托福阅读模拟试题参考
托福阅读考试模拟试题带答案「」
托福阅读考试模拟试题带答案「」2015年托福阅读考试模拟试题带答案「精选」One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “color –adding” or “color” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation. Color commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen…a nd provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example “Smith inclose” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at th ird is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.1.Which of the following statements is true of color commentary?A.It narrates the action of the event in real time, using the present tense.B.It is a monologue given to an audience that does not respond to the speaker.C.It is steady and fluent because it must keep up with the action of the event.D.It gives background on the event, and interprets and evaluates the event.2.Why does the author quote a linguist in paragraph 2?A.To describe the uniqueness of radio play-by-playB.To show how technical sports commentary isC.To give examples of play-by-play commentaryD.To criticize past trends in sports commentary3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely agrees with which of the following statements about sports commentary?A.Color commentary is more important than play-by-play commentaryB.Sports commentators do not need special knowledge of the sport.mentary enhances the excitement and enjoyment of sports.D.Sports commentators should work hard to improve their grammar.答案:1. D2. A3.C。
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers'attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone经历" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon'scraters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formedBCDAD CACDC。
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷三)
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷三）托福阅读文本：There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic eon. Much ofour information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history comes from the fossilrecord, because we have a reasonably good understanding of the types of environment in whichmany fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celledbacteria, provide little evidence in this regard. However, the rocks themselves do include theearliest evidence for glaciation, probably a global ice age.The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity is based onthe principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now at work on and withinthe Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. The deposits associated with present-dayglaciers have been well studied, and some of their characteristics are quite distinctive. In2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake Huron (dating fromthe early part of theProterozoic age), there are thin laminae of fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annuallayers of sediment deposited in glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves show two-layeredannual cycle, one layer corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of thesummer season, and the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition.Although it is not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almostcertainly glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional largepebbles or "dropstones," a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse material issometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into otherwise very fine grainedsediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those in Canada have been found in otherparts of North America and in Africa, India, and Europe. This indicates that the glaciation wasglobal, and that for a period of time in the early Proterozoic theEarth was gripped in an ice age.Following the early Proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have been fairlybenign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the next 1.5 billion years or so.Then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of glacial episodes between about 850 and 600million year ago, near the end of the Proterozoic eon.托福阅读题目：1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How patterns in rock layers have been used to construct theories about the climate of theProterozoic age(B) What some rare fossils indicate about glacial conditions during the late Proterozoic age(C) The varying characteristics of Proterozoic glacial varves in different parts of the world(D) The number of glacial episodes that the Earth has experienced since the Proterozoic age2.According to the passage , the fossil record of the Proterozoic eon is(A) highly regarded because it preserves the remains of many kindsof organisms(B) less informative than the fossil record of more recent periods(C) very difficult to interpret due to damage from bacteria(D) more useful to researchers than otheraspects of the rock record3. The word "scarce" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) ancient(B) tiny(C) available(D) rare4. It can be inferred from the passage that the principle of uniformitarianism indicates that(A) similar conditions produce similar rock formations(B) rock layers in a given region remain undisturbed over time(C) different kinds of sedimentary rocks may have similar origins(D) each continent has its own distinctive pattern of sediment layers5. The word "resemble" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) result from(B) penetrate(C) look like(D) replace have similar origins6.According to the passage , the layers in varves are primarily formed by(A) fossilized bacteria(B) pieces of ancient dropstones(C) a combination of ancient and recent sediments(D) annual cycles of sediment transport and deposition7. The phrase "the other" in line 17 refers to another(A) annual cycle(B) glacial lake(C) layer of sediment(D) season8.According to the passage , the presence of dropstones indicates that(A) the glacial environment has been unusually servere(B) the fine-grained sediment has built up very slowly(C) there has been a global ice age(D) coarse rock material has been carried great distances9. Why does the author mention Canada, North America,Africa, India, and Europe in lines 23-24?(A) To demonstrate the global spread of dropstones(B) To explain the principles of varve formation(C) To provide evidence for the theory that there was a global ice age in the early Proterozoic eon(D) To illustrate the varied climatic changes of the Proterozoic eon indifferent parts of the globe10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) fossil record (line 3)(B) laminae (line 13)(C) varves (line14)(D) glacial episodes (line 28)托福阅读答案：ABDAC DCCCC托福阅读文本：Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneursincreased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations inmanufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average percapita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year —30 percent over the course of a generation.Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods,since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs —even withouttechnological improvements —had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient bydistributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of theproduction process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expandedthe scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according tothe amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles bywage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previouslyjourneymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer apowerful "shoe boss" and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However,it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even moreimportant new organization, the modem factory, which usedpower-driven machines andassembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 theprolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour milldriven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell intocontainers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to thetop of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers madeuse of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabledthem to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations ofinexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.托福阅读题目：1. What is the passage mainly about?(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods2. The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) ensured(B) raised(C) arranged(D) discouraged3. The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) value(B) popularity(C) extent(D) diversity4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output(C) rural workers responded to "shoe bosses"(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820'sand 1830's EXCEPT(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production(D) a decrease in the price of shoes6.All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT(A) It involved stages of production.(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.7. The word "prolific" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) efficient(B) productive(C) self-employed(D) progressive8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built byOliver Evans?(A) They were located away from large cities.(B) They used new technology to produce power.(C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.9. The word "it" in line 25 refers to(A) water power(B) machinery(C) grain(D) mill10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factorymachinery?(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.(C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.11. The word "eager" in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) wealthy(B) knowledgeable(C) regular(D) enthusiastic托福阅读答案：DBCAB CBBCA D托福阅读文本：Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the samespecies. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species tohave specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called "social hormones," affect agroup of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are thepredominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some specieshave simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce manywith various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called socialinsects, insects that live in organized groups.Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission isrelatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent,depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimeseffective over a very long range.Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and isusually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability tomodulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means,but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in differentbehavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented incombination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number ofexocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulatecreatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciatebecause of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting andanalyzing these pheromones.Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances,play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate theformation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. Forexample, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced byqueen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of theirgregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causesnearby aphids to respond by moving away.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate(B) How pheromones are produced by insects(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species2. The word "serve" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) improve(B) function(C) begin(D) rely3. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out(A) chemical signals that are common among insects(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals(C) similarities between two chemical substances(D) how insects produce different chemical substances4. The word "sole" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) obvious(B) best(C) only(D) final5. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones occurs isdependent on how quickly they(A) lose their effectiveness(B) evaporate in the air(C) travel through the air(D) are produced by the body6. According to the passage , the meaning of a message communicated through a pheromone mayvary when the(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms7. The word "detecting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) controlling(B) storing(C) questioning(D) finding8.According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of pheromones difficult?(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.9. The word "They" in line 24 refers to(A) pheromones(B) roles(C) activities(D) insects10. The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to(A) inactive(B) inefficient(C) unchangeable(D) unbalanced11. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that(A) also communicate using sight and sound(B) live underground(C) prey on other insects(D) live in organized groups托福阅读答案：ABCCBADBAAD托福阅读文本：The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughnessis mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopicpictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers' attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes.They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are aboutone-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3.According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollomissions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon's craters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6.All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7.All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)百度文库-赵诚作品(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9.According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed托福阅读答案：BCDAD CACDC百度文库-赵诚作品。
托福考试阅读模拟试题
托福考试阅读模拟试题2017年托福考试阅读模拟试题做一个有实力的'人，不要让今天的懒惰成为明天的痛。
下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福阅读模拟试题，希望大家能有所收获，Questions 32-40Considered the most influential architect of his time, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) was born in the small rural community of Richland Center, Wisconsin. He entered the University of Wisconsin at the age of 15 as a special student, studying engineering because the school had no course in architecture. At the age of 20 he then went to work as a draughtsman in Chicago in order to learn the traditional, classical language of architecture. After marrying into a wealthy business family at the age of 21, Wright set up house in an exclusive neighborhood in Chicago, and after a few years of working for a number of architectural firms, set up his own architectural office.For twenty years he brought up a family of six children upstairs, and ran a thriving architectural practice of twelve or so draughtsmen downstairs. Here, in an idyllic American suburb, with giant oaks, sprawling lawns, and no fences, Wright built some sixty rambling homes by the year 1900. He became the leader of a style known as the "Prairie" school - houses with low-pitched roofs and extended lines that blended into the landscape and typified his style of "organic architecture".By the age of forty-one, in 1908, Wright had achieved extraordinary social and professional success. He gave countless lectures at major universities, and started his Taliesin Fellowship - a visionary social workshop in itself. In 1938 he appeared on the cover of Time magazine, and later, on a two cent stamp. The mostspectacular buildings of his mature period were based on forms borrowed from nature, and the intentions were clearly romantic, poetic, and intensely personal. Examples of these buildings are Tokyo's Imperial Hotel (1915-22: demolished 1968), and New York City's Guggenheim Museum (completed 1959). He continued working until his death in 1959, at the age of 92, although in his later years, he spent as much time giving interviews and being a celebrity, as he did in designing buildings. Wright can be considered an essentially idiosyncratic architect whose influence was immense but whose pupils were few.32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(a) the development of modern architecture in America(b) the contributions of the "Prairie" School to modern architecture(c) the life and achievements of a famous architect(d) the influence of the style of "organic architecture" in America33. Frank Lloyd Wright first worked as a draughtsman because(a) for twenty years he lived above his shop and employed draughtsmen(b) to learn the language of architecture(c) that is what he studied at the University of Wisconsin(d) that is the work of new employees in architectural firms34. The word "some" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(a) around(b) over(c) nearly(d) exactly35. According to the passage, an idyllic American suburb is(a) based on forms borrowed from nature(b) blended into the landscape(c) giant oaks, sprawling lawns, and no fences(d) houses with low-pitched reefs and extended lines36. The word "blended" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(a) dug(b) cut(c) imposed(d) merged37. The word "itself" in line 17 refers to(a) social workshop(b) Taliesin Fellowship(c) He(d) Major universities38. The word "idiosyncratic" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) idiotic(b) idealistic(c) individualistic(d) independent39. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a) the Taliesin Fellowship was a grant of money(b) many of Wright's architectural ideas have not been taken up by others(c) Wright used his wife's money to set up his own architectural office in an exclusive neighborhood in Chicago(d) Some of Wright's most notable buildings have been demolished because they were not popular40. All of the following about Frank Lloyd Wright are trueEXCEPT(a) he became the leader of a style known as "organic architecture"。
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题与答案
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists had determined that nerves ran,essentially,on electricalimpulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as digestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in thesmall intestine when food enters the stomach,eventually challenged that view.From the small intestine,secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulatesthe release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the productionof different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone.This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to referto secretin,taking it from the Greek word hormon,meaning “to excite ”or “to set in motion. ”A hormone is a chemicalproduced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they werecategorized,primarily according to the process by which theyoperated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrinesystem)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Suchglands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily for digestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death.The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track ：They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward a child.Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual ’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At leastone study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heartdisease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots — dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major bloodvessels — will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patientswho are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Becauseof the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affectsnot just physical size but also the digestion of foodand the aging process.Researchers and family physicianstend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases inwhich the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervoussystem (C)affect processes in a different part ofthe body (D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph3 are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expressesthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficultto measure,scientists remain unsure how far-reachingtheir effects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy tomeasure,but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage isclosest in meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated withgrowth hormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains theprimary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce moodswings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of thosehormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that bloodclots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormonehas on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body isa complex machine,however,and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systemsinto believing they aren ’ t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions ： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideas that arenot presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for waysto decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only thenervous system but also certain chemicals can affectbodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy(HRT)may increase the risk of bloodclots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading ：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only thenervous system .2)Hormones can affect not only life processes? ..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of .。
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案2016年托福阅读模拟练习题及答案The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers' attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone经历" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon's craters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formedBCDAD CACDC。
托福考试模拟试题
托福考试模拟试题(字数：1500)题目一：阅读理解Passage 1：Why Exercising Outdoors is Good for YouExercising outdoors offers numerous benefits that cannot be achieved in an indoor setting. The natural surroundings and fresh air can increase enjoyment and motivation, making outdoor exercise more appealing. Additionally, outdoor exercise provides a variety of terrains and surfaces, which can help improve balance and coordination.Furthermore, exposure to natural sunlight during outdoor exercise increases Vitamin D production in the body. This vitamin plays a crucial role in bone health and the immune system. Indoor exercise, on the other hand, may not provide the same level of sunlight exposure.Outdoor exercise also allows participants to connect with nature. Studies have shown that spending time in nature can reduce stress levels, boost mood, and improve overall mental well-being. The calming effect of nature can enhance the benefits of physical activity.To fully take advantage of outdoor exercise, individuals should consider their safety. Dressing appropriately for the weather conditions and staying hydrated are important factors to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience.Passage 2：The Benefits of MeditationMeditation is an ancient practice that offers a wide range of benefits for both the mind and body. Numerous studies have shown that regular meditation can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. It promotes a sense of calmness and inner peace.By practicing meditation, individuals can improve their focus and concentration. This carries over to daily life activities, allowing them to be more engaged and productive.Moreover, meditation has been found to lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health. The deep relaxation achieved during meditation triggers the body's relaxation response, leading to better overall physical well-being.In addition, meditation can enhance self-awareness and promote a positive outlook on life. By quieting the mind and becoming aware of thoughts and emotions, individuals can develop a greater understanding of themselves and their inner motivations.To start practicing meditation, find a quiet and comfortable place, sit in a relaxed position, and focus on your breath. Set aside a few minutes each day to cultivate a daily meditation routine.Question:Based on the information provided in the passages, answer the following questions:1. What are the benefits of exercising outdoors?2. How does outdoor exercise contribute to vitamin D production?3. How can spending time in nature enhance the benefits of physical activity?4. What are the benefits of meditation for mental health?5. How does meditation promote physical well-being?题目二：听力理解Passage 1:Listen to a conversation between two friends, Sarah and Mike.Sarah: I'm thinking about going on a vacation to a tropical island next month. Do you have any suggestions?Mike: Oh, definitely! I recently visited Bali, and it was absolutely amazing. The beaches are pristine, and the weather is perfect.Sarah: That sounds lovely! Did you stay at a resort?Mike: Yes, I did. Bali has a wide range of resorts to choose from, catering to different budgets. I stayed at a luxurious beachfront resort with stunning views.Sarah: Wow, that sounds like a dream! What activities did you do?Mike: There are plenty of activities in Bali. I went snorkeling, visited temples, and even tried surfing.Sarah: I've always wanted to try surfing. Is it suitable for beginners?Mike: Absolutely! There are surfing schools that offer lessons for beginners. The instructors are very patient and supportive.Sarah: That's great to hear. I'll definitely consider Bali for my vacation. Thanks for the recommendation, Mike!Passage 2:Listen to a lecture by a professor discussing climate change and its effects.Professor: Climate change is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions, primarily caused by human activities, has led to a rise in global temperatures. This phenomenon, commonly known as global warming, has far-reaching consequences.One of the major impacts of climate change is the melting of polar ice caps. As temperatures continue to rise, glaciers and ice sheets are melting at an alarming rate. This leads to rising sea levels, which pose a threat to coastal communities.Additionally, climate change is affecting weather patterns. Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense. This has detrimental effects on agriculture, water resources, and human health.Furthermore, climate change disrupts ecosystems and biodiversity. Rapid changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can lead to the extinction of certain species, as well as shifts in habitats and ecosystems.To address climate change, it is crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable practices and renewable energy sources. Every individual has a role to play in combating climate change and protecting our planet.Question:Based on the information presented in the passages, answer the following questions:1. Where did Mike recommend Sarah to go on vacation?2. What type of resort did Mike stay at in Bali?3. What activities did Mike do in Bali?4. What is one of the major impacts of climate change mentioned in the lecture?5. How can individuals contribute to addressing climate change?。
托福阅读练习题汇总
托福阅读练习题汇总下面给大家整理一些托福考试的阅读练习题，盼望大家喜爱。
托福阅读练习题(1)【Introduction】Doctors have long known that vitamin D is essential to good health. Get enough of it and it ensures strong bones and teeth. But a new study this week suggests an even more extraordinary benefit: a lower risk of death.【Section One】ArticleVitamin D Lowers Risk of DeathThe new paper, published in the Sept. 10 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine, is a meta-analysis of 18 previously published studies on the vitamin. None of the original experiments was specifically designed to study how vitamin D affects mortality — the trials involved conditions such as bone fractures, bone mineral density, congestive heart failure and colorectal cancer — but all of them tracked participants‘ death data. Overall, researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% less likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t.The study‘s authors still don‘t know exactly how the vitamin may reduce people‘s death risk, but their findings are in line with a spate ofrecent research linking the vitamin to a wide range of health benefits. Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bone maintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation — in turn, those processes could reduce the aggressiveness of cancer tumors or keep artery-clogging plaques from growing. Indeed, studies have suggested that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with a higher risk of death from certain cancers, heart disease and diabetes.The current analysis looked at data on 57,311 participants, most of whom were middle-aged or elderly and in generally good health. Those in intervention groups took daily doses of vitamin D — ranging mostly from 400 IU to 833 IU per day, with a study size–adjusted mean intake of 528 IU a day. Compared with people who weren‘t given supplements, the test groups had up to a five times greater blood level of vitamin D and a significantly reduced risk of death. Though there‘s no medically recommended optimum level of the vitamin, throughout human evolution when the vitamin D system was developing, the ‘natural‘ level... was probably around 50 ng/mL or higher, writes Dr. Edward Giovannucci, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, in an accompanying editorial. In modern societies, few people attain such high levels, and levels below 10 ng/mL or 15 ng/mL are not uncommon.If people can‘t get enough natural vitamin D from food or sun exposure, which synthesizes it in the skin, then daily supplements may be a good alternative — and the current study shows that an intake of up to 800 IU a day is safe. In the 18 studies that researchers analyzed for the current report, none of the participants taking supplements — even at a 2,000 IU daily dose — surpassed the 50 ng/mL mark. According to Giovannucci, people should reasonably shoot for levels of 30 ng/mL to 40 ng/mL, and doctors should consider testing patients who are at risk for deficiencies in vitamin D.【Section Two】Vocabulary1. mortalityn. 死亡率2. fracturen. 裂开, 骨折;v. (使)破裂, (使)裂开3. congestiveadj. 充血的4. diabetesn. [医] 糖尿病, 多尿症5. evolutionn. 进展, 开展, 演化, 进化6. bone fractures 骨折7. bone mineral density 骨密度8. immune system 免疫系统9. cell differentiation 细胞分化【Section Three】Homework1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bonemaintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation.2. What is the main idear of this Article?3. A intake of how many vitamin D a day is safe from the current study?4. The article mentioned Researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% more likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t. Right?参考答案:1. 维生素D不仅能促进钙的汲取、骨骼的保养，还能激活免疫系统、抑制细胞扩散、刺激细胞分化。
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案.doc
2019 年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous system was thought to control all communication within thebody and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists had determined that nerves ran,essentially,on electricalimpulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as digestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in thesmall intestine when food enters the stomach,eventuallychallenged that view.From the small intestine,secretin travelsthrough the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulatesthe release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinalcells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the productionof different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought torequire control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starlingshowed that it could occur through chemicals alone.Thisdiscovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer“to to secretin,taking it from the Greek word hormon,meaningexcite ”or “to set in motion. ”A hormone is a chemicalproduced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they werecategorized,primarily according to the process by which theyoperated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrine system)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Suchglands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrinesystem consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily fordigestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death.The most abundant hormones have effectsthat are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track ：They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward achild.Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual ’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,soscientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviatingailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At leastone study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heartdisease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major bloodvessels —will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with theirabilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Because ofthe complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of foodand the aging process.Researchers and family physicians tendto agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases inwhich the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervoussystem (C)affect processes in a different part ofthe body (D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expressesthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure,scientists remain unsure how far-reaching theireffects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure,but they can affect both people ’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage is closestin meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of studyto shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce moodswings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of thosehormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that bloodclots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormonehas on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body isa complex machine,however,and recent studies have calledinto question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren ’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions ：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in thepassage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for waysto decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodilyprocesses far from their points of origin.Hormonereplacement therapy(HRT)may increase the risk of bloodclots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system ⋯.2)Hormones can affect not only life processes⋯..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ⋯.。
托福考试阅读题模拟试题3套
托福考试阅读题模拟试题3套2016托福考试阅读题模拟试题3套以下是店铺整理的3套托福考试阅读题模拟试题，提供给大家复习参考。
托福考试阅读题模拟试题1Everyone in a particular society recognizes social roles: father, mother, child, teacher, student, police officer, store clerk, doctor, judge, political leader, and so on. Every culture expects certain types of behavior from people who play certain social roles. Anyone occupying a given position is expected to adopt a specific attitude. A store clerk is expected to take care of customers patiently and politely, and a judge is expected to make wise and fair decisions about laws.Informal social roles are not always easy to recognize, but can be identified with careful research. They are key indicators of a group's health and happiness. Within the family, one informal role is the family hero, the person who defines integrity and upholds family morality. Others are the family arbitrator, the person who keeps the peace, and the family historian, often a grandparent, who relays valuable cultural information that maintains both the family and the larger society. And finally, there is the family friend, the person who provides comfort and companionship to the family members with emotional needs.1.Why does the author mention a store clerk and a judge in paragraph 1?A. To give examples of people who hold positions of respects.B. To explain why social roles are important to a society.C. To illustrate the behavior required of certain social roles.D. To compare the responsibilities of two differentoccupations.2.Why does the author use the term key indicators in discussing informal social roles?A.To identify the most important type of social roles.B.To explain how to identify informal social rolesC.To point out that informal roles are unique to familiesD.To emphasize the value of informal roles to a group答案:1.C 2.DThe many part of the earth’s atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the earth’s surface to produce a whole---the climate system. Different parts of the earth’s surface react to the energy of the sun in different ways. For example, ice and snow reflect much of it. Land surfaces absorb solar energy and heat up rapidly. Oceans store the energy without experiencing a significant temperature rise. Thus, the different types of surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere at different rates.We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception. In the domain of space, we can study local, regional, and global climates. In time, we can look at the climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth. Finally, we depend on our perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model. Human perception must be included if our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions. As a society, we make informed choices about how to use the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops. We also make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate---storms, blizzards, and droughts.1.Why does the author discuss different parts of the earth’s surface in paragraph 1?A.To explain why humans live in some parts but not in othersB.To show that the entire earth is made of the same materialsC.To compare how various surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphereD.To describe changes in the earth’s appearance throughout the year.2.According to the author, why must we include human perception in our study of climate?A.We must interpret data and take actions related to climateB.We must create an interesting model of the climate systemC.We must develop an understanding of our environmentD.We must change our traditional ways of studying climate.答案：1.C 2.A托福考试阅读模拟试题2Sports CommentaryOne of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “color –adding” or “color” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation. Color commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reportedin past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist character izes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen…and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.。
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷四)
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷四）托福阅读文本：The Homestead Act of 1862 gave heads of families or individuals aged twenty-one or older theright to own 160 acres of public land in the western United States after five years of residence andimprovement. This law was intended to provide land for small farmers and to prevent land frombeing bought for resale at a profit or being owned by large landholders. An early amendment tothe act even prevented husbands and wives from filing separate claims. The West, land reformershad assumed, would soon contain many 160-acre family farms.They were doomed to disappointment. Most landless Americans were too poor to becomefarmers even when they could obtain land without cost. The expense of moving a family to theever-receding frontier exceeded the means of many, and the cost of tools, draft animals, a wagon,a well, fencing, and of building the simplest house, might come to $1,000 —a formidable barrier.As for the industrial workers for whom the free land was supposedto provide a "safety valve,"they had neither the skills nor the inclination to become farmers. Homesteaders usually came fromdistricts not far removed from frontier conditions. And despite the intent of the law, speculatorsoften managed to obtain large tracts. They hired people to stake out claims, falsely swear that theyhad fulfilled the conditions laid down in the law for obtaining legal title, and then deed the landover to their employers.Furthermore, 160 acres were not enough for raising livestock or for the kind of commercialagriculture that was developing west of the Mississippi. The national government made a feebleattempt to make larger holdings available to homesteaders by passing the Timber Culture Act of1873, which permitted individuals to claim an additional 160 acres if they would agree to plant aquarter of it in trees within ten years. This law proved helpful to some farmers in the largelytreeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Nevertheless, fewer than 25 percent of the245,000 who took up land under theAct obtained final title to the property.托福阅读题目：1. Which aspect of the Homestead Act of 1862 does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it transformed the western United States into a place of small farms(B) Why it was an improvement over previous attempts at land reform(C) Why it did not achieve its aim to provide land for small farmers(D) How it failed in the largely treeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas2.An amendment added to the Homestead Act of 1862 specified that(A) five years of residence was required for landownership(B) husbands and wives could not file separate claims(C) the price of 160 acres of land was $1,000(D) land could not be resold for a profit3. The word "formidable" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) obvious(B) predictable(C) difficult(D) manageable4. It can be inferred that the "safety valve" in line 13 refers to(A) a new kind of machinery(B) an alternative for urban workers(C) an area in a factory(D) a procedure designed to protect workers5. The word "intent" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) purpose(B) power(C) effect(D) invention6.According to the passage , why did the government pass the Timber CultureAct of 1873?(A) to make larger tracts of land available to small farmers(B) to settle Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas(C) to encourage land speculation west of the Mississippi(D) to increase the variety of trees growing in the western states7. The word "they" in line 23 refers to(A) larger holdings(B) individuals(C) 160 acres(D) trees8. According to the passage , how many of the farmers who settled land under the Timber CultureAct of 1873 received final title to the property?(A) fewer than 25%(B) more than 160(C) 10% per year(D) 245,0009. The passage mentions all of the following as reasons the Homestead Act of 1862 did notachieve its aims EXCEPT:(A) Most landless Americans could not afford the necessary tools and provisions.(B) Industrial workers lacked the necessary farming skills.(C) The farms were too large for single families to operate successfully.(D) Homesteaders usually came from areas relatively close to the frontier.10. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Timber Culture Act of1873?(A) It especially helped farmers with large holdings of land.(B) It was most important to farmers living in states that had plentyof trees.(C) The majority of farmers did not benefit significantly from it.(D) The majority of farmers did not need the extra 160 acres it provided.托福阅读答案：CBCDAABACC托福阅读文本：Naturalists and casual observers alike have been struck by the special relationship betweensquirrels and acorns (the seeds of oak trees). Ecologists, though, cannot observe these energeticmammals scurrying up and down oak trees and eating and burying acorns without wonderingabout their complex relationship with trees. Are squirrels dispersers and planters of oak forests orpesky seed predators? The answer is not simple. Squirrels may devour many acorns, but by storingand failing to recover up to 74 percent of them as they do when seeds are abundant, these arborealrodents can also aid regeneration and dispersal of the oaks.Their destructive powers are well documented. According to one report, squirrels destroyedtens of thousands of fallen acorns from an oak stand on the University of Indiana campus. Aprofessor there estimated that each of the large white oaks had produced between two and eightthousand acorns, but within weeks of seed maturity, hardly an intact acorn could be found amongthe fallen leaves.Deer, turkey, wild pigs, and bears also feed heavily on acorns, but do not store them, and aretherefore of no benefit to the trees. Flying squirrels, chipmunks, and mice are also unlikely topromote tree dispersal, as they often store seeds in tree cavities andunderground burrows. Onlysquirrels —whose behavior of caching (hiding) acorns below the leaf litter —often promotesuccessful germination of acorns, and perhaps blue jays, important long-distance dispersers, seemto help oaks spread and reproduce.Among squirrels, though, there is a particularly puzzling behavior pattern. Squirrelspry offthe caps of acorns, bite through the shells to get at the nutritious inner kernels,and then discardthem half-eaten. The ground under towering oaks is often littered with thousands of half-eatenacorns, each one only bitten from the top. Why would any animal waste so much time and energyand risk exposure to such predators as red-tail hawks only to leave a large part of each acornuneaten? While research is not conclusive at this point, one thing that is certain is that squirrels dohide some of the uneaten portions, and these acorn halves, many of which contain the seeds, maylater germinate.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The ecology of oak trees(B) Factors that determine the feeding habits of Squirrels(C) Various species of animals that promote the dispersal of tree seeds(D) The relationship between squirrels and oak trees2. The word "they" in line 7 refers to(A) oak forests(B) acorns(C) squirrels(D) predators3.According to the passage , what do squirrels do when large quantities of acorns are available?(A) They do not store acorns.(B) They eat more than 74 percent of available acorns.(C) They do not retrieve all the acorns that they have stored.(D) They hide acorns in tree cavities.4. The word "estimated" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) commented(B) judged(C) observed(D) discovered5. Why does the author mention "the University of Indiana campus" in line 10 -11?(A) to provide evidence that intact acorns are hard to find under oak trees(B) to indicate a place where squirrels can aid seed dispersal of oaks(C) to argue in favor of additional studies concerning the destructive force of squirrels(D) to support the claim that squirrels can do great damage to oak stands6. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that chipmunks do not aid in the dispersal of oak treesbecause(A) they store their acorns where they cannot germinate(B) they consume most of their stored acorns(C) their stored acorns are located and consumed by other species(D) they cannot travel the long distance required for dispersal7.According to the passage , which of the following do squirrels and blue jays have in common?(A) They travel long distances to obtain acorns.(B) They promote the reproduction of oak trees.(C) They bury acorns under fallen leaves.(D) They store large quantities of acorns.8. The phrase "pry off" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) swallow(B) remove(C) squeeze(D) locate9. The word "littered" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) covered(B) displayed(C) fertilized(D) planted10. According to the passage , scientists cannot explain which of the following aspects of squirrelbehavior?(A) Where squirrels store their acorn caches(B) Why squirrels prefer acorns over other seeds(C) Why squirrels eat only a portion of each acorn they retrieve(D) Why squirrels prefer acorns from a particular species of oak trees托福阅读答案：DCCBD DBBAC托福阅读文本：Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistentrelationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of theplanet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed byscientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-longcylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulatedyear after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago.Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition ofancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certainisotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the timewhen that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbondioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levelsdropped. When the global temperature dropped 9°F (5 °C), carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warminterglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts permillion. Through the 160,000years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and280 parts per million, but never rose much higher-until the Industrial Revolution beginning in theeighteenth century and continuing today.There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperaturechange goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have beenmuch greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 millionyears ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced alarge fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today.托福阅读题目：1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Chemical causes of ice ages(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers(C) Evidence of a relationship between levels of carbon dioxide and global temperature(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere2. The word "accumulated" in line 6 is closest in meaning to.(A) spread out(B) changed(C) became denser(D) built up3. According to the passage , the drilling of the glacier in eastern Antarctica was important becauseit(A) allowed scientists to experiment with new drilling techniques(B) permitted the study of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of Earth(C) provided insight about climate conditions in earlier periods(D) confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed4. The phrase "tantamount to" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) complementary to(B) practically the same as(C) especially well suited to(D) unlikely to be confused with5.According to the passage , Grenoble, France, is the place where(A) instruments were developed for measuring certain chemical elements(B) scientists first recorded atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide(C) scientists studied the contents of an ice core fromAntarctica(D) the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature was discovered6. According to the passage , scientists used isotopes from the water of the ice core to determinewhich of following?(A) The amount of air that had bubbled to the surface since the ice had formed(B) The temperature of the atmosphere when the ice was formed(C) The date at which water had become locked in the glacier(D) The rate at which water had been frozen in the glacier7. The word "remarkable" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) genuine(B) permanent(C) extraordinary(D) continuous8. The word "link" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) tension(B) connection(C) attraction(D) distance9. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods mentioned occurred(A) in the early eighteenth century(B) 160,000 years ago(C) at the end of each ice age(D) between 360 and 285 million years ago10.According to the passage , the Carboniferous period was characterized by(A) a reduction in the number of coal deposits(B) the burning of a large amount of coal(C) an abundance of plants(D) an accelerated rate of glacier formation11. The passage explains the origin of which of the following terms?(A) glacier (line 5)(B) isotopes (line 11)(C) Industrial Revolution (line 21)(D) Carboniferous period (lines 26)托福阅读答案：CDCBC BCBAC D托福阅读文本：Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence ofa hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard,along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decorationis no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acousticalconsiderations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in theconstruction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal soloinstrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. Incombination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins formthe nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its ownright dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Itsstature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of Franceestablished at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatreviolins du Roy (The King's 24Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that thestrings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During theeighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by suchcomposer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller,clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher stringtension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard sothat they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance wasachieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerablyelaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.托福阅读题目：1. The word "standard" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) practical(B) customary(C) possible(D) unusual2. "The King's 24 Violins" is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras(C) the superiority of French violins(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in theworld.(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 19 as examples of composers whose music(A) inspired more people to play the violin(B) had to be adapted to the violin(C) demanded more sophisticated violins(D) could be played only by their students5. The word "they" in line 22 refers to(A) Civaldi and Tartini(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension(C) small changes(D) internal structure and fingerboard6. The word "strain" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) struggle(B) strength(C) strategy(D) stress7. The word "Accordingly" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) However(B) Consequently(C) Nevertheless(D) Ultimately8.According to the passage , early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins(A) were heavier(B) broke down more easily(C) produced softer tones(D) were easier to play9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced bya violin?(A)A long fingerboard(B)A small body(C) High string tension(D) Thick strings10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) resonator (line 2)(B) solo (line 7)(C) left-hand technique (line 25)(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)11. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modernviolin music EXCEPT(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWERKEYS托福阅读答案：BAACD DBCAA C。
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷八)
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷八）托福阅读文本：Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems.Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens,such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example,seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests.Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to theparasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals,although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis —that is, they become diseased and die —after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site.Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms(C) How plant defense mechanisms function(D) How the immune system of animals and the defensemechanisms of plants differ2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) strengthened by3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) pierce(B) pinch(C) surround(D) cover .4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to(A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) insects5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic tothe Colorado beetle?(A) resins(B) tannins(C) glycosides(D) alkaloids6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by(A) striking(B) accurate(C) consistent(D) appealing8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 24-279. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on(A) the basis of passive plant defense(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.托福阅读答案：CAABD CADD托福阅读文本：Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by thenaked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called rhyolite. The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava. The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.托福阅读题目：1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions that 95% of the Earth's crust is composed of igneous rock to support the idea that(A) the Earth began as a molten mass(B) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust(C) the minerals found in igneous rock are very common(D) igneous rock is continually being formed2. The word "invade" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) move into(B) neutralize(C) cover(D) deposit3. The word "contemporary" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) vast(B) natural(C) existing(D) uneven4. The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) granite(B) surface(C) landscape(D) texture5. Granite that has been found above ground has been(A) pushed up from below the crust by magma(B) produced during a volcanic explosion(C) gradually exposed due to erosion(D) pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth6. Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?(A) granite(B) plutonic rock(C) rhyolite(D) mineral crystals7. The word "finely" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) minutely(B) loosely(C) sensitively(D) purely8. Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?(A) Plutonic rock(B) Crystal(C) Lava(D) Obsidian托福阅读答案：AACAC CAD托福阅读文本：Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen's patterns of response to politics. Bygiving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen's focus on character rather than issues.Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second "sound bite" in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it require a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech.Reliance on televisionmeans that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a word in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events,called pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.托福阅读题目：1. What is the main point of the passage ?(A) Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of television coverage.(B) Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person.(C) Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television.(D) Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.2. The word "disseminated" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) analyzed(C) spread(D) stored3. It can be inferred that before the introduction of television, political parties(A) had more influence over the selection of political candidates(B) spent more money to promote their political candidates(C) attracted more members(D) received more money4. The word "accelerated" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) allowed(B) increased(C) required(D) started5. The author mentions the "stump speech" in line 7 as an example of(A) an event created by politicians to attract media attention(B) an interactive discussion between two politicians(C) a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century(D) a style of speech common to televised political events6. The phrase "given way to" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) added interest to(C) imitated(D) been replaced by7. The word "that" in line 12 refers to(A) audience(B) broadcast news(C) politician(D) advertisement8. According to the passage , as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discoursewas more successful at(A) allowing news coverage of political candidates(B) placing political issues within a historical context(C) making politics seem more intimate to citizens(D) providing detailed information about a candidates private behavior9. The author states that "politicians assert but do not argue" (line 18) in order to suggest thatpoliticians(A) make claims without providing reasons for the claims(B) take stronger positions on issues than in the past(C) enjoy explaining the issue to broadcasters(D) dislike having to explain their own positions on issues to citizens10. The word "Reliance" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) abundance(B) clarification(C) dependence(D) information11. The purpose of paragraph 4 is to suggest that(A) politicians will need to learn to become more personal when meeting citizens(B) politicians who are considered very attractive are favored by citizens over politicians who areless attractive(C) citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed the issue over one who does not(D) citizens will need to learn how to evaluate visual political images in order to become betterinformed12.According to paragraph 5, staged political events are created so that politicians can(A) create more time to discuss political issues(B) obtain more television coverage for themselves(C) spend more time talking to citizens in person(D) engages in debates with their opponents13. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?(A) Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.(B) Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.(C) Citizens today are less informed about a politician's character than in the past.(D) Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.托福阅读答案：DCABC DABAC DBA托福阅读文本：Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as thoseof plants are, but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps,spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at +50°C, while others can grow at -5°C, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.托福阅读题目：1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?(A) differences between simple and complex fungi(B) functions of chlorophyll in plants(C) functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cells(D) differences between fungi and plants2. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study offungi?(A) Fungi are no longer classified as plants(B) Some single-cell organisms are no longer classified as fungi.(C) New methods of species identification have been introduced(D) Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.3. The word "principal" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) true(B) main(C) logical(D) obvious4.According to the passage , how do fungi obtain carbohydrates?(A) The absorb carbohydrates from their own cell walls.(B) They synthesize chlorophyll to produce carbohydrates.(C) They produce carbohydrates by breaking down chitin.(D) They acquire carbohydrates from other organic matter, both living and dead.5. The passage mentions shrimps, spiders, and insects in line 9 because their skeletons(A) can be destroyed by fungi(B) have unusual chemical compositions(C) contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells(D) secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do6. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "chlorophyll" (line 5)(B) "polymer" (line 8)(C) "hyphae" (line 12)(D) "enzymes" (line 14)7. The word "those" in line 13 refers to(A) tips(B) hyphae(C) enzymes(D) walls8. Fungi have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT(A) They grow hyphae.(B) They secrete enzymes.(C) They synthesize cellulose.(D) They destroy crops.9. The word "Entire" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) certain(B) whole(C) mature(D) diseased10. The passage describes the negative effects of fungi on all the following EXCEPT(A) buildings(B) animals(C) food(D) soil11. The phrase "bring about" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) cause(B) join(C) take(D) include12. The passage mentions "penicillin" in line 25 as an example of(A) a medicine derived from plants(B) a beneficial use of fungi(C) a product of the relationship between plants and fungi(D) a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures.托福阅读答案：DABDC CDCBD AB托福阅读文本：The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the "winged lizards." The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders,not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason —in this case, forflight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of theAndes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.(C) They connected the front and back limbs.(D) They required fingers of equal length.3. The word "literally" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) creating(B) meaning(C) related to(D) simplified4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies(A) in the early Triassic period(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs(C) after the decline of pterosaurs(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils6. The word "They" in line 10 refers to(A) powerful muscles(B) bodies(C) jaws(D) flying reptiles7.According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably "not skillful fliers" (lines 10-11) because(A) of their limited wingspan(B) of their disproportionately large bodies(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs(B) an evolution from pterosaurs(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs9. The word "classified" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) perfected(B) replaced(C) categorized(D) protected10. Which of the following helped researchers determinethatArchaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?(A) Its tail(B) Its teeth(C) The shape of its skull(D) Details of its bone structure11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.(D) It supports the theory thatArchaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.托福阅读答案：DBBCADCDCDA。
新托福阅读模拟试题及答案
新托福阅读模拟试题及答案同学们备考的时候肯定要多做试题，通过做题才能够反映出大家的不足之处才哪里，有针对性的备考才能够进步得更快。
下面就一起来看看新托福阅读模拟试题及答案。
新托福阅读模拟试题及答案The medieval artists didn’t know about perspective; they didn’t want to make their people look like real, individual people in a real, individual scene. They wanted to show the truth, the eternal quality of their religious stories. So these artists didn’t need to know about perspective.In the European Renaissance period, artists wanted to show the importance of the individual person and his or her possessions and surroundings. A flat medieval style couldn’t show this level of reality and the artists needed a new technique. It was the Italian artist Brunelleschi who discovered the technique of perspective drawing. At first the artistsof the Renaissance only had single-point perspective. Later they realized that they could have two-pointed perspective and still later multi-point perspective.With two-point perspective they could turn an object (like a building) at an angle to the picture and draw two sides of it. The technique of perspective which seems so natural to us now is an invented technique, a part of the “grammar of painting”. Like all bits of grammar there are exceptions about perspective. For example, only vertical and horizontal surfaces seem to meet on eye level. Sloping roof tops don’t meet on eye level.For 500 years, artists in Europe made use of perspective drawing in their pictures. Nevertheless, there are a range of priorities that artists in displaying individual styles. Crivelli wanted to show depth in his pictureand he used a simple single-point perspective. Cezanne always talked about space and volume. Van Gogh, like some of the other painters of the Impressionist period, was interested in Japanese prints. And Japanese artists until this century were always very strong designers of “flat” pictures. Picasso certainly made pictures which have volume and depth. However, he wanted to keep our eyes on the surface and to remind us that his paintings are paintings and not illusions.It is technically easy to give an illusion of depth. However, a strong two dimensional design is just as important as a feeling of depth, and perhaps more important.新托福阅读模拟试题及答案一1 The passage mainly discusses(a) the difference between medieval and Renaissance art(b) how the technique of perspective influenced the modern art(c) the discovery of the technique of perspective(d) the contribution of Renaissance artists2 The word “eternal” in line3 is closest in meaning to(a) timeless(b) infinite(c) frequent(d) constant3 According to the passage, which is the main concern for medieval artists?(a) the individual person and his/her possessions and surroundings(b) real people, real scenes(c) eternal timeless truth of the earth(d) themes of religious stories4 The discovery of perspective was the result of(a) Renaissance artists’ to prove that the medieval artists could show level of reality(b) the need to turn an object at an angle and draw more than one side of it(c) the subject being shifted from religious stories to individual person and surroundings.(d) natural evolution of human senses5 The word “it” in line 12 refers to(a) the picture(b) perspective(c) angle(d) the object新托福阅读模拟试题及答案二6 The word “Grammar ” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(a) construction(b) grammatical rules(c) rules and regulations(d) tones and volume7 The author’s purpose to give the example in line14-15 is to(a) explain how perspective work in painting(b) support two-pointed perspective(c) illustrate that there are exceptions about perspective(d) point out that the technique of perspective though seems so natural is an invented technique8 The following artists’ priorities in style shift away from perspective except(a) Crivelli(b) Cezanne(c) Japanese artists(d) Brunelleschi9 The word ”Illusion” in line 25 is closest in meaning to(a) deception(b) photograph(c) decoration(d) illustration10 It can be inferred from the passage that Renaissance artists(a) embraced the medieval style of eternal truth(b) needed to develop a new approach towards painting to show a new level of reality(c) were inspired by vertical and horizontal surfaces in inventing the technique of perspective(d) saw two dimensional design more important than a feeling of depth参考答案：1.b 2.a 3.d 4.c 5.d 6.c 7.c 8.d 9.a 10.b托福阅读重点（句子）积累1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.戴着面具身着盛装的人们，常常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。
托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析)
托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionRemoving DamsP1: In the last century, many of the dams in the United States were built for water diversion, agriculture, factory watermills, and other purposes that allowed farming on lands that would otherwise be too dry, with low-cost hydroelectric power generation being a very significant side benefit. Building these dams was rather labor-intensive, which created jobs for workers and stimulated regional economic development. But those opposed to large dams can marshal a sobering array of criticisms based on those already built, which have provided some benefits but have without exception destroyed river environments and the human communities that depend on them.P2: Many, perhaps most, of the more than 90,000 dams in the country are now obsolete, expensive, and unsafe, and were built with no consideration of the environmental costs. As operating licenses come up for renewal in 1999, habitat restoration to original stream flows will be among the options considered. As these dams age and decay, they can also become public safety hazards, presenting a failure risk and a dangerous nuisance. Worse still, with the growth of the American population, more people are moving into risky areas. Dams that once could have failed without major repercussions are now upstream of cities and development. In 1998, the Army Corps announced that it would no longer be building large dams. In the few remaining sites where dams might be built, public opposition is so great that getting approval for projects is unlikely.P3: For many years, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service had advocated the removal of the Edwards Dam, which was built in 1837 on the Kennebec River in Augusta, Maine, to ease navigation and generate electricity. The Kennebec River was once home to all ten species of migratory fish native to Maine, along with several thriving commercial fisheries. Damming the river not only transformed the natural landscape, but it also prevented migration of salmon, shad, sturgeon, and other fish species up the river.In 1999, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) refused the renewal of the dam license due to excessive negative environmental impact, and the dam was removed, freeing a 17-mile stretch of the Kennebec River that had been submerged for 162 years. P4: The cost of keeping outdated hydroelectric equipment running decades after it was installed or upgrading dam safety systems may not be worth it. This was proven true on the Elwha River in the Olympic National Park in Washington when an extraordinarily rich salmon habitat was being disrupted by an outdated hydroelectric plant. Before dams were built on the Elwha River, 400,000 salmon returned each year to spawn, but that number dropped to fewer than 3,000 after dams were put up. Once the hydroelectric power generating capacities of the dams had outlived their useful lives, the importance of this salmon habitat necessitated the removal of the dams on the Elwha River. Simply removing the dams will not restore the salmon, however.Where 50-kilogram king salmon once fought their way up waterfalls to lay their eggs in gravel beds, there are now only concrete walls holding back still water and deep beds of muddy deposits.P5: When the negative environmental effects outweigh the benefits, a dam may be considered for removal. The Hetch Hetchy Dam, whose construction was one of the first major defeats of the nascent American environmental movement, was approved in 1913 to assist earthquake-ravaged San Francisco. Environmentalists and nature lovers, who said the valley’s beauty surpassed even Yosemite Valley’s, have constantly fought for its removal. They claim that restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley could reclaim an area that is half the size of Yosemite Valley and nearly identical in terms of beauty. Revenue and increased local spending from tourism could offset some or all of the losses from removing the dam. This problem can be thought of as appraising the relative value of two scarce resources, water and space, in Yosemite National Park.P6: How does one weigh the many different economic, cultural, and aesthetic considerations for removing or not removing these dams? Do certain interests, such as the rights of native people or the continued existence of native species of fish or wildlife, take precedence over economic factors, or should this be a utilitarian calculation of the greatest good for the greatest number? And does that number include only humans, or do other species count as well?P4: ■The cost of keeping outdated hydroelectric equipment running decades after it was installed or upgrading dam safety systems may not be worth it. ■This was proven true on the Elwha River in the Olympic National Park in Washington when an extraordinarily rich salmon habitat was being disrupted by an outdated hydroelectric plant. ■Before dams were built on the Elwha River, 400,000 salmon returned each year to spawn, but that number dropped to fewer than 3,000 after dams were put up. ■Once the hydroelectric power generating capacities of the dams had outlived their useful lives, the importance of this salmon habitat necessitated the removal of the dams on the Elwha River. Simply removing the dams will not restore the salmon, however. Where 50-kilogram king salmon once fought their way up waterfalls to lay their eggs in gravel beds, there are now only concrete walls holding back still water and deep beds of muddy deposits.1．According to paragraph 1, building dams was beneficial in each of the following ways EXCEPTA．increasing the amount of land that could be used for farmingB．strengthening local economiesC．increasing the availability of low-cost electricityD．expanding the aquatic habitats of native species正确答案：D解析：【否定事实信息题】末2行提到会破坏河流环境，与D选项矛盾。
托福考试模拟试题
托福考试模拟试题托福（TOEFL，Test of English as a Foreign Language）是世界上最为知名的英语水平考试之一，被广泛用于衡量非英语母语国家的学生在英语听力、阅读、口语和写作能力方面的水平。
托福考试模拟试题是考生备考过程中非常重要的一部分，通过模拟试题的练习，考生可以更好地了解考试形式和题型，提升应对考试的能力。
以下将为大家提供一些托福考试模拟试题，供大家练习参考。
一、听力部分听力是托福考试的第一部分，主要考察考生听力理解能力。
以下是一道托福听力模拟试题：Questions 1-5:Listen to part of a talk in an American history class.Uh, so, why did the Pilgrims come to America? I mean, what were they looking for?Well, they were seeking religious freedom. You see, in England at that time, the Anglican Church held a monopoly over religious practice, and the Pilgrims, being a more radical Protestant sect, wanted to break away and establish their own religious community.What did the Pilgrims do before they came to America?Before settling in America, the Pilgrims first traveled to the Netherlands in search of religious freedom. However, they encountered difficulties there as well, so they eventually decided to set sail for the New World.What was the name of the ship that the Pilgrims sailed to America on?The ship that carried the Pilgrims to America was the Mayflower. It was a small, cramped vessel, and the journey across the Atlantic Ocean was arduous and perilous.What challenges did the Pilgrims face upon arriving in America?Upon reaching America, the Pilgrims faced numerous challenges, including harsh weather conditions, unfamiliar terrain, and conflicts with Native American tribes. Many of them succumbed to disease and starvation during the first winter.What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?The Mayflower Compact was a document signed by the Pilgrims upon their arrival in America. It established a framework for self-government and cooperation among the settlers, laying the foundation for democratic principles in the New World.二、阅读部分阅读部分是托福考试的第二部分，包括多篇文章和相关问题。
2021年最新完整托福模拟题阅读
2021年最新完整托福模拟题阅读最新完整托福模拟题阅读(一)欧阳光明（2021.03.07）Questions 12-20 The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist In such small quantities that it is accurate to say that the universe somewhat more than 25 percent helium by weight and somewhat less than 25 percent hydrogen. Astronomers h Questions 12-20The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist In such small quantities that it is accurate to say that the universe somewhat more than 25 percent helium by weight and somewhat less than 25 percent hydrogen.Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galaxy and in other galaxies as well. Helium has been found In old stars, in relatively young ones, in interstellar gas, and in the distant objects known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also been found to be constituents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are not really a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of numerous different kinds). It doesn't seem to make very much difference where the helium is found. Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may be slightly more of it; In others, slightly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same.Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in this manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a few percent. The universe hasnot existed long enough for this figure to he significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is somewhat more than 25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent helium at a time near the beginning..However, when the universe was less than one minute old, no helium could have existed. Calculations indicate that before this time temperatures were too high and particles of matter were moving around much too rapidly. It was only after the one-minute point that helium could exist. By this time, the univ erse had cooled sufficiently that neutrons and protons could stick together. But the nuclear reactions that led to the formation of helium went on for only a relatively short time. By the time the universe was a few minutes old, helium production had effectively ceased.12. what does the passage mainly explain?(A)How stars produce energy(B)The difference between helium and hydrogen(C)When most of the helium in the universe was formed(D)Why hydrogen is abundant13. According to the passage, helium is(A) the second-most abundant element in the universe(B) difficult to detect(C) the oldest element in the universe(D) the most prevalent element in quasars14. The word "constituents" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) relatives(B) causes(C)components(D) targets15. Why does the author mention "cosmic rays't' in line 7?(A)As part of a list of things containing helium(B) As an example of an unsolved astronomical puzzle(C) To explain how the universe began(D) To explain the abundance of hydrogen in the universe16. The word "vary" in line 10 is closest ill meaning to(A) mean(B) stretch(C) change(D) include17. The creation of helium within stars(A) cannot be measured(B) produces energy(C) produces hydrogen as a by-product(D) causes helium to be much more abundant In old stars than In young star:18. The word "calculated" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) ignored(B) converted(C) increased(D) determined19. Most of the helium in the universe was formed(A) in interstellar space(B) in a very short time(C) during the first minute of the universe's existence(D) before most of the hydrogen20. The word "ceased" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A)extended(B)performed(C)taken hold(D)stopped Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of differentchemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and thepituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define anindiv idual’s personali ty characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levelsof those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) desire(B) origin(C) science(D) chemical28. The word it in the passage refers to(A) secretin(B) small intestine(C) bloodstream(D) pancreas29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) remembered(B) surprised(C) invented(D) motivated30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must(A) be part of the digestive process(B) influence the operations of the nervous system(C) affect processes in a different part of the body(D) regulate attitudes and behavior31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to(A) whether scientists understand their function(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) misunderstood(B) precise(C) significant(D) simple33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) sudden(B) small(C) changing(D) noticeable34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure,scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions e xtensively.35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) advertised(C) prescribed(D) researched36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal(B) Adults with strong digestive systems(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D) Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Cli ck on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous systembut also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27. B28. A29. D30. C31. D32. C33. B34. D35. A36. D37. A38. third square39.1) Scientists have di scovered that not only the nervous system….2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….。
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托福阅读模拟试题参考
xx年托福阅读模拟试题参考
Jazz has been called "the art of expression set to music", and "Americas great contribution to music". It has functioned as popular art and enjoyed periods of fairly widespread public response, in the "jazz age" of the 1920s, in the "swing era" of the late 1930s and in the peak popularity of modern jazz in the late 1950s. The standard legend about Jazz is that it originated around the end of the 19th century in New Orleans and moved up the
Mississippi River to Memphis, St. Louis, and finally to Chicago. It welded together the elements of Ragtime, marching band music, and the Blues. However, the influences of what led to those early sounds goes back to tribal African drum beats and European musical structures. Buddy Bolden, a New Orleans barber and cor player, is generally considered to have been the first real Jazz musician, around 1891.
What made Jazz significantly different from the other earlier forms of music was the use of improvisation. Jazz
displayed a break from traditional music where a poser wrote an entire piece of music on paper, leaving the musicians to break their backs playing exactly what was written on the score. In a Jazz piece, however, the song is simply a starting point, or sort of skeletal guide for the Jazz musicians to improvise around. Actually, many of the early Jazz musicians were bad sight readers and some couldnt even read music at all. Generally speaking, these early musicians couldnt make very much money and were stuck working menial jobs to make a living. The second wave of New Orleans Jazz musicians included such memorable players as Joe Oliver, Kid Ory, and Jelly Roll Morton. These men formed small bands and took the music of earlier musicians, improved its plexity, and gained greater suess. This music is known as "hot Jazz" due to the enormously fast speeds and rhythmic drive.
A young cor player by the name of Louis Armstrong was discovered by Joe Oliver in New Orleans. He soon grew up to bee one of the greatest and most suessful musicians of all time, and later one of the biggest stars in the world. The
impact of Armstrong and other; talented early Jazz musicians changed the way we look at music.
1. The Passage answers which of the following questions?
(a) Why did Ragtime, marching band music, and the B
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