美国文学之马克吐温,亨利詹姆士 Mark Twain and Henry James PPT

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美国各文学时期重要作家及其主要作品

美国各文学时期重要作家及其主要作品美国文学的发展历史虽然只有200多年，但是它在这段时间里所取得的成就却是十分辉煌的。

美国文学业已形成的民族性、时代性和社会性，使它成为世界文学的重要组成部分。

美国文学的发展和美国历史的发展几乎是平行的。

美国殖民主义时期三个代表诗人1.安妮·布雷兹特里特Anne Bradstreet （1612-1672）美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人。

她出生于英格兰，1630年时随父亲和丈夫来到北美马萨诸塞湾殖民地。

诗的风格与同时代的英国诗人John Donne、Edward Taylor有相似之处。

她最著名的诗集是《第十位缪斯》(The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America,1650)，这也是她生前出版的唯一诗集。

一般认为，她最优秀的诗作，主要收录于她去世后由罗杰斯选编的《布雷兹特里特诗集》(Several Poems 1678)。

《写在我家失火之际》On the Burning of Our House）反映出殖民时期生活的侧面，《灵与肉》（The Flesh and the Spirit）向读者展示了作为一名虔诚的清教徒，在面临新大陆恶劣的生存环境时，诗人内心深处肉体与灵魂、世俗与信仰之间的斗争。

2.爱德华·泰勒(Edward Taylor，1644?-1729年)美国清教派牧师和诗人。

他被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人。

在他有生之年仅发表过两首诗歌，直到1937年人们研究他的手稿时才认识到他那虔诚的诗歌的优美绝伦。

像约翰·多恩和乔治·赫伯特以及其他英国玄学派诗人一样，泰勒擅长运用精心选择的暗喻和丰富而唯美的比喻，也采用日常生活中的寻常措辞和比喻。

《爱德华·泰勒诗集》(1939年)收录了他的杰作，包括写于约1685年的《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》，和写于1682-1726年的《内省录》（Preparatory Meditation）中的部分。

美国文学总结

美国文学总结Colonial 1607-1765 and Revolutionary 1765-18c末Period （17世纪-18世纪末）一、Colonial writers1. John Smith (约翰·史密斯) “ the first autho r” in American literatureA True Relation of Virginia 关于佛吉尼亚的真实叙述“ the first book” in American literature2. William Bradford the first governor of Plymouth 普利茅斯3. John Winthrop A Model of Christian Charity 基督教之爱清教徒主义作家Anne Bradstreet The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defendedThe Nature of True Virtue二、启蒙时期和独立战争时期1. Benjamin Franklin 启蒙运动代表人物one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America Poor Richard’s Almanac ( 格言历书) 代表作：The Autobiography 早期美国梦的反映2. Roger Williams Puritanical dissenter 清教反对者3. Thomas Paine the Father of American Revolution美国独立之父The Common Sense the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphletsThe Age of Reason The Rights of Man支持了法国革命The American Crisis鼓励殖民地抵抗英国军队4.Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺the Father of American Poetry美国诗歌之父a poet of theAmerican Revolution革命诗人The Rising Glory of America美洲光辉的兴起The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人的殡葬地首次创造the Noble Savage 高贵的野蛮人5.Thomas Jefferson 美第三任总统Agrarians 重农主义代表人物Declaration of Independence````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` American Romanticism (提倡个人主义) 美国的文艺复兴18世纪末---19世纪中后期一、早期浪漫主义1. Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文the Father of American Literature美国文学之父indigenous humour The Sketch Book marked the beginning标志美国浪漫主义的开始第一个赢得国际声誉包括：The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷传说Rip Van Winkle The Alhambra等7部A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty纽约外史诙谐杰作2. James Fennimore Cooper 费尼莫尔·库伯西进运动边疆小说Leatherstocking Tale皮袜子故事集5部曲about the frontier life of American settlers包括：The Pioneers拓荒者The Last of Mohicans最后的莫西干人（Natty Bumpoo班波）、The Prairie草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者The Spy 间谍The Pilot 领航者二、超验主义作家1. Ralph Waldo Emerson New England TranscendentalismNature论自然the manifesto of American Transcendentalism 超验主义宣言超验主义理论的圣经The American Scholar美国学者指出美学者应创造自己的文学风格，不应盲从Self-Reliance论自立2.Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖超验主义作品Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑human soul symbolism象征主义大师The Scarlet Letter红字代表作Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇The Marble Faun玉石雕像Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸Typee泰比Omoo欧穆诗人1. Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼the father of Free VerseLeaves of Grass草叶集(标志浪漫主义截止) American Epic美国史诗Democratic Bible共和圣经Song of Myself自我之歌O Captain！My Captain2.Emily Dickinson 迪金森美国女诗人Because I Could Not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You我是无名小卒,你是谁This Is My Letter to the World I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died埃德加·爱伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe 短篇小说大师first writer of detective story侦探小说The Raven乌鸦The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌The Poetic Principle诗歌原理The Philosophy of Composition 创作哲学Murders in the Rue Morgue莫各街谋杀案三、炉边诗人1. William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特To a Waterfowl致水鸟Thanatopsis死亡随想The Yellow Violet黄色的堇香花2.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗佛罗native themesA Psalm of Life人生礼赞The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌Evangeline伊凡吉林````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` Realistic Period 现实主义时期19世纪中期----20世纪初诱因American industrialization 马克·吐温→The Gilded Age镀金年代Gold Rush淘金热Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托废奴主义者Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋一、现实主义作家1. William Dean Howells霍威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹A Modern Instance一个现代的例证A Hazard of New Fortunes新财富的危害2. Henry James亨利·詹姆斯世态小说novel of mannersThe Potrait of a Lady贵妇人的肖像Daisy Miller黛西·米勒The Ambassadors大使The Wings of the Dove鸽翼The Golden Bowl金碗Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术二、乡土文学作家Local Literature1. Mark Twain马克·吐温(Samuel Longhorne Clemens) critic colloquial style localismThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利?费恩历险记现代美国文学起源The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆?索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记The Gilded Age镀金时代The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿The;A Connecticut Yankee in Kin g Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人Roughing It苦行记2. Hamlin Garland哈姆林·加兰德Main Traveled Road大路条条三、自然主义作家Naturalism自然主义1. Stephen Crane斯蒂芬?克莱恩Magie: A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅姬The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章The Open Boat海上扁舟2. Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus章鱼3. Theodore Dreise r西奥多·德莱塞An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘The Genius天才Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（The Financer金融家The Titan 巨人The Stoic斯多葛）4. Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊The Man Against the Sky 衬托着天空的人5. Jack London杰克·伦敦Marti Eden马丁·伊登The Son of the Wolf狼之子The Sea-wolf海狼The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤White Fang 白獠牙The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们The Iron Heel铁蹄What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么Love of Life热爱生命The Mexican墨西哥人Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下The Law of Life 生活的法则6. Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛克莱尔The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）Oil石油Spring and Harvest春天与收获;O．Henry (William Sidney Porter) the father of the modern short story美国现代短篇小说之父The Cop and the Anthem警察与赞美诗The Gift of Magi麦琪的礼物The Last Leaf最后一片叶子````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` American Modernism 现代主义时期一、二战前诗歌1. Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德The father of modern American poetry美国现代诗歌创始人Imagism意象主义The father of Imagist poetry意象派诗歌之父Cathay华夏集(英译中国诗) The Cantos诗章In a Station of the Metro地铁站里 A Pact协约2. Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特New England poetA Boy’s Wish少年心愿North of Boston波士顿之北Mending Wall修墙Fire and Ice火与冰Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻After Apple-picking摘苹果之后The Road Not taken未选择的道路West-running Brook西流的溪流New Hampshire新罕布什尔3. Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Harmonium风琴The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人Sunday Morning星期天早晨The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦Collected Poems诗集二、二战前小说1. Francis Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德表现一战后年轻一代美国梦的破灭The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比The Side of Paradise人间天堂Tender is the Night夜色温柔The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和该死的Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头The Crack-up崩溃2. Ernest Hemingway海明威(“迷惘的一代”的代表人物) 老人与海获Pulitzer Prize和Noble Prize The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起Farewell to Arms永别了,武器For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time在我们的年代里The Torrents of Spring春潮Men Without Women没有女人的男人Death in the Afternoon死在午后3. Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖) Main Street大街Babbitt巴比特4. William Faulkner福克纳Soldiers’ Pay兵饷The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动As I lay dying在我弥留之际Light in August八月之光Absalom, Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙The Hamlet村子Go Down, Moses去吧，摩西 A Rose for Emily给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰5. John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄Tortilla Flat煎饼房In Dubious Battle胜负未定The Pearl珍珠Of Mice and Men 鼠和人The Moon is Down月亮下去了6. Sherwood Anderson舍伍德·安德森The Triumph of the Egg 鸡蛋的胜利三、二战前戏剧Eugene O’neil 尤金·奥尼尔Beyond the Horizon天边外The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了The Long Days Journey Into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢The Hairy Ape毛猿Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠The Good Earth大地四、二战后1945后The Beat Generation垮掉的一代Black Humor黑色幽默1. Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃里森Invisible Man隐形人2. Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人Seize the Day勿失良机3. J D Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者4. John Updike Rabbit Series 兔子系列5. Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒Catch-22第22条军规黑色幽默代表作6. Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒剧作家The Death of a Salesman推销员之死7. Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯A Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车8. Allen Ginsberg 艾伦·金斯堡Howl嚎叫9. Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比The Zoo Story动物园的故事Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf10. Jack Kerouac 杰克·克鲁亚克On the Road在路上11. William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦Sophie’s Choice苏菲的选择。

马克·吐温_百度百科

马克·吐温mark twain中文名：马克·吐温外文名：Mark Twain别名：萨缪尔·兰亨·克莱门国籍：美国出生地：美国密苏里州佛罗里达的乡村出生日期：1835年11月30日逝世日期：1910年4月21日职业：作家代表作品：《百万英镑》、《哈克贝利费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》人物简介虽然他的财富很多，却有损他高超的幽默、机智与名气，称英国最不知名人士之一，擅长写讽刺小说。

其交友不广阔，迪士尼、魏伟德、近二款，八八年、尼古拉·特斯拉、海伦·凯勒、亨利·罗杰诸君，皆为其友。

他曾被誉为：文学史上的林肯。

海伦·凯勒曾言：“我喜欢马克·吐温——谁会不喜欢他呢？即使是上帝，亦会钟爱他，赋予其智慧，并于其心灵里绘画出一道爱与信仰的彩虹。

”威廉·福克纳称马克·吐温为“第一位真正的美国作家，我们都是继承他而来”。

其于1910年四月二十二日去世，享年七十五，安葬于纽约州艾玛拉。

写作风格融幽默与讽刺一体，既富于独特的个人机智与妙语，又不乏深刻的社会洞察与剖析，既是幽默辛辣的小说杰作，又是悲天悯人的严肃!作品笔名“马克·吐温”是其最常使用的笔名，一般认为这个笔名是源自其早年水手术语，马克·吐温的意思是：水深12英尺，萨缪尔（即“马克·吐温”）曾当过领航员，与其伙伴测量水深时，他的伙伴叫道“Mark Twain !”，意思是“两个标记”，亦即水深两浔（1浔约1.8米），这是轮船安全航行的必要条件.还有一个原因是，他的船长塞勒斯，曾是位德高望重的领航员，不时为报纸写些介绍密西西比河掌故的小品，笔名“马克·吐温”。

1859年，塞勒斯船长发表了一篇预测新奥尔良市将被水淹没的文章。

调皮的萨缪尔决定拿他开个玩笑，就模仿他的笔调写了一篇非常尖刻的讽刺小品。

谁知这篇游戏文章竟深深刺痛了老船长的心，老船长从此弃笔不写，“马克·吐温”这个笔名也从此在报纸上销声匿迹了。

美国文学之马克吐温,亨利詹姆士 Mark Twain and Henry James演示课件

1
Topic 1―American Realism
1. Definition of Realism ◆ Term applied to literary composition that aims to an
interpretation of the actualities of any aspects of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. ◆ In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life. Realism emerged as a literary movement in Europe in the 1850s. In reaction to Romanticism, realistic writers should set down their observations impartially and objectively. They insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, and avoidance of poetic diction and idealization. The subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lower-class life. Realism entered American literature after the Civil War.

美国文学之父the father of American literature

美国文学之父the father of American literatureUnit 2美国文学之父The Father of American Literature2.1美国文学之父The Father of American Literature(1)Mark Twain, the pen name of Samuel Clemens, was the first American writer to specifically dwell on American themes, American language and the American point of view. He was a master at rendering the different colloquial dialects of American English into wr iting so the reader can really “hear” the accent while reading the words. Twain was known particularly for his interest in portraying the American point of view. Tired of European writers who came to tour the United States and then go home to write critical things of it, Twain took to touring Europe and writing frankly (and critically) of what he saw there. Twain was also the first American writer to produce a tremendous volume of works. In fact, he wrote so much that there is no complete bibliography of his works. He used various pen names, wrote so many novels, short stories, newspaper and magazine articles, speeches and lectures that they have never been all compiled. Twain loved to travel, and many of his stories and books record his adventures and observations while traveling all over the United States. He was the first writer to do so thoroughly.马克·吐温真名萨缪尔·克莱门，他是第一位重视表达美国人的思想、语言和观点的美国作家。

美国文学之马克吐温,亨利詹姆士 Mark Twain and Henry James

Topic 1―American Realism
1. Definition of Realism ◆ Term applied to literary composition that aims to an interpretation of the actualities of any aspects of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. ◆ In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life. Realism emerged as a literary movement in Europe in the 1850s. In reaction to Romanticism, realistic writers should set down their observations impartially and objectively. They insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, and avoidance of poetic diction and idealization. The subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lower-class life. Realism entered American literature after the Civil War.

马克吐温_中英文介绍

his first sketch
that brought
him fame and
success.
2) Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻瓜出国记》
The book version of his travel sketches about Middle East, Europe, etc.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆·索亚历险记》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克费恩历险记》
MARK TWAIN’S MASTERPIECES
OTHER WORKS BY MARK TWAIN
1) “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” (1865) 《加拉维加县有名的跳蛙》
He used the artistic style of hyperbole on the basis of the western traditional humor and made his writing full of allegories that lay behind the humor.
But Tom has read many books and wants to make his life just as bright as it is depicted in the stories. He devises games in which the boys play the role of brave outlaws and warlike Red Indians who are the terror of the rich and the oppressors. One night the boys involuntarily witness the murder of Dr. Robinson. An innocent man is charged with the crime. But on the day of the trial Tom fearlessly exposes the real criminal the Indian Joe who escapes through an open window of the courtroom.

考研专用美国文学整理

1、Mark Twain马克.吐温
The Celebrated Jumping Frog ofCalaverasCounty
《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》
The Gilded Age《镀金时代》
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆.索亚历险记》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
The Purloined Letter《被窃的信件》
The Gold Bud《金甲虫》
The Murders in the Rue Morque《莫格街凶杀案》
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque
《怪诞和阿拉伯风格的故事》
8、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈里特.比彻.斯托夫人
A Psalm of Life《人生颂》
10、Walt Whitman沃尔特.惠特曼
Leaves of Grass《草叶集》
Song of Myself《自我之歌》
I hear America singing《我听见美国在歌唱》
Out of Cradle Endlessly Rocking《从永不休止地摆动着的摇篮里》
The age of reason《理性时代》
The rights of man《人的权利》
The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；
Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；
三、American Romanticism浪漫主义文学
1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文
Contemplation《沉思》
Upon the Burning of our House《火烧房子》

马克吐温英文介绍

马克吐温英文介绍Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American humorist, satirist, and writer who is best known for his classic novels "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." His writing style and wit have made him one of the most influential figures in American literature.马克吐温，原名塞缪尔·兰赫恩·克莱门斯，是美国著名的幽默作家、讽刺家和作家，以其经典小说《汤姆·索亚历险记》和《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》而闻名。

他的写作风格和机智使他成为美国文学中最具影响力的人物之一。

Twain was born on November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri. He grew up in the town of Hannibal, Missouri, which served as the inspiration for the fictional town of St. Petersburg in many of his works. Twain's childhood experiences in Hannibal provided him with a rich source of material for his later writing, as he drew upon his memories of the people and places he had known.吐温于1835年11月30日出生在密苏里州的佛罗里达市。

Mark-Twain-Mirror-of-America全文翻译

Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In—deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad—venturous, patriotic， romantic， and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical， bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him， a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night。

在大多数美国人的心目中，马克•吐温是位伟大作家,他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。

的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。

但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温-—一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。

Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla， prospector, starry—eyed optimist， acid-tongued cynic： The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days，signaling two fathoms （12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world. 印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克•吐温原名塞缪尔•朗赫恩•克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。

美国文学知识

美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。

代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。

纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。

代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。

威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。

代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。

安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。

代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。

迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。

代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。

爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。

代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。

乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。

代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。

二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。

朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题】（美国文学）

朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》配套题库【课后习题】（美国⽂学）第7章美国⽂学Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. American literature is mainly about the seeking of the American people for success and happiness. _____【答案】T【解析】美国⽂学主要是关于美国⼈民追寻成功和幸福。

2. Rip Van Winkle was a character created by James Fenimore Cooper. _____【答案】F【解析】《瑞普·凡·温克》是⼩说家及历史家华盛顿·欧⽂（Washington Irving）的名篇。

故事主要讲述主⼈公瑞普·凡·温克喝醉之后在梦中的奇遇，然后顿悟过了⼀⽣。

3. The Leather-Stocking Tales consist of five novels depicting the American West. _____【答案】T【解析】《⽪袜⼦故事集》是美国作家詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏（James Fenimore Cooper）的系列⼩说，共包含《杀⿅者》（The Deerslayer）、《最后的莫希⼲⼈》（The Last of the Mohicans）、《探路⼈》（The Pathfinder）、《拓荒者》（The Pioneer）和《⼤草原》（The Prairie）等五部⼩说。

4. Before Mark Twain, all major American writers were born on the East Coast. _____ 【答案】T【解析】马克·吐温（Mark Twain），美国作家、演说家，⽣于美国密苏⾥州佛罗⾥达。

自考英美文学选读_重点总结【美国】Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实主义时期

【美国】Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实主义时期1. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。

2. The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。

3. In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.总之，他们为后来的现实文学在题材，技巧和风格上都树立了典范。

4. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。

5. In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.总之，自然主义产生现实主义，只是在创作上更富讽刺，更加悲观。

美国文学 Mark Twain and Henry James

Part Four THE AGE OF REALISM(1860-1910)Chapter 21 Mark TwainI. Background Information1. Two literary forces in 19th CenturyEastern gentlemen literatureWestern frontier spirit2. Social changes1). 1880’s industrialization and urbanizationLose the sense of independence, pride, integrityextremes of wealth and poverty.Immigration and Migration (1865-1900)Gradually abandon transcendentalism and old moral values, No longer romantic, idealistic, not so optimistica shameless lust for money and power.life was not so good, man was not, and God was not.2). Ceasing of isolationtelegraph lines, a trans-Atlantic cable, the first transcontinental railroad Preserve the local color3). American frontierthe frontier was people’s hope to realize American Dream.Lost hope to go to west, end of westward expansionDisillusioned and frustrated, more practical to daily life.3. Time:Civil War to World War 1; From Romanticism to Realism; 1865-1914 Name: the Age of Realism the Gilded Age镀金时代,4. The schools of American realism:Frontier HumorMidwestern realism (Howells)Cosmopolitan and psychological realism (James)Regionalism, local colorism (Mark Twain)Naturalism (Dreiser)5. American RealismA reaction against the “lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalismSubject matter: Slice of lifeTheme: the world of experience of the commonplace and the familiar and the low; real characters; real scenes; real incidents; look for truth in everyday life, Features: more objective than idealistic and subjective, more descriptive than symbolicCharacter: studied in depth, more important than action, plot; typical character under typical circumstanceRepresentatives:WilliamDeanHowells, Mark Twain, Henry James7. Local colorism:1)1) In late 1860s, peak in 18802)An important part of realistic movement3)Influenced by frontier humorists.4)Differences existed between different parts of the country.5)Emphasis on local peculiarities of speech, dress and habits.6)Idealize and glorify, give true color of local life7)Representative Mark TwainII. Mark Twain 马克.吐温（1835-1910）1. Contributions:Father of American LiteratureForerunner of American RealismHumorous colloquial styleLocal colorist2. Life:Samuel Langhorne Clemensmoved with his family to Hannibal, a port on the Mississippi RiverAt 12, Worked as a printer, a steamboat pilot, Served as a volunteer soldier, reporter and writerAfter marriage , famous graduallyTragic later life3. 3 phases of career1) . 1865-around 1880s Period of light-hearted, humorous descriptionRather confident and optimisticCriticize the society with light-hearted humor and satireThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳跳蛙》1865The Adventure of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索亚历险记》2) . 1880s-1900sPeriod of bitter and sharper criticismSociety turned deaf ear to his advices, a combination of romanticism and realism, return to the pure and natural lifeRepresentatives: The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利.费恩历险记》Life on the Mississippi，18833) . 1900-1910Period of pessimism and fatalismIII . The Adventures of T om Sawyer3. Writing Style1) Satirical Humor;Influenced by Frontier HumorIt is generated by the westward expansion in the late 18th and the 19th centuries.Frontier humor appears mainly in tall tales of exaggerated feats of strength, rough practical jokes (especially on sophisticated Easterners and greenhorns), and realistic story of encounters with bears, and snakes.These tales are filled with rough, homely wisdomWhat Mark Twain laughs at?•Education Teacher’s physical punishment, Way of examination, Composition format Education=disciplines=bondages → no freedom2) Subject matter:his own experience along the Mississippi River, less influenced by foreign Culturesfrom everyday life, lower strata of society , Mississippi River3) language:create a real and genuine American style, colloquial styleinformal, oral, easy, unaffected, wild and humorous; regional language: dialect, slangsentence structure: simple, compound, a series of “than” and “and”, semi-colons, ungrammaticalDialogues: real to the reader, background information, advance the action 4) . ThemeAs a journey of boy’s growthConflict between civilization and "natural life"The seek for freedomFreedom leads to responsibility and can have negative consequences.Mockery of Religion and educationPeople who are respected in society don’t always deserve it. It’s humannature to be drawn toward those who have money and power.5) Bildungsroman成长小说The initiation story tells about the growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who is looking for answers and experience. Usually in the beginning of the story, there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonists leave on his journey. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity, and the protagonist achieves it gradually and with difficulty. The genre often features a main conflict between the main character and society. Typically, the values of society are gradually accepted or assimilated by the protagonists as their disappointment and confusions are over.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is categorized into Bildungsroman (novel of initiation, growth story). In Bildungsroman, the protagonist will experience 4 phases of growth, temptation, departure, confusion and epiphany. Can you find them in the story?IV Assignment Henry JamesChapter 23 Henry JamesⅠWriters of American RealismWriters: Howells Twain James Subject matter: Middle class Lower class Upper class Genteel Realism only good side Local colorism Psychological realismⅡHenry James亨利.詹姆斯(1843~1916)1. Contributions: a "writer's writer,"Forerunner of stream of consciousnessFounder of Psychological realismInitiator of the international theme and novel.2. Life and Careerborn in a wealthy and cultured family New York on April 15, 1843His father, a philosopher ; his brother William, an outstanding philosopher and psychologist.educated in unorthodox circumstances; attended Harvard Law School but read literary works theretoured in Europe and met many famous writers, Flaubert, Maupassant, Zola wanted to be a critic in New York but could not endure the prevailing materialism; left for England and became an English citizen in 1915 Remained single, few close friends3. Literary WorksFirst period: International theme《黛西·密勒》（Daisy Miller，1878)《贵妇人的画像》（The Portrait of a Lady，1881)《美国人》(The American 1877)Second Period (1882-1895) : studies of interpersonal relationships 《波士顿人》（The Bostonians，1886)Third Period(1895-1905):added complexity and profundity to his international themeThe Wings of the Dove鸽翼The Ambassadors专使The Golden Bowl金碗4. Writing StyleTheme: International themeAmerica Europeinnocent sophisticatedindividualism social customs✧Question1Why Isabel obey the European social convention?1. Conscious commitment to individualism2. unconscious desire for safety , comfort and stability of social custom.✧Q2: Why the book is named “The Portrait of a Lady”•Osmond’s profession•The way to understand a man and a portrait•Psychological portrait–Before marriage:•Self-evaluation and meditation on the world•Contradictory personality–After marriage:•Awakening•Self-reflection, husband’s nature5. Subject matter:Upper reaches of American societyAn imaginative treatment of reality or psychological realismClash between Am. & Europe6. Language:Written, abstract, nouns; long sentence 35.1 (Lawrence 19.8) Clauses;Periodic sentence 圆周句, Adjective and adverbsobscure, round-about way, Highly refined, Elaborate, insightful ，ambiguous 19世纪末20世纪初西欧一些文学家的确有类似印象派绘画和音乐的那种创作方法，即致力于捕捉模糊不清的转瞬即逝的感觉印象later works has been compared to impressionist painting.7. Narrative “point of view.”stories told not by author but by different minds from different perspectivesInternal monologue; the inward movement of character in face of outside occurrences.elliptical technique.3 Assignment Dreiser。

美国文学史概述及选读复习资料

美国文学史American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:1.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)2.hilip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名Richard Sunders)2)“annual collection of proverbs “流行谚语集(It soon became the most popular bookof its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation) 3)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham’s Sermon)致富之道(as the “perface to Poor RichardImproved)4)The Autobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and politicalideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.6)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University ofPennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.7)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and diplomat,he was the most famousand respected private figure of his time.The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against the British tyranny19th Century American LiteratureWashington Irving(华盛顿.欧文)1．James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)2．Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)3．Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.阿伦.坡）4．Henry Daived Thoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)5．Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)6．Walt Whiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)The Rise of American Romanticism• One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(1861-65).• It started with the publication of Washington Irving's e T he h Sketch Book(1820) and ended with Whitman's s Leaves f of Grass(1855)..Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and apresumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

美国文学史名词解释 henry james vs. ernest hemingway

美国文学史名词解释American Puritanism:Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purity the Church of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen people while oth ers were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture. Transcendentalism:Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800's, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.Realism:1.Realism came in the latter half of 19th century .2.It is a literary and intellectual movement that led poets and novelists not to imagine life as it could be, but to examine life as it was actually lived and to record what they saw around them as honestly as they could.3. There are three elements of Realism:① realists were concerned with the whole of life not just the surface of it② Realists produced intensely personal works as well as broad studies of a changing society.③ they used local color④ the famous authors are James(Ambassadors), Mark Twain(The Adventure of Tom Sawyer ) and so on .Naturalism:Naturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at “scientific” statu s for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects. Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society. The most significant work of naturalism in English is Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.Imagism:1. Imagism grew out of the Symbolist Movement in 1912.2. It is a Movement in U.S. and English poetry characterized by the use of concrete language and figures of speech, modern subject matter, metrical freedom, and avoidance of romantic or mystical themes, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images.3. There are three Imagist poetic principles:direct treatment、elimination、rhythmical composition.4. The Major Representatives of the Modern Poetry:Pound (The Cantos) and T.S.Eliot (The Waste Land).The Lost Generation:The term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald. Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein (“You are all a lost generation”) as epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises. More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were “lost” because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to more into a settled life. Free verse:free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventional rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg.Local Colorism:It is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19th century, particularly among authors in the American South of the particular region in which the story took place. Local color fiction “exploits the speech, dress, mannerisms, habits of thought which are peculiar to a certain region. Local color writing exists primarily for the portrayal of the people and life of a geographical setting” .Local colorism is the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular. Famous local colorists are Mark Twain, John Steinbeck and William Faulkner.Mark Twain VS. Henry JamesA. Mark Twain is famous for his local color, showing his concern for the local people, local scenery and local life. His language is fresh, vigorous, humorous, with a variety of bribe dialects, colloquial and vernacular expressions. He depicts the life picture of the American lower-class. Whereas Henry James is famous for his “international theme,” showing his concern for the cultural conflicts between Old Eur ope and New America. His language is elegant, elaborate, exquisite, indirect and subtle. He depicts the life picture of the American upper-class who possess both wealth and leisure.B. Although James and Twain both worked for realism, there were obvious differences between them. In thematic terms, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with lower strata of society. Technically, James pursued the psychological realism, but mark Twain’s contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partlythrough his theories of local colorism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style.C. Henry James believed that reality lies in his impressions made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it, which may not be the same life as it “really” is. James shifted the ground of reali stic art from the outer to the inner world.D. Mark Twain preferred to represent social life through portraits of local places, which he knew best. He drew heavily from his own rich fund of knowledge of people and places. He confined himself to the life with which he was familiar. By quoting from his own experience, Mark Twain managed to transform into art the freedom and humor, in short, the finest elements of Western culture.IN A STATION OF THE METROThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.-Ezra Pound Ezra Pound's "In a Station of the Metro" (1913) is an early twentieth century homage to the previous poems we have discussed in terms of "falling leaves."A. Here we encounter an even shorter lyric poem, more like haiku and an imagist experiment—a detail reduced to its smallest components.B. The simile is significant: faces of people in the subway are like petals.1. They stand out like jewels in the foil of a setting (the bough).2. Once again, the human and vegetative worlds are brought intobalance.C. But we notice the location.1. An "apparition" (rather than, say, a mere "appearance") suggestssomething ghostly.2. The metro station suggests a descent into an underworld.3. Pound has placed himself within the epic tradition as delicately as possible.The poem was first published in 1913 and is considered one of the leading poems of the Imagist tradition. Written in a Japanese haiku style, Pound’s process of deletion from thirty lines to only fourteen words typifies Im agism’s focus on economy of language, precision of imagery and experimenting with non-traditional verse forms. The poem is Pound’s written equivalent for the moment of revelation and intense emotion he felt at the Metro at La Concorde, Paris. Pound explains in his artic value. The poem is essentially a set of images that have unexpected likeness and convey the rare emotion that Pound was experiencing at that time. Arguably the heart of the poem is not the first line, nor the second, but the mental process that links the two together. "In a poem of this sort," as Pound explained, "one is trying to record the precise instant when a thing outward and objective transforms itself, or darts into athing inward and subjective." This darting takes place between the first and second lines. The pivotal semi-colon has stirred debate as to whether the first line is in fact subordinate to the second or both lines are of equal, independent importance. Pound contrasts the factual, mundane image that he actually witnessed with a metaphor from nature and thus infuses this “apparition” with visual beauty. There is a quick transition from the statement of the first line to the second line’s vivid metaphor; this ‘super-pository’ technique exemplifies the Japanese haiku style. The word “apparition” is considered crucial as it evokes a mystical and supernatural sense of imprecision which is then reinforced by the metaphor of the second line. The plosive word ‘Petals’ conjures ideas of delicate, feminine beauty which contrasts with t he bleakness of the ‘wet, black bough’. What the poem signifies is questionable; many critics argue that it deliberately transcends traditional form and therefore its meaning is solely found in its technique as opposed to in its content. However when Pound had the inspiration to write this poem few of these considerations came into view. He simply wished to translate his perception of beauty in the midst of ugliness into a single, perfect image in written form.。

马克吐温作者简介

马克吐温作者简介马克·吐温（Mark Twain，1835年11月30日－1910年4月21日）原名：萨缪尔·兰亨·克莱门（Samuel Langhorne Clemens）代表作：《百万英镑》《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》《汤姆·索亚历险记》等。

个人评价美国批判现实主义文学的奠基人，世界著名的短篇小说大师。

他经历了美国从“自由”资本主义到帝国主义的发展过程，其思想和创作也表现为从轻快调笑到辛辣讽刺再到悲观厌世的发展阶段。

马克·吐温被誉为“美国文学中的林肯”。

特色从内容上说，他的作品批判了不合理现象或人性的丑恶之处，表达了这位当过排字工人和水手的作家强烈的正义感和对普通人民的关心；从风格上说，在西部幽默传统的基础上，幽默中含有讽刺，发挥极度夸张的艺术想象。

从人称上，常常以第一人称“我”为主人公，大都天真、老实、无知，思想单纯，什么事都一厢情愿，结果常常事与愿违。

创作历程早期创作（1865-1870）主要以讽刺手法批判宗教教育的危害；揭露世俗社会的人们为了个人利益彼此欺诈、勾心斗角的社会风气；暴露民主、自由掩盖下的美国社会真相，批判种族歧视和伪民主的社会现实。

重要作品：《傻子出国记》、《竞选州长》和《哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋》等。

中期创作（1871-1895）对美国政治制度、伦理道德和生活方式进行全面思考，以辛辣的讽刺批判了美国社会的种种弊端和道德沦丧。

这是马克·吐温创作的黄金阶段，发表了一系列优秀小说。

重要的作品：《镀金时代》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》、《在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人》、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《傻瓜威尔逊》和《百万英镑》等。

后期创作（1896-1910）这一时期创作中主要批判美国的侵略扩张政策，以及进一步探讨资本主义社会和普遍人性。

创作形式增加了游记、杂文和政论方面。

重要作品有：《赤道环游记》、《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》、《给坐在黑暗中的人》、《战争祈祷》、《神秘的陌生人》等。

英美文学史马克吐温的主要作品

英美文学史马克吐温的主要作品马克·吐温（Mark Twain）是19世纪美国最著名的作家之一，他的作品广泛地反映了美国社会和文化。

他的主要作品包括《汤姆·索亚历险记》、《哈克贝里·芬历险记》、《百万英镑》等。

《汤姆·索亚历险记》是马克·吐温的代表作之一，这部小说描写了一个小男孩汤姆·索亚的成长历程。

汤姆是一个顽皮、聪明、有冒险精神的孩子，他不喜欢循规蹈矩，总是想方设法逃避学校的课程和家庭的责任。

在小说中，汤姆与他的朋友们一起经历了许多冒险和奇遇，这些经历让他逐渐成长为一个有勇气和智慧的人。

《哈克贝里·芬历险记》是马克·吐温的另一部经典之作。

这部小说讲述了一个14岁的男孩哈克贝里·芬与他的狗道奇一起在密西西比河上漂流的故事。

哈克贝里是一个孤儿，他渴望自由和冒险，与道奇一起漂流在河上，经历了各种各样的事情。

在这个过程中，他遇到了各种各样的人和问题，这些经历让他逐渐成长为一个有勇气和智慧的人。

《百万英镑》是马克·吐温的一部短篇小说，也是他的经典之作之一。

这部小说讲述了一个美国年轻人亨利·亚当斯的经历。

亨利是一个穷小子，他因为一次偶然的机会得到了一个装有百万英镑的大信封，这个信封可以让他随意使用里面的钱。

亨利在用这些钱的过程中，经历了各种各样的事情和人，最终他明白了人生的真谛。

除了以上这些作品，马克·吐温还有许多其他经典之作，如《镀金时代》、《王子与贫儿》等。

他的作品广泛地反映了美国社会和文化，通过幽默和讽刺的手法揭示了人性的弱点和缺陷。

他的作品不仅具有文学价值，还具有社会意义和教育价值。

总的来说，马克·吐温是美国文学史上的巨匠之一，他的作品具有深刻的思想内涵和广泛的影响力。

他的作品不仅让我们了解了美国的历史和文化，还让我们思考了人性的弱点和缺陷。