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Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度，他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。

Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道（如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等）提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。

The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款（如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等）。

Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。

外文翻译中英对照版

VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing EngineeringCopyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30材料与制造工程成果期刊版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。

一切权利保有。

2008 ？？151研究论文1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10].1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。

这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。

材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。

例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。

外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。

上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。

在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。

1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。

但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。

8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。

虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。

虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。

当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。

姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。

从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。

外文文献翻译(图片版)

本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。

当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。

事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。

但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。

但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。

此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。

随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。

本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。

相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。

本文有三个部分。

在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。

第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。

引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。

第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。

环境工程外文翻译外文原文

12Oxidation DitchNazih K.Shammas and Lawrence K.WangC ONTENTSI NTRODUCTIONP ROCESS D ESCRIPTIONA PPLICABILITYA DVANTAGES AND D ISADVANTAGESD ESIGN C RITERIAP ERFORMANCEP ACKAGE O XIDATION D ITCH P LANTSO PERATION AND M AINTENANCED ESIGN C ONSIDERATIONSC OSTSD ESIGNE XAMPLEN OMENCLATURER EFERENCESA PPENDIXAbstract An oxidation ditch is a modiﬁed activated sludge biological treatment process that uses long solids retention times(SRTs)to remove biodegradable organics.The typical oxidation ditch is equipped with aeration rotors or brushes that provide aeration and circula-tion.The wastewater moves through the ditch at1to2ft/s.The ditch may be designed for continuous or intermittent operation.Because of this feature,this process may be adaptable to theﬂuctuations inﬂows and loadings associated with recreation area wastewater production. Several manufacturers have developed modiﬁcations to the oxidation ditch design to remove nutrients in conditions cycled or phased between the anoxic and aerobic states.This chapter covers all aspects of the process including process description,applicability, design criteria,performance,package oxidation ditch plants,operation and maintenance, design parameters and procedure,costs and a worked out design example.From:Handbook of Environmental Engineering,Volume8:Biological Treatment ProcessesEdited by:L.K.Wang et al.c The Humana Press,Totowa,NJ513514N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang Key Words Oxidation ditch r wastewater treatment r rotors r BOD r nutrients removal r design procedure r costs.1.INTRODUCTIONThe oxidation ditch,developed in the Netherlands,is a variation of the extended aeration process that has been used in small towns,isolated communities,and institutions in Europe and the United States.The typical oxidation ditch(Figure12.1)is equipped with aeration rotors or brushes that provide aeration and circulation.The wastewater moves through the ditch at1to2ft/s.The ditch may be designed for continuous or intermittent operation. Because of this feature,this process may be adaptable to theﬂuctuations inﬂows and loadings associated with recreation area wastewater production(1).2.PROCESS DESCRIPTIONAn oxidation ditch is a modiﬁed activated sludge biological treatment process that uses long solids retention times(SRTs)to remove biodegradable organics.Oxidation ditches are typically complete mix systems,but they can be modiﬁed to approach plugﬂow conditions. Typical oxidation ditch treatment systems consist of a single or multichannel conﬁguration within a ring or oval basin.As a result,oxidation ditches are called“racetrack type”reactors (2).Horizontally or vertically mounted aerators provide circulation,oxygen transfer,and aeration in the ditch.The cross-sectional area of the ditch is commonly4ft to6ft deep,with 45◦sloping sidewalls.Oxidation ditch systems with depths of10ft or more with vertical sidewalls and vertical shaft aerators may also be used.Ditches may be constructed of various materials,including concrete,gunite,asphalt,or impervious membranes.Concrete is the most common.L-and horseshoe-shaped conﬁgurations have been constructed to maximize land usage(3).Preliminary treatment,such as bar screens and grit removal,normally precedes the oxida-tion ditch.Primary settling before an oxidation ditch is sometimes practiced,but is not typicalefﬂuentin this design.Tertiaryﬁlters may be required after clariﬁcation,depending on theSettlingTankFig.12.1.Typical oxidation ditchﬂow diagram(1).Ditch 515requirements.Disinfection isrequired and reaeration may be necessary before ﬁnal discharge.Flow to the oxidation ditch is aerated and mixed with return sludge from a secondary clariﬁer.A typical process ﬂow diagram for an activated sludge plant using an oxidation ditch is shown in Figure 12.1.Surface aerators,such as brush rotors,disc aerators,draft tube aerators,or ﬁne bubble diffusers are used to circulate the mixed liquor.The mixing process entrains oxygen into the mixed liquor to foster microbial growth and the motive velocity ensures contact of microorganisms with the incoming wastewater.The aeration sharply increases the dissolved oxygen (DO)concentration but decreases as biomass uptake oxygen as the mixed liquor travels through the ditch.Solids are maintained in suspension as the mixed liquor circulates around the ditch.If design SRTs are selected for nitriﬁcation,a high degree of nitriﬁcation will occur.Oxidation ditch efﬂuent is usually settled in a separate secondary clariﬁer.An anaerobic tank may be added before the ditch to enhance biological phosphorus removal.An oxidation ditch may also be operated to achieve denitriﬁcation.One of the common design modiﬁcations for enhanced nitrogen removal is known as the Modiﬁed Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE)process (2,4–8).In this process,illustrated in Figure 12.2,an anoxic tank is added upstream of the ditch along with mixed liquor recirculation from the aerobic zone to the tank to achieve higher levels of denitriﬁcation.In the aerobic basin,autotrophic bacteria (nitriﬁers)convert ammonia-nitrogen to nitrite-nitrogen and then to nitrate-nitrogen.In the anoxic zone,heterotrophic bacteria convert nitrate-nitrogen to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere.Some mixed liquor from the aerobic basin is recirculated to the anoxic zone to provide the mixed liquor with a high-concentration of nitrate-nitrogen to the anoxic zone.Several manufacturers have developed modiﬁcations to the oxidation ditch design to remove nutrients in conditions cycled or phased between the anoxic and aerobic states.Although the mechanics of operation differ by manufacturer,in general,the process consists of two separate aeration basins,the ﬁrst anoxic and the second aerobic.Wastewater and return activated sludge (RAS)are introduced into the ﬁrst reactor which operates under anoxic conditions.Mixed liquor then ﬂows into the second reactor operating under aerobicSludge Mixed Liquor RecirculationFig.12.2.The modiﬁed Ludzack-Ettinger process (2).516N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang conditions.The process is then reversed and the second reactor begins to operate under anoxic conditions(2).Another proposed conﬁguration(9)is to obtain nitriﬁcation in the region just downstream of the brush aerators which is aerobic.As the liquor travels downstream and the oxygen is consumed,an anaerobic zone is formed.By routing a small portion of the raw sewage inﬂuent (as a carbon source)to this zone,denitriﬁcation occurs.The mixed liquor then contacts another brush aerator so that the organic nitrogen produced by the denitrifying bacteria is oxidized. The number of anaerobic zones and aerators required is a design parameter that depends on the capacity and loading of the plant.3.APPLICABILITYThe oxidation ditch process is a fully demonstrated secondary wastewater treatment technology,applicable in any situation where activated sludge treatment(conventional or extended aeration)is appropriate(10).Oxidation ditches are applicable in plants that require nitriﬁcation because the basins can be sized using an appropriate SRT to achieve nitri-ﬁcation at the mixed liquor minimum temperature(11).This technology is very effec-tive in small installations(wastewaterﬂows between0.1and10MGD),small communi-ties,and isolated institutions,because it requires more land than conventional treatment plants(2,3).The oxidation process as mentioned previously,originated in the Netherlands,with the ﬁrst full scale plant installed in V oorschoten,Holland,in1954.By the end of the century more than9200municipal oxidation ditch installations were operational in the United States (12).Nitriﬁcation to less than1mg/L ammonia-nitrogen consistently occurs when ditches are designed and operated for nitrogen removal.Today,a complete biological treatment system can be provided with a single oxidation ditch system.The oxidation ditch structure can be constructed with only a single aerator and an intrachannel clariﬁer.By incorporating denitriﬁcation within a channel of the oxidation ditch,alternating oxic/anoxic conditions can be created which will effectively reduce nitrogen concentrations to the desired low levels to meet the efﬂuent discharge regulations(13).Double or triple concentric ditch arrangement allows for variation in dissolved oxygen levels resulting in conditions that are favorable for the biomass to remove nitrogen and phosphorus(14).4.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGESThe main advantage of the oxidation ditch is the ability to achieve removal performance objectives with low operational requirements and operation and maintenance costs.Some speciﬁc advantages of oxidation ditches include(2):(a)An added measure of reliability and performance over other biological processes owing to aconstant water level and continuous discharge which lowers the weir overﬂow rate and eliminates the periodic efﬂuent surge common to other biological processes,such as SBRs.(b)Long hydraulic retention time and complete mixing minimize the impact of a shock load orhydraulic surge.Oxidation Ditch517 (c)Produces less sludge than other biological treatment processes owing to extended biologicalactivity during the activated sludge process.(d)Energy efﬁcient operations result in reduced energy costs compared with other biologicaltreatment processes.The disadvantages include:(a)Efﬂuent suspended solids concentrations are relatively high compared to other modiﬁcations ofthe activated sludge process.(b)Requires a larger land area than other activated sludge treatment options.This can prove costly,limiting the feasibility of oxidation ditches in urban,suburban,or other areas where land acquisition costs are relatively high.5.DESIGN CRITERIAOxidation ditches are commonly constructed using reinforced concrete,although gunite, asphalt,butyl rubber,and clay have also been used.Impervious materials are usually used to prevent erosion.The ditches are usually4to6ft deep with45degrees or vertical sidewalls(3).Screened wastewater enters the ditch,is aerated,and circulates at about0.25to0.35m/s (0.8to1.2ft/s)to maintain the solids in suspension(15).The RAS recycle ratio is from75 to150%,and the mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)concentration ranges from1500 to5000mg/L(15).The oxygen transfer efﬁciency of oxidation ditches ranges from2.5to 3.5lb/hp-h(2,16).The design criteria are affected by the inﬂuent wastewater parameters and the required efﬂuent characteristics,including the decision or requirement to achieve nitriﬁcation,deni-triﬁcation,and/or biological phosphorus removal.Speciﬁc design parameters for oxidation ditches include(2).5.1.Solids Retention Time(SRT)Oxidation ditch volume is sized based on the required SRT to meet efﬂuent quality require-ments.The SRT is selected as a function of nitriﬁcation requirements and the minimum mixed liquor temperature.Design SRT values vary from4to48or more days(2,3).Typical SRTs required for nitriﬁcation range from12to24days.5.2.BOD LoadingBOD loading rates vary from less than160mg/L/d(10lb/1000ft3/d)to more than 800mg/L/d(50lb/1000ft3/d)(2,3).A BOD loading rate of240mg/L/d(15lb/1000ft3/d) is commonly used as a design loading rate.However,the BOD loading rate is not typically used to determine whether or not nitriﬁcation occurs.5.3.Hydraulic Retention TimeAlthough rarely used as a basis for oxidation ditch design,hydraulic retention times(HRTs) within the oxidation ditch range from6to30hours for most municipal wastewater treatment plants(2,3).518N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang6.PERFORMANCEAs fully demonstrated secondary treatment processes,oxidation ditch processes are readily adaptable for nitriﬁcation and denitriﬁcation.As part of an evaluation of oxidation ditches for nutrient removal(17),performance data were collected from17oxidation ditch plants. The average designﬂow for these plants varied between378and45,425m3/d(0.1to12 MGD).The average performance of these plants indicates that oxidation ditches achieveBOD,suspended solids,and ammonia nitrogen removal of greater than90%.Likewise, US EPA reported nitrogen removals of greater than90%from several oxidation ditch processes(2).It should be kept in mind that to be able to achieve such high nitrogen removals,it is imperative to have continuous plant supervision and skilled operation.This is essential for assuring full control of the dissolved oxygen(DO)proﬁle in the oxidation ditch system. Several modeling techniques have been proposed to help for DO control and to perform real time predictions of performance(18,19).The following sections discuss the performance of two recently designed oxidation ditch facilities.6.1.Casa Grande Water Reclamation FacilityThe City of Casa Grande,Arizona,Water Reclamation Facility began operation in February 1996.The system was designed to treat a wastewaterﬂow of15,142m3/d(4.0MGD)and uses an anoxic zone preceding the aerobic zone of each train to provide denitriﬁcation.With inﬂuent design parameters of270mg/L BOD,300mg/L TSS,and45mg/L TKN,the plant has consistently achieved efﬂuent objectives of10mg/L BOD,15mg/L TSS,1.0mg/L ammonia, and5.0mg/L nitrate-nitrogen.Table12.1summarizes the plant’s performance between July 1997and July1999(20).6.2.Edgartown,Massachusetts WWTPThe Edgartown,Massachusetts WWTP,located on the island of Martha’s Vineyard,is designed to treat757m3/d(0.20MGD)in the winter months and2,839m3/d(0.75MGD) in the summer.Two oxidation basins are installed and the plant has achieved performance objectives since opening.Table12.2summarizes average monthly inﬂuent,efﬂuent and percent removal data(21).Table12.1Performance of Casa Grande,AZ WWTP aParameter BOD TSS Total NInﬂuent,average monthly value,mg/L22620735Efﬂuent,average monthly value,mg/L952Removal,%969794a Data adapted from ref.20.Oxidation Ditch519Table 12.2Performance of Edgartown,MA WWTP aParameterBOD TSS Total N Inﬂuent,average monthly value,mg/L23820227Efﬂuent,average monthly value,mg/L352Removal,%999792a Data adapted from ref.21.7.PACKAGE OXIDATION DITCH PLANTSPackage plants are premanufactured treatment facilities used to treat wastewater in small communities.Package plants are usually designed by manufacturers to treat ﬂows as low as 0.002MGD to as high as 0.5MGD (22,23).7.1.DescriptionPackage oxidation ditches are typically manufactured in sizes that treat wastewater ﬂow rates between 0.01and 0.5MGD.As seen in Figure 12.3,raw wastewater is ﬁrst screened before entering the oxidation ditch.Depending on the system size and manufacturer type,a grit chamber may be required.Once inside the ditch,the wastewater is aerated with mechanical surface or submersible aerators (depending on manufacturer design)that pro-pel the mixed liquor around the channel at velocities high enough to prevent solids depo-sition.The aerator ensures that there is sufﬁcient oxygen in the ﬂuid for the microbes and adequate mixing to ensure constant contact between the organisms and the food supply (24).Treated sewage moves to the settling tank or ﬁnal clariﬁer,where the biosolids and water separate.Wastewater then moves to other treatment processes while sludge is removed.Part of it is returned to the ditch as RAS,while the rest is removed from the process as the waste activated sludge (WAS).WAS is wasted either continuously or daily and must be stabilized before disposal or beneﬁcialreuse.Disinfection Clarification Screening/Grinding Oxidation Ditch Fig.12.3.Package oxidation ditch plant (22).520N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang7.2.ApplicabilityIn general,package treatment plants are applicable for areas with a limited number of people and small wastewaterﬂows.They are most often used in remote locations such as trailer parks,highway rest areas,and rural areas.Oxidation ditches are suitable for facilities that require nutrient removal,have limitations owing to the nature of the site,or want a biological system that saves energy with limited use of chemicals unless required for further treatment.Oxidation ditch technology can be used to treat any type of wastewater that is responsive to aerobic degradation.In addition,systems can be designed for denitriﬁcation and phosphorous removal.Types of industries using oxidation ditches include:food processing,meat and poultry packing,breweries,pharmaceutical,milk processing,petrochemical,and numerous other types.Oxidation ditches are particularly useful for schools,small industries,housing developments,and small communities.Ultimately,this technology is most applicable for places that have a large amount of land available(22).7.3.Advantages and DisadvantagesSome advantages of package oxidation ditch plants are listed below(22):(a)Systems are well-suited for treating typical domestic waste,have moderate energy requirements,and work effectively under most types of weather.(b)Oxidation ditches provide an inexpensive wastewater treatment option with both low operationand maintenance costs and operational needs.(c)Systems can be used with or without clariﬁers,which affectsﬂexibility and cost.(d)Systems consistently provide high quality efﬂuent in terms of TSS,BOD,and ammonia levels.(e)Oxidation ditches have a relatively low sludge yield,require a moderate amount of operator skill,and are capable of handling shock and hydraulic loadings.The disadvantages include:(a)Oxidation ditches can be noisy owing to mixer/aeration equipment,and tend to produce odorswhen not operated correctly.(b)Biological treatment is unable to treat highly toxic waste streams.(c)Systems have a relatively large footprint.(d)Systems have lessﬂexibility should regulations for efﬂuent requirements change.7.4.Design CriteriaKey components of a typical oxidation ditch include a screening device,an inﬂuent dis-tributor(with some systems),a basin or channel,aeration devices(mechanical aerators,jet mixers,or diffusers,depending on the manufacturer),a settling tank orﬁnal clariﬁer(with some systems),and an RAS system(with some systems).These components are often built to share a common wall to reduce costs and save space.Concrete tanks are typically used when installing package plant oxidation ditches.This results in lower maintenance costs as concrete tanks do not require periodic repainting or sand blasting.Fabricated steel or a combination of steel and concrete can also be used for construction,depending on site conditions(24).Oxidation Ditch521 Table12.3Design criteria for package oxidation ditch plants(22)Parameter Design valueBOD loading(F/M),lb BOD5/lb MLVSS0.05–0.30Average oxygen requirement(@20◦C),lb/lb BOD5applied2–3Peak Oxygen requirement(@20◦C),lb/lb BOD5applied 1.5–2.0MLSS,mg/L3000–6000Detention time,h18–36V olumetric loading,lb BOD5/1,000ft35–30Table12.4Package oxidation ditch plants performance(22)Typical Efﬂuent Quality Ocoee WWTPWith2◦Clariﬁer With Filter%Removal Efﬂuent CBOD,mg/L0.105>97 4.8TSS,mg/L0.105>970.32TP,mg/L21NA NAN-NO3,mg/L NA NA>950.25 2◦=Secondary,NA=Not applicable.Table12.3lists typical design parameters for package oxidation ditch plants.The volume of the oxidation ditch is determined based on inﬂuent wastewater characteristics,efﬂuent discharge requirements,HRT,SRT,temperature,mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS),and pH.It may be necessary to include other site speciﬁc parameters to design the oxidation ditch as well.Some oxidation ditches do not initially require clariﬁers,but can later be upgraded and expanded by adding clariﬁers,changing the type of process used,or adding additional ditches(25).7.5.PerformanceAlthough the manufacturer’s design may vary,most oxidation ditches typically achieve the efﬂuent limitations listed in Table12.4.Denitrifying oxidation ditches are capable of extremely high efﬁciencies.With modiﬁcations,some oxidation ditches can achieve TN removal to5mg/L.The3MGD oxidation ditch in Stonybrook,New York regularly maintains 97%nitrogen removal efﬁciency(9).Currently,the wastewater treatment plant in Ocoee,Florida accepts an averageﬂow of 1.1to1.2MGD.The city chose to use an oxidation ditch because it was an easy tech-nology for the plant staff to understand and implement.The facility is also designed for denitriﬁcation without the use of chemical additives.Nitrate levels consistently test at0.8to 1.0mg/L with limits of12mg/L(26).Table12.4indicates how well the Ocoee oxidation ditch performs.522N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang Table12.5Costs for package oxidation ditch plants∗(22)Flow range,MGD Budget price,USD Budget cost,USD/gal0.00–0.0396,000 6.390.03–0.06109,100 2.420.06–1.10116,3000.211.10–1.70126,5000.101.70–2.50138,1000.07∗Dollars values adjusted form original1999(Cost Index=460.16)to2008(Cost Index=552.16);(Appendix A.extracted from US Army Corps of EngineersRef.27).7.6.CostsTable12.5lists budget cost estimates for various sizes of oxidation ditches(22).Operation and maintenance costs for oxidation ditches are signiﬁcantly lower than other secondary treatment processes.In comparison to other treatment technologies,energy requirements are low,operator attention is minimal,and chemical addition is not required.8.OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEOxidation ditches require relatively little maintenance compared to other secondary treat-ment processes.No chemicals are required in most applications,but metal salts can be added to enhance phosphorus removal.8.1.Residuals GeneratedPrimary sludge is produced if primary clariﬁers precede the oxidation ditch.Sludge produc-tion for the oxidation ditch process ranges from0.2to0.85kg TSS/kg(0.2to0.85lb TSS/lb) BOD applied(28).Typical sludge production is0.65kg TSS/kg of BOD(0.65lb TSS/lb of BOD).This is less than conventional activated sludge facilities because of long SRTs.8.2.Operating ParametersThe oxygen coefﬁcient for BOD removal varies with temperature and SRT.Typical oxygen requirements range from1.1to1.5kg of O2per kg of BOD removed(1.1to1.5lb of O2per lb of BOD removed)and4.57kg O2/kg TKN oxidized(4.57lb O2/lb TKN oxidized)(17). Oxygen transfer efﬁciency ranges from2.5to3.5lb/hp-h(16).9.DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS9.1.Input DataThe following data forﬂows and inﬂuent and efﬂuent characteristics shall be provided(1): (a)Wastewaterﬂow(average and peak).In case of high variability,a statistical distribution shouldbe provided.(b)Wastewater strength1.BOD5(soluble and total),mg/L2.COD and/or TOC(maximum and minimum),mg/L3.Suspended solids,mg/L4.V olatile suspended solids,mg/L5.Nonbiodegradable fraction of VSS,mg/L(c)Other characteristics1.pH2.Acidity and/or alkalinity,mg/L3.Nitrogen,mg/L(NH3or Kjeldahl)4.Phosphorus(total and soluble),mg/L5.Oils and greases,mg/L6.Heavy metals,mg/L7.Toxic or special characteristics(e.g.,phenols),mg/L8.Temperature,◦F or◦C(d)Efﬂuent quality requirements1.BOD5,mg/L2.SS,mg/LN,mg/L4.P,mg/L9.2.Design Parameters(a)Eckenfelder reaction rate constants and coefﬁcientsk=0.0007to0.002L/mg/h1.a=0.732.a =0.523.b=0.075/d4.b =0.15/d5.a o=0.77a=0.566.f=0.1407.f =0.53(b)F/M=0.03−0.1(c)V olumetric loading=10to40(d)t=18to36h(e)t s=20to30d(f)MLSS=4000to8000mg/L(mean=6000mg/L)(g)MLVSS=2800to5600mg/L(h)Q r/Q=0.5to1.0(i)lb O2/lb BOD r≥1.5(j)lb solids/lb BOD r≤0.2.(k)θ=1.0to1.03(l)Efﬁciency≥90%9.3.Design ProcedureThe following is a guide line that summarizes the design procedure(Eckenfelder Method) for an oxidation ditch(1,29–35)(a)Assume the following design parameters when known.1.Fraction of BOD synthesized(a)2.Fraction of BOD oxidized for energy(a )3.Endogenous respiration rate(b and b )4.Fraction of BOD5synthesized to degradable solids(a o)5.Nonbiodegradable fraction of VSS in inﬂuent(f)6.Mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)7.Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS)8.Temperature correction coefﬁcient(θ)9.Degradable fraction of the MLVSS(x )10.Food-to-microorganism ratio(F/M)11.Efﬂuent soluble BOD5(S e)(b)Adjust the BOD removal rate constant for temperaturek T=k20θ(T−20)(1)wherek T=rate constant for desired temperaturek20=rate constant at20◦Cθ=temperature correction coefﬁcientT=temperature,◦C(c)Determine the size of the aeration tankV=a o(S o−S e)Q avg/X V f b(2)whereV=aeration tank volume,MGa o=fraction of BOD5synthesized to degradable solidsS o=inﬂuent BOD5,mg/LS e=efﬂuent soluble BOD5,mg/LQ avg=Average wasteﬂow,MGDX V=MLVSS,mg/Lf =degradable fraction of the MLVSSb=endogenous respiration rate,1/d(d)Calculate the detention timet=(V/Q)24(3)wheret=detention time,hV=volume,MGQ=ﬂow,MGD(e)Assume the organic loading and calculate detention timet=(24S o)/X V(F/M)(4) wheret=detention time,hS o=inﬂuent BOD5,mg/LX V=volatile solids in raw sludge,mg/LF/M=organic loading(food-to-microorganism ratio)and select the larger of two detention times from d or e above(f)Determine the oxygen requirements allowing60%for nitriﬁcation during summerO2=[a S r Q avg+b X V V+0.6(4.57)(TKN)(Q avg)](8.34)(5)whereO2=oxygen required,lb/da =fraction of BOD oxidized for energyS r=BOD5removed,mg/LQ avg=average wasteﬂow,MGDb =endogenous respiration rate,1/dX V=MLVSS,mg/LV=aeration tank volume,MG4.57=parts oxygen required per part TKNTKN=total Kjeldahl nitrogen,mg/L(g)calculate oxygen requirement per lb BOD r(it should be≥1.5)lbO2/lb BOD r=O2/Q avg S r(8.34)(6)whereO2=oxygen required,lb/dQ avg=average wastewaterﬂow,MGDS r=BOD5removed,mg/L(h)Calculate sludge productionX V=8.34[a(S r)(Q)−(b)(X V)(V)−Q(SS)eff+Q(VSS)f +Q(SS−VSS)](7)whereX V volatile sludge produced,lb/da=fraction of BOD synthesizedS r=BOD5removed,mg/LQ=average wastewaterﬂow,MGDb=endogenous respiration rate,1/dX V=volatile solids in raw sludge,mg/LV=aeration tank volume,MG(SS)eff=efﬂuent suspended solids,mg/LVSS=volatile suspended solids in inﬂuent,mg/Lf =degradable fraction of the MLVSSSS=suspended solids in inﬂuent,mg/L(i)Calculate solids produced per pound of BOD removed(it should be≥1.5)lb solids/lb BOD r= X V/Q(S o−S e)8.34(8)whereX V=volatile sludge produced,lb/dQ=wasteﬂow,MGDS o=inﬂuent BOD5,mg/LS e=efﬂuent soluble BOD5,mg/L(j)Calculate the solids retention timet s=X a V(8.34)/ X V(9)wheret s=solids retention time,dX a=MLSS,mg/LV=volume of aeration tank,MGX V=volatile sludge produced,lb/d(k)Determine the efﬂuent soluble BOD5S e/S o=1/1+k X V t(10)whereS e=soluble efﬂuent BOD,mg/LS o=inﬂuent BOD5,mg/Lk=rate constant,L/mg/hX V=MLVSS,mg/Lt=aeration time,h(l)Calculate sludge recycle ratioQ r/Q avg=X a/X u−X a(11)whereQ r=volume of recycled sludge,MGDQ avg=averageﬂow,MGDX a=MLSS,mg/LX u=suspended solids concentration in returned sludge,mg/L(m)Calculate the nutrient requirements for nitrogen and PhosphorusN=0.123 X V(12)P=0.026 X V(13)where∆X V=sludge produced,lb/d9.4.Output Data(a)Aeration Tank(1)1.Reaction rate constant,L/mg/h2.Sludge produced per BOD removed3.Endogenous respiration rate(b,b )4.O2used per BOD removed5.Inﬂuent nonbiodegradable VSS6.Efﬂuent degradable VSS7.lb BOD/lb MLSS-d(F/M)8.Mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS),mg/L9.Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS),mg/L10.Aeration time,h11.V olume of aeration tank,MG12.Oxygen required,lb/d13.Sludge produced,lb/d14.Nitrogen requirement,lb/d15.Phosphorus requirement,lb/d16.Sludge recycle ratio17.Solids retention time,d(b)Mechanical Aeration System1.Standard transfer efﬁciency,lb O2/hp-h2.Operating transfer efﬁciency,lb O2/hp-h3.Horsepower required,hp(c)Diffused Aeration System1.Standard transfer efﬁciency,%2.Operating efﬁciency,%3.Required airﬂow,cfm/1000ft310.COSTSThe basin volume and footprint required for oxidation ditch plants have traditionally been very large compared with other secondary treatment rger footprints result in higher capital costs,especially in urbanized locations where available land is very expensive. Vertical reactors,in which processﬂow travels downward through the reactor,are generally more expensive than traditional horizontal reactors.However,because they require less land than more conventional horizontal reactors,they can signiﬁcantly reduce overall capital costs where land costs are high.The cost of an oxidation ditch plant varies depending on treatment capacity size,design efﬂuent limitations,land cost,local construction costs,and other site speciﬁc factors.Con-struction capital costs for ten plants were evaluated by US EPA in1991(17),with construction costs,in2008Dollars,ranging from USD0.73to4.46/L/d(USD2.76to16.87/gpd)treated. The cost values have been adjusted from the original1991(Cost Index392.35)to2008(Cost Index552.16)using the Utilities Cost index(Appendix A.Ref.27).Recent information obtained from manufacturers on facilities ranging3,785to25,740m3/d (1.0MGD to6.8MGD)indicates that construction capital costs(adjusted from original1999 to2008Dollars)of oxidation ditch plants range from USD0.80to1.32/L/d(USD3.00to 4.80/gpd).For example,the Blue Heron Water Reclamation Facility in Titusville,Florida(36) a15,142m3/d(4.0MGD)oxidation ditch and sludge handling facility which began operation in1996,was constructed for about USD0.96/L/d(USD3.60/gpd).The facility features a multi-stage biological nutrient removal process and a sophisticated Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System(SCADA)control system.。

(完整版)冲压类外文翻译、中英文翻译冲压模具设计

"sheet-metal forming". Sheet-metal forming ( also called stamping or pressing )is
is hard to imagine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an
Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals
be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or
modes can be illustrated by considering the deformation of small sheet elements
Sheet forming a simple cup
the blank flange as it is being drawn horizontally through
Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperature
Condition
Hard
0 6T
0 4T
0 2T
5T 13T
0.5T 6T
0.5T 4T
0.7T 3T
2.6T 4T
——thickness of material
one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure from the ram of the press.

计算机外文翻译（完整）

计算机外⽂翻译（完整）毕业设计(论⽂)外⽂资料翻译专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：王成明学号：06120186外⽂出处：The History of the Internet附件： 1.外⽂原⽂ 2.外⽂资料翻译译⽂；附件1：外⽂原⽂The History of the InternetThe Beginning - ARPAnetThe Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet."By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network.ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000 computers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet.With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines in 1988. By that time, there were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were290,000.Another network was built to support the incredible number of people joining. It was constructed in 1992.Today - The InternetToday, the Internet has become one of the most important technological advancements in the history of humanity. Everyone wants to get 'on line' to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the Internet, and it's predicted that by the year 2003 every single person on the planet will have Internet access. The Internet has truly become a way of life in our time and era, and is evolving so quickly its hard to determine where it will go next, as computer and network technology improve every day.HOW IT WORKS:It's a standard thing. People using the Internet. Shopping, playing games,conversing in virtual Internet environments.The Internet is not a 'thing' itself. The Internet cannot just "crash." It functions the same way as the telephone system, only there is no Internet company that runs the Internet.The Internet is a collection of millioins of computers that are all connected to each other, or have the means to connect to each other. The Internet is just like an office network, only it has millions of computers connected to it.The main thing about how the Internet works is communication. How does a computer in Houston know how to access data on a computer in Tokyo to view a webpage?Internet communication, communication among computers connected to the Internet, is based on a language. This language is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP establishes a language for a computer to access and transmit data over the Internet system.But TCP/IP assumes that there is a physical connecetion between onecomputer and another. This is not usually the case. There would have to be a network wire that went to every computer connected to the Internet, but that would make the Internet impossible to access.The physical connection that is requireed is established by way of modems,phonelines, and other modem cable connections (like cable modems or DSL). Modems on computers read and transmit data over established lines,which could be phonelines or data lines. The actual hard core connections are established among computers called routers.A router is a computer that serves as a traffic controller for information.To explain this better, let's look at how a standard computer might viewa webpage.1. The user's computer dials into an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP might in turn be connected to another ISP, or a straight connection into the Internet backbone.2. The user launches a web browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer and types in an internet location to go to.3. Here's where the tricky part comes in. First, the computer sends data about it's data request to a router. A router is a very high speed powerful computer running special software. The collection of routers in the world make what is called a "backbone," on which all the data on the Internet is transferred. The backbone presently operates at a speed of several gigabytes per-second. Such a speed compared to a normal modem is like comparing the heat of the sun to the heat of an ice-cube.Routers handle data that is going back and forth. A router puts small chunks of data into packages called packets, which function similarly to envelopes. So, when the request for the webpage goes through, it uses TCP/IP protocols to tell the router what to do with the data, where it's going, and overall where the user wants to go.4. The router sends these packets to other routers, eventually leadingto the target computer. It's like whisper down the lane (only the information remains intact).5. When the information reaches the target web server, the webserver then begins to send the web page back. A webserver is the computer where the webpage is stored that is running a program that handles requests for the webpage and sends the webpage to whoever wants to see it.6. The webpage is put in packets, sent through routers, and arrive at the users computer where the user can view the webpage once it is assembled.The packets which contain the data also contain special information that lets routers and other computers know how to reassemble the data in the right order.With millions of web pages, and millions of users, using the Internet is not always easy for a beginning user, especially for someone who is not entirely comfortale with using computers. Below you can find tips tricks and help on how to use main services of the Internet.Before you access webpages, you must have a web browser to actually be able to view the webpages. Most Internet Access Providers provide you with a web browser in the software they usually give to customers; you. The fact that you are viewing this page means that you have a web browser. The top two use browsers are Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Netscape can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html and MSIE can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html /ie.The fact that you're reading this right now means that you have a web browser.Next you must be familiar with actually using webpages. A webpage is a collection of hyperlinks, images, text, forms, menus, and multimedia. To "navigate" a webpage, simply click the links it provides or follow it's own instructions (like if it has a form you need to use, it will probably instruct you how to use it). Basically, everything about a webpage is made to be self-explanetory. That is the nature of a webpage, to be easily navigatable."Oh no! a 404 error! 'Cannot find web page?'" is a common remark made by new web-users.Sometimes websites have errors. But an error on a website is not the user's fault, of course.A 404 error means that the page you tried to go to does not exist. This could be because the site is still being constructed and the page hasn't been created yet, or because the site author made a typo in the page. There's nothing much to do about a 404 error except for e-mailing the site administrator (of the page you wanted to go to) an telling him/her about the error.A Javascript error is the result of a programming error in the Javascript code of a website. Not all websites utilize Javascript, but many do. Javascript is different from Java, and most browsers now support Javascript. If you are using an old version of a web browser (Netscape 3.0 for example), you might get Javascript errors because sites utilize Javascript versions that your browser does not support. So, you can try getting a newer version of your web browser.E-mail stands for Electronic Mail, and that's what it is. E-mail enables people to send letters, and even files and pictures to each other.To use e-mail, you must have an e-mail client, which is just like a personal post office, since it retrieves and stores e-mail. Secondly, you must have an e-mail account. Most Internet Service Providers provide free e-mail account(s) for free. Some services offer free e-mail, like Hotmail, and Geocities.After configuring your e-mail client with your POP3 and SMTP server address (your e-mail provider will give you that information), you are ready to receive mail.An attachment is a file sent in a letter. If someone sends you an attachment and you don't know who it is, don't run the file, ever. It could be a virus or some other kind of nasty programs. You can't get a virus justby reading e-mail, you'll have to physically execute some form of program for a virus to strike.A signature is a feature of many e-mail programs. A signature is added to the end of every e-mail you send out. You can put a text graphic, your business information, anything you want.Imagine that a computer on the Internet is an island in the sea. The sea is filled with millions of islands. This is the Internet. Imagine an island communicates with other island by sending ships to other islands and receiving ships. The island has ports to accept and send out ships.A computer on the Internet has access nodes called ports. A port is just a symbolic object that allows the computer to operate on a network (or the Internet). This method is similar to the island/ocean symbolism above.Telnet refers to accessing ports on a server directly with a text connection. Almost every kind of Internet function, like accessing web pages,"chatting," and e-mailing is done over a Telnet connection.Telnetting requires a Telnet client. A telnet program comes with the Windows system, so Windows users can access telnet by typing in "telnet" (without the "'s) in the run dialog. Linux has it built into the command line; telnet. A popular telnet program for Macintosh is NCSA telnet.Any server software (web page daemon, chat daemon) can be accessed via telnet, although they are not usually meant to be accessed in such a manner. For instance, it is possible to connect directly to a mail server and check your mail by interfacing with the e-mail server software, but it's easier to use an e-mail client (of course).There are millions of WebPages that come from all over the world, yet how will you know what the address of a page you want is?Search engines save the day. A search engine is a very large website that allows you to search it's own database of websites. For instance, if you wanted to find a website on dogs, you'd search for "dog" or "dogs" or "dog information." Here are a few search-engines.1. Altavista (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed2. Yahoo (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed Collection3. Excite (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed4. Lycos (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed5. Metasearch (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Multiple searchA web spider is a program used by search engines that goes from page to page, following any link it can possibly find. This means that a search engine can literally map out as much of the Internet as it's own time and speed allows for.An indexed collection uses hand-added links. For instance, on Yahoo's site. You can click on Computers & the Internet. Then you can click on Hardware. Then you can click on Modems, etc., and along the way through sections, there are sites available which relate to what section you're in.Metasearch searches many search engines at the same time, finding the top choices from about 10 search engines, making searching a lot more effective.Once you are able to use search engines, you can effectively find the pages you want.With the arrival of networking and multi user systems, security has always been on the mind of system developers and system operators. Since the dawn of AT&T and its phone network, hackers have been known by many, hackers who find ways all the time of breaking into systems. It used to not be that big of a problem, since networking was limited to big corporate companies or government computers who could afford the necessary computer security.The biggest problem now-a-days is personal information. Why should you be careful while making purchases via a website? Let's look at how the internet works, quickly.The user is transferring credit card information to a webpage. Looks safe, right? Not necessarily. As the user submits the information, it is being streamed through a series of computers that make up the Internet backbone.The information is in little chunks, in packages called packets. Here's the problem: While the information is being transferred through this big backbone, what is preventing a "hacker" from intercepting this data stream at one of the backbone points?Big-brother is not watching you if you access a web site, but users should be aware of potential threats while transmitting private information. There are methods of enforcing security, like password protection, an most importantly, encryption.Encryption means scrambling data into a code that can only be unscrambled on the "other end." Browser's like Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer feature encryption support for making on-line transfers. Some encryptions work better than others. The most advanced encryption system is called DES (Data Encryption Standard), and it was adopted by the US Defense Department because it was deemed so difficult to 'crack' that they considered it a security risk if it would fall into another countries hands.A DES uses a single key of information to unlock an entire document. The problem is, there are 75 trillion possible keys to use, so it is a highly difficult system to break. One document was cracked and decoded, but it was a combined effort of14,000 computers networked over the Internet that took a while to do it, so most hackers don't have that many resources available.附件2：外⽂资料翻译译⽂Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为⼀项⼯程进⾏开发的。

(完整版)高级英语mark_twain—mirror_of_america翻译

Mark Twain-the Mirror of AmericaMost Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well –one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。

的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。

但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。

Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。

(完整版)MarkTwain-MirrorofAmerica全文翻译

Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. 在大多数美国人的心目中，马克•吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。

的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。

但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。

Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world. 印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克•吐温原名塞缪尔•朗赫恩•克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。

(完整版)外文翻译--资产减值及处置

外文翻译--资产减值及处置本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目 Asset Impairment and Disposal 外文出处 Journal of Accountancy. New York 外文作者 David T ，Randall W Luecke原文：Asset Impairment and DisposalEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1. To establish a single model businesses can follow, FASB issuedStatement no. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-LivedAssets. FASB intends it to resolve implementation issues that arose fromits predecessor, Statement no. 121, Accounting for the Impairment ofLong-Lived Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to be disposed of2. Impairment exists when the carrying amount of a long-lived assetor asset group exceeds its fair value and is nonrecoverable. CPAs shouldtest for impairment when certain changes occur, including a significantdecrease in the market price of a long-lived asset, a change in how thecompany uses an asset or changes in the business climate that could affectthe asset’s value.3.Fair value is the amount an asset could be bought or sold for ina current transaction between willing parties. Quoted prices in active markets are the best evidence of fair values. Because market prices are not always available, CPAs should base fair-value estimates on the best information available or use valuation techniques such as the expected-present-value method or the traditional-present-value method.4.When a compant recognizes an impairment loss for an asset group, it must allocate the loss to the assets in the group on a pro rata basis. It must also disclose in the notes to the financial statements a description of the impaired asset and the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment.For many years, companies and other entities accounted for the disposal or expected disposal of long-lived assets that were a segment of a business using one set of rules and the disposal of long-lived assets that were not a segment of a business using another standard. To establish a single model for all long-lived assets, FASB issued Statement no. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets. The new standard supersedes Statement no. 121, Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of and a portion of APB Opinion no. 30, Reporting the Results of Operations―Reporting the Effects of Disposal of a Segment of a Business, and Extraordinary, Unusual and Infrequently Occurring Events and Transactions. FASB intendsStatement no. 144 to resolve significant implementation issues that arose from Statement no. 121. This article explains the new guidance and how CPAs can implement it.TESTING LONG-LIVED ESTIMATING FAIR VALUEFair value is an asset’s purchase or sale pric e in a current transaction between willing parties. The best evidence of fair value is prices quoted in active markets, such as the price for a stock listed on a stock market. CPAs must use this amount to value assets if it is available. Because market prices are not available for many long-lived assets such as equipment, fair value estimates must be based on the best information available, including prices for similar assets. While CPAs can use other valuation techniques, present value is often the best for estimating fair value. FASB Concepts Statement no. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, discusses two present-value techniques CPAs may use.DISCLOSING IMPAIRMENT LOSSESWhen a company recognizes an impairment loss for an asset group, it must allocate the loss to the long-lived assets in the group on a pro rata basis using their relative carrying amounts. There is an exception when the loss allocated to an individual asset reduces its carrying amount below fair value. If CPAs can determine fair value without undue cost and effort, the asset should be carried at this amount. This requires anadditional allocation of the impairment loss explained below . The adjusted carrying value after the allocation becomes the new cost basis for depreciation amortization over the asset’s remaining useful life.A business must include an impairment loss in the income from continuing operations before income taxes line on its income statement. When a subtotal such as income from operations is present, CPAs should include the impairment loss in determining that amount.Other required information companies must disclose in the notes to the financial statements includesa A description of the impaired long-lived asset and the facts and circumstances leading to its impairment.b If not separately presented on the face of the statement, the amount of the impairment loss and the caption in the income statement or the statement of activities that includes the loss.c The method or methods used to determine fair value.d If applicable, the segment in which the impaired long-lived asset is reported under FASB Statement no. 131, Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information.ASSETS DISPOSED OF OTHER THAN BY SALEA company must continue to classify long-lived assets it plans to dispose of by some method other than by sale as held and used until it actually gets rid of them. Other disposal methods include abandonment,exchange for a similar productive asset or distribution to owners in a spin-off.A company should report long-lived assets to be abandoned or distributed to owners that consist of a group of assets and liabilities that are a “component of an entity” in the income statement as discontinued operations. If the assets are not a component, CPAs should report their disposal as part of the company’s income from continuing operations.Statement no. 144 defines a component of an entity as operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished both operationally and for financial reporting purposes from the rest of the entity. A component may be a Reportable segment or an operating unit, as defined in Statement no. 131. a reporting unit, as defined in Statement no. 142.A subsidiary or an asset group. Statement no. 144 defines asset group as “assets to be disposed of together as a group in a single transaction and liabilities directly associated with those assets that will be transferred in the transaction.”A long-lived asset a company will abandon is considered disposed of when the company stops using it. A temporarily idle asset is not accounted for as abandoned. If an entity plans to abandon a long-lived asset before its estimated useful life, it will treat the asset as held and used, test it for impairment and revise depreciation estimates in accordance withOpinion no. 20. Continued use of such a long-lived asset demonstrates service potential the unit is useable , and hence, fair value would be zero only in unusual circumstances. During use before abandonment, the company should depreciate the asset so that at disposal or abandonment, its carrying value equals its salvage value. This amount should not be less than zero.A long-lived asset to be distributed to owners or exchanged for a similar productive asset is considered disposed of when it is distributed or exchanged. When the asset is classified as held and used, any test for recoverability must be based on using the asset for its remaining useful life, assuming disposal will not occur. If the carrying amount exceeds fair value at disposal, the company must recognize an impairment loss.LONG-LIVED ASSETS TO BE SOLDA company must classify a long-lived asset it will sell as held for sale in the period it meets all of these criteria:Management with the authority to approve the action commits to a plan to sell.The asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, subject only to terms that are usual and customary when selling such assets.The company has initiated an active program to locate a buyer.The sale is probable and the asset transfer is expected to qualifyas a completed sale within one year there are some circumstances beyond the entity’s control that may extend the time for completion beyond one year .The company is actively marketing the asset at a reasonable price in relation to its current fair value.If the company meets the above criteria after the balance-sheet date but before it issues its financial statements, it must continue to classify the asset as held and used. In the notes to the financial statements, the company must disclose the facts and circumstances leading to the expected disposal, the likely manner and timing of the disposal and―if not separately shown on the face of the statement―the carrying amount s of the major classes of assets and liabilities included in the disposal group. If the company tests the asset for recoverability at the balance-sheet date, it should do so on a held-and-used basis. Future cash flow estimates used to test for recoverability must take into account the possible outcomes that existed at the balance-sheet date, including a future sale. CPAs should not revise this assessment for a sale decision made after the balance-sheet date and should collect documentation and supporting evidence on a timely basis for events near such a date. An impairment loss is calculated and reported in the same way it is for assets held and used because this is the asset’s status at the balance-sheet date.Companies must adjust the carrying amounts of assets including goodwill that are part of a disposal group classified as held for sale not covered by Statement no. 144 in accordance with other applicable GAAP before measuring the group’s fair value. A long-lived asset held for sale must be measured at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell―the incremental direct costs the company would not have incurred if not for the decision to sell. Examples of such costs include broker commissions, legal and title transfer fees and closing costs necessary to transfer title. Exclude expected future losses from operations. Assets classified as held for sale are not depreciated or amortized.REPORTING DISCONTINUED OPERATIONSAn entity must report the results of operating a component it has either disposed of or classified as held for sale in discontinued operations if it meets both of these conditions:The component’s operations and cash flows have been or will be eliminated from the ongoing operations as a result of the disposal.The entity will not have any significant continuing involvement in the component’s operations after the disposal.In a period when an entity disposes of a component, the income statement of a business or the statement of activities of an NPO must report the results of the component’s operations as discontinuedoperations. The entity would recognize the gain or loss from classifying the component as held for sale or disposal in discontinued operations. If the disposal group is a component of an entity, as in the earlier ABC example, the component’s operations results a $400,000 loss are included in discontinued operations for year 1. The $220,000 loss on the disposal group is part of discontinued operations in year 1. The year 2 income statement will incl ude―as discontinued operations―the component’s operations for January through disposal in May, with the $15,000 gain on disposal also reported here. Discontinued operations less applicable taxes or benefits must be reported as a separate component of income before extraordinary items and the cumulative effect of accounting changes. ABC will report the results of discontinued operations in its year 1 income statement, as shown in exhibit 4.A company must disclose the gain or loss it recognizes when it classifies an asset as held for sale or disposal on either the face of the income statement or in the notes. Adjustments related to disposing of a component of an entity in a prior period, which the company reported as discontinued operations, must be classified separately in discontinued operations in the current period.A gain or loss on a long-lived asset that is not an entity component must be included in income from continuing operations before income taxes in the income statement. If the entity uses a su btotal such as “incomefrom operations,” it must include the gains or losses there.PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSUREA company must present a long-lived asset held for sale separately in its financial statements. Major classes of assets and liabilities held for sale must not be offset and presented as one amount, they must be separately disclosed either on the face of the statement itself or in the notes. Statement no. 144 requires a company to disclose information in the notes for a period in which it either sells a long-lived asset or classifies it as held for sale. Companies must discloseThe facts and circumstances leading to the expected disposal, the likely manner and timing and, if not separately presented, the carrying amount s of major classes of assets and liabilities included in the disposal group.The loss recognized for any initial or subsequent write-down to fair value less cost to sell or a gain not more than the cumulative loss previously recognized for a write-down to fair value less cost to sell.The gain or loss on sale of the long-lived asset. CPAs should do this if these gains and losses are not separately presented on the face of the income statement, the caption in the income statement or statement of activities.If applicable, the revenue and pretax profit or loss reported in discontinued operations.If applicable, the segment in which thelong-lived asset is reported under Statement no. 131. If an entity decides not to sell a long-lived asset previously classified as held for sale, or removes an asset or liability from a disposal group, it must describe in the notes the facts and circumstances leading to the change in plan and its effect on operations for that period and any prior period presented.Foreign source：David T Meeting，Randall W Luecke：Asset impairment and disposal，Journal of Accountancy[J]. New York: Mar 2002. Vol. 193, Iss. 3资产减值及处置建立一个单一的业务模式可以遵循财务会计准则委员会发布减值或处置长期资产声明第144号。

研究生外文文献翻译--中英完整版

Discussion about the application of the anchor bar on theslope constructionFu Ming Fu , Zhang TianAbstract:There are some advantages in strengthening slope with the anchor bar, such as low project cost, convenient for construction and so on. It not only meets the requirement of the reliability of the construction, but also is economic and reasonable for the construction.Key words: anchor bar; slope; strengthening1.IntroductionAnchor technique uses strata geotechnical’s shear strength around bolt to deliver structures pulling force or keep strata of the excavation own stability. Due to the use of the anchor rod, Anchor strata produce compressive zone and have reinforcement effect to strata, can enhance the strength of strata, improve mechanical properties of strata, make structure and stratum together formed a kind of work together complex. Anchor system can effectively sustain tension and shear, improve shear strength of the potential sliding surface, so it can effectively prevent slope to produce sliding damage.Fig 1 after excavation of the slope2.Project profileThe length of a slope is about 60m, the most slope height is about 23m,the angle up to 50°~ 75°, a five-layer frame structure buildings is far from about 1.5 to 4m at its base edge, its foundation is artificial bored pile and its bearing stratum is in weathered phyllite. Due to the strong weathering of rocks, it was chunky, loosely structured, multi-muddy filling. It has residual slope deposits of silty clay overlying and local folder with a pulpy, low strength. Slope hadcollapsed at various locations, it is vary dangerous to the building, so we need to reinforce the slope, and we use stone concrete retaining wall and bolt to support it.3.Bolt retaining and protecting design3.1Bolt design（1）all formation of anchor use whole length bond-type, the binder materials are ordinary cement mortar, the mortar strength grade is M30, the anchor length L is 10 meters, the slope height h is 9 meters. Anchoring section length is 5m.（2）According to the construction condition and the needs of the process, the layout form of anchor use quincunx, and in order to make the anchoring force in the role of surface rock surface with uniform, the two adjacent line bolts should be staggered arrangement.（3）The anchor’s number according to /3.24 per meter to calculation, the anchor length is L, a tolal of 252. The diameter of drilling holes is φ90,the number of drill according to (L-0.1)m per hole to calculation, M30 grout number according to average 0.052m3per hole to calculation.（4）The two adjacent rows vertical spacing of anchor take 2.55m, horizontal spacing take 2.55m. The dip angle of anchor: with the angle of horizontal line is 20°, and drilling down with this Angle.（5）Anchor use the steel bar, which is HRB400 level, 28mm diameter.3.2Anchor calculation（1）The calculation of lateral geotechnical pressure[1][2]When the supporting structure to leave in rock and earth mass direction migration until to the limit equilibrium state, the geotechnical pressure which is role in supporting structure called active geotechnical pressure. Its calculation method is as follows:For the slope which has no flare structure surface, generally speaking, failure is controled by rock mass strength, the calculation formula is same to the active soil pressure, but cohesive force C take zero, internal friction angle ϕuse eϕ(rock mass equivalent internal friction angle) instead of, according to the standard to selection; rupture angle is 45°+ϕ/2（ϕis rock mass internal friction angle, is estimationed by haircut at the standard of rock mass internal friction angle, reduction factor according to the standard to selection).According to the engineering survey, active rock pressure can calculation as follows:（2）the calculation of anchor tension design value a Q ak N N γ= (1)(2) In the formula: a N is anchor tension design value; ak N is anchor tension standard value; Q γis partial load factor, take 1.3; tk H is the horizontal tension standard value of anchor; αis the dip angle of anchor.Through the calculation, ak N =112.3kN a N =145.99kN（3）the calculation of anchor steel section area(3) In the formula: S A is the steel section area of anchor; ογ is slope engineering importance coefficient(the slope engineering importance coefficient of this project is level 1, take 1.1); 2ξis the tensile working conditions coefficient of anchor bar ( permanent anchor take 0.69, temporary anchor take 0.92); y f is the tensile strength design value of anchor bar(standard value k y f =400a MP , design value y f =360a MP ).According to the calculation, S A ≥0.5883210m -⨯,choose level 3 steel of 1φ28mm,S A =0.6153210m -⨯.（4）The calculation of anchorage body and rock mass anchoring lengthanchoring length should not only meet the requirements which the bond force of formation on mortar and the bond stress of mortar on steel, but also meet the requirements that the Structure design codes the Minimum anchoring length.(4) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length; D is the diameter of anchorage body; rb f is the bond strength eigenvalue of layer and anchorage body, through the experiment or local experience sure, or according to the standard to selection ( this engineering ’s rock mass uniaxial compressive 2222111209tan (45)2090.217175.77/2222e a aE H K kN m ϕγ︒==⨯⨯⨯-=⨯⨯⨯=cos tkak H N α=2a S yNA f ογξ≥1ak a rbN l Df ξπ≥strength is 7.46a MP , belong to soft rock, rock mass structural plane development, rb f take 300a KP );1ξis the bond working conditions coefficient of anchorage body and layer (permanent anchor take 1.00).According to the calculation, a l ≥4.3m, take a l =5.0m.（5）The anchoring length between anchor steel and anchor mortara l ≥ (5) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length between steel and mortar; d is the diameter of anchor bar; n is the number of steel;b f is the bond strength design value between steel and anchor mortar, through the experiment sure, or according to the standard take 2.40; 3ξ is the working conditions coefficient of steel and mortar bond strength(permanent anchor take 0.60）. According to the calculation, a l ≥2.1m ，take a l =5.0m.3.3 The construction technology and key points of anchorThe anchor ’s construction technology is as follows: build-up scaffold ——excavate and clear up the slope surface ——measures to fix position ——drill hole ——washing hole ——bolt put in a certain place ——grout ——colligation the end of the anchor ——flushing the slope surface ——pouring frame space ——Spray seed（1）This slope belong to rocky slope, after excavate the slope 10 cm to the underside of the frame space, set bolt and pouring frame space, then spray grass or seeds after borrowed soil 20 cm in the frame space.（2）the slope should be payed attention to clean up, when construction. The anchor should be placed after wash hole, then put pressure (0.4MPa) and grout. After the mortar fully solidification, colligation steel, cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame space, bend the end of the anchor and bind point by point with the skeleton steel.（3）Before drilling, the hole should be measured to fix position and then do mark. Pitch deviation is less than 150mm, hole depth error is less than 50mm. Try not remold the surrounding rock, when drill. Before Put the anchor, it should be attentioned that blow wash clean the water of the hole and rock powder and so on, and rust removal the body of rod. When grouting, builders 3a bN n df ογξπshould attention the grouting pressure and mortar ratio.Fig 2 anchor field construction drawing4.ConclusionIt is economical to reinforcement slope with bolt, and use the normal equipment, It is not only achieve safe and also economy and rational.(1) Today bolt technology is widely used in the project. It is an effective reinforcement measures to constraints sliding soil with the combining of bolt and concrete slope protection.(2) We must be sure to do geological exploration work of the slope to find out the nature of the rock and hydrogeological situation before reinforcing slope by grouting bolt.(3) Due to the factors of engineering geological conditions, grouting pressure and construction technology, we should be given adequate attention to the quality of construction.Reference[1]Technical code for building slope engineering (JGJ 120-99). The People's Republic nationalstandards. Beijing: China Architecture & Building PRESS.[2] Ying-Ren Zheng, Zu-Yu Chen etc. Engineering Treatment of Slope & Landslide [M]. Beijing：China Communications Press，2007[3] LuoZhenHai. Talk shallowly the application of the anchor at the slope reinforcement[J]. FujianConstruction Science & Technology，2010,06:15-16浅谈锚杆技术在边坡工程中的应用 1.引言锚杆技术是利用锚杆周围地层岩土的抗剪强度来传递结构物的拉力或保持地层开挖面的自身稳定。

外文翻译资料及译文

附录C：外文翻译资料Article Source：Business & Commercial Aviation, Nov 20, 2000. 5-87-88 Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals Electronic publications can increase the efficiency of your digital aircraft and analogtechnicians.Benoff, DaveComputerized technical manuals are silently revolutionizing the aircraft maintenance industry by helping the technician isolate problems quickly, and in the process reduce downtime and costs by more than 10 percent.These electronic publications can reduce the numerous volumes of maintenance manuals, microfiche and work cards that are used to maintain engines, airframes, avionics and their associated components."As compared with the paper manuals, electronic publications give us greater detail and reduced research times," said Chuck Fredrickson, general manager of Mercury Air Center in Fort Wayne, Ind.With all the advances in computer hardware and software technologies, such as high quality digital multimedia, hypertext and the capability to store and transmit digital multimedia via CD-ROMs/ networks, technical publication companies have found an effective, cost-efficient method to disseminate data to technicians.The solution for many operators and OEMs is to take advantage of today's technology in the form of Electronic Technical Manuals (ETM) or Interactive Technical Manuals (IETM). An ETM is any technical manual prepared in digital format that has the ability to be displayed using any electronic hardware media. The difference between the types of ETM/IETMs is the embedded functionality and implementation of the data."The only drawback we had to using ETMs was getting enough computers to meet our technicians' demand," said Walter Berchtold, vice president of maintenance at Jet Aviation's West Palm Beach, Fla., facility.A growing concern is the cost to print paper publications. In an effort to reduce costs, some aircraft manufacturers are offering incentives for owners to switch from paper to electronic publications. With an average printing cost of around 10 cents per page, a typical volume of a paper technical manual can cost the manufacturer over $800 for each copy. When producing a publication electronically, average production costs for a complete set of aircraft manuals are approximately $20 per copy. It is not hard to see the cost advantages of electronic publications.Another advantage of ETMs is the ease of updating information. With a paper copy, the manufacturer has to reprint the revised pages and mail copies to all the owners. When updates are necessary for an electronic manual, changes can either be e-mailed to theowners or downloaded from the manufacturer's Web site.So why haven't more flight departments converted their publications to ETM/IETMs? The answer lies in convincing technicians that electronic publications can increase their efficiency."We had an initial learning curve when the technicians switched over, but now that they are familiar with the software they never want to go back to paper," said Fredrickson.A large majority of corporate technicians also said that while they like the concept of having a tool that aids the troubleshooting process, they are fearful to give up all of their marked-up paper manuals.In 1987, a human factors study was conducted by the U.S. government to compare technician troubleshooting effectiveness, between paper and electronic methodology, and included expert troubleshooting procedures with guidance through the events. Results of the project indicated that technicians using electronic media took less than half the time to complete their tasks than those using the paper method, and technicians using the electronic method accomplished 65 percent more in that reduced time.The report also noted that new technicians using the electronic technical manuals were 12-percent more efficient than the older, more experienced technicians. (Novices using paper took 15 percent longer than the experts.)It is interesting that 90 percent of the technicians who used the electronic manuals said they preferred them to the paper versions. This proved to the industry that with proper training, the older technicians could easily transition from paper to electronic media.Electronic publications are not a new concept, although how they are applied today is. "Research over the last 20 years has provided a solid foundation for today's IETM implementation," said Joseph Fuller of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center. "IETMs such as those for the Apache, Comanche, F-22, JSTAR and V-22 have progressed from concept to military and commercial implementation."In the late 1970s, the U.S. military investigated the feasibility of converting existing paper and microfilm. The Navy Technical Information Presentation System (NTIPS) and the Air Force Computer- based Maintenance Aid System (CMAS) were implemented with significant cost savings.The report stated that transition to electronic publications resulted in reductions in corrective maintenance time, fewer false removals of good components, more accurate and complete maintenance data collection reports, reduction in training requirements and reduced system downtime.The problem that the military encountered was ETMs were created in multiple levels of complexity with little to no standardization. Options for publications range from simple page-turning programs to full-functioning automated databases.This resulted in the classification of ETMs so that the best type of electronic publication could be selected for the proper application.Choosing a LevelWith all of the OEM and second- and third-party electronic publications that are available it is important that you choose the application level that is appropriate for your operation.John J. Miller, BAE Systems' manager of electronic publications, told B/CAthat "When choosing the level of an ETM/IETM, things like complexity of the aircraft and its systems, ease of use, currency of data and commonality of data should be the deciding factors; and, of course, price. If operational and support costs are reduced when you purchase a full-functioning IETM, then you should purchase the better system."Miller is an expert on the production, sustainment and emerging technologies associated with electronic publications, and was the manager of publications for Boeing in Philadelphia.Electronic publications are classified in one of five categories. A Class 1 publication is a basic electronic "page turner" that allows you to view the maintenance manual as it was printed. With a Class 2 publication all the original text of the manual is viewed as one continuous page with no page breaks. In Class 3, 4 and 5 publications the maintenance manual is viewed on a computer in a frame-based environment with increasing options as the class changes. (See sidebar.)Choosing the appropriate ETM for your operation is typically limited to whatever is being offered on the market, but since 1991 human factors reports state the demand has increased and, therefore, options are expected to follow.ETM/IETM ProvidersCompanies that create ETM/IETMs are classified as either OEM or second party provider. Class 1, 3 and 4 ETM/IETMs are the most commonly used electronic publications for business and commercial operators and costs can range anywhere from $100 to $3,000 for each ETM/ IETM. The following are just a few examples ofETM/IETMs that are available on the market.Dassault Falcon Jet offers operatorsof the Falcon 50/50EX, 900/900EX and 2000 a Class 4 IETM called the Falcon Integrated Electronic Library by Dassault (FIELD). Produced in conjunction with Sogitec Industries in Suresnes Cedex, France, the electronic publication contains service documentation, basic wiring, recommended maintenance and TBO schedules, maintenance manual, tools manual, service bulletins, maintenance and repair manual, and avionics manual.The FIELD software allows the user to view the procedures and hot- link directly to the Illustrated parts catalog. The software also enables the user to generate discrepancy forms, quotation sheets, annotations in the manual and specific preferences for each user.BAE's Miller said most of the IETM presentation systems have features called "Technical Notes." If a user of the electronic publication notices a discrepancy or needs to annotate the manual for future troubleshooting, the user can add a Tech Note (an electronic mark-up) to the step or procedure and save it to the base document. The next time that or another user is in the procedure, clicking on the tech note icon launches a pop-up screen displaying the previous technician's comments. The same electronic transfer of tech notes can be sent to other devices by using either a docking station or through a network server. In addition, systems also can use "personal notes" similar to technical notes that are assigned ID codes that only the authoring technician can access.Requirements for the FIELD software include the minimum of a 16X CD-ROM drive,Pentium II 200 MHz computer, Windows 95, Internet Explorer 4 SP 1 and Database Access V3.5 or higher.Raytheon offers owners of Beech and Hawker aircraft a Class 4 IETM called Raytheon Electronic Publication Systems (REPS). The REPS software links the frame-based procedures with the parts catalog using a single CD-ROM.Raytheon Aircraft Technical Publications said other in- production Raytheon aircraft manual sets will be converted to the REPS format, with the goal of having all of them available by 2001. In addition Raytheon offers select Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM). The Class 1 ETM is a stand-alone "page-turner" electronic manual that utilizes the PDF format of Adobe Acrobat.Other manufacturers including Bombardier, Cessna and Gulfstream offer operators similar online and PDF documentation using a customer- accessed Web account.Boeing is one manufacturer that has developed an onboard Class 5 IETM. Called the Computerized Fault Reporting System (CFRS), it has replaced the F-15 U.S. Air Force Fault Reporting Manuals. Technologies that are currently being applied to Boeing's military system are expected to eventually become a part of the corporate environment.The CFRS system determines re-portable faults by analyzing information entered during a comprehensive aircrew debrief along with electronically recovered maintenance data from the Data Transfer Module (DTM). After debrief the technicians can review aircraft faults and schedule maintenance work to be performed. The maintenance task is assigned a Job Control Number (JCN) and is forwarded electronically to the correct work center or shop. Appropriate information is provided to the Air Force's Core Automated Maintenance System (CAMS).When a fault is reported by pilot debrief, certain aircraft systems have the fault isolation procedural data on a Portable Maintenance Aid (PMA). The JCN is selected on a hardened laptop with a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) connection to the CFRS LAN infrastructure. The Digital Wiring Data System (DWDS) displays aircraft wiring diagrams to the maintenance technician for wiring fault isolation. On completion of maintenance, the data collected is provided to the Air Force, Boeing and vendors for system analysis.Third party IETM developers such as BAE Systems and Dayton T. Brown offer OEMs the ability to subcontract out the development of Class 1 through 5 ETM/IETMs. For example, Advantext, Inc. offers PDF and IPDF Class 1 ETMs for manufacturers such as Piper and Bell Helicopters. Technical publications that are available include maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, service bulletins, wiring diagrams, service letters and interactive parts ordering forms.The difference between the PDF and IPDF version is that the IPDF version has the ability to search for text and include hyperlinks. A Class 1 ETM, when printed, is an exact reproduction of the OEM manuals, including any misspellings or errors. Minimum requirements for the Advantext technical publications is a 486 processor, 16 MB RAM with 14 MB of free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Aircraft Technical Publishers (ATP) offers Class 1, 2 and 3 ETM/ IETMsfor the Beechjet 400/400A; King Air 300/ 350, 200 and 90; Learjet 23/24/25/28/29/35/36/55; Socata TB9/10/20/21 and TBM 700A; Sabreliner 265-65, -70 and -80; andBeech 1900. The libraries can include maintenance manuals, Illustrated parts bulletins, wiring manuals, Airworthiness Directives, Service Bulletins, component maintenance manuals and structural maintenance manuals. System minimum requirements are Pentium 133 MHz, Windows 95 with 16 MB RAM, 25 MB free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Additional providers such as Galaxy Scientific are providing ETM/ IETMs to the FAA. This Class 2, 3 and 4 publication browser is used to store, display and edit documentation for the Human Factors Section of the administration."Clearly IETMs have moved from research to reality," said Fuller, and the future looks to hold more promise.The Future of Tech PubsThe use of ETM/IETMs on laptop and desktop computers has led research and development corporations to investigate the human interface options to the computer. Elements that affect how a technician can interface with a computer are the work environment, economics and ease of use. Organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have focused their efforts on the following needs of technicians: -- Adaptability to the environment.-- Ease of use.-- Improved presentation of complex system relationship.-- Maximum reuse and distribution of engineering data.-- Intelligent data access.With these factors in mind, exploratory development has begun in the areas of computer vision, augmented reality display and speech recognition.Computer vision can be created using visual feedback from a head- mounted camera. The camera identifies the relative position and orientation of an object in an observed scene, and the object is used to correlate the object with a three-dimensional model. In order for a computer vision scenario to work, engineering data has to be provided through visually compatible software.When systems such as Sogitech's View Tech electronic publication browser and Dassault Systemes SA's Enovia are combined, a virtual 3D model is generated.The digital mockup allows the engineering information to directly update the technical publication information. If a system such as CATIA could be integrated into a Video Reference System (VRS), then it could be possible that a technician would point the camera to the aircraft component, the digital model identifies the component and the IETM automatically displays the appropriate information.This example of artificial intelligence is already under development at companies like Boeing and Dassault. An augmented reality display is a concept where visual cues are presented to users on a head-mounted, see-through display system.The cues are presented to the technician based on the identification of components on a 3D model and correlation with the observed screen. The cues are then presented as stereoscopic images projected onto the object in the observed scene.In addition a "Private Eye" system could provide a miniature display of the maintenance procedure that is provided from a palm- size computer. Limited success hascurrently been seen in similar systems for the disabled. The user of a Private Eye system can look at the object selected and navigate without ever having to touch the computer. Drawbacks from this type of system are mental and eye fatigue, and spatial disorientation.Out of all the technologies, speech recognition has developed into an almost usable and effective system. The progression through maintenance procedures is driven by speaker-independent recognition. A state engine controls navigation, and launches audio responses and visual cues to the user. Voice recognition software is available, although set up and use has not been extremely successful.Looking at other industries, industrial manufacturing has already started using "Palm Pilot" personal digital assistants (PDAs) to aid technicians in troubleshooting. These devices allow the technician to have the complete publication beside them when they are in tight spaces. "It would be nice to take the electronic publications into the aircraft, so we are not constantly going back to the work station to print out additional information," said Jet Aviation's Berchtold.With all the advantages that a ETM/ IETM offers it should be noted that electronic publications are not the right solution all of the time, just as CBT is not the right solution for training in every situation. Only you can determine if electronic publications meet your needs, and most technical publication providers offer demo copies for your review. B/CA IllustrationPhoto: Photograph: BAE Systems' Christine Gill prepares a maintenance manual for SGML conversion BAE Systems; Photograph: Galaxy Scientific provides the FAA's human factors group with online IETM support.; Photograph: Raytheon's Class 4 IETM "REPS" allows a user to see text and diagrams simultaneously with hotlinks to illustrated parts catalogs.外文翻译资料译文部分文章出处:民航商业杂志，2000-11-20,5-87-88交互式电子技术手册的电子出版物可以提高数字飞机和模拟技术的效率。

外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)

外文翻译要求：1、外文资料与毕业设计（论文）选题密切相关，译文准确、质量好。

2、阅读2篇幅以上（10000字符左右）的外文资料，完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供，外文资料原则上应是外国作者。

严禁采用专业外语教材文章。

4、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。

插图内文字及图名也译成中文。

5、标题与译文格式（字体、字号、行距、页边距等）与论文格式要求相同。

下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)外文原文出处：(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文)《ASHRAE Handbook —Refrigeration 》.CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia 3.1 System Selection 3.2 Equipment3.10 Reciprocating Compressors第3章氨制冷系统的实施3.1 系统选择在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时，须要考虑一些设计决策要素，包括是否采用（1）单级压缩（2）带经济器的压缩（3）多级压缩（4）直接蒸发（5）满液式（6）液体再循环（7）载冷剂。

单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器（假如用的话）和制冷剂控制装置（膨胀阀、浮球阀等）。

1997 ASHRAE 手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论了压缩制冷循环。

图1.壳管式经济器的布置外文翻译的标题与译文中的字体、字号、行距、页边距等与论文格式相同。

英文原文(黑体、四号、顶格)英文翻译2（黑体，四号，顶格）外文原文出处：（黑体，四号，顶格）P. Fanning. Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-tensioned Concrete Beams. Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁摘要:商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。

外文文献翻译原文+译文

外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。

毕业论文外文翻译范例

外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。

(完整word版)外文文献及翻译doc

Criminal Law1.General IntroductionCriminal law is the body of the law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected offenders,and fixes punishment for convicted persons. Substantive criminal law defines particular crimes, and procedural law establishes rules for the prosecution of crime. In a democratic society, it is the function of the legislative bodies to decide what behavior will be made criminal and what penalties will be attached to violations of the law.Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. And physical or corporal punishment may still be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. A convict may be incarcerated in prison or jail and the length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.Criminal law is a reflection of the society that produce it. In an Islamic theocracy, such as Iran, criminal law will reflect the religious teachings of the Koran; in an Catholic country, it will reflect the tenets of Catholicism. In addition, criminal law will change to reflect changes in society, especially attitude changes. For instance, use of marijuana was once considered a serious crime with harsh penalties, whereas today the penalties in most states are relatively light. As severity of the penaltieswas reduced. As a society advances, its judgments about crime and punishment change.2.Elements of a CrimeObviously, different crimes require different behaviors, but there are common elements necessary for proving all crimes. First, the prohibited behavior designated as a crime must be clearly defined so that a reasonable person can be forewarned that engaging in that behavior is illegal. Second, the accused must be shown to have possessed the requisite intent to commit the crime. Third, the state must prove causation. Finally, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.(1) actus reusThe first element of crime is the actus reus.Actus is an act or action and reus is a person judicially accused of a crime. Therefore, actus reus is literally the action of a person accused of a crime. A criminal statute must clearly define exactly what act is deemed “guilty”---that is, the exact behavior that is being prohibited. That is done so that all persons are put on notice that if they perform the guilty act, they will be liable for criminal punishment. Unless the actus reus is clearly defined, one might not know whether or not on e’s behavior is illegal.Actus reus may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action,or exceptionally, by an omission to act, which is a legal duty to act. For example, the act of Cain striking Abel might suffice, or a parent’s failure to give to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.Where the actus reus is a failure to act, there must be a duty of care. A duty can arise through contract, a voluntary undertaking, a blood relation, and occasionally through one’s official position. Duty also can arise from one’s own creation of a dangerous situation.(2)mens reaA second element of a crime is mens rea. Mens rea refers to an individual’s state of mind when a crime is committed. While actus reus is proven by physical or eyewitness evidence, mens rea is more difficult to ascertain. The jury must determine for itself whether the accused had the necessary intent to commit the act.A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognizes an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if Cain tears a gas meter from a wall, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbor’s house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actor did recognise the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing intent as a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea hasbeen reduced in some areas of the criminal law.Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will result, would be murder, whereas a killing affected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter.(3)CausationThe next element is causation. Often the phrase “but for”is used to determine whether causation has occurred. For example, we might say “Cain caused Abel”, by which we really mean “Cain caused Abel’s death. ”In other words, ‘but for Cain’s act, Abel would still be alive.” Causation, then, means “but for” the actions of A, B would not have been harmed. In criminal law, causation is an element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.(4) Proof beyond a Reasonable DoubtIn view of the fact that in criminal cases we are dealing with the life and liberty of the accused person, as well as the stigma accompanying conviction, the legal system places strong limits on the power of the state to convict a person of a crime. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent. The state must overcome this presumption of innocence by proving every element of the offense charged against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt to thesatisfaction of all the jurors. This requirement is the primary way our system minimizes the risk of convicting an innocent person.The state must prove its case within a framework of procedural safeguards that are designed to protect the accused. The state’s failure to prove any material element of its case results in the accused being acquitted or found not guilty, even though he or she may actually have committed the crime charged.3. Strict LiabilityIn modern society, some crimes require no more mens rea, and they are known as strict liability offenses. For in stance, under the Road Traffic Act 1988 it is a strict liability offence to drive a vehicle with an alcohol concentration above the prescribed limit.Strict liability can be described as criminal or civil liability notwithstanding the lack mens rea or intent by the defendant. Not all crimes require specific intent, and the threshold of culpability required may be reduced. For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted negligently, rather than intentionally or recklessly.1. 概述刑法是规定什么试犯罪，有关犯罪嫌疑人之逮捕、起诉及审判，及对已决犯处以何种刑罚的部门法。

外文资料翻译

外文资料翻译学院：电子工程学院系（专业）：电子信息工程班级：电子061姓名：学号：指导教师评语：签名：年月日一：外文原文3G TECHNOLOGYAlthough the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine. Just imagine having a combined camera, videocamera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone. Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once. 3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet. What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment. The step towards IP is vital. IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be "on line" at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data. The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s. Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacity - so operators will be able to support more users, as well as offer more sophisticated services.3G - At home3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways. The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use. Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers. Here are some examples:∙You're sitting on a train and use this "dead" time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few bills - all through your 3G device. You savetime and can be smarter about managing your finances.∙On a touring vacation, you arrive in a new city. You haven't made any reservations in advance, because you can do this when you get there, by usingyour 3G handset to obtain up-to-date information, including hotel vacancies.Having booked a room, you can use your mobile to view video clips of localtourist attractions and talk to someone from the local tourist information bureau at the same time.3G - At work3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours. Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators. Here are some examples:∙At work you receive a message from your "smart" refrigerator at home. The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that yourgroceries are ready to collect on the way home.∙You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office. Pulling into a service station, you useyour 3G device to hold a telemeeting with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.∙ A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem. Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services. Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, "infotainment", mobile commerce and unified messaging -encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas. These include amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network. Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play. This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved. Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.GPRSGeneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling "always on" mobility. This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receivinginformation. When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node. The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:∙Faster data speeds and "always on" mobility∙Almost instantaneous connection set-up∙Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP∙ A step towards full 3G services.WCDMAWideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G. For example, WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth (the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) in Europe and ARIB (Association of Radio Industry Businesses) in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development. The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998. Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world. At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.EDGEEnhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies. By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.cdma2000cdma2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services. The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G. For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.cdma2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G. cdma2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.BluetoothBluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices. It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example. Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized. Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC. Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communications - one of the largest growth areas in telecommunications.Bluetooth is a key development for terminals and other devices using mobile networks. It is available now for 2G networks and as 3G systems, will play an increasingly important supporting role in the future of mobile communications. Ericsson has already announced Bluetooth devices, including the T36 Bluetooth phone and a Bluetooth headset.Bluetooth was originally developed by Ericsson, but is now under the auspices of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. It has widespread support among telecom equipment vendors, computer and chip manufacturers.SymbianSymbian is an independent joint venture supported by companies including Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola and Psion. Symbian aims to promote a mass market for mobile information devices in two ways:∙First, through the development of core software, application frameworks, applications and development tools for mobile multimedia devices (such as PDAs, smartphones and communicators)∙Second, by "evangelizing" standards for the interoperation of mobile information devices. Symbian's EPOC operating system is already available and Ericssondevices such as the R380 are EPOC-enabled.WAPWireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a global, open standard that gives mobile users access to Internet services through handheld devices. It enables users to easily access awhole range of Mobile Internet and other data services from mobile devices such as smartphones and communicators, and without the need to plug into a separate laptop or data-enabled device.WAP enables this through a built-in "WAP microbrowser" that lets information be accessed direct from a phone, in the same way that web browsers provide access toon-line services via an Internet-ready PC. Typically, a WAP screen will display a number of hyperlinks to various services or information portals.As well as WAP phones, Ericsson has also announced a WAP Service Developer's Kit (WapIDE) and the WAP Gateway/Proxy, which bridges WAP applications and services in Internet and intranet environments with mobile networks. In addition, Ericsson provides application enablers, such as Ericsson Localized Internet (ELI) forlocation-based services, and WAP Application Server (WAS) providing a run-time and development environment for WAP applications.Ericsson is one of the four founding members of the WAP Forum. Since 1997, when it was established, the WAP Forum has gained widespread industry support - hundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。

(完整版)外文翻译(营销策略)

附件1：外文资料翻译译文营销策略内容提要：为了组织的销售能是成功的，它需要根据一个营销策略计划来帮助保证其努力的目标和宗旨与市场的需要想吻合。

营销策略审查市场以确定潜在顾客的需要，竞争者的战略和市场地位，并且尝试制定出一套能使组织在市场上获取或维护竞争优势的相关战略。

有一些因素会对营销策略计划的发展造成冲击性的影响，它包括内部因素例如组织的财产、技能和组织文化，外在因素例如各种各样的市场驱动者、市场或产业运作方式、战略窗口和竞争的本质。

一个优选的营销策略计划也需具备一套意外情况防备策略以应对市场治理及组织生产能力的不确定性。

关键词：竞争优势竞争策略市场地位市场份额营销销售计划组织文化营销策略营销策略简述无论组织的产品或服务多么好，除非它们的价值能被传达给潜在的顾客，否则组织依然无法实现它的使命。

这种传达和交流是组织内市场营销功能的职责。

根据美国市场协会，营销是“一个组织效能和一套创造过程、交流和传达产品价值给顾客、处理与顾客关系的有益于组织和它的利益共享者的方式”。

营销作用包括相辅相成的两方面。

营销策略在市场上审查市场来确定潜在顾客和竞争者本质的需要，并且试图开发出在市场上将使组织获取或维护竞争优势的战略。

操作的营销被建立在营销策略作用和贯彻各种各样的计划和策略(包括适当的混合营销的发展)吸引顾客和促进顾客忠实的基础之上的。

产品和服务营销的方法有很多的方式能用来销售你的产品或服务包括做广告，直接响应、推销活动和宣传。

然而，除非你能了解顾客、市场和产业的需要并且竞争的优势和劣势，否则这些方法是不太可能成功的。

营销策略帮助一个组织尖化它的焦点和在市场顺利地竞争。

营销策略与二个组分有关：目标市场和用最佳的方式传达你的产品价值或服务到那个市场。

一个可实行的销售方针的发展取决于几个关键维度。

首先，与组织之内的所有全球性战略一样，一个成功的销售方针需要由在组织之内的最高管理层签名。

销售方针本质上也具有政治性的色彩：在组织之内的强有力的单位在最佳的销售方针也许不同意，并且协议也许需要谈判达成。

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外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution．This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locating distribution center on logistics cost．and finds one kind of simple and easy location method by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural product logistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making support function to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving and transporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular the specifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expenditure summation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。

the logistics cost is the cost of completing all logisties activities．And the responsibility of reducing 109isties cost not only relies on the logistics section，but also on the establishment of”business strategy”to a great extent．In chain operation．to lower total logistics cost of distribution center is a strong support of chain supermarket’s”profit”. The logistics cost in chain operation occupies a large proportion of the cost of the entirecirculation．The chain supermarket company’s logistics cost in developed countries such as The United States．Japan and Europe usually accounts for 4-6％of the sales．The logistics cost of cold storage distribution (including frozen，chilled) is 2．5 times the logistics cost of normal temperature distribution．If the special attention is not paid to the accounting of logistics cost of distribution center, it would like to bring the serious consequence to the enterprise．The best location of agricultural product logistics distribution center should be located nearby “River Garden” through above computer modeling analysis; it is the minimum transport cost from each of 5 points to the location. There are many uncertain factors difficult to be measured in actual applications, which can be solved by adjusting transport rat Ri. This location can basically meet the demand. he key of the model’s application is the accurate substitution of the maps, and it is not difficult to figure out．In actual logistics practice，possibly involving tens or even hundreds of distribution points，the use of computer methods will be very valuable。