曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照
曼昆宏观经济知识点总结 中英文注释
宏观经济复习一、Measuring of a Nation’s Income and the Cost of Living1.The Economy’s Income and Expenditure 经济的收入与支出国家总收入=总支出=GDP无论是国家企业还是家庭，交易总有买入和卖出，因此对于一个整体而言，总收入必定等于总支出。
具体参考循环流向表2.The Measurement and Components of GDP GDP的度量与构成GDP=Y=C+I+GS+NX什么不算GDP：二手货；在别国生产的物品；household；illegal3.Real vs. Nominal GDP 实际GDP和名义GDP名义GDP：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产实际GDP：按不变价格评价的物品与劳务的生产(通常以某年做基年，然后以那年的价格计算)。
区别：前者是以现期价格计算，后者是以不变价格计算。
4.CPI and Inflation CPI与通货膨胀消费物价指数英文缩写为CPI，是根据与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。
从2011年1月起，我国CPI开始计算以2010年为对比基期的价格指数序列。
CPI=（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价值）×100%.若1995年某国普通家庭每个月购买一组商品的费用为800元，而2000年购买这一组商品的费用为1000元，那么该国2000年的消费价格指数为（以1995年为基期）CPI= 1000/800×100%=125%，也就是说上涨了（125-100）%=25%。
通货膨胀（Inflation）是指物价水平（price level）整体上涨的情况计算：（第二年CPI／第一年CPI）*100%真实利率=名义利率-通货膨胀率如果inflation，谁比较开心：a）borrower b）bargaining powerpart-time worker c）Asset二、The Real Economy in the Long-run 长期中的真实经济1.Unemployment 失业a）摩擦性失业：上家辞了还没找着下家b）结构性失业：老行业消失c）季节性失业：春天有工作秋天没有d）技术性失业：新技术带来生产效率的提高，劳动力过剩e）周期性失业：国家经济周期性萎缩导致定义：able and willing to work, but cannot find a jobLabor Participant Rate: (Labor Force/Adults) *100%Unemployment Rate: (unemployment/LF) *100%三、Money and Prices in the Long-run 期中的货币与物价 1. The Monetary System 货币系统定义： 人们用于购买物品的资本分类：（1）货币本身价值：a ）legal tender 如人民币，本身没有价值。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)2.6
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第二章像经济学家一样思考2.6Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier我们的第二个模型：生产可能性边界Most economic models, unlike the circular-flow diagram, are built using the tools of mathematics. Here we use one of the simplest such models, called the production possibilities frontier, to illustrate some basic economic ideas.与循环流向图不同，大多数经济模型都是用数学工具来建立的。
这里我们考虑一个最简单的这类模型，这个模型称为生产可能性边界，并运用这个模型去阐明一些基本经济思想。
Although real economies produce thousands of goods and services, let’s consider an economy that produces only two goods—cars and computers. Together, the car industry and the computer industry use all of the economy’s factors of production. The production possibilities frontieris a graph that shows the various combinations of output—in this case, cars and computers— that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology that firms use to turn these factors into output.虽然现实世界生产成千上万种物品与劳务，但我们设想一个只生产两种物品——汽车与电脑——的经济。
曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理 英文版
how firms decide how much to produce, how many workers to hire（企业决策：生产（数量）、雇佣工人数量）
how society decides how to divide its resources between national defense, consumer goods, protecting the environment, and other needs（国家决策：国防、消费品、环 4 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 保等）
Tradeoff的原因本质是：资源的稀缺性
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
6
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Principle #1: 人们面临权衡取舍 People Face Tradeoffs
Exampense requires resources that could
机会成本也来源于资源稀缺性，由于机会成本的存在从而需要取
舍。
机会成本是人们选择，而放弃其他全部选择中收益最大的部分。
9
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #2: 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西
The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
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HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #3: 理性人考虑边际量
Rational People Think at the Margin Rational people
十大经济学原理
曼昆十大经济学原理1、人们面临权衡取舍（people face tradeoffs）e.g.社会面临一种重要的权衡取舍：效率VS平等。
效率：社会能从稀缺资源中得到的最大利益。
平等：经济成果在社会成员中的平均分配。
权衡取舍：为使社会更加平等，需要在富人与穷人之间重新分配收入。
但这会减少工作与生产的激励，并缩小经济“蛋糕”的规模。
2、某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西（the cost of something is what you give up to get it.）人们做出决策的时候需要比较可供选择行动方案的成本与利益，这反应了机会成本的概念。
机会成本取决于你所面临的其他选择。
e.g.上一年大学的成本不仅仅是学费、书费、住宿费、伙食费全部加起来，还包括没有工作而损失的工资。
3、理性人考虑边际量（rational people think at the margin）理性人：是系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现某目标的人，通过比较成本和收益的边际变动来做出决策。
边际变动：对现有行动计划的微小增量调整。
理性决策者（在边际上）采取行动，当且仅当这一行动的边际收益大于其边际成本时，才会进行。
e.g. 期末为什么自习教室人满为患？期末学习的边际收益：可能在考试中获得更好的成绩。
期末学习的边际成本：投入时间，放弃娱乐和休息（应该同平时学习一样）。
期末学习的边际收益远高于平时，即此时时间的机会成本高于平时，而因此，理性的人都在期末抓紧时间复习。
4、人们会对激励做出反应（people respond to incentives）成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们做出反应。
当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本时，人们选择这个方案，而不去选择别的。
e.g.打车软件的兴起使出租车行业有火热了起来。
5、贸易能使每个人状况更好（trade can make everyone better off）人们可以专门生产一种物品或劳务并用来交换其他物品或劳务，而不必自给自足。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.1
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读经济学原理，每日更新/欢迎来主页查看/翻译经过校对第一章经济学十大原理The word economy comes from the Greek woid oikonomos,which means “one who manages a household." At first, this origin might seem peculiar. But in fact, households and economies have much in common. A household faces many decisions. It must decide wliich household members do which tasks and what each member receives in return: Wlio cooks diimer? Wlio does the laundiy? Who gets the extra dessert at dinner? Who gets to drive the car? In short, a household must allocate its scarce resources （time, dessert, car mileage） among its various members, taking into account each member's abilities, efforts, and desires.经济这个词来源于希腊语，其意为“管理一个家庭的人”。
乍一看，这个起源似乎有点奇特。
但事实上，家庭和经济有着许多共同之处。
一个家庭面临着许多决策。
它必须决定哪些家庭成员去做什么，以及作为回报每个家庭成员能得到什么：谁做晚饭？谁洗衣服？谁在晚餐时多得到一块甜点？谁有权选择看什么电视节目？简言之，家庭必须考虑到每个成员的能力、努力和愿望，以在各个成员中配置稀缺资源（时间，甜点，车辆英里程）。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.12
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理九Principle 9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money原理九：当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升In January 1921, a daily newspaper in Germany cost 0.30 marks. Less than two years later, in November 1922, the same newspaper cost 70,000,000 marks. All other prices in the economy rose by similar amounts. This episode is one of history’s most spectacular examples of inflation, an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.1921年1月，德国一份日报价格为0.3马克。
不到两年之后，1922年11月，一份同样的报纸价格为7000万马克。
经济中所有其他价格都以类似的程度上升。
这个事件是历史上最惊人的通货膨胀的例子，通货膨胀是经济中物价总水平的上升。
Although the United States has never experienced inflation even close to that of Germany in the 1920s, inflation has at times been aneconomic problem. During the 1970s, for instance, when the overall level of prices more than doubled, President Gerald Ford called inflation “public enemy number one.” By contrast, inflation in the first decade of the 21st century ran about 2½ percent per year; at this rate, it would take almost 30 years for prices to double. Because high inflation imposes various costs on society, keeping inflation at a low level is a goal of economic policymakers around the world.虽然美国从未经历过接近于德国20世纪20年代的情况，但通货膨胀有时也成为一个经济问题。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.2
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理一：人们面临交替关系How People Make Decisions人们如何作出决策There is no mystery to what an economy is. Whether we are talking about the economy of Los Angeles, the United States, or the whole world, an economy is just a group of people dealing with one another as they go about their lives. Because the behavior of an economy reflects the behavior of the individuals who make up the economy, we begin our study of economics with four principles about individual decision making.“经济”是什么这个问题并没有什么神秘之处、无论我们谈论的是洛杉矶经济，美国经济，还是全世界的经济，经济只不过是一个在生活中相互交易的一群人而已。
由于一个经济的行为反映了组成这个经济的个人的行为，所以我们的经济学研究就从个人作出决策的四个原理开始。
Principle 1: People Face Trade-offs原理一：人们面临取舍You may have heard the old saying, “There ain’t no such thing as a free lunch.” Grammar aside, there is much truth to this adage. To get something that we like, we usually have to give up something else that we also like. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.您可能听过一句老话：“没有免费的午餐。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.5
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理四Principle 4: People Respond to Incentives原理四：人们会对激励作出反应An incentive is something (such as the prospect of a punishment or reward) that induces a person to act. Because rational people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, they respond to incentives. You will see that incentives play a central role in the study of economics. One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field could be summarized as simply “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.”激励是指诱使或迫使人们做某事的东西（例如可能的惩罚或奖励）。
由于理性人在决策时比较边际成本和边际收益，他们对激励作出反应。
你将看到激励在经济学的学习中占有核心地位。
某个经济学家甚至说，整个经济学可以简单总结为“人们对激励作出反应，剩下的内容只是对该原理的解释。
”Incentives are key to analyzing how markets work. For example, when the price of an apple rises, people decide to eat fewer apples. At the same time, apple orchards decide to hire more workers and harvest more apples. In other words, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. As we will see, the influence of prices on the behavior of consumers and producers is crucial to how a market economy allocates scarce resources.激励在分析市场如何运行时十分重要。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.11
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理八How the Economy as a Whole Works整体经济如何运行We started by discussing how individuals make decisions and then looked at how people interact with one another. All these decisions and interactions together make up “the economy.” The last three principles concern the workings of the economy as a whole.我们从讨论个人如何作出决策开始，然后考察人们如何相互作用。
所有这些决策和相互作用共同组成了“经济”。
后三个原理涉及到整体经济的运行。
Principle 8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services原理八：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力The differences in living standards around the world are staggering. In 2014, the average American had an income of about $55,000. In thesame year, the average Mexican earned about $17,000, the average Chinese about $13,000, and the average Nigerian only $6,000. Not surprisingly, this large variation in average income is reflected in various measures of quality of life. Citizens of high-income countries have more TV sets, more cars, better nutrition, better healthcare, and a longer life expectancy than citizens of low-income countries.世界各国生活水平的差别是惊人的。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.6
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理五How People Interact人们如何相互作用The first four principles discussed how individuals make decisions. As we go about our lives, many of our decisions affect not only ourselves but other people as well. The next three principles concern how people interact with one another.前四个原理讨论了人们如何作出决策。
在我们人生的旅途中，我们的许多决策不仅影响我们自己，而且还影响其他人。
以下三个原理是关于人们之间如何相互作用。
Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off原理五：贸易能使每个人状况更好You may have heard on the news that the Chinese are our competitors in the world economy. In some ways, this is true becauseAmerican and Chinese firms produce many of the same goods. Companies in the United States and China compete for the same customers in the markets for clothing, toys, solar panels, automobile tires, and many other items.你可能在新闻中听说，中国人是我们在世界经济中的竞争对手。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.5
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理四Principle 4: People Respond to Incentives原理四：人们会对激励作出反应An incentive is something (such as the prospect of a punishment or reward) that induces a person to act. Because rational people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, they respond to incentives. You will see that incentives play a central role in the study of economics. One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field could be summarized as simply “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.”激励是指诱使或迫使人们做某事的东西（例如可能的惩罚或奖励）。
由于理性人在决策时比较边际成本和边际收益，他们对激励作出反应。
你将看到激励在经济学的学习中占有核心地位。
某个经济学家甚至说，整个经济学可以简单总结为“人们对激励作出反应，剩下的内容只是对该原理的解释。
”Incentives are key to analyzing how markets work. For example, when the price of an apple rises, people decide to eat fewer apples. At the same time, apple orchards decide to hire more workers and harvest more apples. In other words, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. As we will see, the influence of prices on the behavior of consumers and producers is crucial to how a market economy allocates scarce resources.激励在分析市场如何运行时十分重要。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)
曼昆经济学原理（第七版）微观经济学分册名词解释中英文归纳CHAPTER 1Ten Principles of EconomicsScarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources稀缺性:社会资源的有限性Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society平等：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人Marginal change: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整Incentive: something that induces a person to act激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过它们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理 英文版
教材（英文版）：Principles of Economics, 7ed.
written by N. Gregory Mankiw
中文版：《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》，梁小明、
梁砾译，北京大学出版社
参考书：《经济学原理学习指南》，大卫· 哈克斯著，梁小
民译，北京大学出版社；《曼昆<经济学原理（微观经济学 分册）>笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解》，圣才考研 网主编，中国石化出版社
万美元时，高中篮球明星科 比.布赖恩特（Kobe Bryant ）决定不读大学而直接进入 职业篮球联盟（ NBA ）。
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
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Examples:
Choice A B C D E Revenue 200$ 150$ 180$ 201$ 200$ opportunity cost 201$ 201$ 201$ 200$ 201$
1
CHAPTER
1
Ten Principles of Economics （经济学十大原理）
Economics
PRINCIPLES OF
N. Gregory Mankiw
© 2015 CUFE
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
society gets the most from its scarce resources
Equality:经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性 when
prosperity is distributed uniformly among society’s members.
Tradeoff: To achieve greater equality, income could be
曼昆的十大经济学原理
曼 昆
ECONOMICS
十大经济学原理
经济学十大原理
十大经济学原理，最早是有美国的 经济学家曼昆（N.Mankiw）提出来的，并 且用这十大原理贯穿他的《经济学基础》 ，这十个原理包括：人们如何做出决策； 人们如何相互交易和整体经济如何运行三 个方面。
小 组 成 员
原理三：理性人考虑边际量
rational people think at margin
当你饿的时候，有一盘包子摆在你的面，你 吃了一两个会发现非常的美味，当你吃到三 四个的时候，你可能就感觉到饱了，可是让 你吃一大盘，可能你就吃不下去了。
“边际量”是指某个经济变 量在一定的影响因素下发生 的变动量。
trade can make everyone better off
6ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity
在一个市场经济中，中央计划者的决策被千百万企业 和家庭的决策所取代。这些企业和家庭在市场上相互交易， 价格和个人利益引导着他们的决策，他们仿佛被一只"看 不见的手"所指引，引起了合意的市场结果。
原理一：人们面临权衡取舍
people face
trade-offs
国庆到了，七天的时 间，要是拿来加班的 话，可以有三倍的加 班费，可是我想带小 丽去看海？到底选哪 个呢？？？
原理二：某种东西的 成本是为了得到它所 放弃的东西
the cost of something is what you give up to get it
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.7
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理六Principle 6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity原理六：市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s was one of the last century’s most transformative events. Communist countries operated on the premise that government officials were in the best position to allocate the economy’s scarce resources. These central planners decided what goods and services were produced, how much was produced, and who produced and consumed these goods and services. The theory behind central planning was that only the government could organize economic activity in a way that promoted economic well-being for the country as a whole.1980年代苏联和东欧共产主义国家的解体，可能是20世纪后半叶世界上最重要的变化。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.4
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理三Principle 3: Rational People Think at the Margin原理三：理性人考虑边际量Economists normally assume that people are rational. Rational people systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities. As you study economics, you will encounter firms that decide how many workers to hire and how much of their product to manufacture and sell to maximize profits. You will also encounter individuals who decide how much time to spend working and what goods and services to buy with the resulting income to achieve the highest possible level of satisfaction.经济学家通常假设人们是理性的。
理性人(rational people),在给定的可行选择前提下，有条理且有目的地尽自己最大的努力来实现自己的目标。
在你学习经济学的过程中,你会发现企业为使利润最大化，它要决定雇佣工人数量以及决定生产和销售产品的数量。
你也会发现个人为实现最高水平的满足程度，他要决定工作时间的长短，以及决定使用工作收入购买哪些商品和服务。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.9参考资料
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理参考资料Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand亚当·斯密与看不见的手It may be only a coincidence that Adam Smith’s great book The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776, the exact year in which American revolutionaries signed the Declaration of Independence. But the two documents share a point of view that was prevalent at the time: Individuals are usually best left to their own devices, without the heavy hand of government guiding their actions.亚当·斯密的巨著《国富论》出版于1776年，也就是美国革命者签署《独立宣言》的那一年，这也许只是一个巧合。
但这两份文件都有一个当时流行的观点：个人通常最好听其自然，没有政府的重拳指导他们的行动。
This political philosophy provides the intellectual basis for the market economy and for free society more generally. Why do decentralized market economies work so well? Is it because people canbe counted on to treat one another with love and kindness? Not at all. Here is Adam Smith’s description of how people interact in a market economy: Man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only.这种政治哲学为市场经济和更普遍的自由社会提供了智力基础。
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十大经济学原理。
曼昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理，他们分别是：十大经济学原理一：人们面临权衡取舍。
人们为了获得一件东西，必须放弃另一件东西。
决策需要对目标进行比较。
People Face Trade offs. To get one thing, you have to give up something else. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.例子：这样的例子很多，典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择，军事上所占的资源越多，可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。
同样，政府用于生产公共品的资源越多，剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少；我们用来消费的食品越多，则用来消费的衣服就越少；学生用于学习的时间越多，那么用于休息的时间就越少。
十大经济学原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。
决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。
The Cost of Something is what You Give Up to Get It. Decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions.例子：某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。
开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响，因此金矿开采的成本很低。
但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等，是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值？尽管货币价值成本可能会很小，但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失，因此机会成本事实上可能很大。
十大经济学原理三：理性人考虑边际量。
理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。
Rational People Think at Margin. A rational decision-maker takes action if and only ifthe marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost.例子：“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。
例如，人在饥饿时吃一个包子的边际量（此时又叫边际效用）比在温饱时吃一个包子的边际量要大。
十大经济学原理四：人们会对激励作出反应。
当成本或收益变动时，人们的行为也会发生变动。
People Respond to Incentives. Behavior changes when costs or benefits change.例子：比如一个学生，如果老师在课堂上表扬了他，他会感到很高兴，然后会更加努力，也可能因受表扬而骄傲退步。
十大经济学原理五：交易能使每个人状况更好。
交易使每个人专攻于他或她最擅长的领域。
通过和他人的交易，人们可以购买更多样的产品和服务。
Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off. Trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best. By trading with others, people can buy a greater variety of goods or services.例子：A国技术较为发达，B国劳动力比较廉价，两国之间可以通过贸易来实现共赢，当然落后国家要注意”比较优势陷阱“，积极实施赶超战略。
十大经济学原理六：市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。
在市场中相互影响的家庭和企业实施行动，好像有一只看不见的手引导他们来达到资源的最优配置。
与此相反的是在政府指导下的计划经济。
Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity. Households and firms that interact in market economies act as if they are guided by an “invisible hand”that leads the market to allocate resources efficiently. The opposite of this is economic activity that is organized by a central planner within the government.例子：在市场经济中，一个行业的利润比另一个行业高，资源会流向利润高的行业。
十大经济学原理七：政府有时可以改善市场结果。
当一个市场不能有效配置资源，政府可以通过公共政策改变结果。
例如反垄断和污染的法规。
Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes. When a market fails to allocate resources efficiently, the government can change the outcome through public policy. Examples are regulations against monopolies and pollution.例子：环境是公共物品，在没有政府的情况下，企业为追求自身最大利益，往往不顾对环境的破坏污染，这时便需要政府出面调解。
人们如何相互作用How People Interact十大经济学原理八：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。
一个国家的工人单位时间内能生产大量的商品和服务，那么这个国家享受较高的生活水准。
类似的，当一个国家的生产力提高，那么它的平均收入也会提高。
A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services. Countries whose workers produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time enjoy a high standard of living. Similarly, as a natio n’s productivity grows, so does its average income.例子：用什么来解释各国和不同时期中生活水平的巨大差别呢？为什么北美的生活水平高，而热带非洲的生产水平低？答案是几乎所有生活水平的变动都可以归因于各国的技术状况和各项知识差别。
十大经济学原理九：当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升。
当一个政府发行了大量该国货币，货币的价值下跌。
因此，价格的上涨，使得需要更多货币来购买商品和服务。
Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money. When a government creates large quantities of the nation’s money, the value of the money falls. As a result, prices increase,requiring more of the same money to buy goods and services.例子：表现为通货膨胀。
比如1922年1月到1923年11月，由于通货膨胀，魏玛共和国的价格指数从1上升到10 000 000 000。
就像某人在1922年初拥有一张价值3亿元的德国债券，那么两年之后，他用这么多钱就会连一小块糖也买不到。
十大经济学原理十：社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。
降低通货膨胀往往伴随着失业率的暂时上升。
这种此消彼长的现象是理解税法，政府支出和货币政策的变化短期效应的关键。
Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff Between Inflation and Unemployment. Reducing inflation often causes a temporary rise in unemployment. This tradeoff is crucial for understanding the short-run effects of changes in taxes, government spending and monetary policy.例子：当经济增长过快时，会出现通货膨胀。
为减轻价格压力，政府可通过增加税收，提减少政府支出，提高利率等方法抑制通货膨胀。
但是降低通货膨胀的代价并没有这么简单，它往往伴随失业率的提高。
可以用菲利普斯曲线来解释。
如果菲利普斯曲线相对比较平坦，则降低通货膨胀率就要以较高的失业率和产出损失为代价；而如果菲利普斯曲线比较陡峭，则失业率的小幅上升就会带来通货膨胀率的快速下降，代价较小。
如何运用经济学十大原理人们如何做出决策1.人们面临权衡取舍2.某种东西的成本只是为了得到它所放弃的东西3.理性人考虑边际量4.人们会对激励做出反应人们如何相互影响5.贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法7.政府有时可以改善市场结果整体经济如何运行8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力9.当政府发行了过多的货币时，物价上升10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。