六个常用引导“释义”的词语

一、 namely
viz.
or 对前面某一名词或术语的意义理解作解释。

1) It is said that five percent of people suffer from acrophobia, or fear of great heights.
据说有百分之五的人患有恐高症、即对高度的恐惧。

2) You suffer from hypertension, or high blood pressure, when your blood pressure is
140/90mmHg or above most of the time.
当你的血压大部分的时间都在 140/90毫米汞柱或以上,你患上高血压症, 即血压高。

3) The egg should be hard-boiled, or cooked until the inside is firm.
鸡蛋应该煮熟,即煮到鸡蛋里面变硬。

namely 对前面所述的具体内容作出说明。

4) There are three colors in the British flag, namely red, white and blue. 英国国旗有三种颜色,即红色,白色和蓝色。

5) We visited two big cities in England, namely , Landon and Manchester. 我们访问了英国的两个大城市,那就是伦敦和曼彻斯特。

6) There are three major ad
vantages of the design, namely cheapness, simplicity and availability.
6) There are three major advantages of the design, namely cheapness, simplicity and availability.
这种设计有叁大优点, 即价廉、简便、实用。

viz用于书面语言,相当于 namely。

7) Three vacations occur in the course of the year, viz. , two weeks at Christmas, ten days at Easter and the usual two months in summer.一年中有三个假期,即圣诞节两周,复活节十天以及通常的两个月暑假。

8) Three subjects must be taken,vi z . , English, mathematice and history.
三个科目是必修的,即英文,数学和历史。

9) Three fundamental cloth properties determine the handle, viz., stiffness, softness and bulkiness.
织物的三个基本性质决定手感,即刚性,柔软性和膨松性。

二、 in other words
that is(to say)
i.e.= id est
这组短语也可表示“换言之” , “即” ,对所述内容作解释。

与 or 、 namely 、viz
不同是:or 、 namely 、viz后接名词或短语,而 in other words、 that is(to say) 后可以接句子。

in other words可对句中的所述内容作解释,也可对前面句子所述内容作解释。

1) This hereditary unit comprises a single complementation group, in other words, a single gene. (接名词)
这个遗传单位由一个互补群,也就是一个基因所组成。

2) Literal translation, in other words, word-for-word translation. is not to be encouraged. (接名词)直译,换句话说,逐字对应的翻译,不应提倡。

3) A
well-written essay should be unified, in other words, everything in it should be related to its main idea. (接句子,对句中的所述内容作解释 )
3) A well-written essay should be unified, in other words, everything in it should be related to its main idea. (接句子,对句中的所述内容作解释 )
一篇好的文章应当是一个完整的统一体,换句话说 , 文章里的一切内容都与主题思想有关。

4) It had 90 days working capital on hand when he took over — in other words, Apple was only three months away from bankruptcy. (接句子,对句中的所述内容作解释 )
在史蒂夫接手的时候,公司仅有 90天左右的运营成本。

换句话说,苹果距离破产仅差三个月。

5) The company has to reduce labor costs. In other words, some of us are going to lost our jobs. (对前面句子作解释)
公司不得不降低人工成本,换句话说,我们中的有些人将会失业。

that is (to say), 用法同 in other words,其后常接句子,多用于口语。

1) I soon found the research work I was doing had already done bysomeone; that is (to say), I was wasting my time.
我很快发现我正在做的研究工作别人已经做过了;也就是说,我是在浪费时间。

2) He was found innocent in the court, that is to say, the court could
not convict him legally.
他被法庭判为无罪,那就是说,法庭依法律不能定他的罪。

3) Some animals only half-hibernate,that is to say, their sleep is not such a deep one.一些动物只是半冬眠,也就是说,它们的睡眠并不那么深。

4) Innovation means to set up a new producing function, that is to say, to introduce a new combination of producing elements and producing conditions into the production system.
所谓创新,就是建立一种新的生产函数,即把一种从来没有过的关于生产要素和生产条件的新组合引入生产体系。

5) One of the best things about works of music is that they are repeatable. That is to say, one can listen to the same works over and over without becoming tired of it. 最棒的是他们的音乐作品是百听不厌的,也就是说,人们听反复听同一音乐作品不感会到厌倦。

i.e. 是拉丁语 id est的缩写,等同 in other words 或 that is to say,可接短语或句子,多用于书面语言。

1) It weighs ten 1 bs. ,i. e. about 4.5 kg.
它重十磅, 即大约四点五公斤。

2) Fresh milk has an agreeable, slightly sweet flavour derived mainly from the soluble constituentsof milk, i.e. lactose and minerals.
鲜奶具有令人愉快的淡淡的甜味,这源自乳中可溶解物质,即乳糖和矿物质。

3) The basement walls suffered some damage, mostly in the rear i.e. away from the explosion.
地下室的墙壁受到一定程度破坏 , 主要在背面,亦即背向爆炸的地方 . 4) The direction is normal to the line of centers,i.e. motionis circumferential.该方向垂直于中心连线, 即运动是沿圆周方向的。