国际商务谈判2
2国际商务谈判理论
一、马什谈判结构理论
所谓从头至尾,就是要设身处地站在谈判当事人的角度, 所谓从头至尾 让我们“经历”一次这样的谈判过程,以便发现方案在实 施过程中可能的缺陷和漏洞。准备得越充分,谈判过程中 占据主动的机会就越大。 准备阶段的主要工作有: (1)确定谈判目标; (2)对目标进行评估并规定实现这一目标的时限要求; (3)确定开始提出本方交易条件的谈判策略; (4)确定首次开价的水平以及整个交易条件的初始水平; (5)在得到对方反应之后,重新评估本方交易条件的水平 并确定是否需加以调整或改变所采取的现行策略。
一、马什谈判结构理论
1。谈判计划准备阶段 谈判计划准备阶段
古人云“凡是预则立”,准备是行动的基础。通过准备解 决好两个问题:一是“知己知彼”;二是“从头至尾”。 一是“ 一是 知己知彼” 二是“从头至尾” 所谓知己知彼, 所谓知己知彼,就是说谈判者在着手准备谈判时,不是仅 仅局限于对谈判议题本身的研究和资料的分析,而是要对 谈判对手的情况进行充分的调查分析。 对手所代表的组织其背景如何? 该组织的实力怎样? 谈判 对手在其组织中的地位、权力、影响如何? 谈判对手对于 谈判内?在技术上的专业性如何? 他熟悉谈判标的的特征 吗? 我们的优势和劣势在哪里? 相关的社会、政治、经济 因素和人际关系对我们处理彼此关系有影响吗? 我们的计 划是否考虑到了意外因素的影响? 有没有应变计划或方案 等等。
谈判开始阶段的应对技巧 谈判开始阶段的应对技巧 在谈判开始阶段谈判者应注意哪些技巧呢? 谈判者应当 明白,在这个阶段,你最重要的不是做承诺性的表态, 这个阶段,你最重要的不是做承诺性的表态, 这个阶段 而是试探了解对方的真实目的, 而是试探了解对方的真实目的,以及对方为达到这些目 的准备采取的措施。谈判者彼此都希望对方把情况讲透 的准备采取的措施。 、条件谈够,但自己却又不愿意把话讲死。在这种情况 下,许多谈判者便不清楚自己究竟应该怎么做才对了。
国际商务谈判 中国人民大学出版社 PART2
Definition of Negotiation
The basic concept of Negotiation is interpreted differently from one cul- ture to another.
In the United States, negotiation is a mechanical exercise of offers and counteroffers that leads to a deal.
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GLOBAL BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS
Effect of Culture on Negotiation
Groups Versus Individuals
• In some cultures, individuality is highly valued. In others, the emphasis is on the group. In the United States, emphasis is placed on logic, formality, and legality of the agreement.
It is commonly agreed that a culture must have these three characteristics:
1. It is learned—that is, people over time transmit the culture of their group from generation to generation. 2. It is interrelated—that is, one part of the culture is deeply connected with another part, such as religion with marriage or business with social status. 3. It is shared—that is, most members of the group accept the tenets of the culture.
国际商务谈判 Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Preparation for Negotiation
Lubrication
Preparation Every negotiation requires preparation. The preparation work functions, in a sense, as lubrication on either regular or an ad hoc basis.
1. The desirable target
is what negotiators wish to attain but in reality rarely reach. It serves two purposes in negotiations: A. setting a potential goal for negotiators to strive for; B. leaving room for bargaining in negotiations.
1. lack of sensitivity to differences in culture, consumer tastes, and market demands. 2. limited appreciation for the different environment abroad. Due to pressure to satisfy short-term financial goal, they are unwilling to spend money to find out about the differences.
3. The bottom target
国际商务谈判(第二版)unit02makeanoffer
价格谈判
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价格调整
在谈判过程中,可以根据客户的反馈和需求,适 当调整价格。
附加条件
除了价格本身,还可以通过附加条件来争取更好 的谈判结果。
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谈判底线
明确自己的谈判底线,不要轻易让步,同时也要 了解客户的底线。
达成协议
合同签订
在达成协议后,需要签订书面合同,确保双方 的权益得到保障。
后续跟进
协议签订后,需要跟进客户的需求和反馈,确 保合作顺利进行。
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提出报价前的准备
市场调研
了解市场需求
通过市场调研,了解目标市场的需求、消费者偏好以 及潜在的竞争对手情况。
分析市场规模
评估市场规模和增长潜力,以便预测未来的市场趋势。
确定目标市场
根据市场调研结果,确定产品或服务的目标市场,并 制定相应的营销策略。
产品定位
明确产品特点
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了解产品或服务的独特卖点,以及与竞争对手的差异。
文化差异影响
国际商务谈判中,文化差 异对谈判结果产生重要影 响,需要充分了解和尊重 对方文化。
谈判目标
达成合作协议
通过谈判,双方就合作事 宜达成一致意见,签订合 同或协议。
实现利益最大化
在谈判中争取自身利益的 最大化,同时也要考虑对 方的利益诉求。
建立长期合作关系
通过谈判,建立互信和良 好的合作关系,为未来的 合作打下基础。
报价方式
直接报价
直接列出产品或服务的价格,简单明了。
对比报价
通过对比其他产品或服务的价格来突出自己产品的优势。
分解报价
格构成。
报价技巧
高开低走
报价时先报一个较高的价格,然后逐渐降低价格,以吸引客户。
国际商务谈判,课件,Unit 2
Unit two Setting the Agenda
• 谈判议程(agenda)也就是谈判的程序,包括所谈 事项的次序和主要策略。再拟定谈判议程时要注意 两点: • 一是议程的互利性,即不仅要符合己方的需要,也 要兼顾对方的利益和习惯做法; • 二是议程的简洁性。典型的谈判议程至少包括这样 三项内容: • 1. 谈判何时举行?谈判为期多久?如是一系列谈判, 则分几次进行?每次时间多长? • 2. 谈判在何地举行? • 3. 哪些事项应列入讨论?如何排序?每一事项应占 多长时间?
Unit two Setting the Agenda
5.Watch Version 2. How does Francoise control this opening phase?
Байду номын сангаас
Francoise keeps total control over the opening phase. She has clearly prepared well and knows where she is going.
Unit two Setting the Agenda
4. Watch Version 1. Do you think it’s a good idea to raise the critical issue so early in the negotiation? How would you handle the aggressive position immediately adopted by Sean? Most negotiators start by identifying the common ground. In other words, the points which both sides agree on. Then you have a firm basis to discuss problem areas. It is important that the Okus team do not show too strong an emotional response to Sean’s aggression. Sean will see this as a weakness.
国际商务谈判 第2版 第11章 谈判力的秘诀
11.1 谈判力的来源
• 如果谈判人员准备充分,还可以赢得对方的尊重,并获得额外的谈判力。 • 谈判是否成功在很大程度上取决于准备工作是否充分,宁可准备得过于充分,
也绝不能准备不足或过于自信。
THANKS
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
11.1 谈判力的来源
• 11.1.10 决策/承诺是谈判力
• 在谈判的结束阶段,有权作出承诺是至关重要的。能够当场作出决策或承诺的谈判方就可 以获得谈判力。
11.1 谈判力的来源
• 每个谈判人员都可以掌握大多数类型的谈判力。 • 如果谈判人员做好充分的准备工作,并充满信心地开始谈判,就可以实现更有
• 对资源的控制——通过控制生产要素来影响对方。 • 在组织中所处的位置——利用自己在组织中的职位来迫使对方与自己达成共识。
11.1 谈判力的来源
• 11.1.1 了解商务活动的方方面面是谈判力
• 如果谈判人员对公司业务和行业状况了如指掌,并且能在谈判议题上展示出专业知识,就 可以树立一种谈判力很强的形象。
11.1 谈判力的来源
• 11.1.4 制订选择方案和替代方案是谈判力
• 在谈判前准备好一套替代方案可以赋予谈判人员谈判力。 • 制订选择方案也是一种谈判力,因为它可以增加谈判人员满足双方利益的机会。
11.1 谈判力的来源
• 11.1.5 制定议程是谈判力
• 制定谈判议程的一方会自然而然地获得谈判力。因此,经验丰富的谈判人员往往会主动请 缨制定议程。
11.1 谈判力的来源
• 11.1.2 了解谈判对方是谈判力
• 充分了解对方的情况可以提高谈判人员的谈判力。谈判人员对谈判对方的利益所在、动机、 谈判风格以及当务之急了解得越多,其谈判力就越强。
国际商务谈判第二章 国际商务谈判理论
AMT咨询公司服装高级咨询师葛星表示,僵持局面恰好反映了目前 国内体育用品行业渠道商与品牌商在谈判桌上的地位角色有了一定的转 变。耐克、阿迪达斯这两大超级巨头在进入中国市场之初通过对代理商 的操控,促使他们之间相互竞争而快速扩张。而现如今,百丽通过香港 上市募得丰厚现金,在国内市场上又大肆收购整合渠道,坐上了国内鞋 业渠道第一把交椅。宝元凭借背后的台湾宝成集团也在极力扩张。加上 由深圳龙浩、沈阳鹏达、四川劲浪等区域经销商组团,国内渠道一时三 分天下。“前几年是阿迪、耐克强势,现在是百丽等渠道商的议价能力 在谈判中占主导——如果渠道因共同的利益诉求而联合起来的话。”
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• 2008年阿迪达斯成为了北京奥运会的赞助商。2009年4月前,所 有印有北京2008奥运会标志的商品都已宣布过期。在此之前,很 多经销商都过高的估计了奥运行情,在奥运前大肆拿货。然而, 奥运会并没有为体育用品行业带来经销商预期的爆发行情,导 致经销商的库存严重,很多经销商的库存都消化不掉。 有知情 人士称,百丽等几家大型体育用品经销商,与阿迪达斯坐到了 谈判桌前。经销商希望通过打折销售库存产品等方式尽快摆脱 库存压力。但阿迪达斯从品牌价格稳定的角度着眼,并不认可 经销商的采取上述行为降低库存。就这样,阿迪达斯与渠道经 销商的矛盾升级。
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第三节 博弈论与商务谈判
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第三节 博弈论与商务谈判 一、博弈论的基本概念
博弈论是应用经济学的一个分支,也是经济学的重要分析 工具之一。1944年,冯·纽曼和摩根斯坦正式提出将其作为一门 独立的学科。
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第三节 博弈论与商务谈判 二、囚徒困境对商务谈判的启示
商务谈判中遇到的交易分为四种类型。
第二节 理性谈判
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第二节 理性谈判
国际商务谈判 chapter 2
Chapter 2Choosing your teamBig guns, little gunsHow big should the team be?There are several reasons to keep your negotiation team (NT) as small as possible. The first few deal with the expense and difficulties that arise when your NT must operate overseas. Flights, ground transport, meals, hotels, communication, conference centers, taxes, and cargo can make trip for even a small team extremely expensive. Arranging for passports, visas, inoculations, and potential medical care for a large group can easily become unmanageable. Problems and additional expenses may also arise when attempting to deal with various family and business schedules. Finally, for NT’s operating overseas, keeping track of large groups in a foreign country is nightmarish at best-ask any tour guide.The rest of reasons for keeping the NT compact apply to both domestic and overseas assignments. Primarily, communication is a source of strength within any organization and never more so than within the NT. Premeetings, recaps and midmeeting breaks demand that communication be both precise, as major decisions are made in a matter of seconds. The CN must be able to seek the input of the team quickly, and large group are cumbersome.Secondly, as mentioned earlier, presenting a unified front is key. The CN must be able to redirect tactics as counterparts bring new issues to the table. Agreement on tactics become more difficult in direct proportion to group size, even when there’s agreement on strategy. Keeping the NT small enables the CN to make timely adjustments to the negotiating plan and to disseminate that information quickly. Additionally, small teams are more easily able to withstand the “wedges” that counterparts may attempt to drive between members of large teams.Thirdly, the members of the NT have other job duties unrelated to the negotiations. The fewer you pull away from their regular assignments the better. There’s no sense disrupting the company’s core business. As exciting as the international arena is, keep in mind that someone must oversee the old business while others look for new opportunities.Don’t use the assignment as a rewardA very common mistake that executives or CNs make is assigning membership to the NT as a reward for other success unrelated to the task at hand. This is especially true when the team is headed for exotic locales. Many employees see the trip as a minivacation and a way for them to broaden their personal horizons. Even when the NT will be receiving foreign counterparts at the company offices, being a member if the NT is perceived as adding to internal prestige. Some employees even see it as their right by seniority to be a part of the negotiations. Unfortunately, what (and who) succeeds in the domestic market doesn’t always play well internationally. Wise CNs must keep in mind that the blustering Vice President of sales and marketing isn’t going to impress the reserved Japanese; nor will the brilliant, but reticent, chief engineer be able to withstand the verbal onslaught of the impatient Americans.There can be a great deal of “fallout” when a staff member fails to be selected for the NT. The best way to avoid it is to make it clear that only talents very specific to the success of the NT are being considered. Technical, cultural, linguistic, social, and travel skills should be compiled in checklist form (not dissimilar to that for the CN) and circulated among potential team members. Inclusion on the NT should be based on this profile alone, and CNs will find they have much better grounds for defending their personnel choices when approached by determined, but unsuitable, staffmembers. This is especially true when other executives and managers assume they’re going to be part of the NT. As a way of preserving morale among those left off of the NT roster, some CNs make the deferrees part of the prenegotiation strategy planning process.A balance of skills and strengthsIt’s unlikely that any single team member will embody all of the talents necessary to achieve the company’s strategy. The CN must choose a cross-section of technical skills and personal attributes that will create a compact and efficient team. One team member’s weakness must be offset by another’s strength. Technical prowess must be a accompanied by the ability to communicate and apply that prowess. Putting a team together is similar to assembling a jigsaw puzzle: there’s no success unless all of the pieces fit.A common practice among experienced travelers when packing for trips is to never put anything in the suitcase that has “only one use”; the same applies to choosing NT members. A specialist candidate is eschewed in favor of the generalist unless the technical expertise is absolutely crucial to the effort. If the CN must include these “one trick ponies,” every attempt should be made to make them a part of the wider strategy and tactics discussions. If that’s unsuccessful, these specialist members should be cautioned to advise in private during negotiations and to avoid direct involvement.Painting the “big picture”Although many technical types will disagree, it’s much easier to impart technical knowledge to a good communicator than it is to do the reverse. Members of the NT must be chosen for their ability to effectively execute the company’s strategy and to quickly respond to the tactics of counterparts. This is accomplished only through good communications skills. Scientific and financial technical skills will take a back seat, especially during initial negotiations, as the “big picture” is discussed. Details will be left until much later in the process. Many business cultures prefer to have the details tended to after the contract is signed.Bringing massive technical data to the negotiating table may only slow down the deal-making process.NOTE: Much “expertise can be carried in file or laptop form, in case it should be needed during discussions.Tasks Both Large and smallMajor decisions are made every day during negotiations, but not all of the work is momentous. Some companies and consultant CNs make the mistake of including only “big guns” on the team. This causes problems, as no one relishes doing the necessary but tedious (and decidedly unglamorous ) work that keeps negotiations running smoothly—getting copies, typing policy changes, taking notes, arranging dinners, and so on .Including a few junior managers or administrators in the ranks of the NT for the sole purpose of controlling logistics is a wise move. This is particularly helpful if these members have experience working or traveling in the target market. Should the finances or domestic needs of the company preclude this option, these administrative duties should be assigned to specific members of the team, and it should be made clear that these duties are as important as any of the ,more “spot light”tasks. As is true in other areas of business, what happens behind the scenes determines success on the stage.Home Team Versus VisitorsThe respective sizes of the NT is usually determined by the group that’s visiting.This is particularly true if the visiting team is in the position of . “buying” from the home team or receiving group. The visiting group should forward a list of its members, stipulating the job title and responsibility of each. The receiving group should assemble their NT to correspond to the visiting team.It’s true that the receiving team has the psychological advantage of operating from their home turf, but they should resist the urge to overwhelm their visitors with an imposingly large NT. Since these resources can be called upon at any time, it’s best to see if they, re needed before arraying them. The ability to successfully exploit the discomfort of counterparts is very much related to one’s culture and requirements for a “success”. Some visitors may be in awe of your facilities and staff while others may consider it a visitors may be in awe of your is generally better when making initial contact.“Observer” TrainingCompanies that regularly pursue international trade and investment like to use negotiation as an ongoing training tool by purposely including less experienced members on the team. This allows them to gain experience that can be put to use in future international negotiations. It’s best to make it clear to these junior team members exactly why they’re being included in the NT so that they’re keen to gain as much experience as possible, get “bloodied” by their own mistakes, and learn from those of other team members .It’s also an ideal way for the company to see how their future CNs handle new and difficult situations. Many executives will attest to the fact that the “rising stars from the home office often become confused and ill-at-ease when put into the crucible of international negotiations and travel. Conversely, the mediocre manager may flourish in the new international environment.Those Who Can’“CUT IT”A common question in business when determining whether someone will be a success is , “Can they cut the muster?” (Sorry, folks, it isn’t mustard.) During the Middle Ages, the muster in question was the final pattern cut from cloth by journeymen to be used by the master tailor. Cut improperly, the pattern will never work, and valuable cloth will be ruined. International negotiations have a similar one-chance-is-all-you-get sense of finality. The NT acts as the journeymen and the CN is the master tailor preparing to stitch together a successful negotiation. Below are some types of people to avoid because they won’t be able “to cut it.”WHINERSEmployees who constantly complain, even under good conditions, are going to find travel and the stress of negotiations intolerable. These types love to bring up problems but never offer solutions. Every company has them, but successful negotiating teams don’t.CONNIVERSUnity is paramount for negotiations and people who like to work their own agenda or jockey for position will only undermine the team’s effort. These types are generally keen strategies and they may be useful in planning. However, under no circumstances should they ever take an active role in negotiations.HOTHOUSE FLOWERSMore competent than whiners, these “high maintenance”types can only excel under ideal circumstances. They never complain but are easily set back by the slightest deviation form the norm. Unfortunately, negotiations and overseas travel are rarely conducive to ideal anything. Sometimes, the NT must operate when materials and equipment are lost, or work in environmentsin which electricity is some trials reserved for special occasions. Technically astute or not, these “flowers” won’t travel well. If they must be used, do so only when negotiations are on home turf. An overseas team needs those that can adapt to any environment.BIGOTSNegotiations are a zero-sun game based on finding common ground amid very real and distinct differences. Adding racial, cultural, or class bigotry will only obscure an already complex state of affairs. Bigots (of any ilk) tend to communicate their prejudices more than they realize, and it’s not the kind of communication that leads to a successful deal.The frailRegardless of where the team originated, the world outside of the domestic market is filled with sights, sounds, smells, and tastes that pummel the visitor. Part of the success of the NT will be in its ability to assimilate as quickly as possible into the environment of their target market. The hygienic and culinary habits of counterparts and their culture may not meet the standards of the NT’s domestic scene. Members who can’t quickly and adequately adjust to new environments will only be a burden to the whole team, thus disrupting strategies and assignments. Like the CN, the team must be robust.Overseas? Domestic? One core team?Optimally, once a team is assembled, it should be used for both overseas and domestic negotiations related to international business. (Specialists may be added for individual negotiations.) This is especially true for smaller companies with limited resources. But large companies should not make the mistake of having two separate teams-one for overseas and one for domestic discussions-simply because they can afford the expense. Teams that have operated overseas will understand the stresses and strains being exerted on foreign teams when they come for business visits. This information, used sympathetically or otherwise, can be a key part of the overall strategy and daily tactics. Lastly, using the team for all negotiations will add to its ability to operate as a unit as team members become expert at all aspects of negotiating. They must be able to visit as well as host a negotiation and understand the responsibilities of being on either side of the table.。
2023年秋江苏开放大学国际商务谈判第二次过程性考核试题(仅选择题)
2023年秋江苏开放大学国际商务谈判第二次过程性考核试题(仅选择题)试题列表单选题题型:单选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:11国际商务谈判与一般贸易谈判的共性体现在()A较强的政策性B以价格为核心C谈判内容广泛D影响因素复杂学生答案:B老师点评:题型:单选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:12如果是一个超过6天的谈判,精力旺盛期是A前2天B前3天C前4天D前5天学生答案:B老师点评:题型:单选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:13由于双方对合同条款理解不同而导致的倡局被称为A初期僵局B执行期售局C协议期僵局D中期僵局学生答案:B老师点评:多选题题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 1以下有关俄罗斯人谈判风格的描述贴切的有A豪放热心B浪漫随意C求成心切D效率较高E缺乏信任感学生答案:A;B;D老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 2谈判双方交锋中的技巧有A多听少说B有问必答C巧提问题D使用条件问句E避免跨国文化交流产生的歧义学生答案:A;C;D;E老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 3打破谈判中僵局的做法有A改期再谈B采取横向式的谈判C采取纵向式的谈判D改变谈判环境与气氛E换谈判人员或者由领导出面调解学生答案:A;B;D;E老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 4沉默的谈判对手的心理待征是A非常固执B不自信C想逃避D行为表情不一致E给人感觉不热情学生答案:B;C;D;E老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 5际商务谈判的特殊性体现在A具有较强的政策性B应按国际惯例办事C谈判议程简单D影响因素复杂多样E谈判内容广泛学生答案:A;B;D;E老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 6国际商务谈判中的市场风险具体有A投资风险B利率风险C汇率风险D价格风险学生答案:B;C;D老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 7谈判中迂回入题的方法有A从题外语入题B从自谦入题C从确定议题入题D从询问对方交易条件入题学生答案:A;B老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 8选择自己所在单位作为谈判地点的优势有A便于侦察对方B容易寻找借口C易向上级请示汇报D方便查找资料与信息学生答案:C;D老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 9迫使对方让步的主要策略有A利用竞争B最后通牒C最后通牒D软硬兼施学生答案:A;C;D老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 10进行报价解释时必须遵循的原则是A不问不答B有问必答C避实就虚D能言不书学生答案:A;B;C;D老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:1 11谈判议程的内容包括A模拟谈判B时间安排C确定谈判议题D确定谈判人员学生答案:B;C老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:112谈判信息传递的基本方式有A明示方式B暗示方式C广告方式D意会方式学生答案:A;B;D老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:简单得分:113国际经济贸易活动中解决争端的普遍的、基本的方式是A第三方协调B仲裁C诉讼D贸易报复学生答案:B;C老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:一般得分:114对谈判人员素质的培养包括A家庭的培养B社会的培养C企业的培养D自我培养学生答案:B;C;D老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:一般得分:115还盘的具体方法有A询问对方的交易条件B拒绝成交C请求重新发盘D修改发盘学生答案:C;D老师点评:题型:多选题客观题分值1分难度:一般得分:116关于国际货物买卖的国际惯例主要有A《国际贸易术语解释通则》B《华沙–牛津规则》C《海牙规则》D《美国1941年修订的国际贸易定义》学生答案:A;B;D老师点评:填空题题型:填空题主观题答案不允许乱序分值1分难度:简单得分:11探索式发问学生答案:探索式发问是针对对方答复要求引申或举例说明,以便探索新问题、找出新方法一种发问方式题型:填空题主观题答案不允许乱序分值1分难度:简单得分:12开局阶段学生答案:开局阶段主要是指谈判双方见面后,在讨论具体、实质性交易内容之前,相互介绍、寒暄以及就谈判内容以外话题进行交谈那段时间。
国际商务谈判案例分析_一起来看看(2)
国际商务谈判案例分析_一起来看看(2)国际商务谈判案例篇4中国与马来西亚跨文化国际商务谈判策略探析自2010年1月中国东盟自由贸易区的建立,给中国经济的发展带来一个发展的契机,同时也中国与马来西亚经贸合作带来了无限的商机商务谈判是建立中马经贸关系进一步发展的桥梁,能否正确认识和处理好中马两国间的跨文化差异及其冲突,并有针对性地选择合理的谈判策略,是决定商务谈判成败的关键本文以马来西亚的文化背景为基础,从跨文化意识的视角分析文化差异对中马商务谈判的影响,挖掘谈判策略,以促成谈判双赢。
一、国际商务谈判中的跨文化意识解读“国际商务谈判是指在国际商务活动中,处于不同国家或地区的商务活动当事人为了满足一定需要,彼此通过交流沟通协商妥协而达成交易目的的行为过程在本国内单一文化背景下进行商务谈判,谈判过程是可控的,谈判结果也是可以预见并可准确把握的而国际商务谈判,也就是跨文化谈判,具有跨文化性因为商务谈判与文化是密不可分的,商务谈判是一种活动过程,而文化是这种活动的润滑剂了解对方的文化可以使谈判达到事半功倍的效果。
”跨文化商务谈判融入了文化因素,商务谈判是在具有不同文化背景的人员之间发生的,而这些人既可能来自不同的国家,也可能来自同一个国度因此具有不确定性,充满了挑战中国和马来西亚拥有不同的民族和文化背景,不同的社会环境风俗习惯和政治制度,导致其在价值观行为方式交往模式思维方式等方面不尽相同这种不同地域所带来的文化差异性必然给双方谈判带来语言沟通方式及交流上的障碍,而跨文化谈判成败的关键在于谈判双方是否对彼此文化了解,并是否意识到文化差异对商务谈判的影响与作用俗话说:“知己知彼,百战不殆”,要想在跨文化商务谈判中取得预期效果,除了要了解商务谈判的专业知识和技能以及灵活地运用谈判策略外,加深对方国家文化的了解,提高跨文化意识,也是促进国际商务谈判取得成功必不可少的前提和基础。
二、中马商务谈判的个案分析及跨文化问题(一)案例综述中国桂林风情旅行社邀请马来西亚一家旅行社洽谈一笔国际旅游业务经双方约定于某日上午十点在桂林榕湖饭店进行洽谈风情旅行社派车接马来西亚旅行社代表来榕湖饭店进行洽谈由于他们是第一次到桂林对桂林的美景流连忘返,以致路上耽搁了时间晚到了一个小时,后在商讨价格时,因双方提出的交易条件与价格相差较大中方代表有点不悦,谈判中失去耐心来了情绪,说话声音过高,且在条件与价格方面不肯做出让步而马方代表年纪较大,认为中方代表的言语举动对他们不礼貌不尊重在享用午宴过程中中方代表为了增进双方感情拿出接待贵宾专用酒茅台并极力劝说马方代表饮用又由于中方忽略了马来西亚旅行社代表是穆斯林,在午宴中点了青菜但忘记嘱咐厨师不要用猪油来炒被马方认为没有诚意,生气的离开了致使谈判陷入了僵局。
国际商务谈判第二章总结 罗伊 列维奇
Summary of chapter 21The Distributive Bargaining SituationIn a distributive bargaining situation, the goals of one party are usually in fundamental and direct conflict with the goals of other party. Resources are fixed and limited, and parties want to maximize their share. Distributive Bargaining is basically a competition over who is going to get the most of a limited resource, which is often money.1.1DefinitionStarting point: the point in the opening statements each party makes (the seller’s listing price and the buyer’s first offer).Target point: the point at which a negotiator would like to conclude negotiations——his optimal goal. ——negotiator’s aspirationResistance point/reservation price: the point beyond which a person will not go and would rather break off negotiations, is not known to the other party and should be kept secret. ——the bottom line-the most the buyer will pay or the least the seller will settle for.Asking price: the initial price set by the sellerBoth parties to a negotiation should establish their starting, target, and resistance points before beginning a negotiation. The partier’s starting and resistance points are usually arranged in reverse order, with the resistance point being a high price for the buyer and a low price for the seller.Bargaining range/settlement range/zone of potential agreement: the spread between the resistance point.⚫Positive bargaining range: when the buyer’s resistance point is above the seller’s——the buyer is minimally willing to pay more than the seller isminimally willing to sell for.⚫Negative bargaining range: the seller’s resistance point is above the buyer’s ——the buyer won’t pay more than the seller will minimally accept.1.2Settlement Point:The objective of both parties is to reach an agreement as close to the other party’s resistant point as possible.⚫Within a positive bargaining range⚫Both parties must believe that the settlement is the best they can get.⚫Another factor will affect the satisfaction with the agreement is whether the parties will see each other again.1.3Bargaining MixThe package of issues for negotiation is bargaining mix. Each item in the mix has its own starting, target, and resistance point. Such as the price/ the closing date of the sale/ renovations to the condo/ the price of items that could remain in the condo Negotiators need to understand what is important to them and to the other party, and they need to take these priorities into account during the planning process.1.4Fundamental Strategies1.4.1Discovering the other party’s resistance pointThe more you can learn about the other party’s target, resistance point, motives, feelings of confidence, and so on, the more able you will be to strike a favorable agreement.To influence the other party’s perception, however, they must establish some points effectively and convincingly.1.4.2Influencing the other party’ s resistance pointFactors are important in attempting to influence the other party’s resistance point:(1) the value the other attaches to a particular outcome(2) the cost the other attaches to delay or difficulty in negotiations(3) the cost the other attaches to having the negotiation aborted.A significant factor in shaping the other person’s understanding of what is possible is the other’s understanding of your own situation.1.4.3Propositions:1. The higher the other party’s estimate of your cost of delay or impasse, the stronger the other party’s resistance point will be.2. The higher the other party’s estimate of his or her own cost of delay or impasse, the weaker the other party’s resistance point will be.3. The less the other values an issue, the lower their resistance point will be.4. The more the other believes that you value an issue, the lower their resistance point may be.Case:In the condo example, the buyer has four fundamental strategies available:(1) To push for a settlement close to the seller’s resistance point. $ 130,000(2) To convince the seller to change her resistance point.(3) If a negative settlement range exists, to convince the seller to reduce her resistance point.(4) To convince the seller to believe that this settlement is the best that is possible.2Tactical TasksThere are four important tactical tasks for a negotiator in a distributive bargaining situation to consider:2.1Assess the other party’s target, resistance point, and cost of terminating negotiation.The negotiator can pursue two general routes to achieve this task:⚫Obtain information indirectly about the background factors behind an issue (indirect assessment).⚫Obtain information directly from the other party about their target andresistance point (direct assessment) .2.2Manage the other party’s impressions of a negotiator’s target, resistance point, and cost of terminating negotiation.An important tactical task for negotiators is to control the information sent to the other party about your target and resistance points, while simultaneously guiding him or her to form a preferred impression of them.Negotiators need to screen information about their positions and to represent them as they would like the other to believe them.⚫Screening Activities.The simplest way to screen a position is to say and do as little as possible. “Silence is gold.”Another approach, available when group negotiations are conducted through a representative is calculated incompetence.Reduce the number of people who can actively reveal information.Present a great many items for negotiations only a few of which are truly important to the presenter.⚫Direct Action to Alter Impressions.Many actions can be taken to present facts that will that will enhance their position or make it appear stronger to the other party.Negotiators should justify their positions and desired outcomes in order to influence the other party’s impressions.Displaying emotional reaction to facts, proposals, and possible outcomes is another form of direct action.Taking direct action to alter another’s impression raises several potential hazards.2.3Modify the other party’s perceptions of his own target, resistance point, and cost of terminating negotiation.⚫Interpret for the other party what the outcomes of his or her proposal will be.⚫Conceal information.2.4Manipulate the other party’s actual cost of delaying or terminating negotiation.(1) Disruptive Action. Increase the cost of not reaching a negotiated agreement.(2) Alliance with Outsiders. Involve the other parties who can somehow influence the outcomes in the process.(3) Schedule Manipulation. The negotiation scheduling process can often put one party at a considerable disadvantage. The opportunities to increase or alter the timing of negotiation vary widely across negotiation domain.3Position Taken during NegotiationEffective distributive bargainers need to understand the process of makingpositions during bargaining, including the importance of opening offer, opening stance, and the role of making concessions throughout the negotiation process.3.1Opening OffersThe fundamental question is whether the opening offer should be exaggerated or modest.There are at least two reasons that an exaggerated opening offer is advantageous.Two disadvantageous of exaggerated opening offer are:(1) It maybe summarily rejected by the other party(2) it communicates an attitude of toughness that maybe harmful to long-term relationships.3.2Opening StanceWill you be competitive or moderate? It is important for negotiators to think carefully about the messages that the wish to signal with their opening stance and subsequent concessions. To communicate effectively, a negotiator should try to senda consistent messages through both opening offer and stance.3.3Initial ConcessionsFirst concession conveys a message, frequently a symbolic one to the other party that how you will proceed.Firmness may actually shorten negotiations, there is also the very real possibility, however, it will be reciprocated by the other.There are good reasons for adopting a flexible position.3.4Role of ConcessionsConcessions are central to negotiation. Negotiators also generally resent a take-it-or-leave-it approach. Parties feel better about a settlement when the negotiation involved a progression of concession. A reciprocal concession cannot be haphazard.To encourage further concession from the other party, negotiators sometimes link their concessions to a prior concession made by the other party.3.5Final OffersA negotiator might simply let the absence of any further concessions that convey the message in spite of urging the other party.One way negotiators may convey the message that an offer is the one is to make the last concession more substantial.4Commitment4.1Establishing a CommitmentA commitment statement has three properties: a high degree of finality, ahigh degree of specificity, and a clear statement of consequences.Several ways to create a commitment:⚫public pronouncement⚫linking with an outside base⚫increase the prominence of demands⚫reinforce the threat or promise4.2Preventing the other party from committing prematurelyOne way to prevent the other party from establishing a committed position is to deny his or her the necessary time.Another approach is to ignore or downplay a threat by not acknowledging the other party’s commitment, or even by making a joke about it.There are times, however, when itis to a negotiator’s advantageous for the other party become committed.4.3Finding ways to abandon a committed positionFour avenues for escaping commitment:⚫Play a way out⚫Let it die silently⚫Restate the commitment⚫Minimize the damageA commitment position is a powerful tool in negotiation, it is also a rigid tool and must therefore be used with care.5Closing the dealSeveral tactics are available to negotiators for closing a deal:⚫Provide alternatives⚫Assume the close⚫Split the differences⚫Exploding the offers⚫Sweeteners6Hardball TacticsSuch tactics are designed to pressure negotiators to do things they would not, otherwise do, and their presence usually disguises the user’s adherence to a decidedly distributive bargaining approach.6.1Tactics 1How best to respond to a tactic depends on your goals and the broader context of the negotiation.Four main options that negotiators have for responding to typical hardball tactics:⚫lgnore them⚫Discuss them⚫Respond in kind⚫Co-opt the other party6.2Tactics 2BogeyNegotiators using the bogey tactic pretend that an issue of little or no importance to them is quite important. This tactic is fundamentally deceptive, and it can be a difficult to enact. Bogeys occurs more often by omission than commission.The NibbleNegotiators using the bogey tactic ask for a proportionally small concession on a item that hasn’t been discussed previously in order to close the deal.6.3Tactics 3ChickenNegotiators using this tactic combine a large bluff with a threatened action to force the other party to “chicken out” and give them what they want.Weakness: It turns negotiation into a serious game in which one or both parties find it difficult to distinguish reality from postured negotiation positions.It is very difficult for negotiators to defend against.6.4Tactics 4IntimidationThey all attempt to force the other party to agree by means of an emotional poly, usually anger or fear. Another form of intimidation includes increasing the appearance of legitimacy.Guilt can also be used as a form of intimidation.Two effective strategies for dealing with intimidation: discuss the negotiation process with the other party; use a team to negotiate with the other party.6.5Tactics 5Aggressive BehaviorNegotiators using this tactic is signaling a hard-nosed intransigent position and trying to force the other side to make many concessions to reach an agreement.Ways to deal with: halt the negotiations in order to discuss the negotiation process itself.Snow JobIt occurs when the negotiator overwhelm the other party with so much information that he has trouble in determining which facts are real.7Several available responses to counter this tactic.Distributive Bargaining Skills Applicable to Integrative NegotiationMany of the skills are also applicable to the latter stages of integrative negotiation when negotiators need to claim value, that is decide how to divide their joint gains.Care needs to be taken, however, not to seriously change the tone of those negotiations by adopting an overtly aggressive stance at this stage.。
2自考国际商务谈判第二章影响因素
B.英国
C.法国
D.德国
➢ 30.简述与国际商务谈判有关的财政金融状况因素。2-
➢ 5.在国际商务谈判中,千万不能赠送酒类礼品的国家是2-
➢ A.美国 B.英国 C.法国 D.阿拉伯
➢ 8.由于中国与俄罗斯建立了战略伙伴关系,中俄贸易谈判逐年增 多。这充分说明,影 响国际商务谈判的因素是2-
➢ A.政治背景 B.政局稳定性
一、国际商务谈判中的个体心理
➢ (三) 态度 所谓态度,是指人心理上对其接触的客观事物所持有
的看法,并以各种不同的行为方式表现出来的状态。 ➢ (四)印象
所谓印象,是指人对其接触的对象所形成的感性认识。 ➢ (五)知觉
所谓知觉,是指人的大脑对直接作用于感觉器官的人 或事物的整体反应。
二、国际商务谈判中的群体心理
与进取型对手谈判的禁忌:
➢ 试图去支配他,控制他,压迫他判对手的禁忌:
➢ 不主动进攻; ➢ 对他让步过多; ➢ 对他的热情态度掉以轻心。
三、谈判心理的禁忌
➢ (三) 了解不同性格的谈判对手的心理特征
1,迟疑的谈判对手 2,唠叨的谈判对手 3,沉默的谈判对手 4,顽固的谈判对手 5,情绪型的谈判对手 6,善言灵巧的谈判对手 7,深藏不露的谈判对手 8,谨慎稳重的谈判对手
法律上的效果。 3,合同是合法行为,不是违法行为。
二、国际商务谈判的常见法律问题 ➢ (二)合同的效力问题
各国对合同有效成立的要求主要有; (1)当事人之间必须达成协议,这种协议是通过 要约与承诺达成的; (2)当事人必须具有订立合同的能力; (3)合同必须有对价或合法约因; (4)合同的标的和内容必须合法; (5)合同必须符合法律规定形式要求; (6)当事人的意思表示必须真实。
国际商务谈判试题(02)及参考答案
国际商务谈判试题( 02)课程代码: 00186一、单项选择题(本大题共 20小题,每小题 1 分,共 20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.国际商务谈判与一般贸易谈判的共性体现在()A.较强的政策性 B .以价格为核心C.谈判内容广泛 D .影响因素复杂2.商务谈判人员的最佳年龄一般在()A.20~45 岁 B . 25~ 55 岁C.30~55 岁 D . 40~ 60 岁3.在任何欧洲国家都只用于万圣节和葬礼,而不宜送人的花是()A.荷花 B .菊花C.玫瑰花 D .茉莉花4.套期保值者根据现货交易情况,先在期货市场上建立空头交易地位,然后再以多头进行平仓的做法叫()A.卖期保值 B .买期保值C.掉期交易 D .期权交易5.双方谈判人员适当互赠礼品的做法是()A.求助 B .贿赂C.为了理解 D .润滑策略6.在谈判的交锋过程中,成功的谈判者花在听上的时间占到总谈判时间的()A. 30%以下 B . 30%~ 40%C. 40%~ 50% D . 50%以上7.无论穿什么,都不会把手放到口袋里,因为这样做会被认为是粗鲁的。
具有这种行为习惯的是()A.德国人 B .美国人C.韩国人 D .日本人8.在国际商务谈判中,认为手帕象征亲人离别,是不祥之物,不能送人的国家是()A.美国 B .英国C.法国 D .意大利9.商务谈判成为必要是由于交易中存在()A.冲突 B .攻击C.合作 D .辩论10.从法律学角度来讲,其结果是终局性的是()A.协商 B .调解C.仲裁 D .诉讼11.在一支谈判队伍中,负责对交易标的物的品质进行谈判的是()A.技术人员 B .法律人员C.商务人员 D .谈判领导人12.若我方在谈判中实力较强,可采取的外汇风险防范方法是()A.硬货币计价法 B .对等易货贸易法C .约定货币保值条款D .汇率风险分摊条款13.“对这个问题,我虽没有调查过,但曾经听说过。
国际商务谈判(第二版)课件 (1)[47页]
Contents
1 Words and Expressions
2 Background Information
3
Байду номын сангаас
Lead-in
4
Section A Text Study
5
Humor
6
Section B Text Study
7
Situational Dialogue
8
Exercises
— The computer doesn’t mimic human thought; it reaches
the same ends by different means.
计算机模仿不了人类的思维;它通过不同的方式达到相同的
目的。
back
Words and Expressions
7. feat: n. a notable achievement 功绩 , 伟业
Chapter 04 Negotiation Strategy and Tactics
Section A What Strategy and Tactics to
Choose?
Words and Expressions
1. bogey: n. A bogey is something or someone that people are worried about, perhaps without much cause or reason. 人们无缘 无故担心的问题
someone with elaborate and insincere talk 花言巧语的劝说
— That new man who’s running for Congress makes a lot of
国际商务谈判 第2版 第9章 进行重新谈判
9.1.4 国家间的文化差异 在不同的文化背景下开展业务需要格外小心,必须确保充分理解协议的内容。 一些国家倾向于采用冗长且详细的协议,因此协议的履行几乎没有灵活性。 有些文化更倾向于将协议视为商务合作关系的开始。
9.1 重新谈判的原因
9.2 降低重新谈判的需要
9.3 谈判的原因
9.2 降低重新谈判的需要
9.3 克服对重新谈判的惧怕心理
9.4 重新谈判的类型
9.5 重新谈判的方法
目 录
CONTENTS
9.3 克服对重新谈判的惧怕心理
害怕得到否定的回答可能会导致错失改善合作关系以及履行协议条款的机会。 在一些文化中,人们非常害怕尴尬,以至于仅会发出间接“信号”来表明需要修订协议。
9.4.2 交易内重新谈判 最常见的重新谈判类型是因一方未能在协议的有效期内履行其义务而产生的。在这种情况下,该方会寻求通过交易内重新谈判免除其责任。 虽然定期重新谈判是有好处的,但如果交易需要持续很长一段时间,它确实也存在不利之处。
9.4 重新谈判的类型
9.4.3 交易后重新谈判 重新谈判也可以发生在协议到期后。有时,谈判一方或双方可能会决定等到协议到期再进行重新谈判。 交易后重新谈判的过程在一定程度上与初始谈判是相似的,尽管存在一些关键差异。
9.1 重新谈判的原因
9.2 降低重新谈判的需要
9.3 克服对重新谈判的惧怕心理
9.4 重新谈判的类型
9.5 重新谈判的方法
目 录
CONTENTS
9.4 重新谈判的类型
9.4.1 事前谈判 在交易达成之后,但开始履行之前,可能会发生一些不可预见的事件,从而导致谈判协议难以履行。
9.4 重新谈判的类型
9.3 克服对重新谈判的惧怕心理
自考公共课考试:2021 国际商务谈判真题及答案(2)
自考公共课考试:2021 国际商务谈判真题及答案(2)共75道题1、在国际商务谈判中,使用条件问句的优点有(多选题)A. 互做让步B. 获取信息C. 寻求共同点D. 代替“N0”E. 创造双赢解决方案试题答案:A,B,C,D2、以下各项中,不属于技术风险的是(单选题)A. 沟通风险B. 技术上过分奢求引起的风险C. 会作伙伴选择不当弓|起的风险D. 强迫性要求造成的风险试题答案:A3、常常打着其母公司的招牌进行业务洽淡的客商是(单选题)A. 皮包商B. “骗子”客商C. 借树乘凉的客商D. 投机取巧的客商试题答案:C4、下列有关涉外仲裁协议的说法中,正确的是(单选题)A. 不能继续向法院上诉B. 不能临时设置仲裁庭C. 不能在第三国仲裁D. 不能自由选用仲裁规则试题答案:A5、与关系型对手谈判的禁忌不包括(单选题)A. 不屈服于他的压力B. 不主动进攻C. 对他让步过多D. 对他的热情掉以轻心试题答案:A6、谈判要达成协议时会出现精力充沛期,其持续时间约占整个谈判时间的(单选题)A. 3.3%~8.7%B. 3.7%~8-3%C. 3.2%~8.6%D. 3.6%~8.2%试题答案:A7、“假设我们运用这种方案会怎样?”这种发问类型属于(单选题)A. 探索式发问B. 封闭式发问C. 澄清式发问D. 借助式发问试题答案:A8、拉夫•尼可拉斯研究发现,即使是积极地听对方讲话,听者也仅能记住讲话内容的不到(单选题)A. 30%B. 40%C. 50%D. 60%试题答案:C9、如果是一个超过6天的谈判,精力旺盛期只有(单选题)A. 前2天B. 前3天C. 前4天D. 前5天试题答案:B10、拉夫•尼可拉斯研究发现,即使是积极地听对方讲话,听者也仅能记住讲话内容的不到(单选题)A. 30%B. 40%C. 50%D. 60%试题答案:C11、下列各国中,采用英美法系处理国际商务谈判纠纷的是(单选题)A. 荷兰B. 瑞士C. 法国D. 中国试题答案:C12、谈判者的一般心理特征主要表现为(多选题)A. 个性B. 情绪C. 态度D. 印象E. 知觉试题答案:A,B,C,D,E13、《谈判的艺术》一书的作者是(单选题)A. 马什B. 盖芬C. 迈耶D. 尼尔龙伯格试题答案:D14、谈判获得成功和签订会同必不可少的两道程序是(单选题)A. 发盘和接受B. 询盘和接受C. 发盘和还盘D. 询盘和还盘试题答案:A15、在开始谈判时,谈判人员的精力比较充沛,但持续的时间较短,一般约占整个谈判时闻的(单选题)A. 8.3%~ll.3%B. 8.3%~12.3%C. 8.3%~l3.3%D. 8.3%~l4.3%试题答案:C16、谈判中最为普遍采用的让步方式是(单选题)A. 一次性让步B. 大幅度递减然后反弹C. 最后阶段一步让出全部利益D. 小幅度递减试题答案:D17、依据谈判信息载体的不同,可将信息分为(多选题)A. 实物信息B. 语言信息C. 文字信息D. 市场信息E. 声像信息试题答案:A,B,C,E18、下列各项中,属于潜在僵局的直接处理法的是(单选题)A. 站在对方立场上说服对方B. 先肯定局部,后全盘否定C. 用对方的意见去说服对方D. 先重复对方的意见,然后再削弱对方试题答案:A19、硬式谈判又称(单选题)A. 让步型谈判B. 立场型谈判C. 原则型谈判D. 价值型谈判试题答案:B20、在开始谈判时,谈判人员的精力比较充沛,但持续的时间较短,一般约占整个谈判时闻的(单选题)A. 8.3%~ll.3%B. 8.3%~12.3%C. 8.3%~l3.3%D. 8.3%~l4.3%试题答案:C21、下列各项中,属于潜在僵局的直接处理法的是(单选题)A. 站在对方立场上说服对方B. 先肯定局部,后全盘否定C. 用对方的意见去说服对方D. 先重复对方的意见,然后再削弱对方试题答案:A22、下列有关涉外仲裁协议的说法中,正确的是(单选题)A. 不能继续向法院上诉B. 不能临时设置仲裁庭C. 不能在第三国仲裁D. 不能自由选用仲裁规则试题答案:A23、谈判方案的主要内容包括(多选题)A. 规定谈判期限B. 确定谈判目标C. 拟定谈判议程D. 安排谈判人员E. 选择谈判地点试题答案:A,B,C,D,E24、“假设我们运用这种方案会怎样?”这种发问类型属于(单选题)A. 探索式发问B. 封闭式发问C. 澄清式发问D. 借助式发问试题答案:A25、“色拉米”香肠式谈判让步方式的做法是(单选题)A. 等额地让出可让利益B. 先高后低然后又拔高C. 大幅度递减然后反弹D. 最后阶段一步让出全部利益试题答案:A26、下列有关商务谈判汇率风险的说法中,正确的是(单选题)A. 是一种技术风险B. 包括交易结算风险C. 不包括会计风险D. 无法通过技术手段规避试题答案:B27、在商务谈判中,迂回入题的方法包括(多选题)A. 从自谦入题B. 从题外话入题C. 从天气状况入题D. 从介绍已方谈判人员入题E. 从介绍己方经营状况入题试题答案:A,B,D,E28、在国际商务谈判中,使用条件问句的优点有(多选题)A. 互做让步B. 获取信息C. 寻求共同点D. 代替“N0”E. 创造双赢解决方案试题答案:A,B,C,D29、下列各项中,不属于人员风险的是(单选题)A. 质量风险B. 技术风险C. 素质风险D. 沟通风险试题答案:A30、谈判者的一般心理特征主要表现为(多选题)A. 个性B. 情绪C. 态度D. 印象E. 知觉试题答案:A,B,C,D,E31、商务谈判人员的最佳年龄一般在(单选题)A. 20~45岁B. 25~55岁C. 30~55岁D. 40~60岁试题答案:C32、在商务谈判中,迂回入题的方法包括(多选题)A. 从自谦入题B. 从题外话入题C. 从天气状况入题D. 从介绍已方谈判人员入题E. 从介绍己方经营状况入题试题答案:A,B,D,E33、下列各项中,属于迟疑的谈判对手的心理特征是(单选题)A. 不自信B. 想逃避C. 见异思迁D. 不信任对方试题答案:D34、商务谈判人员的最佳年龄一般在(单选题)A. 20~45岁B. 25~55岁C. 30~55岁D. 40~60岁试题答案:C35、国际商务谈判的基本程序一般包括(多选题)A. 准备阶段B. 开局阶段C. 正式谈判阶段D. 僵局阶段E. 签约阶段试题答案:A,B,C,E36、《谈判的艺术》一书的作者是(单选题)A. 马什B. 盖芬C. 迈耶D. 尼尔龙伯格试题答案:D37、硬式谈判又称(单选题)A. 让步型谈判B. 立场型谈判C. 原则型谈判D. 价值型谈判试题答案:B38、谈判中最为普遍采用的让步方式是(单选题)A. 一次性让步B. 大幅度递减然后反弹C. 最后阶段一步让出全部利益D. 小幅度递减试题答案:D39、谈判中,强调“一时多用”的是(单选题)A. 瑞士人B. 中东人C. 德国人D. 北美人试题答案:B40、下列各项中,不属于人员风险的是(单选题)A. 质量风险B. 技术风险C. 素质风险D. 沟通风险试题答案:A41、“色拉米”香肠式谈判让步方式的做法是(单选题)A. 等额地让出可让利益B. 先高后低然后又拔高C. 大幅度递减然后反弹D. 最后阶段一步让出全部利益试题答案:A42、下列有关商务谈判汇率风险的说法中,正确的是(单选题)A. 是一种技术风险B. 包括交易结算风险C. 不包括会计风险D. 无法通过技术手段规避试题答案:B43、与关系型对手谈判的禁忌不包括(单选题)A. 不屈服于他的压力B. 不主动进攻C. 对他让步过多D. 对他的热情掉以轻心试题答案:A44、谈判要达成协议时会出现精力充沛期,其持续时间约占整个谈判时间的(单选题)A. 3.3%~8.7%B. 3.7%~8-3%C. 3.2%~8.6%D. 3.6%~8.2%试题答案:A45、下列各项中,属于迟疑的谈判对手的心理特征是(单选题)A. 不自信B. 想逃避C. 见异思迁D. 不信任对方试题答案:D46、“按照贵方要求,我们的观点不是已经阐述清楚了吗?”这种商务谈判的发问类型属于(单选题)A. 借助式发问B. 探索式发问C. 强调式发问D. 澄清式发问试题答案:C47、尼尔龙伯格的名著是(单选题)A. 《谈判的方法》B. 《谈判的艺术》C. 《谈判的技巧》D. 《谈判的程序》试题答案:B48、“按照贵方要求,我们的观点不是已经阐述清楚了吗?”这种商务谈判的发问类型属于(单选题)A. 借助式发问B. 探索式发问C. 强调式发问D. 澄清式发问试题答案:C49、群体通常具有的特征包括(多选题)A. 由两人以上组成B. 有基同的爱好C. 有共同的目标D. 有相似的经历E. 有严明的纪律约束试题答案:A,C,E50、谈判中,强调“一时多用”的是(单选题)A. 瑞士人B. 中东人C. 德国人D. 北美人试题答案:B51、作为一种处理谈判僵局的方法,适当拖延答复适用予(多选题)A. 对方提出的反对意见不能做出满意答复时B. 反驳对方意见缺乏足够的证据时C. 即刻回复会使己方陷入被动时D. 对方的反对意见明显偏离议题时E. 对方的反对意见随谈判的深入会逐渐削弱时试题答案:A,B,C,D,E52、如果是一个超过6天的谈判,精力旺盛期只有(单选题)A. 前2天B. 前3天C. 前4天D. 前5天试题答案:B53、谈判获得成功和签订会同必不可少的两道程序是(单选题)A. 发盘和接受B. 询盘和接受C. 发盘和还盘D. 询盘和还盘试题答案:A54、作为一种处理谈判僵局的方法,适当拖延答复适用予(多选题)A. 对方提出的反对意见不能做出满意答复时B. 反驳对方意见缺乏足够的证据时C. 即刻回复会使己方陷入被动时D. 对方的反对意见明显偏离议题时E. 对方的反对意见随谈判的深入会逐渐削弱时试题答案:A,B,C,D,E55、看跌期权又称(单选题)A. 买入期权B. 卖出期权C. 远期交易D. 掉期交易试题答案:B56、下列各国中,采用英美法系处理国际商务谈判纠纷的是(单选题)A. 荷兰B. 瑞士C. 法国D. 中国试题答案:C57、以下有关互惠式让步的说法中,正确的是(单选题)A. 又称交叉式让步B. 适用于纵向谈判C. 常用于摆脱谈判僵局D. 要求谈判者思路开阔试题答案:D58、谈判的期望目标又称为(单选题)A. 最低目标B. 最高目标C. 可接受目标D. 实际需求目标试题答案:B59、尼尔龙伯格的名著是(单选题)A. 《谈判的方法》B. 《谈判的艺术》C. 《谈判的技巧》D. 《谈判的程序》试题答案:B60、看跌期权又称(单选题)A. 买入期权B. 卖出期权C. 远期交易D. 掉期交易试题答案:B61、国际商务谈判的基本程序一般包括(多选题)A. 准备阶段B. 开局阶段C. 正式谈判阶段D. 僵局阶段E. 签约阶段试题答案:A,B,C,E62、以下有关互惠式让步的说法中,正确的是(单选题)A. 又称交叉式让步B. 适用于纵向谈判C. 常用于摆脱谈判僵局D. 要求谈判者思路开阔试题答案:D63、德国人的谈判风格有(多选题)A. 严谨保守B. 讲究效率C. 崇尚契约D. 自信固执E. 非常守时试题答案:A,B,C,D,E64、以下情形中,己方应先报价的是(单选题)A. 己方谈判实力强于对方B. 对方比己方更了解行情C. 对方比己方更内行D. 己方是买方试题答案:A65、群体通常具有的特征包括(多选题)A. 由两人以上组成B. 有基同的爱好C. 有共同的目标D. 有相似的经历E. 有严明的纪律约束试题答案:A,C,E66、德国人的谈判风格有(多选题)A. 严谨保守B. 讲究效率C. 崇尚契约D. 自信固执E. 非常守时试题答案:A,B,C,D,E67、谈判的期望目标又称为(单选题)A. 最低目标B. 最高目标C. 可接受目标D. 实际需求目标试题答案:B68、“有理、有利、有节”,这种做法集中体现了国际商务谈判中的(单选题)A. 平等互利原则B. 灵活机动原则C. 依法办事原则D. 友好协商原则试题答案:D69、依据谈判信息载体的不同,可将信息分为(多选题)A. 实物信息B. 语言信息C. 文字信息D. 市场信息E. 声像信息试题答案:A,B,C,E70、下列有关国际商务谈判的说法中,不正确的是(单选题)A. 按国际惯例办事B. 以价格为谈判核心C. 影响谈判的因素有限D. 以经济利益为主要目标试题答案:C71、下列有关国际商务谈判的说法中,不正确的是(单选题)A. 按国际惯例办事B. 以价格为谈判核心C. 影响谈判的因素有限D. 以经济利益为主要目标试题答案:C72、以下各项中,不属于技术风险的是(单选题)A. 沟通风险B. 技术上过分奢求引起的风险C. 会作伙伴选择不当弓|起的风险D. 强迫性要求造成的风险试题答案:A73、“有理、有利、有节”,这种做法集中体现了国际商务谈判中的(单选题)A. 平等互利原则B. 灵活机动原则C. 依法办事原则D. 友好协商原则试题答案:D74、谈判方案的主要内容包括(多选题)A. 规定谈判期限B. 确定谈判目标C. 拟定谈判议程D. 安排谈判人员E. 选择谈判地点试题答案:A,B,C,D,E75、常常打着其母公司的招牌进行业务洽淡的客商是(单选题)A. 皮包商B. “骗子”客商C. 借树乘凉的客商D. 投机取巧的客商试题答案:C。
2020级国际商务谈判测试二
2020级国际商务谈判测试二
1.谈判开局阶段人的注意力() [单选题] *
A、最集中(正确答案)
B、分散
C、自然
D、忐忑不安
2.谈判的格局是在开局后的()内确定。
[单选题] *
A、一周
B、三天
C、几小时
D、几分钟(正确答案)
3.开场陈述,己方提建议时要采取()的方式。
[单选题] *
A、委婉
B、压倒对方
C、直截了当(正确答案)
D、留有余地
4.商务谈判对己方来讲最为有利的谈判地点是(). [单选题] *
A、主场谈判(正确答案)
B、客场谈判
C、第三地谈判
D、场外谈判
5.()是商务谈判必须实现的目标,是谈判的最低要求。
[单选题] *
A、最低目标(正确答案)
B、可接受目标
C、最高目标
D、实际需求目标
6.对方陈述时,己方一定要倾听,要思想集中,同时要积极思索、寻找相应的对策。
[判断题] *
对
错(正确答案)
7.谈判气氛的形成完全是人为因素的结果,客观条件不会对谈判气氛造成什么影响。
[判断题] *
对
错(正确答案)
8.口头谈判中,决策往往受主谈人的意志和判断力的影响,虽然很灵活,但其严密性却难以保。
[判断题] *
对(正确答案)
错
9.谈判意图陈述中,不要盲目的对交易条件进行讨价还价,有些条件对方是不肯让步的。
[判断题] *
对(正确答案)
错
10.谈判是一个逐步从分歧走向一致或妥协的过程。
[判断题] *对(正确答案)
错。
国际商务谈判案例3篇
国际商务谈判案例3篇在国际商务谈判中会因为各自的风俗习惯,或是各国的文化而在谈判中困难重重,下面小编整理了国际商务谈判案例,供你阅读参考。
国际商务谈判案例篇01巴西一家公司到美国去采购成套设备。
巴西谈判小组成员因为上街购物耽误了时间。
当他们到达谈判地点时,比预定时间晚了45分钟。
美方代表对此极为不满,花了很长时间来指责巴西代表不遵守时间,没有信用,如果老这样下去的话,以后很多工作很难合作,浪费时间就是浪费资源、浪费金钱。
对此巴西代表感到理亏,只好不停地向美方代表道歉。
谈判开始以后似乎还对巴西代表来迟一事耿耿于怀,一时间弄得巴西代表手足无措,说话处处被动。
无心与美方代表讨价还价,对美方提出的许多要求也没有静下心来认真考虑,匆匆忙忙就签订了。
等到合同签订以后,巴西代表平静下来,头脑不再发热时才发现自己吃了大亏,上了美方的当,但已经晚了。
这个是一个挑剔式开局策略的运用,在一开始的时候对对手的某项错误或礼仪失误严加指责,使其感到内疚,从而达到营造低调气氛,迫使对方让步的目的。
本案例中美国谈判代表成功地使用挑剔式开局策略,迫使巴西谈判代表自觉理亏在来不及认真思考的情况而匆忙签下对美方有利的合同。
国际商务谈判案例篇02日本一家着名的汽车公司在美国刚刚“登陆”时,急需找一家美国代理商来为其销售产品,以弥补他们不了解美国市场的缺陷。
当日本汽车公司准备与美国的一家公司就此问题进行谈判时,日本公司的谈判代表路上塞车迟到了。
美国公司的代表抓住这件事紧紧不放,想要以此为手段获取更多的优惠条件。
日本公司的代表发现无路可退,于是站起来说:“我们十分抱歉耽误了你的时间,但是这绝非我们的本意,我们对美国的交通状况了解不足,所以导致了这个不愉快的结果,我希望我们不要再为这个无所谓的问题耽误宝贵的时间了,如果因为这件事怀疑到我们合作的诚意,那么,我们只好结束这次谈判。
我认为,我们所提出的优惠代理条件是不会在美国找不到合作伙伴的。
”日本代表的一席话说得美国代理商哑口无言,美国人也不想失去这次赚钱的机会,于是谈判顺利地进行下去。
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4.低谷式让步 (1)特点:比较自然、坦率,符合讨价还价 (1)特点 比较自然、坦率, 特点: 的一般规律。 的一般规律。 (2)优点: (2)优点 优点: 易为人们所接受,给人以顺其自然之感; ①易为人们所接受,给人以顺其自然之感; 让步的程度是一步较一步更为谨慎, ②让步的程度是一步较一步更为谨慎,一 般不会产生让步上的失误; 般不会产生让步上的失误; 达成协议是在等价交换、 ③达成协议是在等价交换、利益均享的条 件下完成的。 件下完成的。
(4)适用性:适用于对谈判投入少,依赖性 (4)适用性:适用于对谈判投入少, 适用性 因而在谈判中占有优势的一方。 差,因而在谈判中占有优势的一方。 2.阶梯式让步 (1)特点:态度谨慎,步子稳健,极富有商 (1)特点 态度谨慎,步子稳健, 特点: 人气息。 人气息。 (2)优点: (2)优点: 优点 ①这种让步平稳、持久,不易让对方轻易 这种让步平稳、持久, 占到便宜; 占到便宜; 对于双方充分讨价还价比较有利; ②对于双方充分讨价还价比较有利; 遇到性情急躁或无时间长谈的对方时, ③遇到性情急躁或无时间长谈的对方时, 往往会占上风。 往往会占上风。
3.山峰式让步 (1)特点:比较机智、灵活、富有变化。 (1)特点 比较机智、灵活、富有变化。 特点: (2)优点: (2)优点 优点: ①起点恰当、适中,能够向对方传递合作、 起点恰当、适中,能够向对方传递合作、 有利可图的信息; 有利可图的信息; 使谈判富有变化,使谈判易于成功; ②使谈判富有变化,使谈判易于成功; 在第二次让步中减缓一步, ③在第二次让步中减缓一步,可以给对方 造成一种接近尾声的感觉, 造成一种接近尾声的感觉,易促使对方 尽快拍板, 尽快拍板,最终能够保住我方的较大利 益。
让步 预定让 第一次 第二次 第三次 第四次 方式 步(元) 让步 元 让步 让步 让步 1 100 0 0 0 100 2 100 25 25 25 25 3 100 20 15 25 40 4 100 35 30 20 15 5 100 40 35 5 20 6 100 60 30 7 3 7 100 70 25 0 5 8 100 80 20 5 -5 9 100 100 0 0 0
五、让步技巧 (一)考虑对方的反应 1.对方很看重我方所作出的让步,并感到 对方很看重我方所作出的让步, 心满意足。 心满意足。 2.对方对我方所做的让步不很在乎 3.我方的让步使对方认为,我方的报价中 我方的让步使对方认为, 有很大的水分。 有很大的水分。 (二)选择理想的让步方式
九种常见的让步方式
是否先报价的判断原则: 是否先报价的判断原则: 1.预期谈判将会出现争斗,我方先报价。 预期谈判将会出现争斗,我方先报价。 2.双方实力相当,或我方实力高于对方, 双方实力相当,或我方实力高于对方, 我方先报价。 我方先报价。 3.双方是老客户,哪一方都可以先报价。 双方是老客户,哪一方都可以先报价。 4.发起谈判的一方先报价。 发起谈判的一方先报价。 5.按照惯例,由卖方先报价。 按照惯例,由卖方先报价。
二、讨价还价前的评论 (一)概括式 这是从总的感觉来谈我方的看法, 这是从总的感觉来谈我方的看法, 手法上有比较法与分析法。 手法上有比较法与分析法。 概括式的优点:自我保护性好。 概括式的优点:自我保护性好。 缺点:不能深入,最终解决问题有困难。 缺点:不能深入,最终解决问题有困难。 (二)罗列式 罗列式是指逐项、 罗列式是指逐项、逐点对对方的报价予 以批判、评论。 以批判、评论。
1.正拐式让步 (1)特点:让步方态度比较果断,往往被人 (1)特点 让步方态度比较果断, 特点: 认为有大家风度。 认为有大家风度。 (2)优点:在起初阶段坚持不让步,态度比 (2)优点 在起初阶段坚持不让步, 优点: 较果断,显示出本方信念坚定。 较果断,显示出本方信念坚定。会给对 方既强硬、又出手大方的印象。 方既强硬、又出手大方的印象。 (3)缺点:可能失去伙伴,具有较大的风险 (3)缺点 可能失去伙伴, 缺点: 同时, 性。同时,易给对方造成我方缺乏谈判 诚意的印象,进而影响谈判的和局。 诚意的印象,进而影响谈判的和局。
三、如何报价 (一)掌握行情是报价的基础 (二)报价的原则 通过反复比较和权衡, 通过反复比较和权衡,设法找出价 格所带来的利益与被接受的成功率之间 的最佳结合点。 的最佳结合点。 (三)最低可接纳水平 (四)确定报价 1.报价有一定的虚头是正常情况。 报价有一定的虚头是正常情况。
2.“一分钱,一分货”是大多数人信奉的 一分钱,一分货” 观点 3.为推动谈判的进程,应适时作一点退让。 为推动谈判的进程,应适时作一点退让。 (五)怎样报价 报价要坚定而果断地提出。 报价要坚定而果断地提出。 (六)两种典型报价术 1.西欧式报价
③这种让步既可以使对方感觉到我方已作 了最大努力, 了最大努力,又可防止对方提出新的让 步要求。 步要求。 (3)缺点: (3)缺点 缺点: 让步策略的一开始让步很大, ①让步策略的一开始让步很大,容易造成 我方软弱可欺的不良印象; 我方软弱可欺的不良印象; ②头两步的大让利和后两步的小让利形成 鲜明对比, 鲜明对比,容易给对方造成诚意不足的 印象。 印象。 (4)适用性:适用于以合作为主的谈判、以 (4)适用性 适用于以合作为主的谈判、 适用性: 互惠互利为基础的谈判。 互惠互利为基础的谈判。
(3)缺点: (3)缺点: 缺点 让步由大到小, ①让步由大到小,往往使买方感觉不是很 好; 这是谈判让步中惯用方法,缺乏新鲜感。 ②这是谈判让步中惯用方法,缺乏新鲜感。 (4)适用性:适用于商务谈判的提议方。 (4)适用性 适用于商务谈判的提议方。 适用性:
5.“地中海”式让步 地中海” (1)特点:初期让步非常大,然后减小,最 (1)特点 初期让步非常大,然后减小, 特点: 后再让出较大的利益。 后再让出较大的利益。 (2)优点: (2)优点 优点: 初期让步较大,有很强的诱惑力; ①初期让步较大,有很强的诱惑力; ②如果第三步所作微小让利不能使对方 满意的话,再让出最后大一些的利润, 满意的话,再让出最后大一些的利润, 往往会使对方很满意,从而达成协议。 往往会使对方很满意,从而达成协议。
三、开局阶段的禁忌 (一)个人形象差 (二)在建立恰当的谈判气氛之前就迅速 进入实质性会谈 (三)对双方的权利分配处置失当
第二节 报价阶段的策略
报价阶段:是提出实质性交易条件至还 报价阶段: 价前的一段时间。 价前的一段时间。 一、报价的形式 1.书面报价 缺点:书面报价的白纸黑字, 缺点:书面报价的白纸黑字,客观 上成为公司承担责任的记录, 上成为公司承担责任的记录,限制了公 司在谈判中的让步和变化。 司在谈判中的让步和变化。
(3)缺点: (3)缺点: 缺点 这种让步方式是一种由少到多、 ①这种让步方式是一种由少到多、不稳定 的让步方式,鼓励对方继续讨价还价; 的让步方式,鼓励对方继续讨价还价; ②由于第二次让步就已向买方传递了接近 尾声的信息,而后来又作了大幅让利, 尾声的信息,而后来又作了大幅让利, 让人感觉不诚实; 让人感觉不诚实; 由于第一次让步比较适当、 ③由于第一次让步比较适当、给对方留下 了很好的印象, 了很好的印象,可第二次让步却向对方 传递了一个不真实的信息,因此, 传递了一个不真实的信息,因此,影响 了初期留下的好印象。 了初期留下的好印象。 (4)适用性:适用于竞争性较强的谈判。 (4)适用性 适用于竞争性较强的谈点:合作为主,竞争为辅,柔中带刚。 (1)特点 合作为主,竞争为辅,柔中带刚。 特点: (2)优点: (2)优点 优点: 由于谈判的让步起点较高, ①由于谈判的让步起点较高,富有较强的 诱惑力; 诱惑力; 大幅度的让利之后,到第三步仅让微利, ②大幅度的让利之后,到第三步仅让微利, 比较容易使对方产生获胜感而达成协议; 比较容易使对方产生获胜感而达成协议;
(3)缺点: (3)缺点: 缺点 初期让步较大,容易吊起对方的胃口, ①初期让步较大,容易吊起对方的胃口, 加强对方的进攻性; 加强对方的进攻性; 前后让步对比略为明显, ②前后让步对比略为明显,容易造成我方 诚意不足的印象。 诚意不足的印象。 (4)适用性: (4)适用性 适用性: 对方具有耐性; ①对方具有耐性; ②准备用我方的让步作为换取对方某种回 报的条件; 报的条件; 我方意在成交,但又需稳扎稳打。 ③我方意在成交,但又需稳扎稳打。
四、如何对待对方的报价 1.认真听取、准确理解 认真听取、 2.不清楚的地方请对方解释 3.不急于还价 五、进行报价解释时必须遵循的原则 1.不问不答 2.有问必答 3.避虚就实 4.能言不书
第三节 讨价还价阶段的策略
一、讨价还价前的准备 1.计算 2.看阵 3.列表 (1)评论表 (2)提问表 (3)实施要点表
三、讨价还价的起点和次数 讨价还价的起点基于三个因素: 讨价还价的起点基于三个因素: 1.双方价格差距 2.交易物的客观成本 3.讨价还价次数
四、讨价还价的原则 1.不要作无谓的让步 2.在我方认为重要的问题上,要力求对方 在我方认为重要的问题上, 先让步。 先让步。 3.作出让步前要三思,不要掉以轻心。 作出让步前要三思,不要掉以轻心。 4.一次让步的幅度不要过大,节奏不宜太 一次让步的幅度不要过大, 快。
2.口头报价 缺点: 缺点:一些复杂的要求难以用口头 阐述清楚。 阐述清楚。 二、报价的先后 先报价的好处: 先报价的好处: 1.先报价对谈判的影响较大 2.先报价如果出乎对方的预料和期望值, 先报价如果出乎对方的预料和期望值, 容易使其失去信心。 容易使其失去信心。
先报价的弊端: 先报价的弊端: 1.卖方了解我方的报价后,可以对他们原 卖方了解我方的报价后, 有的想法作出调整。 有的想法作出调整。 2.对方会逼迫我方降价,而并不透露他们 对方会逼迫我方降价, 自己究竟肯出多高的价格。 自己究竟肯出多高的价格。
首先提出含有较大虚头的价格,然 首先提出含有较大虚头的价格, 后根据买卖双方的实力对比和该笔交易 的外部竞争状况,通过给予各种优惠, 的外部竞争状况,通过给予各种优惠, 来逐步软化和接近买方的市场和条件, 来逐步软化和接近买方的市场和条件, 最终达成交易。 最终达成交易。 2.日本式报价 将最低价格列在价格表上, 将最低价格列在价格表上,以求首 先引起买方的兴趣。 先引起买方的兴趣。买卖双方最后成交 的价格,往往高于价格表中的价格。 的价格,往往高于价格表中的价格。