科技英语写作unit
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2020/7/26
1.Presenting a Picture of the Object
• A research description, as we have often seen, is intended to present a picture of the appearance of an object or the details or process of an investigation. Thus it must include information about the factors with which the research topic is involved. Some of such factors may be visible while others may be invisible. And the emphasis is constantly oriented to the ways and manners in which the factors concerned function.
2020/7/26
• From the above excerpt, it can be seen that the authors describe the two sites objectively by comparing them from their general climatic, geographical, and locational features to the height of buildings and their wall and roof styles and the sun's directions at any given time. The authors also give an analysis of the influence of climate, latitude, road layout and the building types on the total solar input and on the optimum surface orientation. Such a kind of objective description is typical for professional research papers.
2020/7/26
• This is shown in the passage from James O. Berger & Donald A Berry's article Statistical Analysis and the Illusions of Objectivity: (Page 78)
2020/7/26
• In the following passage, N. M. Pearsall et al. have given an objective description of UK and US city centers in terms of the factors of most influence on the potential generation of electricity by photo voltaic modules installed on building roofs or walls. The passage reads (Page 76)
2020/7/26
• A number of words that list or classify facts are usually used for the purpose, such as group, set, class, kind, variety, be numbered among, be included in, be grouped with, exclude, except, include, comprise, contain, take in, excluding, excepting, also, in addition, likewise, subdivision, subgroup, subset, similarly, etc.
2020/7/26
• Neither of the two approaches to description exists independently. Objective description is always the product of a subjective selection of details, while subjective description captures reaction to an objective reality. A skillful professional writer, however, should adjust the balance between objectivity and subjectivity to suit the topic, thesis, purpose, and audience of a paper.
2. Logical Development: developing by
chronological sequence, developing by investigation procedures, developing the research "from Abstract to Concrete", developing the research "from Concrete to Abstract", developing by using other logical sequencing
2020/7/26
• 3. Reasoning (Persuasion) • 4. Special Attention:
sentence structure (2) -- short form sentences led by"as"; present, past and present perfect tenses, passive voice, subjunctive mood, etc.
discussed 2020/7/26 separately.
1. Description
• 1) Objective Description
• In most cases, when a professional author writes his research papers, he has to take an objective approach instead of a subjective one, because in his professional research, he has to focus on the object he is portraying rather than on his personal reactions to it. All the related situations require a precise description of the conditions or processes his research involves. And in such cases his goal is to supply information -- to build up as
2020/7/26
THEME PRESENTATION
• No professional paper is purely theoretical or experimental. In fact, there is no clear demarcation(distinction) between the two types of research papers. However, there do exist different emphases and distinctive features in papers of theoretical nature and these of experimental nature. In this unit and the unit that follows, the two different types of papers will be
2020/7/26
• The above passage can be used as an example to show the authors' attitude towards subjective analysis of statistical data in scientific research. Needless to say, it mirrors the authors' subjective inclinations or intentions in the topic of their discussion. Therefore, it would be unrealistic to say that in science and scientific research everything should be cold and objective.
2020/7/26
3) General requirements for
research description
• When giving a research description, different researchers may have different methods or individualities. In professional research, however, freedom of individuality is somehow limited. Some general writing requirements can be customary or professional "regulations."
2020/7/26accurate a picture as he can for his readers.
• Of course, objectivity is an ideal that scientists, engineers or technologists aim at but never achieve fully. Anyhow, they have to select desirable details and eliminate others, though they can hardly be completely objective.
2020/7/26
2) Subjective Description
• In contrast to objective description is subjective or impressionistic description, which shows the author's impressions of or responses to what they see. In such descriptions, the author does not only want to describe the object itself but also express directly or indirectly his impressions or opinions of what he is describing. And therefore, as a rule, a subjective or impressionistic description aims not only at conveying the actual record of sights and sounds, but also the author's attitudes and bias on what he is describing.
Unit源自文库6
Textual Development
2020/7/26
Topical Highlights:
1 . Description: objective description,
subjective
description,
general
requirements for research description.
1.Presenting a Picture of the Object
• A research description, as we have often seen, is intended to present a picture of the appearance of an object or the details or process of an investigation. Thus it must include information about the factors with which the research topic is involved. Some of such factors may be visible while others may be invisible. And the emphasis is constantly oriented to the ways and manners in which the factors concerned function.
2020/7/26
• From the above excerpt, it can be seen that the authors describe the two sites objectively by comparing them from their general climatic, geographical, and locational features to the height of buildings and their wall and roof styles and the sun's directions at any given time. The authors also give an analysis of the influence of climate, latitude, road layout and the building types on the total solar input and on the optimum surface orientation. Such a kind of objective description is typical for professional research papers.
2020/7/26
• This is shown in the passage from James O. Berger & Donald A Berry's article Statistical Analysis and the Illusions of Objectivity: (Page 78)
2020/7/26
• In the following passage, N. M. Pearsall et al. have given an objective description of UK and US city centers in terms of the factors of most influence on the potential generation of electricity by photo voltaic modules installed on building roofs or walls. The passage reads (Page 76)
2020/7/26
• A number of words that list or classify facts are usually used for the purpose, such as group, set, class, kind, variety, be numbered among, be included in, be grouped with, exclude, except, include, comprise, contain, take in, excluding, excepting, also, in addition, likewise, subdivision, subgroup, subset, similarly, etc.
2020/7/26
• Neither of the two approaches to description exists independently. Objective description is always the product of a subjective selection of details, while subjective description captures reaction to an objective reality. A skillful professional writer, however, should adjust the balance between objectivity and subjectivity to suit the topic, thesis, purpose, and audience of a paper.
2. Logical Development: developing by
chronological sequence, developing by investigation procedures, developing the research "from Abstract to Concrete", developing the research "from Concrete to Abstract", developing by using other logical sequencing
2020/7/26
• 3. Reasoning (Persuasion) • 4. Special Attention:
sentence structure (2) -- short form sentences led by"as"; present, past and present perfect tenses, passive voice, subjunctive mood, etc.
discussed 2020/7/26 separately.
1. Description
• 1) Objective Description
• In most cases, when a professional author writes his research papers, he has to take an objective approach instead of a subjective one, because in his professional research, he has to focus on the object he is portraying rather than on his personal reactions to it. All the related situations require a precise description of the conditions or processes his research involves. And in such cases his goal is to supply information -- to build up as
2020/7/26
THEME PRESENTATION
• No professional paper is purely theoretical or experimental. In fact, there is no clear demarcation(distinction) between the two types of research papers. However, there do exist different emphases and distinctive features in papers of theoretical nature and these of experimental nature. In this unit and the unit that follows, the two different types of papers will be
2020/7/26
• The above passage can be used as an example to show the authors' attitude towards subjective analysis of statistical data in scientific research. Needless to say, it mirrors the authors' subjective inclinations or intentions in the topic of their discussion. Therefore, it would be unrealistic to say that in science and scientific research everything should be cold and objective.
2020/7/26
3) General requirements for
research description
• When giving a research description, different researchers may have different methods or individualities. In professional research, however, freedom of individuality is somehow limited. Some general writing requirements can be customary or professional "regulations."
2020/7/26accurate a picture as he can for his readers.
• Of course, objectivity is an ideal that scientists, engineers or technologists aim at but never achieve fully. Anyhow, they have to select desirable details and eliminate others, though they can hardly be completely objective.
2020/7/26
2) Subjective Description
• In contrast to objective description is subjective or impressionistic description, which shows the author's impressions of or responses to what they see. In such descriptions, the author does not only want to describe the object itself but also express directly or indirectly his impressions or opinions of what he is describing. And therefore, as a rule, a subjective or impressionistic description aims not only at conveying the actual record of sights and sounds, but also the author's attitudes and bias on what he is describing.
Unit源自文库6
Textual Development
2020/7/26
Topical Highlights:
1 . Description: objective description,
subjective
description,
general
requirements for research description.