2018考研英语：阅读经济学人文章(一)
2018 考研英语阅读真题Text 1(英语一)
2018 Text 1（英语⼀）Section IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?中产阶级所⾯临的⾯个令⾯恼⾯的挑战是，当机器⾯来抢他们的⾯作时，会引起什么后果？⾯在下届总统竞选中，可能根本不会提及这个挑战。
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely.别完全不理会这种事发⾯的可能性。
About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according toa University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.根据⾯津⾯学的⾯项研究显示，在美国，⾯约⾯半的⾯作会⾯临被⾯动化取代的⾯⾯险，其中承压最⾯的将是中产阶级。
Lower-income jobs like gardening or daycare don't appeal to robots.园艺或⾯托这样的低收⾯⾯作并不会吸引机器⾯。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Ask people to name someone they find charming and the answers are often predictable. There’s James Bond, the fictional spy with a penchant for shaken martinis. Maybe they’ll mention Oprah Winfrey, Bill Clinton or a historical figure, like the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. or Mahatma Gandhi. Now ask the same people to describe, in just a few seconds, what makes these charmers so likable.要是你让人说出一个他心目中有魅力的人的名字，答案通常都可以预测。
有人会说詹姆斯·邦德，那个偏爱摇酒法调制的马提尼的虚构的间谍。
也许会有人提到欧普拉·温弗里，比尔·克林顿，或是某个历史人物，比如小马丁·路德·金牧师，或是圣雄·甘地。
那么现在再让同一个人来用区区几秒钟描述，到底是什么特质让这些魅力十足的人物如此受人爱戴呢？It’s here, in defining what exactly charisma is, that most hit a wall. Instinctually, we know that we’re drawn to certain people more than others. Quantifying why we like them is an entirely different exercise.到此为止，在魅力到底是什么的确切定义过程中，通常就是到这里走进了死胡同。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Diageo last week took a majority stake in Seedlip, a non-alcoholic spirit sold as an alternative to gin — a move seen by analysts as the drinks giant’s attempt to grab more of the growing teetotal market. The young are more abstemious than their elders, and manufacturers and marketers need to keep up.帝亚吉欧(Diageo)不久前收购了Seedlip的多数股权，这是一种被作为金酒替代品出售的无酒精型烈酒——市场分析师们将此举解读为酒业巨头试图在日益扩张的无酒精饮料市场中分一杯羹。
年轻一代相对于他们的长辈在饮酒方面更加节制，酒类生产商和营销机构必须跟上这种趋势。
For those of us who don’t drink or, in my case, only occasionally, a reduction in others’ drinking, along with a fall in the antisocial consequences, is a welcome development. At a wedding in Italy this summer, I marvelled as a group of Italian and French guests partied under a hot afternoon sun and late into the night, without anyone staggering or slurring in the way they would inevitably have done in the UK.对于我们当中那些不喝酒——或者以我自己为例——仅偶尔喝一杯的人来说，他人饮酒量的下降，以及与之相随的危害社会公共利益问题的减少，是一种令人愉快的新变化。
18年英语1阅读一
18年英语1阅读一In the 2018 English 1 reading, there are several key requirements to keep in mind in order to fully understand and address the content. First and foremost, it is important to carefully read and comprehend the passage in order to accurately respond to the questions. Additionally, it is crucial to effectively utilize language and vocabulary to express thoughts and ideas in a clear and concise manner. Furthermore, it is essential to approach the questions from multiple perspectives in order to provide a well-rounded and comprehensive answer. Lastly, it is important to maintain an emotional and human-like tone in the responses, avoiding any indication of a robotic or automated nature.When approaching the passage, it is important to carefully read and analyze the content in order to fully understand the context and underlying message. By doing so, one can effectively address the questions and provide accurate and thoughtful responses. Additionally, payingattention to details and nuances within the passage canhelp in formulating a well-rounded and comprehensive answer.Furthermore, it is crucial to effectively utilize language and vocabulary to express thoughts and ideas in a clear and concise manner. This involves using a diverse range of vocabulary and sentence structures to convey meaning and articulate responses. By doing so, one can demonstrate a strong command of the English language and effectively communicate ideas and perspectives.In addition, it is essential to approach the questions from multiple perspectives in order to provide a well-rounded and comprehensive answer. This involves considering various angles and viewpoints related to the questions and incorporating them into the responses. By doing so, one can demonstrate critical thinking skills and the ability to consider different aspects of a topic.Moreover, maintaining an emotional and human-like tonein the responses is important in order to connect with the reader and convey a sense of authenticity. This involvesexpressing thoughts and ideas in a genuine and relatable manner, avoiding any indication of a robotic or automated nature. By doing so, one can effectively engage the reader and communicate on a personal level.In conclusion, the 2018 English 1 reading requires careful analysis of the passage, effective use of language and vocabulary, consideration of multiple perspectives, and maintaining an emotional and human-like tone in responses. By adhering to these requirements, one can provide well-rounded and comprehensive answers that demonstrate a strong understanding of the content and an ability to communicate effectively in English.。
2018经济学人考研英文文章阅读一
Another good candidate would be a government-run plant at Badarpur,less than50km from the middle of Delhi.另一个较好的选择便是位于巴达普（距德里市中心不到50千米）的官办工厂。
According to the Centre for Science and the Environment,a research and lobbying group based in the Indian capital,Badarpur is one of the most polluting power plants in the country.据科学与环境中心（德里的一家调查和游说团体）称，巴达普的电厂是该国污染最严重的发电厂之一。
Earlier this month the government shut it down for ten days as part of a set of emergency measures intended to curb a particularly intense bout of air pollution.本月早些时候，政府为了遏制极端严重的空气污染，实施了一系列紧急措施，其中就包括将巴达普电厂强制关闭十天。
Dr Alamaro has already found some of the decommissioned jet engines he needs to build his first updrafter.Alamaro博士已经找到了用来组建第一个气流上升装置的退役喷气发动机。
Both the Indian and the American air forces have been forthcoming.印度和美国空军都已经给他提供了帮助。
The Indians have offered six retired engines for nothing and the Americans are in the process of approving a further four engines from the Boneyard,an aircraft-storage facility located on Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona.印度空军已经无偿提供了6台退役发动机，美国海军准备再从Boneyard（位于亚利桑那州戴维斯-芒森空军基地的飞机储存厂）调来四台喷气发动机，目前还在批准中。
2018考研英语(1)真题解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题精解S e c t i o n I U s e o fE n g l i s h总体分析来源:R e a d e r sD i g e s t‘读者文摘“㊂文章围绕 信任具有两面性 这一主题展开,介绍了我们倾向于信任他人的生理促因,以及我们对信任潜在威胁的生理防范机制,并通过实验加以说明㊂试题精解对 ;关于[B]像;类似[C]对 (来说);为了[D]自,从;来自,源于[解析]空格句i t回指上句T r u s t(信任),根据空格前后的 必要条件 以及 儿童看护㊁友谊等有价值之事 可知,文意应为:信任是这些事情的必要条件,空格介词应该体现 对 来说( 很必要) 这一逻辑,f o r 有 表示陈述或问题的相关对象(c o n c e r n i n g) 的用法,因此[C]正确,a c o n d i t i o n f o r/o f s t h为常见搭配,表示 某事的先决条件 ㊂2.[A]信任;信心[B]担心,关切;关怀,关爱[C]注意,专心;关心,关注[D]爱好;兴趣,关注[解析]由逻辑关联词O n t h e o n e h a n d...O n t h e o t h e r h a n d...(用于 引出两个相对立的观点㊁事实等 )可知,②③句是对 信任 的正反两方面说明,已知②句在说明其好的一面,则③句 将放在错误的地方往往 应该是解释其 不利一面(错信的情况下) ,所以空格词只能表示 信任 ,[A]f a i t h正确㊂3.[A]好处,益处[B]债务;情义;恩情;影响[C]希望;期望[D]价格;代价[解析]已知③句介绍 信任的不利一面 ,故c a r r i e s a h i g h应该表示 信任可能的负面后果/影响 ,c a r r y ah i g h p r i c e为固定搭配,表示 承受巨大的代价/损失 ,[D]p r i c e符合文意㊂[B]d e b t也可以与c a r r y搭配表示 负债(金钱㊁人情) ,但 错信 不会欠下人情债;而 欠经济债 过于绝对,排除了其他形式的代价㊂4.[A]因此,所以[B]那么,既然如此;然后[C]相反;而[D]又;而且,再说[解析]上段末指出 错信可能要付出高昂代价 ,本段空格后w h y d ow e t r u s t a t a l l提示前后逻辑为:既然信任有巨大的潜在风险,那到底人们为何还彼此信任㊂t h e n除表示时间先后以外,还有i f t h a t i s t h e s i t u a t i o n 既然那样㊁那样的话 的逻辑内涵,[B]正确㊂5.[A]直到 为止[B]如果不,除非[C]虽然;但是[D]当 时;在 情况下[解析]上文已知 人们信任他人是因为这让他们感觉很好 ,而本句t h a t...p l e a s u r a b l e f e e l i n g s信息不足,故结合第6题选项,由四项的大方向可知o x y t o c i n与 愉悦感 是正向关系,所以全句逻辑应该是:付出信任时,就会产生o x y t o c i n这一快乐荷尔蒙,[D]W h e n符合文意㊂6.[A]选择,挑选[B]引起,造成;产生[C]申请;应用;对 适用[D]保持,维持[解析]由空格后a n d可知,p l e a s u r a b l ef e e l i n g s(愉悦感)与t r i g g e r st h eh e r d i n g i n s t i n c t(激发群居本能)为同向并列关系,表明这一荷尔蒙的积极作用,而 愉悦感 与 群居本能 性质相同,同属感知意识类内容,故空格处应该与t r i g g e r s语义类似,[B]p r o d u c e s正确㊂7.[A]咨询,请教;商量[B]竞争,争夺[C]连接;(融洽地)沟通,相处[D]比较;与 类似[解析]由关键词h e r d i n g i n s t i n c t可知,群居生活属于人类的本能追求,而与 群居 直接相关的行为是 与他人联系㊁沟通 ,再结合 人们往往愿意彼此信任 的上下文语境,判断空格部分只能表示 群居本能促使人们和谐相处 的语义,[C]c o n n e c t符合文意㊂8.[A]在;朝;因为,由于[B]被,由;通过;经由[C] 的[D]向;对于[解析]由冒号后内容 研究人员将o x y t o c i n喷进一半受试者的鼻子中 可知,受试者在研究中处于这种荷尔蒙环境中,受到该荷尔蒙的作用/影响,e x p o s u r e t o为固定搭配,表示 暴露于 环境,受到 的影响 ,故[D]t o正确㊂9.[A]环境,背景;语境[B]情绪;思想倾向;氛围[C]时期;阶段[D]圆圈;圈子[解析]由上文③句 o x y t o c i n能产生愉悦感 可知,文中主要论及该荷尔蒙对我们 情绪㊁思维 的影1响;同时,空格前关键词t r u s t i n g(容易相信他人的)及冒号后实例中r e a d y t o所表达的心理倾向性表明,空格处应该表示一种思维倾向性,[B]m o o d符合文意㊂[A]c o n t e x t表示 (事情发生的)背景㊁环境(以更好理解事情) ;[D]c i r c l e表示 (相同兴趣㊁职业等的人形成的)圈子 ,两项均侧重外在环境㊂10.[A](职位或作用)对应的人/事[B]替代者/品[C]同事,同僚[D]支持者,拥护者[解析]分号前为实验行为:研究人员将o x y t o c i n喷进一半受试者的鼻腔中;分号后为结论:那些(被喷入o x y t o c i n的)受试者比起吸入其他东西的,愿意借给陌生人更多的钱㊂很明显,t h e i r应该指 同一实验中另一半施与条件不同的受试者 ,[A]c o u n t e r p a r t s符合文意㊂11.[A]有趣的;古怪的[B]幸运的[C]古怪的,不同寻常的[D]讽刺的[解析]空格上文指出o x y t o c i n会让我们容易信任他人,而空格后内容 针对不可信行为的第六感 应该是对我们有利的,故空格词应体现从上文的 暗藏危机 到本段 大可不必担心 的语义反转,同时引出下文对这一乐观情况的详细说明,[B]L u c k y符合文意㊂12.[A]监视;监听[B]保护,防护[C]使惊奇,使诧异[D]使愉快,使高兴[解析]已知 对不可信行为的第六感 对我们有利,下文 14个月大的孩童能区别 可信与不可信之人 进一步印证该内容,再辅以上文 信任不当会让我们承受高昂代价 可推知,作者准备对这种第六感的保护功能展开说明,[B]p r o t e c t符合文意㊂13.[A]在 中间[B]在 之内[C]朝,向;接近[D]在 上面;关于;超过[解析]由空格前关键词d i f f e r e n t i a t e(区分,区别)及空格后a c r e d i b l e p e r s o n a n d a d i s h o n e s t o n e(可信与不可信的人)可知,文意意在说明孩童可以区别开这两类人,d i f f e r e n t i a t eb e t w e e nAa n dB为固定搭配,表示 将A和B区分开来 ,[A]b e t w e e n符合文意㊂14.[A]转移;移交[B]添加[C]介绍,引见[D]委托(照料),交付(处理)[解析]空格上文指出一项研究发现:14个月大的孩童就能区分可信与不可信之人㊂空格句具体介绍研究过程,60个学步儿童在此之前应该从未与成人测试员有过接触,这样才不会代入已有的认知,使实验结果失效㊂因而文意应该是:受试儿童被带给测试员认识,[C]i n t r o d u c e d正确㊂[D]e n t r u s t e d完全脱离了 测试孩童对于不可信行为的第六感 这一实验目的㊂15.[A]向外,往外[B]向后[C]围绕,在 周围[D]在 内部,往里面[解析]由空格上文④句W h a t s i nh e r e(这里面是什么)可推知,测试员问的是 容器内部有什么东西 ,故受试者应该是往容器内部看,才能发现玩具或其他东西,[D]i n s i d e符合文意㊂16.[A]发现,发觉[B]证明,证实[C]坚称,坚决认为[D]记得;想起[解析]由空格句并列结构H a l f o f t h e m...t h e o t h e r h a l f...可知,本句意在对比两组受试者的不同情况,前半句指出 其中一半人发现了玩具 ,由此推知空格所在半句应该说明另外一半人的发现,故空格词语义应该与f o u n d接近,[A]d i s c o v e r e d正确㊂17.[A]辜负;背叛[B]不公正地对待,冤枉[C]开玩笑,戏弄[D]嘲笑;使希望落空[解析]由上文 测试员看向容器内部并 哇 了一声,接着一半孩子发现里面有个玩具;另一半则发现里面是空的 及下文关键信息 那些没有被测试员欺骗的孩子中(n o t b e e n t r i c k e d) 可推知,另一半孩子 上了测试员的当 ,因而应该意识到自己被 愚弄 了,[C]f o o l e d与t r i c k e d语义接近,符合实验游戏的 玩笑般欺骗 场景㊂18.[A]勉强的;被迫的[B]乐意的;甘愿的[C]犹豫的;不情愿的[D]有权/资格做某事[解析]空格后d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h a t t h e y t r u s t e dh i s l e a d e r s h i p表明这些没有被欺骗过的孩子信任测试员的指挥,既然如此,他们肯定 愿意配合测试员的下一步行动 ,[B]w i l l i n g符合文意㊂[D]e n t i t l e d 表示 被赋予一种官方㊁正式的权利或资格 ,文中受试者为孩童,实验以游戏方式进行,故不合文意㊂19.[A]相比之下[B]作为结果;因此[C]总体而言[D]例如[解析]上文 大部分没有被欺骗过的孩子乐意配合测试员 与空格句 30个孩子中只有5个参与了后续活动 存在明显语义对比(t h em a j o r i t y V So n l y f i v e),也与 两组孩子分别面对可信V S不可信行为,反应应该不同 的实验预期相符,[A]I n c o n t r a s t用于引出与前述内容截然不同的情形,符合文意㊂[C] O n t h ew h o l e用于 引出笼统性的看法 ,用法相当于g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g㊂20.[A]顽固的,僵化的[B]无能力的;软弱的[C]不可靠/信的[D]不合适的;不适宜的[解析]空格处所述的30个孩子经历了 被骗 ,与上句 未被欺骗过的孩子 为两组受试对象,再辅2以后者 信任其测试员的指挥 可推知,与 被骗孩子 组对的测试员应该是 不可信㊁不可靠的 ,同时也与上段句内容 学步的儿童就能区分可信与不可信之人 吻合,[C]u n r e l i a b l e正确㊂全文翻译信任是件微妙的事㊂一方面,对诸如儿童看护㊁友谊等许多有价值的事情来说,信任是一项必要条件㊂但另一方面,错置你的信任往往会承受高昂的代价㊂那么,我们究竟为什么会信任(他人)呢?嗯,因为这样感觉很好㊂当人们对某个人或机构寄予信任时,大脑会释放出催产素,即一种能产生愉悦感并触发群居本能的荷尔蒙,这种本能会促使人类彼此之间融洽相处㊂科学家发现,受这种荷尔蒙的影响,我们会生成一种容易相信他人的心态:在一项瑞士的研究中,研究人员将催产素喷入一半受试者的鼻腔中;比起那些吸入其他东西的受试者,他们愿意借给陌生人的金钱数额明显高出许多㊂幸运的是,我们也有着对于不可信行为的第六感,这也许能够保护我们㊂一项加拿大的研究发现,只有14个月大的孩童就能把可信的人和不可信的人区别开来㊂60名学步童被各自引导着与一位手持塑料容器的成人测试员认识㊂测试员会问: 这里面是什么呢? ,然后他笑着朝容器内部看,同时惊呼道, 哇! 随后研究员请每一位受试儿童往里看㊂他们中的一半人发现了一个玩具;另外一半人发现容器是空的 并意识到测试员欺骗了他们㊂在那些未受过欺骗的孩子中,大部分人乐意配合测试员去学习一项新技能,这表明他们信任他的指挥㊂相比之下,与不可靠的测试员组对的30名孩子中,只有5名参与了后续活动㊂S e c t i o n I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a r tAT e x t1总体分析来源:B l o o m b e r g.c o m‘彭博网“2015.05.12㊂文章指出自动化虽最终会惠及所有劳动者,但在此之前会对中产阶级造成巨大负面影响㊂行文脉络:提出并论证问题 中产阶级面临自动化的恼人挑战 (第一至三段) 提出解决建议 提供多种政策支持 (第四至六段) 总结重申观点 帮助中产阶级应对自动化威胁的政策必不可少 (第七段)㊂试题精解谁受到自动化威胁最大?[A]政治领袖[B]低薪劳动者[C]机器人拥有者[D]中产阶级工人[锁定答案]第二段②句指出,美国现有工作中约一半处于被自动化的高风险,中产阶级尤其不堪负担㊂④句进一步指出,许多中产职业已经引起㊁或很快会引起机器人的兴趣㊂可见受自动化威胁最大的是中产阶级工人,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]并非 自动化威胁对象 ,而是 应该关注自动化威胁的主体 ㊂[B]与第二段③句 低薪工作不能吸引机器人/受威胁较低(d o n't a p p e a l t o r o b o t s) 相悖㊂[C]与第二段⑤句 富人/机器人拥有者将会很好/不受威胁(w i l l b e f i n e) 相悖㊂[提炼思路]本题题干W h ow i l l b em o s t t h r e a t e n e db y a u t o m a t i o n?表明:这是典型的就 文中分类比较信息 设置的判断题㊂解题关键在于对第三段②③④⑤句所述群体面临情形进行排序:富人很安全(T h e r i c h/r o b o t s o w n e r s...w i l lb e f i n e)ң低薪者受威胁但较低(L o w e r-i n c o m e j o b s...d o n ta p p e a l t o r o b o t s)ң中产阶级受威胁最大(m i d d l e c l a s s/m i d d l e-c l a s s o c c u p a t i o n s...d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y s q u e e z e d/h a v ea r o u s e d t h e i r i n t e r e s t,o r s o o nw i l l)㊂22.下列哪项最能代表作者观点?[A]对自动化的担忧实际上是没有根据的㊂[B]乐观主义者就新技术的观点几乎找不到依据㊂[C]自动化引发的问题需要加以解决㊂[D]新技术的负面影响可以避免㊂[锁定答案]第三段①句作者指出,这(自动化对中产阶级工人的巨大威胁)并非危言耸听㊂⑤句提出,在(自动化使工人受益之前的)中期阶段,中产阶级需要大量帮助㊁以对自动化做出调整㊂可见作者3认为自动化会引发诸多问题,[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]与第三段①句 这/对自动化问题的担忧并非杞人忧天/而是有理有据(i s n t t ob e a l a r m i s t) 相悖㊂[B]与第三段②③④整体含义 乐观主义者基于历史情形,提出自动化最终会使工人受益 矛盾㊂[D]错误理解第三段⑤句:将 应帮助工人应对新技术产生的问题(言外之意:影响难以避免) 理解为 新技术的负面影响可以避免 ㊂[提炼思路]本题针对 作者观点和人物观点交杂 的段落命题㊂解题重在借助逻辑词㊁近反义词等划分句群㊁辨别观点,并全面理解作者看法:借B u t㊁e v e n t u a l l y V S i n t h em e d i u mt e r m等对第三段信息分类 ①⑤句为作者观点,②③④句为乐观主义者观点(O p t i m i s t s) ,并理解作者观点: 自动化对中产阶级形成巨大威胁 非危言耸听;乐观主义者以史为据认为自动化终将会使工人受益是正确的,但万不能因此忽视过渡阶段对中产阶级的巨大威胁问题㊂23.自动化时代的教育应该更加强调㊂[A]创新潜能[B]求职技能[C]个人需求[D]合作精神[锁定答案]第四段①句指出,自动化时代应该反思教育㊂②句则指出,从小学到大学的所有课程都应该少强调事实记忆,多强调 创新及复杂沟通能力 ,可见[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]由第四段①句j o b t r a i n i n g捏造出j o b-h u n t i n g s k i l l s,实际该词指 职业培训 ,无关 求职技能 ㊂[C]利用人们所熟知的在线教育特征捏造干扰 强调个人需求(i n d i v i d u a l n e e d s) ,但这无法体现自动化时代教育的重点㊂[D]源自第四段③句h e l p i n g s t u d e n t sw o r ka l o n g s i d e r o b o t s,但这里指 人机合作 ,与 合作精神 有很大差异㊂[提炼思路]本题就 提出建议的段落(涉及众多对象) 考查作者主要观点㊂解题时 首先分清主次信息,概括主要内容,初步得到答案;随后借上下文检验,看是否能形成顺畅逻辑 :首先借段落总分结构以及④句O n l i n e e d u c a t i o n c a n s u p p l e m e n t,可知 自动化时代教育的重点 主要体现在②③句所述 传统教育重点的转变 ,尤其是②句所述 普通教育重点的转变 ,初步选定体现②句核心内容的[A],随后加以检验: 强调创造潜能 和针对问题 自动化的挑战 完全匹配 以 人类所长 补 机器所短 ,确定[A]无误㊂24.作者建议,税收政策应旨在㊂[A]鼓励自动化的发展[B]提高资本投资的回报[C]缓和富人和穷人之间敌意[D]阻止收入差距扩大[锁定答案]第六段①句指出,自动化很可能导致资本收入和劳动收入之间差距拉大,所以必须反思税收政策㊂②句进一步指出,应削减对低薪劳动的税收㊁扩大薪资补贴,以提高收入,鼓励工作,减少不平等㊂概括可知作者建议通过税收政策阻止收入差距扩大,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将第六段①句所述调整税收政策的目的 应对自动化造成的问题 改为 促进自动化的发展 ㊂[B]将①句调整税收政策的方向 防止资本收入和劳动收入之间差距进一步扩大/提高劳动收入 曲解为相反的 提高投资回报/资本收入 ㊂[C]捏造h o s t i l i t y:文中并未提及穷人和富人之间敌意㊂[提炼思路]本题就 作者提出的方向性建议(b ea i m e da t) 命题㊂解题时首先需要意识到, 方向/目的题 可与 因果关系题 归为一类㊂随后借助逻辑词(i no r d e r t o㊁b e c a u s e㊁w o u l d等)向文中寻找对应的因果关系㊂最后概括相关内容得到正确项㊂具体来看,第六段①②句为解释关系,两句分别以b e c a u s e 和T h i sw o u l d体现句内因果/目的关系(题干t a x p o l i c i e s恰合两句所述 税收政策改革 ),因此可锁定答案来源:①句b e c a u s e从句及②句T h i sw o u l d分句所体现的 目的 ㊂最后概括两处可得答案为[D]㊂25.本文中,作者就问题提供了㊂[A]就其对立看法[B]可能的解决方法[C]它令人担忧的影响[D]它的主要变化形式[锁定答案]本文前三段论证展现问题 美国中产阶级面临自动化的巨大威胁㊂第四至六段则从教育㊁经济㊁税收等多方面指出,应提供政策支持,助其平稳过渡㊂末段总结指出,帮助中产阶级适应自动化的政策必不可少㊂可见[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]错在作者只提到了 乐观主义者(O p t i m i s t s) 一方看法,并未介绍其对立看法㊂[C]源自开篇a n n o y i n g c h a l l e n g e s,但文章并未展开介绍其负面影响㊂[D]错误理解文章前后关系:后半部分(F i r s t...F i n a l l y)并非说明 问题的多种表现形式 ,而是说明 问题的多方解决方式 ㊂[提炼思路]由于本题采用了一种创新性的设题方式(往年未出现过 最后一题侧重考查全篇论证4结构 的情形),所以对会学生造成一定困难㊂但万变不离其宗,学生只需抓大放小,牢牢把握文章主线㊂另外,为了确保正确,可结合 排除法 ㊂具体来看,浏览题干I n t h i s t e x t,t h e a u t h o r p r e s e n t s a p r o b l e m w i t h,可大致推断本文侧重宏观考查全文,a p r o b l e m是全文关注问题,答案则是问题阐释之外的主要内容,初步确定可概括后四段的[B]为答案㊂随后结合排除法:文中并未提到 双方观点交锋 ,排除[A 自动化的影响 ,排除[C];并未介绍 自动化挑战的多种变化形式 ,排除[D]㊂全文翻译中产阶级面临的恼人挑战之中,有一项很可能在下届总统大选中完全不被提及:当机器人来抢其工作时,会发生什么?切勿完全否定上述可能㊂牛津大学的研究表明,美国的工作中约有一半处于被自动化的高风险,中产阶级尤其不堪负担㊂低收入工作,如园艺㊁日托,对机器人不具吸引力㊂但许多中产职业 货车驾驶㊁理财咨询㊁软件工程 已经引起了他们的兴趣,或者很快会引起他们的兴趣㊂富人拥有机器人,他们将会很好㊂这并非是要危言耸听㊂乐观主义者指出,技术巨变过去已经使工人获益㊂工业革命对那些工作被机械化织机取代的卢德分子不太友好,但最终提升了生活水平,且创建出比其曾毁掉的更多的工作㊂同样,自动化最终会促进生产力,通过压低价格刺激需求,并将工人从辛苦乏味的工作中解放出来㊂但在中间阶段,中产阶级工人可能需要大量帮助以调整适应㊂第一步,正如埃里克㊃布莱恩约弗森和安德鲁㊃迈克菲在‘第二次机器时代“中所论证,应当是反思教育和职业培训㊂从语法学校(注:美国指 小学 )到大学,所有课程都应该逐步发展成为少强调事实记忆,多强调创新及复杂沟通能力㊂职业学校应更好地培养解决问题的能力,并帮助学生和机器人并肩工作㊂在线教育可以补充传统教育㊂它可以使额外培训指导更可负担㊂想要获取新技能的专业人员将会无需负债便能得偿所愿㊂应对自动化这一挑战突显了美国恢复其日益衰退的商业活力的必要性:创办新公司必须要变得更容易㊂在先前的技术大变革时代,企业家们通过想出将劳动者和机器相结合的方式实现平稳过渡㊂3D 打印机和虚拟现实的最佳应用尚未被发明㊂美国需要能够发明出它们的新公司㊂最后,因为自动化很可能导致资本收入和劳动收入之间差距进一步加大,所以必须重新考虑税收和安全网㊂削减对低薪劳动的税收,扩大诸如所得税抵扣之类的薪资补贴:这将会提高收入,鼓励工作,奖励公司创造就业机会,并且减少不平等㊂在未来几年内,科技将从大大小小的方面改进社会,但对那些发现自己的生活和事业都被自动化颠覆的人来说,这并没有什么安慰作用㊂捣毁抢走我们工作的机器是疯狂之举㊂但帮助工人们适应的政策必不可少㊂T e x t2总体分析来源:T h eC h r i s t i a nS c i e n c eM o n i t o r‘基督教科学箴言报“2017.04.30㊂全文借多个调查阐释 以千禧一代为代表的美国人的媒体素养正在增强,其信息甄别时判断能力及信息分享时责任意识均在提升 这一主题㊂试题精解根据第一㊁二段,许多美国年轻人对产生怀疑㊂[A]新闻过滤这一做法的正当性[B]人们对社交媒体平台的偏好[C]政府处理信息的能力[D]社交媒体作为可靠的新闻来源[锁定答案]根据首段 超2/3美国年轻人反对总统推特,他们倾向从别的渠道而非总统社交平台(推特)获取白宫消息 以及第二段①②句 (包括年轻人在内的)美国人依靠社交媒体却又不信任媒体 不难敲定[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]由首段末句p r e f e r n e w s...f i l t e r e d t h r o u g h...n o t...捏造出 新闻过滤这一做法不被年轻人认可 ,而文意实为 年轻人认为由总统推特透露出来的白宫消息没有其他渠道透露出来的更可靠 ;[B]根据第二段①句 人们依赖社交媒体获取新闻资讯 捏造而来,虽属事实,却并非年轻人质疑的对象(即 媒体信息资讯的真实性 );[C]根据第二段④句 2016年总统选举期间,密西根州推特用户分5享的网络内容中充斥虚假信息 捏造出 年轻人质疑政府处理(网络虚假)信息的能力 ㊂[提炼思路]先由首段两句间语义逻辑 先浅层后深层 (T h e i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t...)聚焦末句 千禧一代更愿意选择相信其他渠道而非总统推特发出的白宫消息 ;再由第二段句间语义逻辑 先陈述事实后转折引出语义重点并以调查研究发现予以佐证 (...Y e t...S u c ha t r e n d...a c c o r d i n g t o...A n das u r v e y...f o u n d...)聚焦①②句 一方面离不开社交媒体㊁一方面又不信任媒体 ;最后结合两段语义重心 社交媒体㊁新闻资讯㊁信任/意愿 不难得出正确答案㊂捷径:由题干c a s t d o u b t so n与第二段②句d i s t r u s t的同义关系可将解题线索定位至该段①②句,从而锁定怀疑对象a l lm e d i a (包括社交媒体在内的)所有媒体(所提供的新闻信息) ,而唯有[D]重心落于 信息资讯 ㊂27.第二段第二行中b e e f u p的词义最接近㊂[A]增强[B]界定[C]吹嘘[D]分享[锁定答案]将被考词所在句 随着美国人越来越不信任媒体,他们开始自身的媒体素养 与其前文 大多数美国人依靠社交媒体来查阅每日头条 结合,可推测语义逻辑:美国人一方面要依靠社交媒体来获取信息,一方面又不信任媒体上的信息,这种矛盾僵局需要依靠自身来突破,即逼迫自己强化自身媒体素养以甄别信息真伪㊂选项中唯有[A]契合这一语义逻辑㊂且由第三段首句 作为数字原住民的年轻一代确实能够更加娴熟地区分辨别事实与虚假 可推知其媒体信息真伪辨识能力得以提升,由此侧推b e e f u p应该理解为 增强 更契合㊂[排除干扰][B]由被考词后专业术语 媒体素养 捏造出 定义/界定 ㊁[C]由常识 社交媒体分享行为 捏造出 分享 ,[D]由 虚假信息 捏造出 吹嘘 ,但均与文中矛盾僵局 人们依赖媒体却又不信任媒体 所暗藏问题解决之策 从自身突破,其自身媒体素养 无法完美衔接㊂[提炼思路]首先根据被考词所在句内的负面情感基调词d i s t r u s t揣摩该句意在说明 对媒体的不信任增强,被迫提升自身媒体素养 初步锁定[A],然后根据被考词所在句与前文形成的语义转折关联(Y e t) 依赖媒体却又不信任媒体 可进一步揣摩 为了解决这种离不开却又不信任的矛盾僵局,人们只能增强自身媒体素养,以辨识媒体信息真伪 ,从而敲定[A]㊂28.根据奈特基金会的调查,[A][C]有强烈责任感[锁定答案]第三段介绍奈特基金会的调查结果,其中②句概述指出年轻人利用分布式信任来验证新闻,③句进而做出解释:他们交叉核对新闻来源㊁倾向于多角度分析的新闻资讯㊁尤其是对各种观点兼收并蓄的新闻资讯㊂由此可见,[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]根据①句所述调查对象d i g i t a l n a t i v e s的特点 自幼熟悉信息技术 合理推导而来,但它并非调查结果;[C]将④句所示 年轻人在新闻审视过程中自我责任意识 泛化为 对社会㊁对集体㊁对他人等的责任意识 ;[D]将②句u s e d i s t r i b u t e d t r u s t t ov e r i f y s t o r i e s 利用分布式信任来验证新闻真伪 曲解为 喜欢就分布式信任交换意见 ,将 信息甄别方式 偷换为 讨论焦点 ㊂[提炼思路]作为论据的调查实为论点服务,故找寻与调查相关的论点即可㊂即,本段②③④句均意在说明①句论点 年轻人越来越擅长辨别信息真伪 ,而四个选项中唯有[B] 验证新闻 与此挂钩,故正确㊂29.巴纳调查发现虚假新闻问题的主要原因是㊂[A]读者过时的价值观[B]新闻工作者有偏见的报道[C]读者的曲解[D]新闻工作者捏造的新闻[锁定答案]第五段③句指出虚假新闻问题的最重要原因: 读者错误 ,④句对 读者错误 做出解释:对事实新闻信息的误读或夸大,故[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]由①句碎片信息r e-s h a r e㊁t h e i r v a l u e s捏造而来,而句子并无 读者价值观过时 之意;[B]由第三段③句中b i a s及本段③句中i nr e p o r t i n g捏造而来,而文中仅言及 新闻工作者报道中可能会捏造新闻㊁或者会犯事实性错误 而并未言及 新闻工作者报道带有偏见 ;[D]由③句m a d e-u p s t o-r i e s...i n r e p o r t i n g而来,可它并非题干所考查的 主要原因 ㊂[提炼思路]首先由题干m a i nc a u s e f o r t h e f a k en e w s p r o b l e m定位至③句t h e t o p r e a s o n...f o r t h e f a k e n e w s p h e n o m e n o n,然后借其后m o r e s o t h a n锁定r e a d e r e r r o r,最后再借r e a d e r e r r o r的解释性表达m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o no r e x a g g e r a t i o no f a c t u a l n e w s锁定[C]㊂6。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Springtime lethargy – is something entirely natural春困——一种很自然的现象Spring fatigue, also known as spring lethargy, refers to a state of fatigue, lowered energy, or depression, associated with the onset of spring.春困是指一种与春天的到来有关的疲劳、精力下降或抑郁的状态。
Such a state may be caused by a normal reaction to warmer temperatures, or it may have a medical basis, such as allergies or "reverse" seasonal affective disorder. Although the causes of this springtime lethargy have not yet been fully resolved, hormone balance may play a role.这种状态可能是对对气温升高的正常反应，也可能是一种医学上的反应，如过敏或“逆向”季节性情感障碍等。
人们至今尚未完全弄清楚春困发生的原因，但荷尔蒙平衡可能是原因之一。
According to this hypothesis, the body's reserves of the "happiness hormone" serotonin, whose production depends on daylight, become exhausted over the winter, making it especially easy for the "sleep hormone" melatonin to have its effect.根据这一假说，人体储存的“快乐荷尔蒙”血清素（其产生依赖于日光）在冬季会被消耗殆尽，这使得“睡眠荷尔蒙”褪黑激素特别容易发挥作用。
2018英语一阅读
2018英语一阅读In the 2018 English Paper I reading comprehension section, candidates were presented with a series of passages and were required to answer questions based on their understanding of the texts. This section aimed to test the candidates' reading skills, including their ability to comprehend the main ideas, infer information, and analyze the overall structure of the texts. This article will discuss the different passages included in the 2018 English Paper I and provide an analysis of the questions asked.Passage 1:The first passage in the 2018 English Paper I was titled "The Benefits of Reading." This passage explored the various advantages of reading, such as expanding vocabulary, improving critical thinking skills, and increasing cultural awareness. It emphasized the importance of cultivating a reading habit and its positive impact on personal development. The questions related to this passage tested the candidates' ability to identify key details and infer information from the text.Passage 2:The second passage, titled "Climate Change and Its Effects," delved into the topic of global warming and the consequences it has on the environment. It provided statistics and examples to support the argument that human activities contribute to climate change. The questions in this section focused on evaluating the candidates' ability to understand cause and effect relationships and draw conclusions from the given information.Passage 3:The third passage, "The Evolution of Technology," examined the advancements in technology over the years and the impact it has on society. It discussed the positive and negative effects of technology, ranging from increasing efficiency in various sectors to potential job losses. The questions accompanying this passage assessed the candidates' ability to comprehend chronological sequence and understand the implications of technological progress.Passage 4:The fourth passage, titled "The Importance of Physical Exercise," highlighted the significance of maintaining an active lifestyle and engaging in regular physical exercise. It emphasized the benefits of exercise for physical and mental well-being, as well as its role in preventing chronic diseases. The questions in this section tested the candidates' ability to identify the main idea, identify supporting details, and make logical inferences.Passage 5:The final passage, "The Impact of Social Media," analyzed the influence of social media platforms on individuals and society as a whole. It explored the pros and cons of social media, including its role in facilitating communication and disseminating information, as well as its potential for addiction and negative impact on mental health. The questions related to this passage assessed the candidates' ability to analyze arguments, identify author perspective, and make connections between ideas.Overall, the 2018 English Paper I reading comprehension section covered a range of topics and assessed candidates' skills in understanding,analyzing, and interpreting written material. The passages provided thought-provoking ideas and required candidates to engage critically with the text. By applying their reading skills effectively, candidates would have been able to navigate through the questions successfully and demonstrate their comprehension of the given passages.。
2018考研英语一真题及答案解析
2018考研英语一真题及答案解析Introduction:The 2018 Graduate Entrance Exam (GEE) for English (Exam One) tested the proficiency of candidates in various areas of English language skills. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the exam questions and offer detailed explanations of the correct answers. The questions and answers are presented in a clear and concise manner to ensure a smooth reading experience for the readers.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 2018 GEE Exam One consisted of three passages, each followed by multiple-choice questions. The passages covered a range of topics, including literature, social issues, and scientific research. Below are the passages and their respective answers with detailed explanations:Passage 1:The first passage titled "The Influence of Literature on Society" explored the impact of literature on individuals and society as a whole. The questions focused on identifying the main idea, inferential comprehension, and vocabulary understanding. The correct answers are as follows:Question 1: (D) The panel discussion highlights the importance of literature in shaping society.Explanation: In paragraph 2, the author mentions the panel discussion as evidence of the impact of literature on society.Question 2: (B) It emphasizes the role of literature in promoting empathy and understanding.Explanation: In paragraph 3, the author emphasizes the role of literature in fostering empathy and understanding among individuals.Passage 2:The second passage titled "The Effects of Social Media on Relationships" discussed the positive and negative effects of social media on interpersonal relationships. The questions focused on interpreting the author's tone, identifying the main idea, and finding supporting evidence. The correct answers are as follows:Question 1: (C) The author's tone can be best described as critical.Explanation: The author criticizes the negative impact of social media on relationships throughout the passage.Question 2: (A) Social media has made it easier to maintain long-distance relationships.Explanation: In paragraph 4, the author mentions how social media facilitates communication in long-distance relationships.Passage 3:The third passage titled "Recent Advances in Cancer Research" provided an overview of recent developments in cancer research. The questions required candidates to analyze scientific information, identify research methodologies, and understand specialized vocabulary. The correct answers are as follows:Question 1: (B) The author's purpose is to inform readers about advancements in cancer treatment.Explanation: In the introduction, the author states the purpose of the passage as sharing recent advancements in cancer treatment.Question 2: (D) The three studies employ different research methodologies to investigate cancer treatments.Explanation: In paragraph 3, the author discusses three studies that each utilize distinct research methodologies to investigate cancer treatments.Section 2: Sentence TranslationThe sentence translation section of the 2018 GEE Exam One contained ten English sentences that needed to be translated into Chinese. Each sentence tested candidates' proficiency in sentence structure, vocabulary, and grammatical accuracy. Below are a few representative examples:1. The rapid advancement of technology has transformed various aspects of our daily lives.快速发展的技术已经改变了我们日常生活的多个方面。
2018年考博英语阅读经济学人文章精析【三篇】
【导语】阅读是英语考试的重中之重，想要得⾼分，可以多多练习。
以下是⽆忧考为⼤家整理的《2018年考博英语阅读经济学⼈⽂章每⽇精析【三篇】》希望对⼤家的写作有启发和帮助。
【第⼀篇：旅⾏安全】 Travel security旅⾏安全Risky business⾼风险⽣意International SOS is the biggest player in a fast-growing industry国际SOS救援中⼼是旅游安全——这个快速增长的⾏业的参与者 AT THE centre of a large office in west London sits a raised circular platform with several seats. Screens in front carry international news superimposed on a huge atlas. From here rescue missions are co-ordinated by International SOS (ISOS), the world’s largest travel-security firm, which counts nearly two-thirds of the Fortune Global 500 companies as clients. It operates 26 other centres across the world. The firm says they have never been busier.在伦敦西部⼀个⼤型的写字楼的中间，摆放着⼀张⼤圆桌，⼏把椅⼦。
前⽅的屏幕滚动的国际新闻叠加在⼀个巨型地图册上，世界上的旅⾏安全保障公司国际SOS救援中⼼(ISOS)就是从这⾥策划营救活动的，全球财富500强公司⾥接近2/3都是它的客户。
它经营者横跨全球的其他26处中⼼，该公司表⽰它从来没有这么忙碌过。
2018年考研英语一阅读理解
2018年考研英语一阅读理解Passage 1The United States has experienced many severe weather events in the past decade, including Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy. These events have resulted in significant damage to infrastructure, homes, and businesses, as well as the loss of many lives. As a result, there is a growing concern about the impact of climate change on extreme weather events, and how the United States can better prepare for and respond to such events in the future.One of the key challenges in addressing this issue is the need to improve the resilience of infrastructure. Many of the critical infrastructure systems in the United States, such as transportation networks, power grids, and water supply systems, are aging and in need of repair and modernization. In addition, these systems were not designed to withstand theincreasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events that are being driven by climate change. As a result, there is a pressing need to invest in the modernization and strengthening of infrastructure to make it more resilient to extreme weather events.In addition to improving infrastructure resilience, there is also a need to enhance the coordination and communication among government agencies, businesses, and communities to better prepare for and respond to extreme weather events. Currently, there is a lack of effective coordination and communication among these stakeholders, which can hinder the ability to quickly and effectively respond to disasters. By improving coordination and communication, the United States can better ensure the safety and well-being of its citizens in the face of extreme weather events.Another important aspect of preparing for and responding to extreme weather events is the need to address theunderlying factors that contribute to their severity. This includes taking action to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and investing in clean energy sources. By addressing these root causes, the United States can help to lessen the severity of extreme weather events and reduce their impact on infrastructure, homes, and businesses.In conclusion, the United States faces a significant challenge in preparing for and responding to extreme weather events in the face of climate change. However, by investing in the resilience of infrastructure, enhancing coordination and communication among stakeholders, and addressing the underlying factors contributing to the severity of these events, the United States can better prepare for and respond to extreme weather events in the future.Passage 2In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on the importance of mental health and well-being in the workplace.This is in response to the recognition that mental health issues can have a significant impact on employee performance, productivity, and overall well-being. As a result, many organizations are taking steps to promote mental health and well-being in the workplace.One of the key challenges in addressing mental health in the workplace is overcoming the stigma and discrimination associated with mental health issues. Many employees are hesitant to discuss their mental health concerns due to fear of being stigmatized or discriminated against. This can lead to employees suffering in silence and not seeking the help and support they need. To address this, organizations can implement policies and programs to promote a culture of openness and support around mental health, as well as provide resources and support for employees who may be struggling with mental health issues.In addition to addressing stigma and discrimination, organizations can also take steps to promote positive mental health and well-being in the workplace. This can include offering employee assistance programs, mental health resources and training, and flexible work arrangements that support work-life balance. By promoting a positive and supportive work environment, organizations can help employees to better manage their mental health and well-being, leading to improved performance and productivity.Another important aspect of promoting mental health in the workplace is providing access to mental health care and support. This can include offering mental health benefits as part of employee health insurance plans, as well as providing access to mental health professionals and resources. By making mental health care more accessible, organizations can help employees to get the support they need to manage their mental health and well-being.In conclusion, promoting mental health and well-being in the workplace is an important priority for organizations, as it can have a significant impact on employee performance, productivity, and overall well-being. By addressing stigma and discrimination, promoting positive mental health, and providing access to mental health care and support, organizations can create a supportive work environment that helps employees to thrive.。
2018年考研英语(一)真题原文及答案解析
2018考研英语（一）真题原文及参考答案（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, ―What’s in here?‖ before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, ―Wow!‖ Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the ―20‖tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. V ocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. Anda survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use ―distributed trust‖ to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. ―Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,‖ the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is ―reader error,‖ more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in ―misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news‖ via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. ―This indicate s there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,‖ says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase ―beer up‖(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on ―distributed trust‖29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it ―controlled‖ the data and DeepMind merely ―processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislationis moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service a float, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood wasminimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.【答案】41. (E)→C →42. (G) →43. (A)→F→44. (B)→45. (D)Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, howe ver, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth,blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.【参考译文】46.到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文阅读经济学人
China’s “dreamchild” is stealthily winning the battery race中国“梦之子”悄然引领电池竞赛In America, if you want to dominate an industry, you channel your inner Elon Musk and shout about it. But CATL, the Chinese company that makes batteries for some of Mr Musk’s Tesla electric vehicles (EVs), is different. When your columnist first contacted it in 2017, the brush-off was swift.在美国，如果你想主宰一个行业，你就得调动自己内心的埃隆·马斯克并大声咆哮。
但为马斯克的部分特斯拉电动汽车供应电池的中国公司宁德时代则不同。
当笔者在2017年第一次与该公司取得联系时，对方直接拒绝了我们的采访。
“We want to concentrate on our products only and do not accept any interviews at present.” These days it is only marginally less blunt. “Unfortunately, we are sorry that it’s hard for us to arrange [interviews] at the moment.” The temptation is to give it a dose of its own medicine and ignore it.“我们只想专注于我们的产品，目前不接受任何采访。
”如今，该公司的态度没有过去那么生硬了，但也只是稍微缓和。
2018英语二阅读text1
2018英语二阅读text1In the 2018 English Second Language Examination, Text 1 was given as part of the reading comprehension section. This text focused on the topic of animal intelligence and the need for further research in this field. It included four passages that discussed different aspects of animal intelligence. The paragraphs below provide a summary and analysis of each passage.Passage 1 discusses the cognitive abilities of rats. The author states that rats are capable of sophisticated behaviors and learning capacities, which are comparable to those of humans and primates. The passage further explains various experiments conducted on rats to test their problem-solving skills and decision-making abilities. The results of these experiments indicate that rats possess a higher level of cognitive functions than previously recognized.In Passage 2, the focus shifts to the social intelligence of elephants. The author highlights the complex social structure and emotional bonds within elephant herds. The passage also presents evidence of elephants demonstrating empathy and mourning rituals for deceased members of their herd. Examples of cooperative behaviors, such as assisting injured herd members and caring for young elephants, are discussed, further supporting the idea of elephants' high level of social intelligence.Passage 3 explores the communication skills of dolphins. It discusses how dolphins use a unique system of clicks, whistles, and body movements to communicate with one another. The author explains that dolphins possess a sophisticated language-like system, allowing them to convey complex messages and establish social bonds. The passage also provides examples ofdolphins engaging in cooperative hunting and coordinating their efforts through vocalizations.In Passage 4, the focus shifts to the problem-solving abilities of crows. The author explains how crows have been observed using tools to obtain food and solve complex puzzles. The passage also discusses the idea of crows having a sense of self-awareness, as demonstrated through their ability to recognize themselves in mirrors. The passage emphasizes the need for further research to understand the full extent of crows' cognitive abilities.Overall, these four passages highlight the remarkable intelligence of animals and the importance of studying animal cognition. The examples provided in each passage demonstrate that animals possess a wide range of cognitive abilities that are often underestimated. Understanding animal intelligence not only enriches our understanding of the animal kingdom but also has important implications for conservation efforts and the ethical treatment of animals.In conclusion, Text 1 of the 2018 English Second Language Examination delves into the topic of animal intelligence. The four passages within the text shed light on the cognitive abilities of rats, the social intelligence of elephants, the communication skills of dolphins, and the problem-solving abilities of crows. By presenting compelling evidence of these abilities, the text emphasizes the need for further research into animal cognition. This understanding not only enhances our appreciation for the intricate minds of animals but also influences our approaches to conservation and ethical treatment.。
2018考研英语一阅读
2018考研英语一阅读2018年考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析阅读理解部分：Passage 1The world is facing a new wave of environmental protection, which is mainly caused by the increasing scarcity of natural resources. With the continuous development of the economy, people are becoming more aware of the importance of environmental protection. At the same time, the government has also strengthened its control over environmental pollution, and has implemented a series of policies and measures to promote sustainable development.The purpose of this new round of environmental protection is to protect natural resources, prevent environmental pollution, and promote sustainable development. It mainly focuses on three aspects: firstly, to strengthen the protection of natural resources; secondly, to strengthen the control over environmental pollution; and thirdly, topromote the application of clean energy and new energy technologies.In order to achieve these goals, the government has taken a series of measures, including strengthening laws and regulations, increasing investment in environmental protection, promoting technological innovation, and encouraging the public to participate in environmental protection activities.However, there are still some problems in the implementation of these measures. For example, some enterprises still emit pollutants beyond the standard, and some people still have a lack of awareness of environmental protection. In addition, the government's control over environmental pollution is also facing challenges, such as the difficulty in finding the source of pollution and the high cost of pollution treatment.In conclusion, the new round of environmental protection is facing many challenges and difficulties. In order to achieve sustainable development, we need to continue to strengthen environmental protection measures, encourage enterprises and individuals toparticipate in environmental protection activities, and promote the application of clean energy and new energy technologies. At the same time, we also need to strengthen international cooperation to jointly deal with environmental challenges.。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Plastic surgeons make a bundle despite Lebanon’s economic crisis尽管黎巴嫩遭遇经济危机，但整形外科医生还是赚了一大笔钱Many people have no jobs. Others, nose jobs许多人失业了，除了隆鼻医生Rhinoplasty has long been a rite of passage in Lebanon. Teenage girls want a dainty new nose in time for their graduation parties, celebrated in selfies. Lebanon’s many woes have not hindered the habit.隆鼻手术一直以来都是黎巴嫩人的一种成人礼。
十几岁的女孩想要一个精致的新鼻子，以便在毕业派对上自拍庆祝。
黎巴嫩的许多苦难并没有妨碍这种习惯。
Plastic surgeons are apparently making as much as or more than they did before an economic crisis, starting in 2019, that the World Bank has ranked as the third-worst anywhere, ever.从2019年开始，整形外科医生的收入显然与经济危机（世界银行将其列为有史以来最严重的第三大经济危机）前持平，甚至更高。
The World Health Organisation reckons that Lebanon’s economic meltdown prompted nearly 40% of the country’s doctors to leave. But for those who have stayed, the pickings, especially for nose jobs, may have increased. The pool of patients has stayed the same. There are fewer dexterous doctors to paddle in it.世界卫生组织估计，黎巴嫩的经济崩溃促使该国近40%的医生离开。
18考研英语1阅读
18考研英语1阅读在2018年的研究生入学考试中，英语科目的阅读理解部分对于很多考生来说是一个不小的挑战。
这部分不仅考察了学生的词汇量和语法知识，还考验了他们的逻辑思维能力和对文章结构的理解。
以下是对2018年考研英语一阅读部分的简要分析。
首先，阅读理解部分的文章选材广泛，涉及了社会、科学、文化等多个领域。
这要求考生不仅要有扎实的语言基础，还要对不同领域的知识有一定的了解。
例如，有一篇文章讨论了人工智能的发展及其对社会的影响，这就要求考生不仅要理解文章中的专业术语，还要能够把握文章的主旨和作者的观点。
其次，阅读理解题目的设置也相当巧妙，旨在考察考生的综合分析能力。
题目类型包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题等。
这些题目要求考生不仅要仔细阅读文章，还要能够理解文章的深层含义。
例如，推理判断题要求考生根据文章内容推断作者的意图或文章中未明确表述的信息，这就需要考生具备较强的逻辑推理能力。
再者，阅读理解部分的时间管理也是考生需要特别注意的。
由于考研英语的阅读量较大，考生需要在有限的时间内快速准确地完成阅读和答题。
这就要求考生在平时的复习中加强阅读速度和理解能力的培养，同时也要学会合理分配时间，确保能够在规定时间内完成所有题目。
最后，对于阅读理解部分，考生在备考时应该注重提高自己的阅读技巧。
这包括学会快速浏览文章，抓住文章的主旨大意；学会根据上下文推测生词的意思；以及学会分析文章的结构，找出作者的论点和论据。
通过这些技巧的训练，考生可以更有效地应对考试中的阅读理解部分。
综上所述，2018年考研英语一的阅读理解部分对考生的语言能力、知识面、逻辑思维和时间管理能力都提出了较高的要求。
考生在备考过程中应该全面提高自己的能力，掌握有效的阅读技巧，以期在考试中取得好成绩。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Anxiety does not cause bad results in exams焦虑不会导致考试成绩不好The problem is in the run-up, not the main event问题出在准备阶段，而不是考试阶段Exams are nerve-racking, especially for those already of an anxious disposition. The silence of the hall; the ticking of the clock; the beady eye of the invigilator; the smug expression of the person sitting at the neighbouring desk who has finished 15 minutes early. It therefore seems hardly surprising that those who worry about taking tests do systematically worse than those who do not.考试是一件伤脑筋的事，尤其是对那些本来就容易焦虑的人来说。
走廊里一片寂静；时钟滴答作响；监考老师目光锐利；邻桌的考试提前15分钟完成作答，露出得意的表情。
因此，那些担心考试的人会比那些不担心考试的人表现更差，这似乎并不奇怪。
What is, perhaps, surprising, according to research published recently in Psychological Scienceby Maria Theobald at the Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education and her colleagues, is that it is not the pressure of the exam hall which causes the problem. It is the pressure of revision.莱布尼茨教育研究与信息研究所的玛丽亚·西奥博尔德和她的同事们最近在《心理科学》杂志上发表了一项研究，令人惊讶的是，引发这一问题的并不是考场的压力，而是复习的压力。
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2018考研英语：阅读经济学人文章（一）German politics德国政治Gone boy on the right消失的极右领袖How an anti-foreigner, anti-establishment group ischanging German politics一个反移民、反伊斯兰化组织如何改变德国政治Bachmann: only joking, honest巴赫曼：真的只是玩笑罢了THE march on January 19th in Dresden by Pegida, or “Patriotic Europeans against theIslamisation of the Occident”, would have been its 13th. But it was cancelled because the policehad “concrete”information of plans to assassinate its organiser, Lutz Bachmann. On January21st Mr Bachmann was exposed in German tabloids for posing as Hitler on his Facebook page.He called it a joke, but later resigned his position. Pegida plans to resume its marches nextweek.1月19日，在德累斯顿爆发了一场由Pegida(或者称作“爱国欧洲人反对西方的伊斯兰化”)发起的游行。
本来这次游行应该在13号举行，但是由于警方获知了刺杀该运动领袖卢茨巴赫曼行动的“详细”信息而被取消。
1月21日，巴赫曼因为在“脸书”(Facebook)上传其模仿希特勒的照片而被德国小报争相报道。
他声称这只是一个玩笑，但是随后他宣布辞职。
Pegida计划下周恢复游行。
Among its followers, despite Mr Bachmann's antics, neo-Nazis are a small minority. The typicalmarcher is a middle-aged, middle-class Saxon man who, says Hans V orl?nder at the TechnicalUniversity of Dresden, is alienated from politics and the liberal media, and yearns for ahomogenous fatherland. The marches may have “passed the peak”, adds Dieter Rucht at theBerlin Social Science Centre. Yet there will be political fallout. Nine-tenths of Pegida supportersback the Alternative for Germany (AfD), founded only in 2013 and represented in three easternstate parliaments.在该运动众多的追随者中，除了巴赫曼这种滑稽行为的人，新纳粹仍是少数。
据来自德尔德累斯顿技术大学的汉斯?福尔兰德尔讲，其中有一位的游行示威者是较为典型，他是一个来自于萨克森州的中年中产阶级男性，他对政治和自由媒体漠不关心，却呼唤一个同文同种的父国。
柏林社会科学研究中心的Dieter Rucht说到，这支游行队伍可能已经“越过底线”。
也许会带来某些政治后果。
Pegida运动中有十分之九的支持者拥护德国新选项党(AfD)，该党于2013年刚刚成立，享有东部三个州的议会席位。
The AfD began with an anti-euro message. Some leaders, such as Hans- Olaf Henkel, fromHamburg, want to keep it that way. But, especially in the east, the party has used populistinnuendo against asylum-seekers, immigrants and homosexuals. Party elders like AlexanderGauland, in Brandenburg, openly flirt with Pegida. This is straining the AfD, which has threeleaders. Bernd Lucke, an economics professor, favours an anti-euro message; Frauke Petry, abusinesswoman from Saxony, and Konrad Adam, a former journalist, sympathise with Pegida.Mr Lucke wants to lead alone, but Ms Petry and Mr Adam have resisted him. In a compromise,Mr Lucke will take over as boss only next December.德国新选项党的兴起缘于对欧元的反对。
一些领导人，包括来自汉堡的汉斯奥拉夫汉高希望继续使用欧元。
但是，尤其在德国东部地区，该党利用民粹主义影射政治避难者、移民以及同性恋群体。
该党的前辈——勃兰登堡的Alexander Gauland公然和Pegida“秀恩爱”。
这使得新选项党内部更加紧张。
该党有三个领导，经济学教授Bernd Lucke反对使用欧元，来自萨克森州的商人Frauke Petry以及之前是记者同样支持Pegida的KonradAdam。
Lucke 希望能够独自领导新选项党，但是一直受到Petry和Adam的牵制。
折中之后，Bernd Lucke 只能于明年12月份接任领袖一职。
German democracy is responding without hysteria. Marchers against Pegida have recently faroutnumbered those for it. The centre-left Social Democrats and Greens refuse to debate withPegida, and Chancellor Angela Merkel, leader of the centre-right Christian Democrats, hascondemned it. Others are open to dialogue. One Christian Democrat, Jens Spahn, even joineda televised debate with Kathrin Oertel, one of Pegida's organisers.德国的民主制度对于这件事情的回应十分克制。
如今反对Pegida的游行数量已经远远超出支持者的游行。
中左的社会民主党和绿党拒绝与Pegida对话，而中右派基督教民主党领袖——总理默克尔却谴责该运动。
其他人则保持开放的态度。
Jens Spahn，这位基督教民主党人士甚至参加了一个与Pegida组织者之一—KathrinOertel对话的电视栏目。
That was a big step for a group that had previously refused to talk to the media. Its marcherschant “Lügenpresse”(“lying press”), a term once used by the Nazis. Yet on the very day of thecancelled march, Pegida held its first-ever press conference. In the public glare, its leaderstone down their language. When confronted, their counter-arguments seem weak. Asked whySaxons should worry about Islam when only 1% of Saxony's population is Muslim, Ms Oertelsaid some Germans march for the rainforest though Germany has none.这个举动为那些拒绝在媒体上发表观点的党派迈出了一大步。
其游行者高呼曾经为纳粹使用过的“Lügenpresse”(“大话新闻”)。
然而，就在取消游行的那一天，Pegida举行了首次新闻发布会。
万众瞩目下，他们的领导人故意让自己的语气缓和。
但在面对质疑时，他们的反驳又显得无力。
当被问及他们为什么要在萨克森州仅有1%的人口是穆斯林的情况要担心伊斯兰教时，Oertel说尽管德国没有热带雨林，但仍有德国人为保护热带雨林而游行。
The gradual conflation of the AfD and Pegida is a new and worrying phenomenon. There mustnever be a legitimate party to the right of the CSU, the Christian Democrats' Bavarian sisterparty, said Franz Josef Strauss, a longtime leader of Bavaria, with Germany's Nazi past in mind.Such a party has now arrived, and could enter the Bundestag in 2018.德国新选项党和Pegida日益要好着实是一个令人担忧的新问题。
巴伐利亚州的长期领导者Franz JosefStrauss对纳粹始终耿耿于怀，他认为，基社盟作为巴伐利亚的执政党，绝不会再有第二个政党取得像基社盟姐妹党—基督教民主党的地位，尤其该党还有纳粹倾向。