them to adapt to those changes successfully…characteristics that help these organisms develop and survive and reproduce.And when environments become more complex—as tends to happen over time—those earlier adaptations,those variations…become the basis of yet other combinations and variations…and lead to ever more diverse and complex forms of life.So from fewer,simpler,and relatively similar forms of life billions of years ago,life on Earth has now become a dazzling array of diversity and complexity.Well,some geologists now want to apply this concept to explain mineral diversity too. The conditions that minerals are under are not constant.Conditions like temperature or pressure or chemical surroundings—these change—often in cycles,increasing and decreasing slowly over time.And as conditions change,minerals sometimes break down and their atoms recombine into totally new compounds,as part of a process some call mineral evolution.Now,minerals are not alive,of course,so this is not evolution in quite the same sense you'd have in living organisms.But there do appear to be some parallels.Living organisms not only adapt to their environment but also affect it—change theenvironment within which other organisms may then develop.Likewise,each new mineral also enriches the chemical environment from which lots of other,even more complex new minerals may be formed in the future.Beyond these similarities,though,what's really fascinating about mineral evolution is the way minerals apparently coevolve with living organisms.Uh,what do I mean by that?Well,it's maybe a billion years after Earth’s formation that we first see evidence of life.Of course,early life-forms were primitive—just tiny,single-celled microbes—but over time,they had a profound effect.Huge numbers of these microbes began producing food by photosynthesis,which,of course,also freed up enormous amounts of oxygen.And lots of that oxygen interacted with the atoms of existing minerals,creating rust out of iron,for instance,…reacting with a whole range of different metals to create lots of new minerals.Now,living organisms rely on minerals.But they not only take in some minerals as nutrients,they also excrete others as waste products...including what we call biominerals—minerals that form with the help of biological life.We can see geologic evidence of biomineral production in what are called stromatolites.Stromatolites look like wavy layers of sedimentary rock.But they're really fossils—fossils of the waste from microbial mats.Microbial mats are vast colonies of one-celled organisms…that were once the most prevalent form of life on Earth.And the study of stromatolites indicates that these ancient microbial mats interacted with minerals in the environment and left behind new compounds as waste products—biominerals like carbonates,phosphates,and silica.In fact,we’ve grown microbial mats in the laboratory,and,over time,they too have produced some of the same sorts of minerals found in stromatolites.Uh,you don't need to know the details of the process right now—we’re still figuring out just how it works,ourselves.But you might be interested to know that this concept of mineral evolution is being used in the search for evidence of life on other planets.The thinking is that if certainminerals occur here on Earth as a result of a biological process,and if we also find those same minerals on another planet,…this would suggest that life may have once existed there.But—just because a particular mineral is found on say,Mars or Venus—uh,we really shouldn't assume that whatever caused it to turn up there…must be the same process that formed that mineral here on Earth.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how geologists identified the minerals present during Earth's formation.B.To explain why living organisms require certain minerals to survive.C.To explain the differences between simple and compound minerals.D.To explain a recent theory about mineral formation.2.What point does the professor make about the minerals present during Earth's formation?A.They were comparatively few of them.B.They were more complex than minerals formed on other planets.C.Most were not affected by temperature and pressure changes on early Earth.D.Some of them are no longer being formed naturally on Earth.3.What similarities does the professor point out between minerals and living organisms?[Click on2answers.]A.Both first appeared on Earth at approximately the same time.B.They both can be formed only in the presence of oxygen.C.They both have become more diverse and complex over time.D.Not only are they both shaped by their environment,but both also affect it.4.What are stromatolites?A.Fossils remains of microbial mats.yered deposits of iron-based minerals.yers of rock that indicate changes in Earth's pressure and temperature.D.Rock formations created when oxygen interacts with certain metals.5.Why does the professor talk about microbial mats?A.To explain why organisms tend to colonize near certain minerals.B.To describe how minerals can be created by living organisms.C.To illustrate the effects of geological processes on living organisms.D.To emphasize that evolving life depended on the presence of oxygen.6.What does the professor think about using evidence of minerals on another planet to determine whether life has existed there?A.He believes it is the most promising way to search for life on another planet.B.He doubts that complex minerals will ever be found on another planet.C.He is cautious about assuming that certain minerals indicate the presence of life.D.He is surprised that the technique was not suggested until recently.答案D A CD A B C译文旁白：请听一段地质学讲座的节选片段。
托福听力tpo51 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo51lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,continuing with crop domestication,and corn—or,um, maize,as it's often called.Obviously it's one of the world's most important cropstoday.It's such a big part of the diet in so many countries,and it's got so many different uses,that it's hard to imagine a world without it.But because it doesn't grow naturally,without human cultivation,and because there's no obvious wild relative of maize…uh,well,for the longest time,researchers weren’t able to find any clear link between maize and other living plants.And that's made it hard for them to trace the history of maize.Now,scientific theories about the origins of maize first started coming out in the 1930s.One involved a plant called teosinte.Teosinte is a tall grass that grows wild in certain parts of Mexico and Guatemala.When researchers first started looking at wild teosinte plants,they thought there was a chance that the two plants—um, maize and teosinte—were related.The young wild teosinte plant looks a lot like the corn plant,and the plants continue to resemble each other—at least superficially—even when they're developed.But when the scientists examined the fruits of the two plants,it was a different story. When you look at ripe corn,you see row upon row of juicy kernels…um,all those tiny little yellow squares that people eat.Fully grown teosinte,on the other hand, has a skinny stalk that holds only a dozen or so kernels behind a hard,um,almost stonelike casing.In fact,based on the appearance of its fruit,teosinte was initially considered to be a closer relative to rice than to maize.But there was one geneticist,named George Beadle,who didn't give up so easily on the idea that teosinte might be…well…the“parent”of corn.While still a student in the1930s,Beadle actually found that the two plants had very similar chromosomes—very similar genetic information.In fact,he was even able to make fertile hybrids between the two plants.In hybridization,you remember,the genes of two species of plants are mixed to produce a new,third plant—a hybrid.And if this offspring—this hybrid—is fertile,then that suggests that the two species are closely related genetically.This new,hybrid plant looked like an intermediate,right between maize and teosinte.So,Beadle concluded that maize must've been developed over many years,uh,that it is a domesticated form of teosinte.Many experts in thescientific community,however,remained unconvinced by his conclusions.They believed that,with so many apparent differences between the two plants,it would have been unlikely that ancient—that prehistoric peoples could’ve domesticated maize from teosinte.I mean,when you think about it,these people lived in small groups,and they had to be on the move constantly as the seasons changed.So for them to selectively breed,to have the patience to be able to pick out just the right plants…and gradually—over generations—separate out the durable,nutritious maize plant from the brittle teosinte that easily broke apart…it's a pretty impressive feat,and you can easily see why so many experts would have been skeptical.But,as it turns out,Beadle found even more evidence for his theory when he continued his experiments,producing new hybrids,to investigate the genetic relationship between teosinte and maize.Through these successive experiments,he calculated that only about five specific genes were responsible for the main differences between teosinte and maize—the plants were otherwise surprisingly similar genetically.And more recently,botanists have used modern DNA testing to scan plant samples collected from throughout the Western Hemisphere.This has allowed them to pinpoint where the domestication of maize most likely took place—and their research took them to a particular river valley in southern Mexico.They've also been able to estimate that the domestication of maize most likely occurred about9,000 years ago.And subsequent archaeological digs have confirmed this estimate.In one site,archaeologists uncovered a set of tools that were nearly9,000years old.And these tools were covered with a dusty residue…a residue of maize,as it turns out…thus making them the oldest physical evidence of maize that we've found so far.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.A research study that compares wild and domesticated plantsB.Problems with a commonly held hypothesis about the origin of teosinteC.Reasons why wild plants are usually unsuitable for agricultureD.The process used to identify the ancestor of a modern crop2.What evidence seemed to indicate that maize and teosinte are not related?A.Young teosinte plants do not physically resemble young maize plants.B.Preliminary DNA evidence indicated that teosinte was related to rice.C.Maize and teosinte usually grow in significantly different climates.D.Maize and teosinte have very different types of kernels.3.Why does the professor discuss hybrids?A.To explain how a geneticist confirmed that maize was widely grown9,000years agoB.To indicate the earliest method used by geneticists to identify plant originsC.To explain a method used to demonstrate a link between two plant speciesD.To describe how geneticists distinguish between wild plants and domesticated plants4.What was most researchers'initial view of George Beadle's theory about teosinte?A.They accepted it but questioned the evidence cited.B.They rejected it because of conflicting archaeological evidence.C.They questioned it because it implies that ancient farmers were sophisticatedplant breeders.D.They questioned it because genetic research was viewed with skepticism at that time.5.What did Beadle conclude about maize and teosinte?A.Both plants lack particular genes that are common in most domesticated plants.B.Both plants have particular genes that enable them to adapt to varying climates.C.Only a small number of genes are responsible for the differences between the two plants.D.The genetic composition of both plants is very similar to that of rice.6.According to the professor,why was the discovery of stone tools important?A.It proved that teosinte was simultaneously domesticated in multiple locations.B.It helped to confirm the period in which maize was first domesticated.C.It suggested that maize required farming techniques that were more complex than experts had previously assumed.D.It provided evidence that maize plants were used for more purposes than experts had previously assumed.答案D D C C C B译文旁白：请听一段植物学讲座的节选。
托福听力tpo49 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo49lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (21)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Alaska is fascinating to geologists because of its incrediblelandscapes.Uh,permafrost has a lot to do with this.That is,the areas where the ground—the soil—is always frozen,except for the very top layer—what we call the active layer of permafrost—which melts in the summer and refreezes again in the winter.The northern part of Alaska is covered in lakes—thousands of them—and most of these are what we call thaw lakes.T-h-a-w.Thaw lakes.I'm gonna show you a few sketches of them in a minute,so you'll have a good idea of what I'm talking about.So, how these thaw lakes are formed has to do with…OK,it starts with ice wedges.The top part of the ice wedge melts—Should I back up?Ice wedges form when water runs into cracks in the ground,the permafrost,then freezes.You ever see mud after it dries?Dried mud has cracks,because when it dries, it contracts,it shrinks.Well,in winter,permafrost behaves similarly.It shrinks in winter,because it freezes even more thoroughly then,and as it shrinks,it forms deep,deep cracks.Then in the summer,when the active layer—the top layer of the permafrost—melts,the melt water runs into those cracks in the permafrost,then freezes again—because that ground,the ground beneath the active layer,is still below freezing.So,you have wedges of ice in the permafrost.Now the ice wedges widen the original cracks in the permafrost,because water expands when it freezes.All right?OK,then in autumn,the active layer on top freezes again.Then in winter,the permafrost starts contracting again and the cracks open up even wider.So the next summer,when the active layer melts again and flows into the widened cracks…and…freezes…it makes the cracks even wider.So it’s sort of a cycle through which the cracks and the wedges grow wider and wider.So when the ice wedge reaches a certain size,its top part—in the active layer—turns into a little pond when it melts in the summer.And that's the beginning of your thaw lake.[pause]There are thousands of them in northern Alaska.One of the most fascinating things about these lakes—and this is important—is that they mostly havethe same shape.Like an elongated oval,or egg shape.And what's more,all the ovals are oriented in the same way.Here's an idea of what they look like,what the landscape looks like from an aerial view,with the lakes side by side.There's been considerable research done to try to figure out what causes them to be shaped and oriented this way.We know that the shape and orientation are caused by the way the lakes grow once they're formed,but the question is,what makes them grow this way?One theory sees winds as the cause.This region of Alaska has strong winds that blow perpendicular to the lakes.What happens is,wind blows straight into the longer side of the lakes.Now,wouldn’t that erode the lake bank in that direction?The same direction as the wind?Well…no.Actually,what happens is that the waves caused by the winds build a sorta protective layer of sediment—it's called a“protective shelf”—along the bank of the lake directly in front of them;so that bank is shielded from erosion,and the waves are diverted to the sides,to the left and to the right,and that’s why the left and the right banks start eroding.Get it?The bank straight ahead is protected,but the lake currents--the waves--erode the banks to the sides.That's the current model,um,the wind erosion model,which is generally accepted.But,there's a new theory that says that[deliberately]thaw slumping,not wind,is what shapes the thaw lakes.Thaw slumping,um…OK.Sometimes,in the summer,the temperature rises pretty quickly.So the active layer of permafrost thaws faster than the water can drain from the soil.So the sides of the thaw lakes get,like,mushy,and slump,or slide,into the lake.Then,the lake water spreads out more,and the lake gets bigger,OK?Also,in that part of Alaska,the terrain is gently sloped,so the lakes are all on an incline.Here.Now,this is an exaggeration of the angle—the hill isn't this steep—butsee how with the lake's banks,the side that is farther downhill…it's smaller,lower. This short bank thaws faster than the tall one does,so it falls into the lake—it slumps, much more and much faster than the other bank.When the short banks of many lakes slump,they move farther downhill and the lakes grow—all in the same downhill direction.This is a new theory,so it hasn't been tested much yet.In field studies,when we've looked at the banks of these thaw lakes,there's not much evidence of slumping. We'd expect to see cliff-like formations there,from the slumping,but we haven't really found many of those.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?[Click on two answers.]A.To contrast how different kinds of thaw lakes growB.To explain why a new theory of thaw lakes is gaining acceptanceC.To explain how processes in permafrost lead to the formation of thaw lakesD.To describe two competing theories about the growth of thaw lakes2.The professor explains thaw lake formation as a cycle of events that occur repeatedly.Summarize this cycle,starting with the event filled in below.[Click on a sentence.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.The first one is done for you. One sentence will not be used]A.Meltwater flows into cracks in permafrostB.Ice wedges inside permafrost completely meltC.Freezing water expands cracks in permafrostD.Ice in the active layer melts as temperatures riseE.Permafrost shrinks and cracks as temperatures drop..3.What is the significance of the'protective shelf'discussed by the professor?A.It prevents the slumping of lake banks.B.It shields the lake surface from strong winds.C.It redirects the waves to lake banks that do not face the wind.D.It allows the lakes to grow in the same direction as the wind blows.4.According to the thaw slumping model,which side of a thaw lake grows fastest?A.The side where the bank is shortestB.The side least exposed to windC.The side that is at the highest elevationD.The side opposite the protective shelf5.What is the professor's opinion of the thaw slumping model?A.He thinks it was urgently needed.B.He is not convinced that it has a firm basis.C.He thinks it would be better if it were simplified.D.He does not think it is very different from the old model.6.Why does the professor say this:You ever see mud after it dries?A.He wants some information from the students.B.He thinks that the students may find an example helpful.C.He realizes that he forgot to mention an important topic.D.He wants to point out an important difference between frozen ground and dry ground.答案CD EDACB C A B B译文听一段地质学的讲座。
托福听力tpo41 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo41lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文FEMALE PROFESSOR:Many organisms have developed the ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions—extreme heat or cold,or,very dry conditions....Like, plants in the desert—your textbook doesn’t have much about the specifics on desert plants,but I think that desert plants are great examples of specialized adaptations to extreme environmental conditions.So with desert plants,there are basically three different adaptive strategies.And I should point out that these strategies are not specific to any particular species—many different species have developed each of the adaptations.So,first off,there are succulent plants.There are many different species of succulent plants,but they all can absorb and store a lot of water.Obviously,opportunities to get water in the desert are few and far between.Generally,rains are light and short,so the rain doesn’t seep too far down into the soil…and there's a limited window of time for any plant to get the water before it evaporates.But succulent plants have a spread-out and shallow root system that can quickly pull in water from the top inch of soil,though the soil has to be saturated,since succulents aren't good at absorbing water from soil that’s only a little moist.Succulent plants also are well suited to retaining water—important in an environment where rainy days are rare.Succulent plants can store water in their leaves,in their stems,or in their roots.And to keep that moisture from evaporating in the hot desert sun,most succulent plants have a waxy outer layer that makes them almost waterproof when their stomates are closed.They also preserve water by minimizing their surface area—the more of the plantthat’s out in the sun,the more potential there is to lose stored-up water—and that means that most succulent plants have few,if any,leaves.Now besides succulent plants,there are also drought-tolerant plants. Drought-tolerant plants are like bears in a way.You know how bears mostly sleep through the winter?They can survive without eating because their metabolism slows down.Well,drought-tolerant plants also go into a dormant state when resources—in their case,water—runs short.A drought-tolerant plant can actually dry out without dying.I said before that most desert rains are light and brief,but occasionally there's a heavy one.Drought-tolerant plants revive after one of these significant rainfalls—and they're able to absorb a good bit of the rainfall due to their deep roots.Actually the root system for drought-tolerant plants is more extensive than the root systems of many plants that live in wetter climates.Drought-tolerant plants can even absorb water from relatively dry soil because of their deep roots,in contrast to succulent plants.The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this—annual plants.An annual plant will mature and produce seeds in a single season that will become the next generation of annual plants.In desert conditions,annual plants grow in the fall or spring to avoid the heat of summer and the cold of winter.Of course,these plants could face a serious problem if a particular fall or spring happened to be very dry—they would have difficulty growing and could die before producing seeds.But they have a mechanism to prevent one year of low rainfall from wiping them out. Not all seeds an annual plant puts out will grow the following year.Some seeds remain dormant in the ground for several years.It's a type of insurance that protects the annual plants from a season of poor growing conditions,of unfavorable weather.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The growth rates of plants in different geographical regionsB.Different ways that plants have adapted to desert environmentsC.The different mechanisms that plant roots use to absorb waterD.Different kinds of succulent plants2.What are two features of succulent plants that help them survive in deserts?[Click on2answers.]A.Succulent plants store water in their leaves and stems.B.Succulent plants become dormant until the next rainfall.C.Succulent plants have short stems.D.Succulent plants have few leaves.3.Why does the professor mention bears?A.To remind students of information from a previous lectureB.To point out a feature common to all desert plantsC.To reinforce a point about drought-tolerant plantsD.To help students understand the concept of adaptation4.What is one ability that drought-tolerant plants have that succulent plants do not have?A.The ability to absorb water from dry soilB.The ability to absorb water through their leavesC.The ability to prevent moisture from being lost through their leavesD.The ability to shed leaves5.Why can annual plants grow in a desert even after a year of no rainfall?A.Annual plants have an extensive root system that can absorb water from far away.B.Annual plants produce seeds all year long.C.Seeds of annual plants can store water for a long time.D.Seeds of annual plants can survive in the ground for a long time without water.5.Listen again to part of the lecture.Then,answer the question.(PROFESSOR)The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this.Why does the professor say this: (PROFESSOR)Yes,there are plants that do this.A.To correct a previous statementB.To acknowledge a potentially surprising factC.To anticipate the types of questions that students might have about the topicD.To make sure that students are paying attention答案B ADC AD B译文教授：许多生物已经发展了在恶劣环境中生存的能力：酷热、严寒，或者非常干燥的环境。
托福TPO1-30听力中Lecture部分的每个Lecture文章主旨大意和中心思想
childhood amnesia,rate of forgetting
中 parenting behaviors of birds
中
different types of residential architectures in the United States
中
the state of Florida,farmers moved south,great citric industry in Florida,the impact of landscapes on temperature
How you can successfully call attention to the service or
product you want to sell
DNA,chromosomes
MBWA--managing by wandering around
难 Opera,the golden age in French literature
Animal communication systems,human language
How whales became ocean dwellers
中 Where american food ingredients originally come from
nutrient cycle,the carbon cycle,the Phosphorus cycle
Lec 4 Art history
Lec 1 Art history
Lec 2 Environmental Science Lec 3 History Lec 4 Biology Lec 1 Astronomy Lec 2 Art history Lec 3 European history Lec 4 Biology
TPO1托福听力课程场景对话难点解析
TPO1托福听力课程场景对话难点解析托福听力真题TPO第一套的第四篇是课程场景对话。
本文环球北美考试院为大家整理介绍相关信息。
对话开篇本篇课程场景对话开篇是非典型的，属于教授针对自己感兴趣的话题找学生交谈，所以第一题主旨题的答案对应开篇教授说的"Hi Mathew, I'm glad you can come in today. You've been observing Mr. Grable's third-grade class for your approaches to education paper。
"学生正在听课，第一题What is the conversation mainly about? 答案为B. A class Matthew has been observing. Mathew正在听的一门课程。
切记，听准开头做主旨题。
对话中间两人展开Mathew听课之后的感受的讨论。
Mathew用了一系列的积极向上的词来表达听课的感受，比如"amazing、learning so much、so glad……I mean it's like the best thing ever to prepare you to be a good teacher."这里对应第二题What is Matthew's opinion about observing Mr. Grabell's third-grade class? 很明显答案为A. It will help him become a more efficient teacher. 可以有效帮助他成为一个能干的教师。
这里既符合语义重复也符合最高级强调（the best thing）笔记法。
然后，教授提到It seems that Mr. Grable has mastered the interdisciplinary approach to teaching - the way we've been talking about in class.即课上讲过一种教学法IAT，后面听到的内容是对此教学法的解释。
TPO1-3听力题目
TPO1-3听力题目托福TPO 1-3 Listening QuestionsTPO1 Lecture 1 5TPO1 Lecture 2 6TPO1 Conversation 2 8TPO1 Lecture 3 8TPO1 Lecture 4 9TPO2 Conversation 1 11TPO2 Lecture 1 11TPO2 Lecture 2 12TPO2 Conversation 2 13TPO2 Lecture 3 14TPO2 Lecture 4 15TPO3 Conversation 1 16TPO3 Lecture 1 17TPO3 Lecture 2 18TPO3 Conversation 2 19TPO3 Lecture 3 20TPO3 Lecture 4 21TPO4 Conversation 1 22TPO4 Lecture 1 23TPO4 Lecture 2 24TPO4 Conversation 2 25TPO4 Lecture 3 26TPO4 Lecture 4 27TPO5 Conversation 1 29TPO5 Lecture 1 29TPO5 Lecture 2 30TPO5 Conversation 2 32TPO5 Lecture 3 32TPO5 Lecture 4 33TPO6 Conversation 1 35TPO6 Lecture 1 36TPO6 Lecture 2 37TPO6 Conversation 2 38TPO6 Lecture 3 38TPO7 Conversation 1 41 TPO7 Lecture 1 41 TPO7 Lecture 2 42 TPO7 Conversation 2 43 TPO7 Lecture 3 44 TPO7 Lecture 4 45 TPO8 Conversation 1 46 TPO8 Lecture 1 47 TPO8 Lecture 2 49 TPO8 Conversation 2 50 TPO8 Lecture 3 51 TPO8 Lecture 4 52 TPO9 Conversation1 54 TPO9 Lecture 1 55 TPO9 Lecture 2 56 TPO9 Conversation 2 57 TPO9 Lecture 3 58 TPO9 Lecture 4 59 TPO10 Conversation 1 61 TPO10 Lecture 1 63 TPO10 Lecture 2 64 TPO10 Conversation 2 65 TPO10 Lecture 3 66 TPO10 Lecture 4 67 TPO11 Conversation 1 69 TPO11 Lecture 1 70 TPO11 Lecture 2 71 TPO11 Conversation 2 72 TPO11 Lecture 3 73 TPO11 Lecture 4 74 TPO12 Conversation 1 75 TPO12 Lecture 1 76 TPO12 Lecture 2 77 TPO12 Conversation 2 78 TPO12 Lecture 3 79 TPO12 Lecture 4 80 TPO13 Conversation 1 81TPO13 Lecture 2 83 TPO13 Conversation 2 85 TPO13 Lecture 3 86 TPO13 Lecture 4 87 TPO14 Conversation 1 88 TPO14 Lecture 1 89 TPO14 Lecture 2 91 TPO14 Conversation 2 92 TPO14 Lecture 3 93 TPO14 Lecture 4 94 TPO15 Conversation 1 95 TPO15 Lecture 1 96 TPO15 Lecture 2 97 TPO15 Conversation 2 99 TPO15 Lecture 3 100 TPO15 Lecture 4 101 Tpo16 Conversation 1 102 TPO16 Lecture 1 103 TPO16 Lecture 2 105 TPO16 Conversation 2 106 TPO16 Lecture 3 107 TPO16 Lecture 4 108 Tpo-17 Conversation 1 110 TPO17 Lecture 1 111 TPO17 Lecture 2 112 TPO 17 Conversation 2 113 TPO 17 Lecture 3 114 TPO17 Lecture 4 115 TPO 18 Conversation 1 117 TPO 18 Lecture 1 117 TPO 18 Lecture 2 118 TPO 18 Conversation 2 119 TPO 18 Lecture 3 119 TPO 18 Lecture 4 120 TPO 19 Conversation 1 121 TPO 19 Lecture 1 122 TPO 19 Lecture 2 123TPO 19 Conversation 2 124TPO 19 Lecture 3 125TPO 19 Lecture 4 126TPO 20 Conversation 1 127TPO 20 Lecture 1 128TPO 20 Lecture 2 129TPO 20 Conversation 2 130TPO 20 Lecture 3 131TPO 20 Lecture 4 133TPO 21 Conversation 1 134TPO 21 Lecture 1 135TPO 21 Lecture 2 136TPO 21 Conversation 2 137TPO 21 Lecture 3 138TPO 21 Lecture 4 139TPO 22 Conversation 1 140TPO 22 Lecture 1 141TPO 22 Lecture 2 142TPO 22 Conversation 2 143TPO 22 Lecture 3 144TPO 22 Lecture 4 145TPO 23 Conversation 1 146TPO 23 Lecture 1 148TPO 23 Lecture 2 149TPO 23 Conversation 2 151TPO 23 Lecture 3 152TPO 23 Lecture 4 153TPO 24 Lecture 4 156TPO1 Conversation 11. Why does the student go to see the librarian?To sign up for a seminar on using electronic sources for research To report that a journal is missing from the reference areaTo find out the procedure for checking out journal articlesTo ask about how to look for resources for a class paper2.What does the librarian say about the availability of journals and articles in the library?They are not easy to find if a professor put them on reserveMost of them are accessible in an electronic formatMost of them can be checked out for three weeksPrinted versions from the past three years are located in the reference section.3.What does the librarian suggest the student should do to save time?Choose an easier research topicConcentrate on five journalsRead the summaries of the articles firstInstall a new program on her home computer4.What can be inferred about why the woman decides to use the computer in the library? She thinks she might need additional help from the manShe does not have a computer at homeShe has to hand in her assignment by the end of the dayShe will be meeting a friend in the library later on5.Why does the woman say this()She had forgotten about the informationShe is surprised she was not aware of the informationShe is annoyed that the information was published only recentlyShe is concerned that the librarian gave her incorrect informationTPO1 Lecture 16.What is the purpose of the lecture?To explain the difference between two artistic stylesTo describe a new art gallery to the classTo introduce an artist's work to the classTo show how artists' styles can evolve over time7.What does the professor say about Frantzen's painting of a farm scene?It resembles a photographIt may be Frantzen's best known paintingIt was painted in the Impressionist styleIt was painted while Frantzen lived abroad8.Why did Frantzen go to the Sales Barn?To study human form and movementTo earn money by painting portraitsTo paint farm animals in an outdoor settingTo meet people who could model for her paining9.What does the professor imply about the painting of the young woman surrounded by pumpkins?It was painted at an art fairIt combines Impressionism with RealismIt convinced Frantzen that she was a good illustratorIt was originally meant to be used in an advertisement10.Why does the professor discuss Frantzen's difficulties as a young painter?He wants to point out mistakes that young artists commonly makeHe thinks her example can inspire the students in their own livesHer difficulties remind him of the difficulties he himself experienced as a young girl Her difficulties are the subject of some of the paintings in the gallery that the students will visit11.What does the professor imply when he says this()The students can understand Frantzen's art without knowing about her lifeThe students should pay very close attention to what he is going to saySome of his students are already familiar with Frantzen's life storySome of his students may not appreciate Frantzen's workTPO1 Lecture 212.What does the professor mainly discuss?The difference in age among American mountain rangesThe importance of a technique used for dating geological materialsThe recent discovery of an ancient canyonA comparison of various minerals used for dating13.Before the use of uranium-lead analysis, where did most geologists think the Grand Canyon sandstone came from?An ancient lake located in the American SouthwestA desert that once connected two continentsSands carried by a river from the Appalachian MountainsA nearby mountain range that had flattened out over time14.In the talk, the professor describes the sequence of uranium-lead dating. Summarize the sequence by putting the events in the correct order.Drag your answer choices to spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on itZircon in the sandstone is matched to the zircon in a particular mountain range.The amount of lead in sandstone zircon is measuredThe age of zircon in a sandstone sample is determined12315.According to the professor, what change has caused uranium-lead dating to gain popularity recently?It can be performed outside a laboratoryIt can now be done more efficientlyIt no longer involves radioactive elementsIt can be used in fields other than geology16.Why does the professor talk about the breaking apart of Earth's continents?To give another example of how uranium-lead dating might be usefulTo explain how the Grand Canyon was formedTo demonstrate how difficult uranium-lead dating isTo disprove a theory about the age of Earth's first mountain ranges17.What does the professor imply when he says this()The class is easier than other geology classesThe class has already studied the information he is discussingSome students should take a course in geological dating techniquesHe will discuss the topic later in the classTPO1 Conversation 21.What is the conversation mainly aboutA lesson Matthew prepared for his studentsA class Matthew has been observingA term paper that Matthew has writtenA problem in Matthew's classroom2.What is Matthew's opinion about observing Mr.Grabell's third-grade class? It will help him become a more effective teacherIt could help improve his study habitsIt has improved his public-speaking skillsIt may be the most difficult assignment he has had3.Why does Matthew mention Greek and Roman mythology?To identify a topic frequently discussed in third gradeTo get the professor's opinion about a lesson he taughtTo make a suggestion to improve the class he is takingTo illustrate a technique used to teach a third-grade class4.What important skills did Mr.Grabell introduce to his third-grade class?Click on 3 answersReviewing other student's reportsUsing books in the libraryInterviewing their classmatesSpeaking in publicWriting reports5.What will Matthew probably do in next Wednesday's class?Hand in his assignment earlyTry to start a study groupMake a presentation to the classChoose a topic for his paperTPO1 Lecture 36.What is the lecture mainly about?Art in the Neolithic periodThe site of a Neolithic townMethods of making stone toolsThe domestication of plants and animals by early farmers7.What does the professor imply about the tools used by the people of Catalhoyuk?They were made of stone that came from CatalhoyukThey were among the sharpest tools available at the timeThey were often used in religious ritualsThey were used primarily for agriculture8.What does the professor say about the entrances to the horses in Catalhoyuk?Click on 2 answersThey were in the roofThey were usually kept closedThey allowed smoke to escape from the houseThey stood opposite one another across narrow streets9.What does the professor say about Catalhoyuk graves?The graves contained precious stonesMany people were buried in each graveThe grave were located under the house floorsThe graves contained ashes rather than bones10.What does the professor think of the idea that the inhabitants of Catalhoyuk deliberately arranged their house so that they could live near their ancestors' graves?She thinks it is a good guess, but only a guessShe thinks some evidence supports it, but other evidence contradicts it.She thinks that further excavations will soon disprove itShe thinks that it is not appropriate to make such guesses about the distant past11.What are three things the professor says about the artwork of Catalhoyuk? Click on 3 answersIt was clearly important to the Catalhoyuk religionIt became covered with sootIt often shows farmers at workIts significance is unknownIt contains many hunting scenesTPO1 Lecture 412.What is the main topic of the lectureThe types of habitats marmots preferMethods of observing marmot behaviorFeeding habits of some marmot speciesDifferences in behavior between marmot species13.According to the case study, why are marmots ideal for observationThey do not hide from humansThey reside in many regions throughout North AmericaThey are active in open areas during the dayTheir burrows are easy to locate14.Drag the appropriate description of each marmot species' behavior to the box below the marmot's nameClick on a phrase. Then drag it to the space where it belongs.One of the phrases will not be usedDisplays aggressive tendencies is family oriented says active during the winterOlympic Marmot Eastern Marmot15.What reason does the professor give for the difference in marmot behaviour patterns?Type of food availableThe size of the populationInteraction with other marmot speciesAdaptations to the climate16.Why does the professor say this()To inform the student that his definition is incorrectTo suggest that the student did not do the readingTo encourage the student to try againTo change the topic of discussion17.Why does the professor say this()To express a similar concernTo encourage the student to explain what she meansTo address the student's concernTo agree with the studentTPO2 Conversation 11.Why does the man go to see his professorTo borrow some charts and graphs from herTo ask her to explain some statistical proceduresTo talk about report he is writingTo discuss a grade he got on a paper2.What information will the man include in his report?Click in the correct box for each phraseInclude in report Not include in reportClimate chartsInterviews with meteorologistsJournals notesStatistical tests3.Why does the professor tell the man about the appointment at the doctor's office? To demonstrate a way of remembering thingsTo explain why she needs to leave soonTo illustrate a point that appears in his reportTo emphasize the importance of good health4.What does the professor offer to do for the manHelp him collect more data in other areas of the stateSubmit his research findings for publicationGive him the doctor's telephone numberReview the first version of his report5.Why does the professor say this()To question the length of the paperTo offer encouragementTo dispute the data sourcesTo explain a theoryTPO2 Lecture 16.What is the professor mainly discussingThe development of motor skills in childrenHow psychologists measure muscle activity in the throatA theory about the relationship between muscle activity and thinkingA study on deaf people's problem-solving techniques7.Why does the professor say this()To give an example of a laryngeal habitTo explain the meaning of a termTo explain why he is discussing laryngeal habitsTo remind students of a point he had discussed previously8.Why does the professor say about people who use sign languageIt is not possible to study their thinking habitsThey exhibit laryngeal habitsThe muscles in their hands move when they solve problemsThey do not exhibit ideomotor action9.What point does the professor make when he refers to the university libraryA study on problem solving took place thereStudents should go there to read more about behaviorismStudents' eyes will turn toward it if they think about itHe learned about William James' concept of thinking there10.The professor describes a magic trick to the class,what does the magic trick demonstrate?An action people make that they are not aware ofThat behaviorists are not really scientistsHow psychologists study childrenA method for remembering locations11.What is the professor's opinion of the motor theory of thinkingMost of the evidence he has collected contradicts itIt explains adult behavior better than it explains child behaviorIt is the most valid theory of thinking at the present timeIt cannot be completely proved or disprovedTPO2 Lecture 212.What aspect of Manila hemp fibers does the professor mainly discuss in the lectureSimilarities between cotton fibers and manila hemp fibersVarious types of manila hemp fibersThe economic importance of Manila hemp fibersA use of Manila hemp fibers13.Why does the professor mention going away for the weekend?To tell the class a jokeTo apologize for not completing some workTo introduce the topic of the lectureTo encourage students to ask about her trip14.What does the professor imply about the name Manila hempIt is a commercial brand namePart of the name is inappropriateThe name has recently changedThe name was first used in the 1940's15.Why does the professor mention the Golden Gate Bridge?To demonstrate a disadvantage of steel cablesTo give an example of the creative use of colorTo show that steel cables are able to resist salt waterTo give an example of a use of Manila hemp16.According to the professor, what was the main reason that many ships used Manila hemp ropes instead of steel cables?Manila hemp was cheaperManila hemp was easier to produceManila hemp is more resistant to salt waterManila hemp is lighter in weight17.According to the lecture, what are two ways to increase the strength or rope made from Manila hemp fibers?Click on 2 answersCoat the fibers with zinc-based paintCombine the fibers into bundlesSoak bundles of fibers in salt waterTwist bundles of fibersTPO2 Conversation 21.What are the students mainly discussing?Click on 2 answersTheir courses for next semesterTheir plans for the weekendA poetry clubA class assignment2.What does the man plan to do at the end of the monthRegister for classesFinish writing his master's thesisLeave his job at the coffee shopTake a short vacation3.Why does the man talk to the woman about the "Poetry Kitchen"?To find out how often the club meetsTo inform her that the date of the next meeting has changedTo complain that not enough people are reading their poemsTo encourage her to attend4.What is the woman's attitude toward participating in the poetry club?She is looking forward to hearing her professor's poetryShe is interested in attending but she has no timeShe thinks the poetry that is read there is not very goodShe used to participate but did not enjoy it5.What will the students do in the summerThey will both take coursesThey will both have full-time jobsThey will travel to England togetherThey will teach a class togetherTPO2 Lecture 36.What is the main purpose of the lecture?To illustrate the importance of extrinsic valuesTo explain Aristotle's views about the importance of teachingTo explain why people change what they valueTo discuss Aristotle's views about human happiness7.The professor gives examples of things that have value for her. Indicate for each example what type of value it has for her.Click in the correct box. This question is worth 2 points.Only extrinsic value Only intrinsic value Both extrinsic and intrinsic value TeachingExercisehealthPlaying a musical instrument8.Why is happiness central to Aristotle's theory?Because it is so difficult for people to attainBecause it is valued for its own sake by all peopleBecause it is a means to a productive lifeBecause most people agree about what happiness is9.According to the professor, why does Aristotle think that fame cannot provide true happiness?Fame cannot be obtained without help from other peopleFame cannot be obtained by all peopleFame does not last foreverPeople cannot share their fame with other people10.What does the professor mean when she says this()Teaching is not a highly valued profession in societyShe may change professions in order to earn more moneyThe reason she is a teacher has little to do with her salaryMore people would become teachers if the salary were higher11.What is Bode's law?A law of gravitationAn estimate of the distance between Mars and JupiterA prediction of how many asteroids there areA pattern in the spacing of the planetsTPO2 Lecture 412.Why does the professor explain Bode's Law to the class?To describe the size of the asteroidsTo explain who the asteroids belt was discoveredTo explain how gravitational forces influence the planetsTo describe the impact of telescopes on astronomy13.How does the professor introduce Bode's Law?By demonstrating how it is derived mathematicallyBy describing the discovery of UranusBy drawing attention to the inaccuracy of a certain patternBy telling the names of several of the asteroids14.According to the professor, what two factors contributed to the discovery of the asteroid Ceres?Click on 2 answersImproved telescopesAdvances in mathematicsThe discovery of a new starThe position of Uranus in a pattern15.What does the professor imply about the asteroid belt?It is farther from the Sun than UranusBode believed it was made up of small starsIt is located where people expected to find a planetCeres is the only one of the asteroids that can be seen without a telescope16.Why does the professor say thisTo introduce an alternative application of Bode's LawTo give an example of what Bode's law cannot explainTo describe the limitaions of gravitational theoryTo contrast Bode's Law with a real scientific lawTPO3 Conversation 1Q1Why does the women come to the office?To notify the university of her change of addressTo find out where her physics class is being heldTo get directions to the science buildingTo complain about her physics class being canceledQ2What happened to the letter the university sent to the woman?She threw it away by mistakeHer roommate forgot to give it to herIt was sent to her old mailing addressIt was sent to another student by mistakeQ3Why was the woman’s physics class canceled?Not enough students signed up to take the classNo professors were available to teach the classThe university changed its requirements for physics studentsThere were no classrooms available in the science building at the hourQ4What does the man suggest the woman do before the beginning of next semester? Consult with her advisor about her class scheduleCheck with the registrar’s office about the location of the classRegister for her classes earlyCall the physics departmentQ5RWhat does the man imply when he say this:He know the physics class has been canceledHe is not sure where the science building isMany of the room assignments have been changedThe women can check for herself where her class isTPO3 Lecture 1Q6What does the professor mainly discuss?Major changes in the migratory patterns of hummingbirdsThe adaptation of hummingbirds to urban environmentsConcern about the reduction of hummingbird habitatThe impact of ecotourism on hummingbird populationsQ7What does the professor imply might cause a decrease in the hummingbird population?An increase in the ecotourism industryAn increase in the use of land to raise crops and cattleA decrease in banding studiesA decrease in the distance traveled during migrationQ8What does the professor say people have done to help hummingbirds survive?They have built a series of hummingbird feeding stationsThey have supported new laws that punish polluters of wildlife habitatsThey have replanted native flowers in once polluted areasThey have learned to identify various hummingbird speciesQ9What way of collecting information about migrating hummingbirds does the professor mention?Receiving radio signals from electronic tracking devicesBeing contacted by people who recapture banded birdsCounting the birds that return to the same region every yearComparing old and young birds’ migration routesQ10What does the professor imply researchers have learned while studying hummingbird migration?Hummingbirds have totally disappeared from some countries due to recent habitat destructionPrograms to replant flowers native to hummingbird habitats are not succeeding Some groups of hummingbirds have changed their migration patternsSome plant species pollinated by hummingbirds have become extinctQ11RWhat does the professor imply when she say this:There is disagreement about the idea she has presentedShe does not plan to discuss all the detailsHer next point may seem to contradict what she has just saidThe point she will make next should be obvious to the studentsTPO3 Lecture 2Q12What is the main purpose of the lecture?To discuss the style of an early filmmakerTo describe different types of filmmaking in the 1930sTo discuss the emergence of the documentary filmTo describe Painleve’s influence on today’s science-fiction filmsQ13Why are Painleve’s films typical of the films of the 1920s and 1930s?They do not have soundThey are filmed underwaterThey are easy to understandThey difficult to categorizeQ14According to the professor, how did Painleve’s film confuse the audience?They show animals out of their natural habitatThey depict animals as having both human and animal characteristicsThe narration is scientific and difficult to understandThe audiences of the 1920s and 1930s were not used to films shot underwaterQ15Why does the professor mention sea horses?To explain that they were difficult to film in the 1930sTo point out that Cousteau made documentaries about themTo illustrate Pianleve’s fascination with unusual animalsTo explain why Painleve’s underwater films were not successfulQ16Why does the professor compare the film style of Jacques Cousteau and Jean Painleve?To explain how Painleve influenced CousteauTo emphasize the uniqueness of Painleve’s filming styleTo emphasize the artistic value of Cousteau’s documentary filmsT o demonstrate the superiority of Painleve’s filmmaking equipmentQ17RWhat does the student imply when he say this:He does not like Jean Painleve’s filmsHe thinks that the professor should spend more time discussing Jacques Cousteau’s filmHe believes that high quality filmmakers are usually well knownHe believes that Jean Painleve’s film have been unfairly overlookedTPO3 Conversation 2Q1Why does the student go to see the professor?To ask about a class assignmentTo find out about a midsemester projectTo get information about summer jobsTo discuss ways to improve his gradeQ2What was originally located on the site of the lecture hall?A farmhouseA pottery factoryA clothing storeA bottle-manufacturing plantQ3What is mentioned as an advantage of working on this project?Off-campus travel is paid offStudents can leave class earlyThe location is convenientIt fulfills a graduation requirementQ4What is the professor considering doing to get move volunteers?Offering extra class creditPaying the students for their timeAsking for student volunteers from outside her classProviding flexible work schedulesQ5What information does the student still need to get from the professor? The name of the senior researcherWhat book he needs to read before the next lectureWhen the train session will be scheduledWhere the project is locatedTPO3 Lecture 3Q6What does the professor mainly discuss?The oldest known cave artHow ancient cave art is datedThe homes of Paleolithic humansHow Paleolithic humans thought about animalsQ7When does the professor mention his daughter?To describe her reaction to seeing the paintingsTo explain the universal appeal for the Chauvet paintingsTo demonstrate the size of most Paleolithic cave artTo emphasize his point about the age of Chauvet paintingsQ8What is the professor’s opinion about the art at the Chauvet cave?It is extremely well doneIt probably reflected artists’ religious beliefsIt is less sophisticated than the art at Lascaux and AltamiraIt is probably not much older than the are at Lascaux and AltamiraQ9According to the professor, what is the significance of charcoal marks on the walls of the Chauvet cave?They suggest that Paleolithic people cooked their food in the caveThey prove that people came to the cave long after the paintings were madeThey show how much light the Paleolithic artists needed for their workThey were used in recent times to date the paintingsQ10Compared to other Paleolithic art, what is unusual about the animals painted at Chauvet?Most of them are horsesMany of them are dangerousMany of them are shown alongside humansAll of them are species that are still found in FranceQ11What are two questions about the Chauvet cave artists that the professor raises but cannot answer?Choice two answers belowHow they lighted their work areaHow they obtained pigments for their paintsWhy they chose to paint certain animals and not othersWhy they placed their art in dark, uninhabited placesTPO3 Lecture 4Q12What is the lecture mainly about?Different ways of magnifying the spectrum of a starHow a chemical element was first discovered on the SunHow astronomers identify the chemical elements in a starWhy the spectra of different stars are composed of different colors。
【托福听力备考】托福TPO1听力文本——Lecture 4
【托福听力备考】托福TPO1听力文本——Lecture 4众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 1 Lecture 4 BiologyNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.Professor：For today’s discussion, we’ll review the case study on how some animals have behaviorally adapted to their environments. Now you had to read about two animal species, the Eastern marmot and the Olympic marmot. Marmots are rodents. They are large ground squirrels, about the size of an average house cat. And they live in a variety of habitats. And even though they spend the significant portion of the year hibernating, according to this case study, marmots are still considered excellent subjects for animal behavioral studies.Why is that?Student：Well, when they are not hibernating, you can find them in openareas. And they are pretty active during the day, which makes them easy to observe, right?Professor：Uh-huh, so first let’s discuss the Eastern marmots. They reside throughout the eastern region of North America where there is a temperate climate, where the growing season lasts for at least five months of the year, which is when they do all their mating, playing and eating.Student：Oh, I see. At first I wasn’t sure what growing season meant, just from the reading. But now I get it. It’s the amount of time it takes for themtogrow, right? So it would be five months?Professor：Umm? Oh, uh… I’m sorry but no. It has nothing to do with that.It’s not about the time it takes for Eastern marmots to grow. It’s when the foodis available. That is when it’s not covered in snow and there is no frostcovering the grass and, umm, vegetative parts of a plant’s herbs and the flowersthe marmots like to eat. So growing season refers to the availability of thefood they eat, OK? So now how would you describe the Eastern marmots’ socialhabits?Student：Well, they are really territorial, and loners, and just soaggressive even with other Eastern marmots. And their mating ritual is just soimpersonal.Professor：Uh-huh? Now when they emerge in the spring from hibernation, themating process begins. For them, well, they come together to mate and then theygo their separate ways. Then about six to eight weeks after birth, the offspringleave their mothers.Student：Really? Just six weeks? Is that possible for the offspring to makeit on their own so young?Professor：Well, it’s not as if they aren’t ready for the real world becausethey are. Remember, they mature quickly and the weather’s nice. Also they livein open fields where there is lots of edible vegetation. So roughly six weeksafter birth, Eastern marmots are just old enough to take their chances of surviving in the temperate environment. So how does this relate to their behavior?Student：Oh, I get it. Since the climate’s not too bad, the Eastern marmots don’t have to rely on each other too much and they really don’t need to stay together as a family to survive either.Professor：Uh-ha. Any contrast, the Olympic marmots? What about them? Student：Well, they live together as a family and take care of their young until they are at least two years old. They’re really friendly with each other. And what I really like is that they even have greeting ceremonies. And they are not at all aggressive and territorial like the Eastern marmots. So their social behavior is so different from Eastern marmots because of the climate where they live? That seems so bizarre.Professor：Well, the Olympic marmots inhabit meadows high in the Olympic Mountains where the weather conditions are much harsher. So there is a lot more wind and snow. The growing season only lasts about two to three months. So in that much shorter period of time, all the Olympic marmots, male and female, eat, play, work and nurture the young together. Because the climate is so harsh, cooperation increases the survival rate of the Olympic marmots. They keep their young at home until they are physically able to survive on their own. This could explain why the social behavior of the Olympic marmots is so unlike that of the Eastern marmots.。
托福听力tpo43 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo43lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:It's autumn,and as you know,in most parts of the United States the leaves on the trees are changing color from green…to yellow,orange,and lots of other colors.So this'll be a great time to talk about how and why some of these leaves turn one color in particular—and that's bright red.Well,before we discuss why leaves turn red,first let's,um—look,I know this is very old material,but just to play it safe—let's first go over why leaves are usually green.It’s chlorophyll, right?Leaves get their green color from chlorophyll—the chemical that's responsible for photosynthesis.The chlorophyll in the leaves collects energy from the Sun,in the form of sunlight,and it converts this energy into sugar,which is food for the plant. It's chlorophyll that makes leaves green most of the time.Now,the classic explanation for why leaves change color is this.In autumn,the leaves start preparing for the winter and stop synthesizing new chlorophyll.Since chlorophyll is sensitive to sunlight and to cold temperatures—both of which you get in autumn—the existing chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down.And since it's not being replaced by the new chlorophyll,the green color of the leaves gradually fades away.As this happens,the other pigments present in the leaf become visible.According to the classic theory,this is true for the red pigment as well.It was there in the leaf all along but it was hidden by the green chlorophyll.OK, so that's the classic explanation,and it's partially right.Why do I say“partially”?Well,it's probably true for pigments like yellow or orange,but it doesn't seem to hold for the red pigment.Let's back up a bit.Just what produces this red color in leaves?It's a red pigment called anthocyanin.Here's where the classic explanation doesn't seem to apply to red.What's interestingis that during the summer,there was very little if any anthocyanin in the leaves,but in the weeks before a tree is about to drop its leaves,the production of anthocyanins increases significantly.In other words,unlike those other pigments,anthocyanins are not just unmasked by the breakdown of chlorophyll in autumn;they're actually created at this time.So that raises a question.Why would a tree produce more anthocyanin just before dropping its leaves?Why does the tree spend so much of its resources doing this just before the leaves fall off?On the surface,this doesn't make sense.It'd be like spending money to,I don't know,to have your old car repainted when you know the car's not going to last more than a couple of months.All this extra anthocyanin in the autumn seems like a waste.But remember,nature is very economical with its resources,so that means anthocyanin must be serving some function that's important for the tree.Today there are some theories about what that function might be.One of them involves predatory insects;another involves fungi.You know,the more I read about these theories and the related research,it always created more questions for me than answers.So I was really glad to learn about a totally different theory…a new one.It seemed to come with research and data that give a full explanation.So here it is.Remember I said the chlorophyll breaks down?Well,in autumn,a whole lot of other chemical constituents of the leaf break down as well.I don't mean they're totally destroyed,'cause actually they break down into other,different chemicals that the tree can reabsorb from the leaves and reuse later.Now,this reabsorption process is very important for the tree,and—here's the key—it's sensitive to light,meaning that too much exposure to sunlight can interfere with this process.So where does anthocyanin fit in here?Well,anthocyanin's more stable than chlorophyll.It's not harmed as easily by the Sun or the cold.So it's still working long after the chlorophyll breaks down.But what doesit do?The theory is that anthocyanin protects the reabsorption process from the sunlight. For example,if you look closely at a red leaf on a tree,you'll notice that most of the red pigment is on the upper side of the leaf,the side facing the Sun.This new theory suggests that what the anthocyanin is doing there on top is shielding the rest of the leaf from the sunlight…and more importantly,allowing those important chemicals to be reabsorbed by the tree.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how the red pigment in leaves breaks downB.To show that leaf color varies based on the tree speciesC.To introduce a theory about why leaves turn a particular colorD.To explain how chlorophyll protects trees in autumn2.What does the professor imply when she explains why leaves are green?A.She wants to correct a common misconception about the topic.B.She thinks the students are probably already familiar with the material.C.She believes the process is too complicated to discuss in depth.D.She knows that students are often confused about the functions of chlorophyll3.What does the professor mean when she says that the classic theory is partially right?A.It describes what happens in the summer but not what happens in autumnB.It describes what happens in tree leaves but not what happens in leaves of other plantsC.It explains how pigments are synthesized but not how they break down.D.It explains some cases of color change in tree leaves but not all cases.4.Why does the professor mention painting a car?A.To question why a large amount of anthocyanin is produced just before leaves fallB.To explain why most leaves turn red instead of other colorsC.To remind students how cooler temperatures affect the color of leavesD.To show how anthocyanin absorbs sunlight to produce food for trees5.The professor mentions theories about why leaves turn red that involve predatory insects and fungi.What is her opinion about those theories?A.They are based on careful research.B.They do not completely explain the phenomenon.C.They have not received enough attention.D.They have been proved to be incorrect.6.According to the professor,why does anthocyanin appear on the upper side of some leaves?A.To help chlorophyll absorb the sunlightB.To maximize the leaf's utilization of sunlightC.To accelerate the breakdown of chlorophyllD.To protect an important process from the sunlight答案C BD A B D译文旁白：请听一部分植物学的讲座。
新托福突破口TPO(1-30 纸质版)听力分类总结(用于横听及总结)
Art TPO1TPO3TPO3TPO7TPO8TPO9艺术Lecture1Lecture2Lecture3 Lecture1Lecture2Lecture1TPO16TPO17TPO18TPO19TPO22TPO24Lecture4Lecture1Lecture2Lecture4Lecture4Lecture2Anthropology TPO1TPO7TPO22人类学Lecture3Lecture3Lecture1Psychology TPO2TPO10TPO14TPO15TPO30心理学Lecture1Lecture4Lecture1Lecture1Lecture1Philosophy TPO2TPO28哲学Lecture3Lecture1Biology TPO1TPO2TPO4TPO6TPO7TPO8生物学Lecture4Lecture2Lecture1Lecture2Lecture2Lecture1TPO15TPO16TPO17TPO18TPO19TPO20Lecture4Lecture3Lecture4Lecture4Lecture3Lecture4TPO25TPO25TPO26纸质TPO4TPO27TPO27Lecture1Lecture4Lecture2Lecture2Lecture1Lecture3Astronomy TPO2TPO3TPO5TPO13TPO14TPO18天文学Lecture4Lecture4Lecture2Lecture4Lecture3Lecture1纸质TPO5TPO30Lecture3Lecture3Geology TPO1TPO4TPO6TPO7TPO9TPO15地质学Lecture2Lecture3Lecture4Lecture4Lecture3Lecture2Environmental TPO3TPO9TPO10TPO11TPO12TPO13环境科学Lecture1Lecture2Lecture3 Lecture3Lecture4Lecture2Business TPO6TPO11TPO12TPO26纸质TPO4商业Lecture1Lecture4Lecture2Lecture1Lecture1Chemistry TPO5TPO8化学Lecture3Lecture4Architecture TPO11TPO13TPO29建筑Lecture2Lecture1Lecture2History TPO8TPO10TPO17TPO18TPO21TPO25历史Lecture3Lecture2Lecture3 Lecture3 Lecture4Lecture2Archaeology TPO14TPO23TPO14TPO28TPO29考古学Lecture4Lecture1Lecture3 Lecture4Lecture3Linguistics TPO9TPO19TPO20语言学Lecture4Lecture1Lecture1Literature TPO4TPO5TPO6TPO20文学Lecture2Lecture4Lecture3 Lecture3杂类U.S. Governme TPO4Sociology TPO5Choreography T PO23美国政府Lecture4社会学Lecture1舞蹈Lecture4Structural Engine TPO29结构工程学Lecture4无老师题：很多筒子们在准备新托福考试的时候，都感觉一方面自己的能力确实是有问题，但是同太高，使得很多考生都应付不来，无老师这次幸得一份图片版新托福突破口TPO听力部分的分类总结，特地放出横听。
托福听力tpo53 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo53lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a film studies class.MALE PROFESSOR:Nowadays,we take sound in films for granted—I mean,you stillmight see black and white films occasionally,but you hardly ever see silent films anymore.So it's interesting to note that the use of recorded sound was originally controversial FEMALE STUDENT:What about all the sounds you hear in some silent movies?Like, you know a loud sound when somebody falls down or something?MALE PROFESSOR:OK,you're talking about a soundtrack added much later,which has,over time,become part of the film we know.But this recorded track didn't exist then.And it's not that most people didn't want sound in films;it's just that the technology wasn't available yet.Don't forget that instead of recorded sound there was often live music that accompanied movies in those days—like a piano player or a larger orchestra in the movie theater.Also,think of the stage,the live theater—it has used wonderful sound effects for a long time and,if wanted,these could be produced during the viewing of a film.You know,the rolling of drums for thunder or whatever.But that wasn't as common.Oh,and another thing that they might have in movie theaters in the early days was a group of live actors reading the parts to go along with the film.Or—and this seems a particularly bad idea to us now—one person narrating the action…an early example of a long tradition of movie producers—the ones concerned mostly about making money—not having much confidence in their audience,thinking that people somehow couldn’t follow the events otherwise.So,it finally became possible to play recorded sound as part of the film in the1920s. Trouble was,it wasn't always used to very good effect.First,it was,you know, amazing to see somebody's mouth move at the same time you hear the words…or hear a door close when you see it closing on-screen.But that luster wears off,of course,and if you're a director,a filmmaker,what's the next step?FEMALE STUDENT:Well,use sound to enhance the movie,right?Bring something more to it that wasn't possible…MALE PROFESSOR:Yes,that's exactly what directors who were more interested in cinema as art,not commerce,were thinking.But they also predicted that there would be a problem that sound would be misused, and,boy,was it ever…Because the commercial types,the producers and so on were thinking,OK,now that sound is possible,let's talk as much as possible and forget about the fact that we're making a movie,that we have this powerful visual medium.So,many of the films of the twenties were basically straight adaptations of successful shows from the stage,theater.The name they used for sound films then was"talking films,"and that was on the mark,since,well,all they pretty much did was talk.And talk.So,the remedy?Well,what was proposed by a number of filmmakers and theorists was the creative,expressive use of sound—what they generally called nonsynchronous sound.OK,synchronous sound means basically that what we hear is what we see. Everything on the soundtrack is seen on the screen.And everything was recorded simultaneously,which,well,since the sound technicians working on films often had experience with live radio,that made sense to them.Recording the sound separately and adding it in afterward—well that idea was less obvious.Anyway,synchronous sound means the source of the sound is the image on the screen.Nonsynchronous sound then,is…FEMALE STUDENT:The sound doesn't match the picture?MALE PROFESSOR:Right.Now we can look at this in various ways,but let's take it as literally as possible.Music—unless we see the radio or the orchestra—that's nonsynchronous.If the camera shot is of the listener rather than the speaker,that's nonsynchronous.If wehear,say,background sounds that aren't on the screen—that's nonsynchronous.So,that doesn't seem so radical,does it?But,again,those early producers didn't think their audiences could keep up with this.FEMALE STUDENT:Excuse me,but did you say earlier that some filmmakers actually advocated not using sound at all?MALE PROFESSOR:Well,yes,but that was a bit of an exaggeration,I guess.What I meant to say was that some filmmakers thought that the way the film sound was actually used was setting the art of filmmaking back.But everyone agreed that sound solved some very difficult issues,and offered potentially exciting tools.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The influence of theater on early sound filmsB.Conflicting views on uses of sound during the early days of sound filmsC.The great progress in cinema after the development of soundD.Viewer reactions to early sound films2.According to the professor,what types of sound were used in silent film theaters? [Click on3answers]A.Live music performed in the theaterB.Sound effects created in the theaterC.Recorded sound tracks played with the filmD.Live narration during the filmE.Musical entertainment offered before the film3.What is the professor's attitude toward early movie producers?A.He is critical of their influence on films.B.He thinks they had little influence on films.C.He thinks they understood what audiences wanted.D.He acknowledges that they made progress possible.4.According to the professor,what was characteristic of sound films in the1920s?A.Dialogues between characters were kept to a minimum.B.Many films were closely based on theater plays.C.Musical sound tracks were added to most films.D.Sounds were recorded separately and added to films later.5.What is an example of synchronous sound in a film?A.A character hearing a train that is not visibleB.A past conversation being replayed in a character's mindC.A character playing guitar and singing on screenD.A song playing at the end of a film as credits appear on the screen答案B ABD A B C译文Narrator：请听一段电影研究讲座的节选。
TPO1托福听力课程场景对话难点解析
TPO1托福听力课程场景对话难点解析托福听力真题TPO第一套的第四篇是课程场景对话。
本文环球北美考试院为大家整理介绍相关信息。
对话开篇本篇课程场景对话开篇是非典型的，属于教授针对自己感兴趣的话题找学生交谈，所以第一题主旨题的答案对应开篇教授说的"Hi Mathew, I'm glad you can come in today. You've been observing Mr. Grable's third-grade class for your approaches to education paper。
"学生正在听课，第一题What is the conversation mainly about? 答案为 B. A class Matthew has been observing. Mathew正在听的一门课程。
切记，听准开头做主旨题。
对话中间两人展开Mathew听课之后的感受的讨论。
Mathew用了一系列的积极向上的词来表达听课的感受，比如"amazing、learning so much、so glad……I mean it's like the best thing ever to prepare you to be a good teacher."这里对应第二题What is Matthew's opinion about observing Mr. Grabell's third-grade class? 很明显答案为A. It will help him become a more efficient teacher. 可以有效帮助他成为一个能干的教师。
这里既符合语义重复也符合最高级强调（the best thing）笔记法。
然后，教授提到It seems that Mr. Grable has mastered the interdisciplinary approach to teaching - the way we've been talking about in class.即课上讲过一种教学法IAT，后面听到的内容是对此教学法的解释。
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下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO1原文中Lecture 4的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO 1 Lecture 4BiologyNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a biology class.ProfessorFor today’s discussion, we’ll review the case study on how some animals have behaviorally adapted to their environments. Now you had to read about two animal species, the Eastern marmot and the Olympic marmot. Marmots are rodents. They are large ground squirrels, about the size of an average house cat. And they live in a variety of habitats. And even though they spend the significant portion of the year hibernating, according to this case study, marmots are still considered excellent subjects for animal behavioral studies. Why is that?StudentWell, when they are not hibernating, you can find them in open areas. And they are pretty active during the day, which makes them easy to observe, right?ProfessorUh-huh, so first let’s discuss the Eastern marmots. They reside throughout the eastern region of North America where there is a temperate climate, where the growing season lasts for at least five months of the year, which is when they do all their mating, playing and eating.StudentOh, I see. At first I wasn’t sure what growing season meant, just from the reading. But now I get it. It's the amount of time it takes for them to grow, right? So it would be five months?ProfessorUmm? Oh, uh… I’m sorry but no. It has nothing to do with that. It's not about the time it takes for Eastern marmots to grow. It’s when the food is available. That is when it’s not covered in snow and there is no frost covering the grass and, umm, vegetative parts of a plant’s herbs and the flowers the marmots like to eat. So growing season refers to the availability of the food they eat, OK? So now how would you describe the Eastern marmots’ social habits?StudentWell, they are really territorial, and loners, and just so aggressive even with other Eastern marmots. And their mating ritual is just so impersonal.ProfessorUh-huh? Now when they emerge in the spring from hibernation, the mating process begins. For them, well, they come together to mate and then theygo their separate ways. Then about six to eight weeks after birth, the offspring leave their mothers.StudentReally? Just six weeks? Is that possible for the offspring to make it on their own so young?ProfessorWell, it’s not as if they aren’t ready for the real world because they are. Remember, they mature quickly and the weather’s nice. Also they live in open fields where there is lots of edible vegetation. So roughly six weeks after birth, Eastern marmots are just old enough to take their chances of surviving in the temperate environment. So how does this relate to their behavior?StudentOh, I get it. Since the climate’s not too bad, the Eastern marmots don't have to rely on each other too much and they really don't need to stay together as a family to survive either.ProfessorUh-ha. Any contrast, the Olympic marmots? What about them?StudentWell, they live together as a family and take care of their young until they are at least two years old. They’re really friendly with each other. And what I really like is that they even have greeting ceremonies. And they are not at all aggressive and territorial like the Eastern marmots. So their social behavior is so different from Eastern marmots because of the climate where they live? That seems so bizarre.ProfessorWell, the Olympic marmots inhabit meadows high in the Olympic Mountains where the weather conditions are much harsher. So there is a lot more wind and snow. The growing season only lasts about two to three months. So in that much shorter period of time, all the Olympic marmots, male and female, eat, play, work and nurture the young together. Because the climate is so harsh, cooperation increases the survival rate of the Olympic marmots. They keep their young at home until they are physically able to survive on their own. This could explain why the social behavior of the Olympic marmots is so unlike that of the Eastern marmots.翻译独白：听一段生物课的讲座教授：在开始今天的讨论前，我们先回顾一下关于一些动物的行为是如何适应他们环境的案例研究。
现在大家来了解一下这两类动物：东部的和奥林匹克山的土拔鼠。
土拔鼠属于啮齿动物。
它们是大型的地松鼠，体形有一般家猫那样大。
它们栖息在不同的地方。
即便是这样，据案例研究的材料显示它们也花相当多的时间冬眠，土拔鼠仍然被视为动物行为研究的绝佳对象。
为什么会这样呢？学生：是这样的，在非冬眠时期，你会在空旷地区看到它们。
它们白天很活跃，这样发现它们就不是难事了，对吧？教授：啊哈，我们首先讨论一下东部的土拔鼠。
它们的“住所”遍布北美东部地区，这里气候温和，全年有五个月以上的生长期，在这段时间里它们会进行交配，玩耍和觅食。
学生：哦，了解。
一开始仅凭阅读材料我并不知道生长期是什么意思。
但我现在知道了。