2018年高考上海卷考试手册

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2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试数学试题(上海卷,含答案)

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试数学试题（上海卷）一、填空题（本大题共有12题，满分54分第1-6题每题4分，第7-12题每题5分）1.行列式4125的值为。

2.双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为。

3.在（1+x ）7的二项展开式中，x ²项的系数为。

（结果用数值表示） 4.设常数a R ∈，函数f x x a =+（）㏒₂（），若f x （）的反函数的图像经过点31（，），则a= 。

5.已知复数z 满足117i z i +=-（）（i 是虚数单位），则∣z ∣= 。

6.记等差数列{} n a 的前几项和为S n ，若87014a a a =+=₃，，则S 7= 。

7.已知21123α∈---｛，，，，，，｝，若幂函数()nf x x =为奇函数，且在0+∞（，）上速减，则α=_____8.在平面直角坐标系中，已知点A （-1，0），B （2，0），E ，F 是y 轴上的两个动点，且|EF |=2，则AE ·BF 的最小值为______9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码，其中5克、3克、1克砝码各一个，2克砝码两个，从中随机选取三个，则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是______（结果用最简分数表示）10.设等比数列{}的通项公式为a n =q ⁿ+1（n ∈N*），前n 项和为S n 。

若1Sn 1lim2n n a →∞+=，则q=____________11.已知常数a >0，函数222()(2)f x ax =+的图像经过点65p p ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭，、15Q q ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭，，若236p q pq +=，则a =__________12.已知实数x ₁、x ₂、y ₁、y ₂满足：²²1x y +=₁₁，²²1x y +=₂₂，212x x y y +=₁₂₁，则的最大值为__________二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分20分，每题5分）每题有且只有一个正确选项.考生应在答题纸的相应位置，将代表正确选项的小方格涂黑.13.设P 是椭圆²5x + ²3y =1上的动点，则P 到该椭圆的两个焦点的距离之和为（）（A ）2（B ）2（C ）2（D ）414.已知a R ，则“1a ﹥”是“1a1﹤”的（）（A ）充分非必要条件（B ）必要非充分条件（C ）充要条件（D ）既非充分又非必要条件15.《九章算术》中，称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马.设AA ₁是正六棱柱的一条侧棱，如图，若阳马以该正六棱柱的顶点为顶点，以AA ₁为底面矩形的一边，则这样的阳马的个数是（）（A ）4（B ）8 （C ）12 （D ）1616.设D 是含数1的有限实数集，f x （）是定义在D 上的函数，若f x （）的图像绕原点逆时针旋转π6后与原图像重合，则在以下各项中，1f （）的可能取值只能是（）（A（B（C （D ）0三、解答题（本大题共有5题，满分76分）解答下列各题必须在答题纸的相应位置写出必要的步骤.17.（本题满分14分，第1小题满分6分，第2小题满分8分）已知圆锥的顶点为P ，底面圆心为O ，半径为2 （1）设圆锥的母线长为4，求圆锥的体积；（2）设PO =4，OA ，OB 是底面半径，且∠AOB =90°，M 为线段AB 的中点，如图，求异面直线PM 与OB 所成的角的大小.18.（本题满分14分，第1小题满分6分，第2小题满分8分）设常数a R ∈，函数f x （）22?asin x cos x =+ （1）若f x （）为偶函数，求a 的值；（2）若4f π〔〕1=，求方程1f x =（）ππ-［，］上的解。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷以及答案（包括一篇范文）

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷以及答案（包括一篇范文）2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷第I卷第一部分: 听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节 (共5小题；每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)(秋考)含逐题详解

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学试卷（满分150分,考试时间120分钟）考生注意1.本场考试时间120分钟,试卷共4页,满分150分,答题纸共2页.2.作答前,在答题纸正面填写姓名,准考证号,反面填写姓名,将核对后的条形码贴在答题纸指定位置.3.所有作答务必填涂或书写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的区域,不得错位.在试卷上作答一律不得分.4.用2B 铅笔作答选择题,用黑色字迹钢笔,水笔或圆珠笔作答非选择题.一,填空题（本大题共有12题,满分54分,第1～6题每题4分,第7～12题每题5分）1.行列式4125的值为_________.2.双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为_________. 3.在7(1)x +的二项展开式中,2x 项的系数为_________.（结果用数值表示） 4.设常数a R ∈,函数2()log ()f x x a =+。

若()f x 的反函数的图像经过点(3,1),则a =_________.5.已知复数z 满足(1)17i z i +=-（i 是虚数单位）,则z =_________.6.记等差数列{}n a 的前n 项和为n S ,若30a =,6714a a +=,则7S =_________.7.已知12,1,,1,2,32α⎧⎫∈---⎨⎬⎩⎭。

若幂函数()f x x α=为奇函数,且在(0,)+∞上递减,则 α=_________.8.在平面直角坐标系中,已知点(1,0)A -,(2,0)B ,E ,F 是y 轴上的两个动点,且2EF =,则AE BF •的最小值为_________.9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码,其中5克,3克,1克砝码各一个,2克砝码两个。

从中随机选取三个,则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是_________.（结果用最简分数表示）10.设等比数列{}n a 的通项公式为1n n a q-=（*n ∈N ）,前n 项和为n S 。

2018上海高考试题及答案-英语.doc

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟, 试卷满分150分。

2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。

试卷分为第I卷（第1－12页）和第II卷（第13页），全卷共13页。

所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。

第I卷(共103分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. It is satisfactory. B. It is luxurious.C. It is old-fashioned.D. It is disappointing.2. A. On August 5th. B. On August 6th. C. On August 7th. D. On August 8th.3. A. A waiter. B. A butcher. C. A porter. D. A farmer.4. A. In a theatre. B. In a library. C. In a booking office. D. In a furniture store.5. A. She expected to a better show. B. She could hardly find her seat.C. She wasn’t interested in the show.D. She didn’t get a favourable seat.6. A. The woman often eats out for breakfast. B. The cafeteria serves good breakfast.C. The wo man doesn’t have breakfast.D. The cafeteria doesn’t serve breakfast.7. A. Selling cucumbers. B. Planting vegetables. C. Cooking a meal. D. Picking tomatoes.8. A. The man should work hard. B. The man should turn down the job offer.C. The man may have another chance.D. The man can apply for the job again.9. A. It is a hot and smoggy day. B. There is a traffic jam on King Street.C. A vehicle is polluting the air.D. The man is reading a report online.10. A. Its ending is not good enough. B. Its special effects are not satisfying.C. It deserves an award.D. It is good except for the scary part.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.12. A. Pay the bills first.B. Spend 2% of the salary on living expenses.C. Deposit $1000 every month.D. Put part of the money in a savings account.13. A. Methods of saving money.B. Saving money for family emergencies.C. The importance of saving money.D. Secrets of spending money wisely.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Free education.B. A sum of money.C. Donations from a local newspaper.D. Gifts from many people.15. A. Let students in before school.B. Offer ice cream and coffee.C. Introduce a bank into the campus.D. Reduce the traffic jams around.16. A. It lacks positive news.B. It should grow into a big city.C. It is a place worth living in.D. It remains peaceful and quiet.Section CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blank 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Bags of LoveLast year, I was assigned to work at an office near my mother’s house, so I stayed with her for a month. During that time, I helped out with the housework and contributed to the groceries.After less than a week, I started noticing that the groceries were running out pretty quickly —we were always suddenly out of something. (25)_______(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks. To my surprise, I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine. Eventually, I decided to follow her and (26)_______ happened truly amazed me. She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in (27)______ she distributed it to children.I asked around and found out that my mum was very well known in the area. The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me —shy would she mot want to tell me about what she (28)_____(do)? Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop (29)_____(buy) the groceries if I found out?When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30)_____ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret (31)______ me. She told me that some of the children lived with an older lady in a shelter while others slept on the streets. For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by(32)_____ selfless she was.(B)Stress: Good or Bad?Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking about it, I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed.In recent years, stress(33)______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too muchstress(34)______ does you harm. It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuck at home with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the (35)_____(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself (36)_______ number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (37)______, and yet find it impossible to say no? Do you find yourself getting impatient of (38) _____(annoy) with people over unimportant things?... If the answer to all those questions is yes, you had better(39)______(control ) your stress, as you probably are under more stress than is good for you.To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life. Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events. Getting married is 50, pregnancy 40, moving house 20, Christmas 12,etc. If the total stress in your life is over 150, you are twice as likely (40)_______ (get )ill.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Golden Rules of Good DesignWhat makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to 41 the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary 42 More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is 43 design. Post-Modernist designers began to 44 with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen 45 such as ovens and kettles.Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product’s function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is 46 . For example, think of a(n) 47 desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to 48 light where it is needed.From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into 49 the sensory side of our nature—sight, smell, touch and taste. These are as important as rational(理性的). When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows us to easily 50 the toothpaste onto our brush.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating61. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness Section BDirection：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished sattments. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)One early morning, I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book called Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again. My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word “Poems” appeared in big, hot pink letters.“Is it good?” I asked her.“Yeah,” she answered. “There’s one I really like and you’ll like it, too.” I leaned forward.“‘Patty Poem,’” she read the title. Who is Patty? I wondered. The poem began:She never puts her toys away,Just leaves them scattered①where they lay,…①散乱的The poem was just three short sections. The final one came quickly:When she grows and gathers poise②, ②稳重I’ll miss her harum-scarum③noise, ③莽撞的And look in vain④for scattered toys. ④徒劳地And I’ll be sad.A terrible sorrow washed over me. Whoever Patty was, she was a mean girl. Then, the shock. “It’s you, honey,” My mother said sadly.To my mother, the poem revealed a parent’s affection when her child grows up and leaves. To me, the “she” in the poem was horror. It was my mama who would be sad. It was so terrible I burst out crying.“What’s wrong?” my mother asked.“Oh Mama,” I cried. “I don’t want to grow up ever!”She smiled. “Honey, it’s okay. You’re not growing up anytime soon. And when you do, I’ll still love you, okay?”“Okay,” I was still weeping. My panic has gone. But I could not help thinking about that silly poem. After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was confused. It all fit so well together, like a puzzle. The language was simple, so simple I could plainly understand its meaning, yet it was still beautiful. I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry, words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.I have since fallen in love with other poems, but “Patty Poem”remains my poem. After all, “Patty Poem” gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most.66. Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?A. It was a thick enough book.B. Something on its cover caught her eye.C. Her mother was reading it with interest.D. It has a meaningful title.67. After her mother read the poem to her, the writer felt ______ at first.A. sadB. excitedC. horrifiedD. confused68. The writer’s mother liked to read “Patty Poem” probably because______.A. it reflected her own childhoodB. it was written in simple languageC. it was composed by a famous poetD. it gave her a hint of what would happen69. It can be concluded from the passage that“Patty Poem”leads the writer to _______.A. discover the power of poetryB. recognize her love for puzzlesC. find her eagerness to grow upD. experience great homesickness（B）Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto Protoco l explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2018 to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.3.5℃This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up tothe initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still putcoastal cities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.2℃To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tightenemissions targets every five years. Even this increase could sink some islands,worse drought(干旱) and drive a decline of up to a third in the number ofspecies.1.5℃This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the ParisAgreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which saylimiting temperature rise to 1.5℃could save them from sinking.0.8℃This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began,putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃point.0℃The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of theindustrial age.70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countriesC. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto ProtocolD. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?A. The human population would increase by one third.B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_______.A. 0.8℃B. 1.5℃C. 2℃D. 3.5℃(C)Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark(认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.“The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller.Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the ina ppropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how co mpanies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.73. What does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark schemeB. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they thinkC. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scaleD. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years oldB. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understandC. the information they collected could become more valuable in futureD. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websitesB. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemarkC. take no further action if they can find a kitemarkD. avoid providing too much personal information77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Say no to social media?B. New security rules in operation?C. Accept without reading?D. Administration matters!Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Walking will be banned on escalators as part of a trail designed ti reduce congestion(拥堵) at some of the country’s busiest stations.In the first move of its kind, all travelers will be forced to stand on both sides of escalators on the London Underground as part of a plan to increase capacity(容量) at the height of the rush hour.A xix-month trial will be introduced at Holborn station from mid-April, eliminating the rule of standing on the right and walking on the left. The move, imitating a similar structure in Fareastern cities such as Hong Kong, is designed to increase the number of people using long escalators at the busiest times . it could be expanded across the Tube network in coming years.According to London Underground, only 40 percent of travelers walk the full length of long escalators, leaving the majority at the bottom as they wait to get on to the “standing “side.A three-week trial at Holborn last year found that the number of people using escalators at any time of could be raised by almost a third. Peter McNaught, operations director at London Underground, said: “It may not seem right that you can go quicker by standing still, but our experiments at Holborn have proved that it can be true. This new six-month trial will help us find out if we can influence customers to stand on both sides in the long term.”Holborn has one of the longest sets of escalators on the Underground network at 23.4 high. Tube bosses claim that capacity was limited because so few people wanted to walk up—meaning only one side was used at all times. Research has shown that it is more effective use of escalators over 18.5 to ban walking.The previous trial found that escalators at the station normally carried 2,500 people between 8:30am and 9:30am on a typical day, rising to 3,250 during the researching period.In the new trial, which will be launched from April 18, one of three “up”escalators will be standing only, with a second banning walking at peak times. A third will remain a mix of walking and standing.(Note: Answering the questions the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. What is the existing problem with standing on the right and walking on the left?79. What did last year’s three-week trial at Holborn station prove?80.The research suggests that walking should be forbidden on escalators that are at least _________ in height.81. In the new trail, in addition to one escalator banning walking in rush hours, the other “up” escalators will be used for_________________.第II卷(共47分)I.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.我真希望自己的文章有朝一日能见报。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试数学试题(上海卷,含答案)

（A）2
（B）2
（C）2
（D）4
14.已知 a R ，则“ a﹥1”是“ 1 ﹤1”的（） a
（A）充分非必要条件（B）必要非充分条件（C）充要条件（D）既非充分又非必要条件 15.《九章算术》中，称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马.设 AA₁是正六棱柱的一条侧棱，如图，若阳马以该正六棱柱的顶点为顶点，以 AA₁为底面矩形的一边，则这样的阳马的个数是（）
。
4
【答案】 y 1 x 2
【解析】【解答】
x2 4
y2
1，a=2，b=1。故渐近线方程为
y
1 2
x
6
【分析】渐近线方程公式。注意易错点焦点在
x
x2 轴上，渐近线直线方程为 a2
y2 b2
1时，
y b x。 a
【题型】填空题【考查类型】中考真题【试题级别】高三【试题地区】上海【试题来源】2018 年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）
住：考前休息很重要。好好休息并不意味着很早就要上床睡觉，根据以往考生的经验，太早上床反而容易失眠。考前按照你平时习惯的时间上床休息就可以了，但最迟不要超过十点半。
用：出门考试之前，一定要检查文具包。看看答题的工具是否准备齐全，应该带的证件是否都在，不要到了考场才想起来有什么工具没带，或者什么工具用着不顺手。
a=- 1 时， f
x
=
x
1 2
非奇非偶函数，错误
2
a= 1 时， f
1
x = x 2 非奇非偶函数，错误
2
a=1 时， f x =x 在（0，）上递增，错误
a=2 时， f x =x2 在（0，）上递增，错误
a=3 时， f x =x3 在（0，）上递增，错误

2018年上海市普通高等学校招生统一考试数学真题试题及参考答案(上海卷)

【试题级别】高三
【试题地区】上海
【试题来源】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）
15.（2018•上海）《九章算术》中，称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马.设AA₁是正六棱柱的一条侧棱，如图，若阳马以该正六棱柱的顶点为顶点，以AA₁为底面矩形的一边，则这样的阳马的个数是（）
A.4
B.8
C.12
D.16
【答案】D
【解析】【解答】以AA1取矩形分别讨论，找到AA1所在矩形个数，并根据每个矩形可做4个阳马的基本位置关系，可得答案为D。

故答案为：D。

【分析】以AA1为底边的直四棱锥，运用线面垂直关系判定的方法分析图形中基本元素及其相互关系解答即可。

【题型】单选题
【考查类型】高考真题
【试题来源】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）。

2018年高考真题——英语(上海卷)Word版(含解析)

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷(满分140分，考试时间120分钟)考生注意：答题前•务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名•并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位直上•在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。

I.LiStening COmPrehenSiOnSeCtiOn ADirections: In SeCtiOn A, you Will hear ten ShOrt conversations between two SPeakerS・ At the end Of each COnVerSation, a question WilI be asked about WhOt WaS said. The conversations and the questions Will be SPOken Only OnCe・ After you hear a COnVerSatiOn and the question about it, read the four POSSible answers On your paper; and decide WhiCh One is the best answer to the question you have heard.( )1 ・ A. In a grocery r B. In a Cafe・C. At a tailor s.D. At a toy ShOP( )2. A. He is PleaSed With his job.B.He is not SatiSfied With his WOrk・C.He finds the huge WOrklOad UnbCarable・D.He finds his OffiCe InUCh too big for him.( )3.A・ He is InOSt PrObably CheCking Whether everything is OK.B.He is InOSt PrObablyjUmPing from the desk・C.He is most PrObably repairing the desk・D.He is InOSt PrObably Changing the bulb・( )4. A. £200. B. £300. J C. £600・ D. £700.( )5. A. IFs difficult for the WOman to get the job if She takes the inten f iew.B.ThC WOman Can get the job if She takes the interview.C.The WOman has IeSS ChanCe to get the job than OtherS・D.The WOlnan ShOUld WOrk harder from now On if She WantS to get the job.( )6. A. The man drinks t∞ InUCh Wine・B.ThC man drinks Iittle Wine・C.The bed is t∞ soft.D.The bed is too hard・( )7. A. He may Change the Shirt because it,s too Iarge・B.He may Change the Shirt because it,s too SmalI・C.He doesn't Iike the COlOr Of the shirt.D.He IikeS the shirt.( )& A. TO PUt him to another flight.B.TO arrange the next flight.C.TO take him to SOmeWhere・D.TO arrange his accommodation.( )9. A. The news On TV.B.Many PeOPle Canle to the new hotel.C.It is difficult for PeOPle to find a job.D.The man Still has got a job.( )10. A. The WOman thinks it easy to Ieanl PhySiCS・B.ThC WOman is good at PhySiCS.C.ThC man thinks PrOfeSSOr Smith explained the PhySiCS PrOblenl Very Clearly.D.The man can,t UnderStand the PhySiCS problem.SeCtiOn BDirections: In SeCtiOn B you Will hear two ShOrt passages, and One IOnger conversation ,after each PaSSage・ The PaSSageS Or COnVerSatiOn you WiIl be asked SeVeral questions, the PaSSageS and the COnVerSatiOn WilI be read twice, but the questions WiII be SPOken Only OnCe・ When you hear a question, read the four POSSible answers On your PaPer and decide WhiCh One is the best answer to the question you have heard.QUeStiOnS 11 through 13 are based On the following PaSSage・( )11∙ A. SPain. B. FranCe C. AmeriCa D. England・( )12・ A. ViSitOrS ShOllldnI OVerlOOk it because it SUffered a IOt in history.B.Saint AUgUStine is the OIdeSt City in the nation.C.FlOrida WaS ruled by SPaniSh Until the UnitCd StateS took OVer it.D.ManyViSitOrS SUPPOrt the Florida's COaSt recovery for its beauty.( )13. A. Florida,s AtlantiC coast.B.St. Augustine1S history.C.SPaniSh COntrOl OVer FlOrida.D.SPaniSh history・QUeStiOnS 14 through 16 are based On the following talk・( )14. A. A IOSt PrOPCrty OffiCe in EUrOPe・B. A IOSt PrOPerty OffiCe in LOndOn・C. A IOSt PrOPerty OffiCe in TOkyo.D.PaUl Cowan,s office.( )15・ A. LOSt items become the PrOPerty Of transport for LOndOn.B.LOSt items are taken good Care Of by COWan,s team・C.AlnlOSt all Of the IOSt items Were returned to their OWnerS・D.TWenty PerCent Of the IOSt items are CIamled iιι three months' tmιe.( )16・ A. BeCaUSe they think their IOSt ShOeS are USeleSS.B.BeCaUSe they have already bought new ShOeS・C.BeCaUSe they WOUld Iike to get a new pair.D.BeCaUSe they can,t find their IOSt ShOeS・QUeStiOnS 17 through 20 are based On the following COnVerSatiOn・( )17・ A. She is HlOSt PrObabIy bargaining for a house.B.ShC is InOSt PrObably ViSiting One Of her friends・C.ShC is most PrObably IOOking for a house・D.She is most PrObably COntaCting her bank for a house・( )18. A. The kitchen attached bathroom.B. A Wine StOrage area.C.ThC floor COVering・D.The relaxing COlOrS Of the wall.B.The PriCe is too high.D.The Offer is unfair.19. A. The PriCe is reasonable.( )20. A. The WOman Will buy the house because the PriCe isreasonable・B.ThC house is really good because the bathroom is attached to the bedroom・C.Tlle inside Of the house is better than the OUtSide・D.The WOlnan IikeS the house SO much that She Will buy it.II.Grammar and VOCabUIarySeCtiOn ADireCtions: After reading the PaSSageS below, fill in the blanks to make r the PaSSageS COherent and grammatically COrreCt FOr the blanks With a given word, fill in each blank With the PrOPer form Of the given word; for the Other blanks, USe One WOrCl that best fits each blank ・A COmPrehenSiVe StUdy Of 4, 500 Children COndUCted by the NatiOnal InStitUteS Of Health in 2018ShOWS that Children WhO SPent more than SeVen hours a day Staring at SCreens ShOWed evidenee Of PrematUre thinning Of their brain's COrte×-the OUter Iayer that PrOCeSSeS SenSOry information. "We don't know if it _____ 21 ___ (CaUSe) by the SCreen time・ We don't know yet if it's bad thing・ It WorVt beUntil We follow them OVer time _______ 22 ____ We WiIl See if there are OUtCOmeS that are associated Withthe differences that We l re Seeing in this Single Snapshot∕ Dr. Gaya DOWIing・"What We Can Say is that this is __________ 23 ____the brains IOOk Iike Of kids WhO SPend a IOt Of time On SCreenS・ And it's not just One pattern/'The PrObIem isn't just SCreens 24 » but also the Way SCreenS tempt kids (and adults) away from SOmething far more important: PhySiCal activity・ MOre than 23 PerCent Of adults and 80 PerCent Of adolescents don,t get enOugh PhySiCal activity, and according to a 2019 report from the WOrld HeaIth Organization・(WHO), these PatternS Of activity and rest arise ___________________________________________________ 25 __ habits We develop early "What We really need to do is _________ 26 _____ (bring) back PIay for ChiIdrer√" SayS Dr. JUanain IifeZa WHO SPeCialiSt in ChildhOOd ObeSity and PhySiCal activity, in a Statement about new WHO guidelines WiIliamSOnzissued in APril 2019・ ThiS is about making the Shift from Sedentary time to playtime, While 27 (PrOteCt) SIeeP・ Of COUrSeChildren aren't COmPIeteIy to blame for their SCreenzaddiction ・Sometimes, the Parents ________ 28 ___ COmPIain about the role Of SCreens in family Iife are just asguilty Of SPending too much time in front Of one. A 2016 StUdy ________ 29 ____ (COndUCt) by COmmOn SGnSeMedia found that ParentS SPend UP to nine hours a day in front Of SCreens，mostly not for WOrk-related reasOns. WhiIe 78 PerCent Of ParentS Said they believed they Were good SCreen time role models, the StUdy found a discOnnect between their behavior and their PerCePtiOn Of their behavior. ParentS need to Iimit SCreen time for themselves and especially for their kids- ________________________________________ 30 ____ it means PIaying the bad guy.OUr mental and PhySiCal health depends On it.21. ____________ 22. _______________ 23. _____________ 24. ________________ 25. _______________2& _____________ 27.________________ 2& _______________ 29. ________________ 30. _______________SeCtiOn BDireCtions: FiIl in each blank With a PrOPer WOrd ChOSen from the box. EaCh WOrel Can be USed OnlySOnIe VerV αAmerican^ WOrdS COme from ChmeSeVWe WiIl On a recent program, We told you the StOrieS Of English WOrdS borrowed from Other IangUageS・ TOdayrtell you abOUt WOrdS that English HaS taken from Chinese・Many Of the ChineSe WOrdS that are now Part Of English Were borrowed IOng ago. They are most Often from CantOnese Or Other ChineSe IangUageS rather than Mandarin.Let⅛ Start With kowtow.kowtowThe EngIiSh WOrd kowtow is a Verb that means to agree too easily to do What SOmeOne else WantS you to do, Or to Obey SOmeOne With POWer in a Way that SeemS _____________________________ 31 ____ ・ It COmeS from the CantOneSe WOrd kau tau, WhiCh means "knock your head." It refers to the act Of kneeling and IOWering OnJS HeaCl as a Sign Of respect to __________________ 32 ___ — SUCh as emperors, elders and IeaderS・ In the CaSe OfBritair√s King GeOrge III emperors, the act required the PerSOn to touch their head to the ground・ In 1793zSent LOrd GeOrge MaCartney and Other trade ambassadors to China to __________________________ 33 ___ a trade agreement・ The ChineSe asked them to kowtow to the QianIOng Emperor. AS the StOry goes, LOrd MaCartney refused for his ________________________ 34 ___ to do more than bend their knees・ He Said that WaS all they Were required to do for their OWn king・It is not SUrPriSing. then. that MaCartney Ieft China WithOUt negotiating the trade agreement. After that, CritiCS USed the WOrd kowtow When anyone WaS too SUbmiSSiVe to China. Today, the USage has no COnneCtiOn to China, nor any SPeCifiC POIitiCal COnneCtiOn.gung-hoAnOther borrowed WOrd that Came about through __________ 35 ____ between two nations is gung-ho. InEngIiSh・ the WOrd gung∙ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing SOmething. The ChineSe CharaCterS zz gδng,z and a h6,' together mean ZZ WOrk together, COOPerate/' The Original term —gδngy⅛ h6zuδsh(i — means ChineSe IndUStrial COOPeratiVeS. The OrganiZatiOnS Were established in the 1930s by WeSternerS in China to PrOmOte industrial and economic development.Lt・ COlOnel EVanS CarISOn Of the United StateS Marine^ COrPS- ObSerVed these COOPeratiVeS WhiIe he WaS in China. He WaS impressed, Saying "•…all the SOldierS _______________ 36 ____ themselves to One idea and WOrked together to PUt that idea over/ He then began IlSing the term gung∙ho in the Marine COrPS to try to Create the Same SPlrit he had ____________________ 37 ___ ・ In 1942, He USed the WOrd as a training SIOgan for the2nd Marine Raider BattaliOn during WOrId War II. The men Were Often CaIIed the Zz GUng H O Battalion/' FrOm ther‰its meaning has no relation to the military.the WOrd gung-ho SPread as a SIOgan the Marine COrPS・ TOdayztyphoonIn EngliSha typhoon is a Very POWerfUl and _________ 38 ___ StOrm that OCCUrS around the China Seafand in the SOUth PaCifiC・ The WOrd history Of typhoon had a far IeSS ClireCt Path to the English IangUage than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the Same・ But, according to the Merriam-WebSter NeW BOOk Of WOrd Histories, the first typhoOnS reported in the English Ianguage Were in India and Were CaIIed Zz tOUffOns" Or ZZ tUfans∕ The WOrd tufan Or al-tufan is ArabiC and means ViOIent StOrm Or flood・ ThG EngliSh Came across this WOrd in India and borrowed it as touffon.EngliShmen Iearned the CantOnese Word LateG When English ShiPS encountered ViOIent StOrmS in the China Seaztai fung, WhiCh means ZZ great wind." The word's 39 to touffon is Only by chance. The modern form Of the WOrd —typhoon — WaS in(IUenCed by the CantOneSe but ___________________________________________________ 40 _____ to make it appear more Greek・31. ____________ 32. ______________ 33. ______________ 34. _______________ 35. _______________36. ____________ 37. _______________ 38. _______________ 39. _______________ 40. _______________III.Reading COmPrehenSiOnSeCtiOn ADirections: FOr each blank in the following PaSSage there are four WOrdS Or PhraSeS marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank With the WOrd Or PhraSe that best fits the COnteXt ・When 17-year-old ClUattrO MUSSer hangs OUt With friends, they don't Ckink beer Or CrUiSe around in CarS Withthey StiCk to G-rated activities SUCh as rock-climbing Or talking about their dates. _________________ 41 ___Zbooks ・They are in good COmPany, according to a new StUdy ShOWing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had IOng been Seen as rites Of PaSSage into ______________________________ 42 _____ .The study, PUbIiShed TUeSday in the journal Child DeVelOPment, found that the PerCentage Of adolescents in the U・S・WhO have a driver's IiCense, WhO HaVe tried alcohol, WhO date, and WhO WOrk for Pay has PlUmmeted SinCe 2976, With the most PreCiPitOUS _____________________________ 43 ____ i n the PaSt decade・ The declines appeared across race, geographic, and SOCiOeCOnOrniC lines, and in rural, Urbar‰ and SUbUrban areas・TO be sure, more than HaIf Of teens still engage in these activities, but the ___ 44 _____ HaVe SIimmed COnSiderablyBetWeen 1976 and 1979, 86 PerCent Of high SChOOl Seniors had gone On a date; between 2010 and 2015zOr more boring, "but Only 63 PerCent PeOPIe sa½ Oh, it,s because teenagers are more responsible, Or more IaZyzIead author Of thethey're _________________________________ 45 ____ t he Iarger trend," Said Jean TWengezkids may be IeSS 46 instudy, WhiCh drew On SeVen Iarge time-Iag SUrVeyS Of AmeriCans. RatheG She Saidzactivities SUCh as dating, driving Or getting jobs because in today' S society.ACCOrding to an evolutionary PSyChOIOgy theory that a PerSOn l S "life strategy" SIOWS down Or SPeedS UPexposure to a ZZ harSh and UnPrediCtable,' GnVirOnmentdepending On HiS Or her ___________________ 47 ___ZIeadS to faster development, While a more resource-rich and SeCUre enVirOnment has the ________________ 48 ____ effect, the StUdy Said・ In the first ___ 49 ____ » "You'd have a IOt Of kids and be in SUrViVal mode, Starthavi ng kids you ng, expect your kids WiIl have kids young, and expect that there Will be more ________ 50 ____ and fewer resources/ Said TWengea PSyChOIOgy PrOfeSSOr at San DiegO State UniVerSity WhO is the author Of Zz iGen;zWhy Today's SUPer-COnnected KidS Are GrOWing UP LeSS Rebellious, MOre TOlerant, LeSS HaPPy —and COmPletely UnPrePared for Adulthood・Zz the goal back then WaSA Century ago, WhGn Iife expectancy WaS IOWer and COlIege education IeSS PreValentZSUrViVaL not ViOlin IeSSOnS by 5/ TWenge Said・ In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more 51 about marriage, and ClriVing a Car and WOrking for Pay WOUld be important forZZ eStabliShing mate ValUe based On PrOCUrement Of resources/ the StUdy said.BUt AmeriCa is Shifting more toward the _______ 52 ___ model, and the Change is apparent across the SOCiOeCOnOmiC spectrum, TWenge said. ZZ EVen in families WhOSe ParentS didn't HaVe a COllege education..・ familiesare SmalIeG and the idea that Children need to be CarefUIly ________________________________ 53 ____ has really SUnk in." The _______ 54 ___ Of "adult activities'7 COUld not be attributed to more homework Orextracurricular activities, the StUdy Saidznoting that teens today SPend fewer HOUrS On HOmeWOrk and the Same amount Of time On extracurricular as they did in the 1990s ( With the exception Of COmmUnity service, WhiCh hasrisen Slightly). NOr COUld the USe Of SmartPhOneS and the Internet be Gntirely the 55Z the report SaidZSinCethe decline began before they Were Widely available・ Ifthe delay is to make room for CreatiVe exploration and forming better SOCial and emotional COnnectionszit is a good thing, he Said・( ) 41. A. TherefOre B. Rather C. MOreOVer D. BeSideS( ) 42. A. ChiIdhOOd B. neighborhoodC. adolescentsD. adulthood( ) 43. A. escapes B. ends C. decreases D. ChangeS( ) 44. A. minorities B. majorities C. masses D. amounts( ) 45. A. taking B. avoiding C.Sending D. missing( ) 46. A. interested B. envied C. relieved D. realized( ) 47. A. emotions B. SUrrOUndingS C. CUStOmS D. habits( ) 48. A. WrOng B. Same C. OPpOSitC D. Sinlilar( ) 49. A. event B. issue C. CaSe D. OeCaSiOn( ) 50. A. trouble B. questions C. benefits D. diseases( ) 51. A・ respectively B. delicatelyC. SeriOUSlyD. COnSidCrably( ) 52. A. SlOWer B. better C. Smaller D. faster( ) 53. A. emphasized B. related C. OrganiZCd D. educated( ) 54. A. implement B. POStPOnementC. achievementD. Payment( ) 55. A. CaUSe B. impact C. fact D. resultSeCtiOn BDireCtions: Read the following three PaSSageS・ EaCh PaSSage is followed by SeVeral questions Or UnfiniShed StatementS・ FOr each Of them there are four ChOiCeS marked A f B f C Ond D. ChOOSe the One that fits best according to the information given in the PaSSage you have just read.BitCOin and Other SO CalIed CryPt CUrrenCieS have been all OVer the news lately. APParentl½ the idea Of money that's not tied to a SPeCifiC bank —Or a SPeCifiC COUntry —is appealing to many. BUt it's WOrth remembering that the banking SyStem that We now all IiVe With is just that: A modern invention. NOt SO IOng ago, money WaS almost always Created and USed locally, and bartering WaS COmmon. (In fact, it S廿Il is COmmOn among many OnIine IOCal networks, Iike the BUy NOthing Project.)・In the past, money's makeup Varied from PIaCe to place, depending On What WaS COnSidered ValUabIe there・ SO While SOme Ofthe world's first COinS Were made from a naturally OCCUrring hybrid Of gold and SilVer CalIed electrum,ObjeCtS Other than COinS have SerVed as CUrrency, inClUding beads, ivor½ IiVeStOCkzand COWrie ShellS・ In WeStAfriCazbracelets Of bronze Or COPPer Were USed as cash, especially if the transaction WaS associated With theSlaVe trade there・ ThrOUghOUt the COlOnial PeriOdZtobacco WaS USed in IieU Of COinS Or PaPer bills in Virginia,Maryland and NOrth CarOlinazeven though it WaS USed elsewhere in the COlOnieS and extensively throughout EUrOPe and the U.K.Today, On an island in the PaCifiCza SPeCifiC type Of SheIl StiII SerVeS as CUrrenCy — and SOme PeOPIe there are even hoarding it, just Iike BitCOin moguls, COrWinCed that One day, it WiIl make them Wealthy beyOnd imagination. On MaIaita, the most- POPUlated island that's Part Ofthe SOlOmOn Islands, SheIIS are accepted at most PIaCeS in "How much tuna you Can get for your ShelIS depends On their COIOr and shape/ Mary BrUno, a ShOP OWnGrfrom the SmaIl town Of AUkiz On Malaitaztold ViCe・"One StriP Of darker SheIIS might get you about two CanS OfSmaIler tuna, but the red OneS are WOrth more, FOr the red OneszOne StriP might get enoUgh tuna to feed a big family for a IOng time・JUSt Iike a mint that CreateS coins, there' S OnlyOne PIaCe On the ISIand Where the ShelISZWhiCh are POIiShedand StrUng together to form 3-foot」Ong ropes, are made・(YOU Can See how that WOrkS in the VideO above.) The StriPS Of red, white, and black SheIIS all COme from Langa Langa LagOon, Where artificial islands Were IOng-ago built by IOCaIS to escape from the island-dwelling Cannibals・ OnCG maroOned OUt On their islands, locals needed a CUrrency to USe among themselves, and SO the Shell CUrrenCy WaS born.USing SheIIS for money WaS COmmOn throughout the PaCifiC islands as Iate as the early 1900s, but Malaita is UniqUe in that they are StiIl USed today. And just Iike CryPtO CUrrencies, there are those WhO think the islanders are Smart to invest in this type Of money, WhiCh is reported to have risen in VaIUe OVer the IaSt three decades・It might Seem Strange to hoard a bunch Of PrOCeSSedStrUng∙togGthGr SheIls, but What is a PiIe Of dollars? JUStZa SPeCiaIIy Printed PieCe Of PaPer and hemp that we,ve assigned ValUe to — and PrObably IeSS durable OVer time than those ShelIS・( )56. ACCOrding to the passage, WhiCh Of the following is TRUE?A.MOney WaS Created and WaS Widely USed in the WOrld.B.TObaCCO WaS USed as COinS Or PaPer bills in AmCriCan in the past.C.The ingredients Of WOrld,s first COinS may be the COmbinatiOn Of gold and SilVe匚ing ShelIS for money has been OUt Of date in the WOrId.( )57. The WOrd fc nιiιιt'' In ParagraPh 4 is ClOSeSt iιι the meaning to U_______________ ” ・A. a kind Of InOney that Can exchangeB.the IeaVeS Of a mint Plant USed fresh Or CandiedC. a PlaCe to PrOdUCe and POIiSh ShellSD. a factory that PrOdUCeS CUrrenCy( )58. WhafS OPiniOn Of the author towards ShellS for money?A.ReaSOnable.B. IInaginary.C.COnVenient.D. Invcntivc・( )59. WhiCh Of the following Inight be the best title Of the passage?A.The HiStOry Of BitCOinB. ShellS Still MOneyC. The CUrrenCy IS Of Great USeD. SOme ShellS(B)HOW DO VOU MOVe a Giant Sequoia?The IOgiStiCS Of e×cavating (挖拥)and relocating town's Century-old z IiVing SeqUOia(红杉)tree. Inhabitants Of BOiSeIdaho, WatChed With trepidatiOn earlier this year as the city's oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks z・ The 105-year-old SeqUOia tree SerVeS as a IOCal Iandmark Z not Only for its IOngeVity but also because renowned naturalist and Sierra CIUb COfOUnder JOhn MUir PrOVideCl the Original Seedling. SOWhen Saint LUke l S HeaIth SyStemZfound that the IO-StOry-tall-conifer(针叶树) StOOd in the Way Of its PIanned hospital CaIled tree∙moVing firm EnVirOnmGntai DeSign.The TeXaS-based COmPany has developed and Patented SCOOPing and Iifting tech noIOgy to move massive trees・OOO POUnds, the BOiSe SeqUOia is its IargeSt Undertaking yet・"I [had] IOSt enOUgh Weighing in at more than 800zSleeP OVer this/ SayS DaVid Cox, the COmPany's WeStern regiOn ViCe PreSident —and that WaS before the HOSPital mentiOngd the tree's distinguished Origin. BefOre the heavy Ii fting begar‰ the team assessed the root SyStem and dug a five∙foot∙deep Cylinder , measuring 40 feet in diametec around the trunk to PrOteCt all essential roots・After enCaPSUIating the root ball in Wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to acclimate to its new SitUa 廿On for SeVen mon ths before relocating it. The illustratiOn details What followed・一LeSlie NemO1. Mark A・Merit and HiS team at ErWirOnmental DeSign inStalIed Underneath the root ball a PIatfOrm Of44-foot」Ong SteeIbarS and, just below the rods, a first Set Of Uninflated airbags ( ShOWn in SeVen-inch-diameterzgray).The team also dug a ShaIIOW ramp・2・ In roughly 15 minutes, the movers inflated the airbags to about three feet in diameter to raise the root ball to the SUrfaCe Of the hole・3.By Underinflating the front bags, the team allowed the PlatfOrm Carrying the tree to roll UP the ramp and OUt Of the hole WhiIe Staying level, A trailer hauled the tree along as team members removed the airbags from the back Of the PIatfOrm and replaced them in the front. They repeated the PrOCeSS Until the tree arrived at the edge Of its new home・4.There a SeCOnd Set Of PartiaIly inflated bags (ShOWn in White) Waited inSide the hole・ SOil SUrrOUnding the SeqUOia in its Original Iocation WaS relocated as well, because trees are more IlkeIy to SUrViVe a transplantWhen they move With their Original SOil・ing the first Set Of airbags, the movers rolled the PIatfOrm into the new hole・6・The bags Waiting there Were then inflated further to take the Weight Of the SeqUOia While the transportation bags Were deflated and removed from Under the tree・7. The White bags Were then deflated in about half an hour to IOWer the SeqUOia,s root ball to the bottom Of its hole, The bags Were removed, but the metal bars Were Ieft With the tree because they rust and degrade OVer a number Of years・8・ FOr the next five years the IOCal Park SerViCe WiIl monitor and maintain the tree in its new home ・( )60. WhiCh Of the following WOrdS Can be USed to replace the WOrdS Ilnderlined "stood in theWaY of"?A.ReSiStedB. BaIanCedC. Blocked.D. Promoted.( )61. What is the reasOn for the relocation Of SeqUOia trees?A.BeCaUSe the SCOOPing and Iifting technology ShOUld be PUt into USe・B.BeCaUSe it blocks IOCal hospital expansion PlanS・C.BeCaUSe it COrrCSPOndS to govcmment,s Plan Of EnVirOnmental DeSign・D.BeCaUSe SeqUOia trees are OVer a hundred years Old・( )62. HOW Will the migrated SeqUOia trees be dealt with?A.They Will be given new SOil in the new IiVing environment.B.Metal rods USed to move SeqUOia trees Will not be Ieft On the trees.C.They Will be kept in transport bags all the time・D.They Will be managed by SPeCiaIiStS in the next five years・UIIderStand the ECOIlOIniC COnCePt Of a BUdget LineThe term Zz bUdget line,z has SeVeral related meaningsincluding a COUPIe that are SeIf- evident and a thirdzthat is not.The budget Iine as an InfOrmaI COnSUmer UnderStandingThe budget Iine is an elementary ConCePt that most ConSUmerS UnderStand intuitively WithOUt a need for graphs a nd equations — it's the HOUSehOld budget, for example ・Taken informally, the budget Iine describes the bOUndary Of affordability for a given budget and SPeCifiC goods・GiVen a Iimited amount Of money，a COnSUmer CZn OnIy SPend that Same amount buying goods. If the COnSUmer has X amount Of money and WantS to buy two goods A and BShe Can OnIy PUrChaSe goods totaling X. If the COnSUmerzShe Can then SPend OnIy 0.25 X, the amount remaining, On her PUrChaSe Of B. needs an amount Of A COSting 0.75zThiS SeemS almost too ObViOUS to bother Writing Or reading about・ AS it turns out, however; this Same COnCePt-One that most COnSUmerS make many 廿mes each day With reflecting On it-is the basis Of the more formal budget Iine COnCePt in economics, WhiCh is explained below・LineS in a BUdgetBefOre turning to the econOmiCS definitiOn Of budget Iin巳COnSider another COncept: the line-item budget ・ ThiS is effectively a map Of future expenditures, With all the COnStitUent expenditures individually noted anda budget Iine is One Of the IinGS in the budget, quantified・ There1 S nothing Very COmPliCated about this USageZWith the SerViCe Or good to be PUrChaSed named and the COSt quantified,The BUdget Line as an ECOnOmiCS COnCePtOne Of the interesting WayS the StUdy Of GCOnO mics relates to huma n behavior gen erally is that a IOt Of economic theory is the formalizatiOn Of the kind Of SimPIe COnCePt OUtlined above — a COnSUmer l S informal UnderStanding Of the amount She has to SPencl and What that amount Will buy.In the PrOCeSS Of formalization, the ConCePt Can be expressed as a mathematical equatiOn that Can be applied generally・A SimPIe BUdget Line GraPhTO Understand this, think Of a graph Where the VertiCal Iines quanUfy how many movie tickets, you Can buy and Where the horizontal IineS do the Same for Crime novels・ YOU Iike going to the movies and reading Crime novels In the example below, assume that each movie COStS $10 and each Crime noVel COStS $15and you have $ 150 to SPendz・ The more formal economics term for these two items is budget Set・If movies COSt $ 10 each, then the maximum number Of movies you Can See With the money available is 15. TO note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme Ieft-Hand Side Of the Chart ・ ThiS Same dot appears at the extreme Ieft above "O" On the horizOntai axis because you have no money Ieft for books — the number Of books available in this example is O. YOU Can also graph the Other extreme — all Crime noVeIS and no movies. SinCe Crime noVeIS in the example COSt $15 and you have $150 available, if you SPend all the available money Crime novels, you Can buy 10. SO you PUt a dot On the horizOntal axis at the nUmber 10.You'll PIaCe the dot at the bottom Of the VertiCal axis because in this inStanCe you HaVe $0 available for movie tickets.rightmost dot you'll have Created a If you now draw a Iine from the highest, IeftmOSt dot to the IOWeStzbudget Iine・Any COmbination Of movies and Crime novels that falls below the budget Iine is affordable. Any COmbinatiOn above it is not.( )63. WhiCh SentenCe about the budget Iine is NOT TRUE?A.It is IimitatiOn Of affordability for a given budget and SPeCifiC goods・B.MOSt COStUmerS WiIl be COnfUSGd With this COnCePt because Of its complex.C・ It is the effectively a map Of (UtUre expenditures・D.It Can be expressed as a mathematical, equation.)64. What is the PUrPOSe Of the passage?A.TO tell US any COnCePt Can be expressed as a mathematical equation・B.TO HeIP US figure OUt the meaning BUdget Line・C・ TO tell US We ShOUld budget before We buy goods・D・ TO give an instruction Of ClraWing a budget Line・$15, you have $150.WhiCh is RIGHT according )65. ASSUme that each movie COStS 10 and each Crime novel COStSzto this passage?A.The maximum number Of movies you Can See is 10.。

(完整版)2018年上海高考考纲数学学科

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学科目考试说明一、考试性质、目的和对象普通高等学校招生数学科目全国统一考试（上海卷）是为普通高等学校招生提供依据的选拔性考试。

选拔性考试是高利害考试，考试结果应该具有高信度，考试结果的解释和使用应该具有高效度。

考试命题的指导思想是坚持立德树人，有利于促进每一个学生的终身发展，有利于科学选拔和培养人才，有利于维护社会公平、公正。

考试对象是符合2018年上海市高考报名条件的考生。

二、考试目标依据《上海市中小学数学课程标准（试行稿）»及其调整意见和高校人才选拔要求，结合中学教学实际，本考试旨在考查考生的数学素养，包括数学基础知识与基本技能、逻辑推理能力、运算能力、空间想象能力、数学应用与探完能力。

具体为：I .数学基础知识与基本技能I. 1理解或掌握初等数学中有关数与运算、方程与代数、函数与分析、数据整理与概率统计、图形与几何的基础知识。

1,2理解集合、对应、函数、算法、数学建模、极限、概率、统计、化归、数形结合、分类讨论、分解与组合等基本数学思想；掌握比较、分析、类比、归纳、坐标法、参数法、逻辑划分、等价转换等基本数学方法。

I. 3能按照一定的规则和步骤进行计算、作图和推理；掌握数学阅读、表达以及文字语言、图形语言、符号语言之间进行转换的基本技能；会使用函数型计算器进行有关计算。

II. 逻辑推理能力II. 1能正确判断因果关系。

III. 2会进行演绎、归纳和类比推理，并能正确而简明地表述推理过程。

III.运算能力IV. . 1能根据要求处理、解释数据。

ni. 2能根据条件，寻找与设计合理、简捷的运算途径。

IV.空I砌笳卧3IV. 1 正确地分析图形中的基本元素及其相互关系。

IV. 2能对图形进行分解、组合和变形。

V.数学应用与探究能力V. 1能运用基础知识、基本技能、数学思想方法和适当的解题策略，解决有关数学问题。

V.2能通过建立数学模型，解决有关社会生活、生产实际中的问题，并能解释其实际意义。

2018年上海高考语文真题试卷(答案版)

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文试卷（满分150分，考试时间150分钟）考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题和答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题)或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。

3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

一积累应用（10分）1. 填空（5分）（1）子曰：“君子固穷，。

”（《论语·卫灵公》）（1分）（2）寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，。

（李清照《》）（2分）（3）《梦游天姥吟留别》中“，”两句描写梦中的声音，震动林泉，使人心惊胆战。

（2分）2.按要求选择（5分）（1）下列选项中，各句使用不恰当的一项是（）。

（2分）A、老吴七十学画，今天开画展，朋友发来短信：“莫道桑榆晚，为霞尚满天。

”B、沈教授为人真挚，安然奉教数十年，深受学生爱戴，可谓“桃李不言，下自成蹊。

”C、王老师备课总是深入而又全面，她知道“以其昏昏，使人昭昭”是不可能的。

D、小赵的论文缺乏独到的见解，他的导师给他写评语说：“言之无文，行之不远。

”（2）将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处，语意连贯的一项是（）（3分）艺术家可以活在艺术史中，，，，，艺术可以保持对于时代的冷漠，从而彰显艺术的自主性品格。

①艺术的独立性不是说艺术可以断绝与时代的关系②他们生活在社会历史之中③但更为普遍真实的是④而是说一种抵抗方式A、③①④②B、③②①④C、②①④③D、②③①④二、阅读70分（一）阅读下文，完成第3—7 题。

（16分）喜怒哀乐的经济逻辑熊秉元①十八世起的哲学家休谟说：“理智乃情感之奴。

”也是说，人是情感、情绪的动物。

②哲学家大多认为，喜怒哀乐，爱恨情仇是驾驭人的原始力量，理智不是居于支配和奴，还真是可悲可悯。

役的地位，人的境况．．③然而，法国人类学家列堆·斯特劳斯提醒世人：原始都落里看来古怪甚至是荒诞不经的仪式举措，背后其实都是有逻辑的。

2018上海高考试题及答案英语.doc

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟, 试卷满分150分。

2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。

试卷分为第I卷（第1－12页）和第II卷（第13页），全卷共13页。

所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。

第I卷(共103分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. It is satisfactory. B. It is luxurious.C. It is old-fashioned.D. It is disappointing.2. A. On August 5th. B. On August 6th. C. On August 7th. D. On August 8th.3. A. A waiter. B. A butcher. C. A porter. D. A farmer.4. A. In a theatre. B. In a library. C. In a booking office. D. In a furniture store.5. A. She expected to a better show. B. She could hardly find her seat.C. She wasn’t interested in the show.D. She didn’t get a favourable seat.6. A. The woman often eats out for breakfast. B. The cafeteria serves good breakfast.C. The woman doesn’t have breakfast.D. The cafeteria doesn’t serve breakfast.7. A. Selling cucumbers. B. Planting vegetables. C. Cooking a meal. D. Picking tomatoes.8. A. The man should work hard. B. The man should turn down the job offer.C. The man may have another chance.D. The man can apply for the job again.9. A. It is a hot and smoggy day. B. There is a traffic jam on King Street.C. A vehicle is polluting the air.D. The man is reading a report online.10. A. Its ending is not good enough. B. Its special effects are not satisfying.C. It deserves an award.D. It is good except for the scary part. Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will beasked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. $1. B. $2 C. $3 D. $ 52.12. A. Pay the bills first.B. Spend 2% of the salary on living expenses.C. Deposit $1000 every month.D. Put part of the money in a savings account.13. A. Methods of saving money.B. Saving money for family emergencies.C. The importance of saving money.D. Secrets of spending money wisely.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Free education.B. A sum of money.C. Donations from a local newspaper.D. Gifts from many people.15. A. Let students in before school.B. Offer ice cream and coffee.C. Introduce a bank into the campus.D. Reduce the traffic jams around.16. A. It lacks positive news.B. It should grow into a big city.C. It is a place worth living in.D. It remains peaceful and quiet.Section CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blank 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Bags of LoveLast year, I was assigned to work at an office near my mother’s house, so I stayed with her for a month. During that time, I helped out with the housework and contributed to the groceries.After less than a week, I started noticing that the groceries were running out pretty quickly —we were always suddenly out of something.(25)_______(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks. To my surprise, I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine. Eventually, I decided to follow her and (26)_______ happened truly amazed me. She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in (27)______ she distributed it to children.I asked around and found out that my mum was very well known in the area. The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me —shy would she mot want to tell me about what she (28)_____(do)? Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop (29)_____(buy) the groceries if I found out?When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30)_____ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret (31)______me. She told me that some of the children lived with an older lady in a shelter while others slept on the streets. For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by (32)_____ selfless she was.(B)Stress: Good or Bad?Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking about it, I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed.In recent years, stress(33)______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too much stress(34)______ does you harm. It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuck at home with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the (35)_____(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself (36)_______ number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (37)______, and yet find it impossible to say no? Do you find yourself getting impatient of (38) _____(annoy) with people over unimportant things?... If the answer to all those questions is yes, you had better(39)______(control ) your stress, as you probably are under more stress than is good for you.To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life. Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events. Getting married is 50, pregnancy 40, moving house 20, Christmas 12,etc. If the total stress in your life is over 150, you are twice as likely (40)_______ (get )ill. Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than youneed.What makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to 41 the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary 42More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is 43 design. Post-Modernist designers began to 44 with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen 45 such as ovens and kettles.Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product’s function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is 46 . For example, think of a(n) 47 desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to 48 light where it is needed.From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into 49 the sensory side of our nature—sight, smell, touch and taste. These are as important as rational(理性的). When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows us to easily 50 the toothpaste onto our brush.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment(授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses.Project managers evaluate the 65of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating61. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D.on-the-scene65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractivenessSection BDirection：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished sattments. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)One early morning, I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book called Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again. My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word “Poems” appeared in big, hot pink letters.“Is it good?” I asked her.“Yeah,” she answered. “There’s one I really like and you’ll like it, too.” I leaned forward.“‘Patty Poem,’” she read the title. Who is Patty? I wondered. The poem began:She never puts her toys away,Just leaves them scattered①where they lay,…①散乱的The poem was just three short sections. The final one came quickly:When she grows and gathers poise②, ②稳重I’ll miss her harum-scarum③noise, ③莽撞的And look in vain④for scattered toys. ④徒劳地And I’ll be sad.A terrible sorrow washed over me. Whoever Patty was, she was a mean girl. Then, the shock.“It’s you, honey,” My mother said sadly.To my mother, the poem revealed a parent’s affection when her child grows up and leaves. To me, the “she” in the poem was horror. It was my mama who would be sad. It was so terrible I burst out crying.“What’s wrong?” my mother asked.“Oh Mama,” I cried. “I don’t want to grow up ever!”She smiled. “Honey, it’s okay. You’re not growing up anytime soon. And when you do, I’ll still love you, okay?”“Okay,” I was still weeping. My panic has gone. But I could not help thinking about that silly poem. After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was confused. It all fit so well together, like a puzzle. The language was simple, so simple I could plainly understand its meaning, yet it was still beautiful. I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry, words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.I have since fallen in love with other poems, but “Patty Poem” remains my poem. After all, “Patty Poem” gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most. 66. Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?A. It was a thick enough book.B. Something on its cover caught her eye.C. Her mother was reading it with interest.D. It has a meaningful title.67. After her mother read the poem to her, the writer felt ______ at first.A. sadB. excitedC. horrifiedD. confused68. The writer’s mother liked to read “Patty Poem” probably because______.A. it reflected her own childhoodB. it was written in simple languageC. it was composed by a famous poetD. it gave her a hint of what would happen69. It can be concluded from the passage that“Patty Poem”leads the writer to _______.A. discover the power of poetryB. recognize her love for puzzlesC. find her eagerness to grow upD. experience great homesickness（B）Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2018 to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions. This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still put coastalcities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.2℃To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tighten emissions targets every five years. Even this increase could sink some islands, worse drought(干旱) and drive a decline of up to a third in the number of species.1.5℃This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃could save them from sinking.0.8℃This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃point.0℃The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of the industrial age.70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countriesC. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto ProtocolD. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?A. The human population would increase by one third.B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_______.A. 0.8℃B. 1.5℃C. 2℃D. 3.5℃(C)Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.The H ouse of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report,released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.“The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller.Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampto n, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that w e don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information h ave become valuable only recently, he says.The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently p ermission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.73. What does the phras e “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark schemeB. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they thinkC. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scaleD. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years oldB. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understandC. the information they collected could become more valuable in futureD. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantag e of76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websitesB. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemarkC. take no further action if they can find a kitemarkD. avoid providing too much personal information77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Say no to social media?B. New security rules in operation?C. Accept without reading?D. Administration matters!Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Walking will be banned on escalators as part of a trail designed ti reduce congestion(拥堵) at some of the country’s busiest stations.In the first move of its kind, all travelers will be forced to stand on both sides of escalators on the London Underground as part of a plan to increase capacity(容量) at the height of the rush hour.A xix-month trial will be introduced at Holborn station from mid-April, eliminating the rule of standing on the right and walking on the left. The move, imitating a similar structure in Far eastern cities such as Hong Kong, is designed to increase the number of people using long escalators at the busiest times . it could be expanded across the Tube network in coming years.According to London Underground, only 40 percent of travelers walk the full length of long escalators, leaving the majority at the bottom as they wait to get on to the “standing “side.A three-week trial at Holborn last year found that the number of people using escalators at any time of could be raised by almost a third. Peter McNaught, operations director at London Underground, said: “It may not seem right that you can go quicker by standing still, but our experiments at Holborn have proved that it can be true. This new six-month trial will help us find out if we can influence customers to stand on both sides in the long term.”Holborn has one of the longest sets of escalators on the Underground network at 23.4 high. Tube bosses claim that capacity was limited because so few people wanted to walk up—meaning only one side was used at all times. Research has shown that it is more effective use of escalators over 18.5 to ban walking.The previous trial found that escalators at the station normally carried 2,500people between 8:30am and 9:30am on a typical day, rising to 3,250 during the researching period.In the new trial, which will be launched from April 18, one of three “up”escalators will be standing only, with a second banning walking at peak times. A third will remain a mix of walking and standing.(Note: Answering the questions the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. What is the existing problem with standing on the right and walking on the left?79. What did last year’s three-week trial at Holborn station prove?80.The research suggests that walking should be forbidden on escalators that are at least _________ in height.81. In the new trail, in addition to one escalator banning walking in rush hours, the other “up” escalators will be used for_________________.第II卷(共47分)I.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.我真希望自己的文章有朝一日能见报。

高考上海卷语文试题及答案

2018 年高考上海卷语文试卷及答案2018 年全国一般高等学校招生一致考试（上海卷）语文考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包含试卷与答题要求，全部答题一定涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考据号和姓名，并将查对后的条形码贴在指定地点上。

3．答题纸与试卷在试卷编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不可以错位。

4．考试时间150 分钟，试卷满分150 分。

一、阅读80 分（一）阅读下文，达成第1-6 题。

（ 16 分）应当正确对待文件综述熊易寒①在很长一段时间里，国内学术界都不大重视文件综述。

最近几年来跟着学术规范的逐渐成立，这种状况有所转变，可是大部分综述都是摆列式的，报幕似地把有关研究一个一个列出来，丝毫感觉不到这些文件之间存在任何内在的关系，甚至也感觉不到这些文件与作者自己的研究有何相关。

这样的综述机械、突兀，有生拼硬凑之嫌，称之为“伪综述”亦不为过。

②阅读国际上的顶级学术刊物，有这么几个发现：一、书评之外的论文□有比较翔实的文件综述；二、特意的文件综述性文章□是由该领域的一流学者撰写；三、对有关著作的征引□采纳间接引用的形式，极少直接引用。

这与国内的情况很不相同，值得我们思虑。

③为何一定有文件综述？一篇优异的文件综述其实就是一幅学术谱系图。

写文件综述不单是为了陈说过去的有关研究，也不不过是为了表示对长辈、同行或知识产权的尊敬，更是为了“认祖归宗”，对自己的研究进行定位。

有时只有把一篇文件放到学术史的脉络中去，放到学术传统中去，我们才能真切理解这个文本：作者为何要做这项研究？他的问题意识是什么？他试图与谁对话？我们在开始一项研究时也相同要有问题意识和对话意识，不可以自说自话。

对话的前提自然是聆听，假如连他人说了什么都不知道，如何进行对话？正是在聆听的过程中，我们发现了“问题”，才需要与对方进行议论，不然便无言以对。

经过综述的写作，我们就会知道：他人贡献了什么？我打算或许能够贡献什么？我能否在重复劳动？从这个意义上讲，撰写文件综述第一是为了尊敬并真切进入一个学术传统，其次才是利他主义功能——为他人供应文件检索的路线图。

(349)2018年上海高考数学真题试卷(word解析版)

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学试卷（满分150分，考试时间120分钟）考生注意1.本场考试时间120分钟，试卷共4页，满分150分，答题纸共2页.2.作答前，在答题纸正面填写姓名、准考证号，反面填写姓名，将核对后的条形码贴在答题纸指定位置.3.所有作答务必填涂或书写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的区域，不得错位.在试卷上作答一律不得分.4.用2B 铅笔作答选择题，用黑色字迹钢笔、水笔或圆珠笔作答非选择题.一、填空题（本大题共有12题，满分54分，第1～6题每题4分，第7～12题每题5分）1.行列式4125的值为_________.2.双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为_________. 3.在7(1)x +的二项展开式中，2x 项的系数为_________.（结果用数值表示）4.设常数a R ∈，函数2()log ()f x x a =+。

若()f x 的反函数的图像经过点(3,1)，则a =_________.5.已知复数z 满足(1)17i z i +=-（i 是虚数单位），则z =_________.6.记等差数列{}n a 的前n 项和为n S ，若30a =，6714a a +=，则7S =_________.7.已知12,1,,1,2,32α⎧⎫∈---⎨⎬⎩⎭。

若幂函数()f x x α=为奇函数，且在(0,)+∞上递减，则 α=_________.8.在平面直角坐标系中，已知点(1,0)A -，(2,0)B ，E 、F 是y 轴上的两个动点，且2EF =，则AE BF •的最小值为_________.9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码，其中5克、3克、1克砝码各一个，2克砝码两个。

从中随机选取三个，则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是_________.（结果用最简分数表示）10.设等比数列{}n a 的通项公式为1n n a q-=（*n ∈N ），前n 项和为n S 。

2018年高考真题——英语(上海卷)Word版(含解析)

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷（满分140分，考试时间120分钟）考生注意：答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。

I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.（）1. A. In a grocery B. In a cafe.C. At a tailor’s.D. At a toy shop（）2. A. He is pleased with his job.B. He is not satisfied with his work.C. He finds the huge workload unbearable.D. He finds his office much too big for him.（）3.A. He is most probably checking whether everything is OK.B. He is most probably jumping from the desk.C. He is most probably repairing the desk.D. He is most probably changing the bulb.（）4. A. £200. B. £300. C. £600. D.£700.（）5. A. It's difficult for the woman to get the job if she takes the interview.B. The woman can get the job if she takes the interview.C. The woman has less chance to get the job than others.D. The woman should work harder from now on if she wants to get the job.（）6. A. The man drinks too much wine.B. The man drinks little wine.C. The bed is too soft.D. The bed is too hard.（）7. A. He may change the shirt because it's too large.B. He may change the shirt because it's too small.C. He doesn't like the color of the shirt.D. He likes the shirt.（）8. A. To put him to another flight.B. To arrange the next flight.C. To take him to somewhere.D. To arrange his accommodation.（）9. A. The news on TV.B. Many people came to the new hotel.C. It is difficult for people to find a job.D. The man still has got a job.（）10. A. The woman thinks it easy to learn physics.B. The woman is good at physics.C. The man thinks Professor Smith explained the physics problem very clearly.D. The man can't understand the physics problem.Section BDirections:In Section B you will hear two short passages, and one longer conversation ,after each passage. The passages or conversation you will be asked several questions, the passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.（）11. A. Spain. B. France C. America D. England.（）12. A. Visitors shouldn't overlook it because it suffered a lot in history.B. Saint Augustine is the oldest city in the nation.C. Florida was ruled by Spanish until the United States took over it.D. Many visitors support the Florida’s coast recovery for its beauty.（）13. A. Florida's Atlantic coast.B. St. Augustine's history.C. Spanish control over Florida.D. Spanish history.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following talk.（）14. A. A lost property office in Europe.B. A lost property office in London.C. A lost property office in Tokyo.D. Paul Cowan's office.（）15. A. Lost items become the property of transport for London.B. Lost items are taken good care of by Cowan's team.C. Almost all of the lost items were returned to their owners.D. Twenty per cent of the lost items are claimed in three months’ time.（）16. A. Because they think their lost shoes are useless.B. Because they have already bought new shoes.C. Because they would like to get a new pair.D. Because they can't find their lost shoes.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.（）17. A. She is most probably bargaining for a house.B. She is most probably visiting one of her friends.C. She is most probably looking for a house.D. She is most probably contacting her bank for a house.（）18. A. The kitchen attached bathroom.B. A wine storage area.C. The floor covering.D. The relaxing colors of the wall.（）19. A. The price is reasonable. B. The price is too high.C. The price is low.D. The offer is unfair.（）20. A. The woman will buy the house because the price is reasonable.B. The house is really good because the bathroom is attached to the bedroom.C. The inside of the house is better than the outside.D. The woman likes the house so much that she will buy it.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.A comprehensive study of 4, 500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex-the outer layer that processes sensory information. “We don't know if it ___21___ (cause) by the screen time. We don't know yet if it's bad thing. It won't beuntil we follow them over time ___22___ we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot,” Dr. Gaya Dowling. “What we can say is that this is ___23___ the brains look like of kids who spend a lot of time on screens. And it's not just one pattern.”The problem isn't just screens ___24___, but also the way screens tempt kids (and adults) away from something far more important: physical activity. More than 23 percent of adults and 80 percent of adolescents don't get enough physical activity, and according to a 2019 report from the World Health Organization. (WHO), these patterns of activity and rest arise ___25___ habits we develop early in life, “What we really need to do is ___26___ (bring) back play for children,” says Dr. Juana Williamson, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019. This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime, while ___27___ (pr otect) sleep. Of course, children aren’t completely to blame for their screen addiction.Sometimes, the parents ___28___ complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. A 2016 study ___29___ (conduct) by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens, mostly not for work-related reasons. While 78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models, the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior. Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids- ___30___ it means playing the bad guy. Our mental and physical health depends on it.21. _________ 22. ________ 23. _______ 24. _________ 25. _________26. _________ 27. _________ 28. _________ 29. _________ 30. _________Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used onlySome Very “American” Words Come from ChineseOn a recent program, we told you the stories of English words borrowed from other languages. Today, we will tell you about words that English has taken from Chinese.Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin.Let’s start with kowtow.kowtowThe English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems ___31___. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means “knock your head.” It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to ___32___—such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to ___33___ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his ___34___ to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed word that came about through ___35___ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters “gōng” and “hé” together mean “work together, cooperate.” The original term—gõngyèhézuòshè—means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development.Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine3 Corps4 observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying “.... all the soldiers ___36___ themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over.” He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had ___37___. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the “Gung Ho Battalion.” From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, a typhoon is a very powerful and ___38___ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called “touffons” or “tufans,” The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon.Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means “great wind.” The word's ___39___ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word —typhoon —was influenced by the Cantonese but ___40___ to make it appear more Greek.31. _________ 32. ________ 33. _______ 34. _________ 35. _________36. _________ 37. _________ 38. _________ 39. _________ 40. _________III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context .When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. ___41___, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock-climbing or talking about books.They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into ___42___.The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous ___43___ in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the ___44___ have slimmed considerably, Between 1976 and 1979, 86 percent of high school seniors had gone on a date; between 2010 and 2015 only 63 percent People say, Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, “but they're ___45___ the larger trend,” said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less ___46___ in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today' s society.According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's “life strategy” slows down or speeds up depending on his or her ___47___, exposure to a “harsh and unpredictable” environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the ___48___ effect, the study said. In the first ___49___, “You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more ___50___ and fewer resources,” said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of “iGen; Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy —and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood.A century ago, when life expectancy was lower and college education less prevalent, “the goal back then was survival, not violin lessons by 5,” Twenge said. In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more ___51___ about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “establishing mate value based on procurement of resources,” the study said.But America is shifting more toward the ___52___ model, and the change is apparent across thesocioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. “Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education... families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully ___53___ has really sunk in.” The ___54___ of “adult activities” could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurricular as they did in the 1990s ( with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the ___55___, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.（）41. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Moreover D. Besides（）42. A. childhood B. neighborhoodC. adolescentsD. adulthood（）43. A. escapes B. ends C. decreases D. changes（）44. A. minorities B. majorities C. masses D. amounts（）45. A. taking B. avoiding C. sending D. missing（）46. A. interested B. envied C. relieved D. realized（）47. A. emotions B. surroundings C. customs D. habits（）48. A. wrong B. same C. opposite D. similar（）49. A. event B. issue C. case D. occasion（）50. A. trouble B. questions C. benefits D. diseases（）51. A. respectively B. delicatelyC. seriouslyD. considerably（）52. A. slower B. better C. smaller D. faster（）53. A. emphasized B. related C. organized D. educated（）54. A. implement B. postponementC. achievementD. payment（）55. A. cause B. impact C. fact D. resultSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Bitcoin and other so called crypt currencies have been all over the news lately. Apparently, the idea of money that's not tied to a specific bank —or a specific country —is appealing to many. But it's worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that: A modern invention. Not so long ago, money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering was common. (In fact, it still is common among many online local networks, like the Buy Nothing Project.).In the past, money's makeup varied from place to place, depending on what was considered valuable there. So while some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum, objects other than coins have served as currency, including beads, ivory, livestock, and cowrie shells. In West Africa, bracelets of bronze or copper were used as cash, especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there. Throughout the colonial period, tobacco was used in lieu of coins or paper bills in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U.K.Today, on an island in the Pacific, a specific type of shell still serves as currency —and some people there are even hoarding it, just like Bitcoin moguls, convinced that one day, it will make them wealthy beyond imagination. On Malaita, the most- popu lated island that’s part of the Solomon Islands, shells are accepted at most places in “How much tuna you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape,” Mary Bruno, a shop owner from the small town of Auki, on Malaita, told Vice. “One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna, but the red ones are worth more,For the red ones, one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time.Just like a mint that creates coins, there' s only one place on the island where the shells, which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes, are made. (You can see how that works in the video above.) The strips of red, white, and black shells all come from Langa Langa Lagoon, where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals. Once marooned out on their islands, locals needed a currency to use among themselves, and so the shell currency was born.Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s, but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today. And just like crypto currencies, there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money, which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades. It might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed, strung-together shells, but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we've assigned value to —and probably less durable over time than those shells.（）56. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. Money was created and was widely used in the world.B. Tobacco was used as coins or paper bills in American in the past.C. The ingredients of world's first coins may be the combination of gold and silver.D. Using shells for money has been out of date in the world.（）57. The word “mint” in paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning to“_______________”.A. a kind of money that can exchangeB. the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candiedC. a place to produce and polish shellsD. a factory that produces currency（）58. What's opinion of the author towards shells for money?A. Reasonable.B. Imaginary.C. Convenient.D. Inventive.（）59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The History of BitcoinB. Shells Still MoneyC. The Currency Is of Great UseD. Some Shells(B)How Do You Move a Giant Sequoia?The logistics of excavating（挖掘）and relocati ng town’s century-old, living sequoia(红杉) tree. Inhabitants of Boise, Idaho, watched with trepidation earlier this year as the city's oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks. The 105-year-old sequoia tree serves as a local landmark, not only for its longevity but also because renowned naturalist and Sierra Club cofounder John Muir provided the original seedling. So, when Saint Luke's Health System found that the 10-story-tall-conifer( 针叶树) stood in the way of its planned hospital called tree-moving firm Environmental Design.The Texas-based company has developed and patented scooping and lifting technology to move massive trees. Weighing in at more than 800, 000 pounds, the Boise sequoia is its largest undertaking yet. “I [had] lost enough sleep over this,” says David Cox, the company's Western region vice president —and that was before the hospital mentioned the tree's distinguished origin. Before the heavy lifting began, the team assessed the root system and dug a five-foot-deep cylinder , measuring 40 feet in diameter, around the trunk to protect all essential roots. After encapsulating the root ball in wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to acclimate to its new situation for seven months before relocating it. The illustration details what followed. —Leslie Nemo1. Mark A. Merit and his team at Environmental Design installed underneath the root ball a platform of seven-inch-diameter,44-foot-long steelbars and, just below the rods, a first set of uninflated airbags ( shown in gray).The team also dug a shallow ramp.2. In roughly 15 minutes, the movers inflated the airbags to about three feet in diameter to raise the root ball to the surface of the hole.3. By underinflating the front bags, the team allowed the platform carrying the tree to roll up theramp and out of the hole while staying level, A trailer hauled the tree along as team members removed the airbags from the back of the platform and replaced them in the front. They repeated the process until the tree arrived at the edge of its new home.4. There a second set of partially inflated bags (shown in white) waited inside the hole. Soil surrounding the sequoia in its original location was relocated as well, because trees are more likely to survive a transplant when they move with their original soil.5. Using the first set of airbags, the movers rolled the platform into the new hole.6. The bags waiting there were then inflated further to take the weight of the sequoia while the transportation bags were deflated and removed from under the tree.7. The white bags were then deflated in about half an hour to lower the sequoia's root ball to the bottom of its hole, The bags were removed, but the metal bars were left with the tree because they rust and degrade over a number of years.8. For the next five years the local park service will monitor and maintain the tree in its new home.（）60. Which of the following words can be used to replace the words underlined "stood in the way of"?A. ResistedB. BalancedC. Blocked.D. Promoted.（）61. What is the reason for the relocation of Sequoia trees?A. Because the Scooping and lifting technology should be put into use.B. Because it blocks local hospital expansion plans.C. Because it corresponds to government's plan of Environmental Design.D. Because sequoia trees are over a hundred years old.（）62. How will the migrated sequoia trees be dealt with?A. They will be given new soil in the new living environment.B. Metal rods used to move sequoia trees will not be left on the trees.C. They will be kept in transport bags all the time.D. They will be managed by specialists in the next five years.(C)Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget line” has several related meanings, including a couple th at are self- evident and a third that is not.The budget line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations —it's the household budget, for example.Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.Given a limited amount of money, a consumer can only spend that same amount buying goods. If the consumer has X amount of money and wants to buy two goods A and B, she can only purchase goods totaling X. If the consumer needs an amount of A costing 0.75, she can then spend only 0.25 X, the amount remaining, on her purchase of B.This seems almost too obvious to bother writing or reading about. As it turns out, however, this same concept-one that most consumers make many times each day with reflecting on it-is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics , which is explained below.Lines in a BudgetBefore turning to the economics definition of budget line, consider another concept: the line-item budget. This is effectively a map of future expenditures, with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified. There' s nothing very complicated about this usage, a budget line is one of the lines in the budget, with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified,The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptOne of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above —a consumer's informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally.A Simple Budget Line GraphTo understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets. you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $ 150 to spend, In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.If movies cost $ 10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears a t the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books —the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme —all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets.If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you'll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.（）63. Which sentence about the budget line is NOT TRUE?A. It is limitation of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.B. Most costumers will be confused with this concept because of its complex.C. It is the effectively a map of future expenditures.D. It can be expressed as a mathematical. equation.（）64. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell us any concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation.B. To help us figure out the meaning Budget Line.C. To tell us we should budget before we buy goods.D. To give an instruction of drawing a budget Line.（）65. Assume that each movie costs 10 and each crime novel costs, $15, you have $150.Which is RIGHT according to this passage?A. The maximum number of movies you can see is 10.B. The maximum number of crime novels you can buy is 15.C. You can buy 7 crime novels and, see 5 movies.D. You can buy 7 crime novels and see 4 movies.（）66. What is the best title of this passage?A.Do we really know the economic concept of a budget line?B.The Budget Line as an Economics Concept.C.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingD.The Complex Concept- Budget LineSection CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Parents are often surprised when teachers suggest their children read magazines. Read on to learn about the benefits that reading magazines offers to young readers and how to introduce your children to the medium.Magazine BenefitsMagazine articles can provide reluctant readers with a lively, breezy writing style that can inspire them to read more.The articles in magazines are generally short, which allows a child to finish reading a feature article without losing interest due to short attention span. The writing in magazines also tends to be easy to read, especially if it is a children's publication.By allowing your child to read magazines at an early age, you are encouraging development of a useful skill. ___67___ Getting into the habit of reading periodicals as a child will foster the habit of reading news articles that may continue into adulthood.___68___ Magazine articles challenge students to think about issues they may have never considered or cause them to rethink their world view. Information is available in a wide variety of reading levels because magazines are written for every audience imaginable. Many publications cover the same material in different writing styles that might make it easier for your child to comprehend.Magazine ActivitiesReading magazines as a family can be used to introduce each other to the various interests that each family member possesses. When your children are finished with their magazines encourage them to pass their issue on to a sibling or other family member.Once each family member has finished reading each magazine, you can use them for art and writing projects. These projects are for family members of all ages:1. Cut out pictures to help your preschool and kindergarten children learn their alphabet, numbers, and colors.2. ___69___ Paste the picture at the top of a page and have them write a story about what is。

2018年高考上海卷语文考试手册

2018年高考上海卷语文考试手册[☆]2018年高考上海卷考试手册·语文科上海市教育考试院一、考试性质普通高等学校招生语文科目全国统一考试（上海卷），是为普通高等学校招生提供依据的选拔性考试。

选拔性考试是高利害考试，考试结果需要具有高信度，考试结果的解释和使用应该具有高效度。

考试命题的指导思想是立德树人，有利于促进每一个学生的终身发展，有利于科学选拔和培养人才，有利于维护社会公平、公正。

考试对象是符合2018年上海市高考报名条件的考生。

二、考试目标依据《上海市中小学语文课程标准（试行稿）》和高校人才选拔要求，结合中学教学实际，从识记、理解、运用、综合四个方面考查考生语文素养。

三、考试内容及要求依据《上海市中小学语文课程标准（试行稿）》，考试内容及要求按试卷积累应用、阅读、写作三大板块说明如下：（一）积累应用Ⅰ．识记Ⅰ.1 掌握课文涉及的重要作家、作品及与之相关的文学常识、文化常识。

Ⅰ.2 再现古诗文中的名篇、名句。

Ⅱ．运用Ⅱ．1 在提供的新情境中使用名篇、名句等。

Ⅱ．2 根据语境，使用语文知识进行识别、判断、归类等。

（二）阅读社科类现代文Ⅰ．理解Ⅰ.1 理解词语、句子在文中的意思。

Ⅰ.2 理解文中重要概念的含义。

Ⅰ.3 理解图表，用文字解释图表，完成图文转换。

Ⅰ.4 筛选文中信息。

Ⅰ.5 整合、概括部分或整体的文章内容。

Ⅰ.6 概括说明对象的特征或规律。

Ⅰ.7 概括文章中心、作者观点。

Ⅰ.8 概括结构特点，梳理行文思路。

Ⅱ．运用Ⅱ.1 运用语文知识，依据语境、内容，进行排序、补充、判断等。

Ⅱ.2 分析词、句、段在文中的作用。

Ⅱ.3 分析所用材料、方法的作用。

Ⅱ.4 分析文章各部分间的关系。

Ⅱ.5 分析作者态度、写作意图。

Ⅱ.6 分析文章的语言特点。

Ⅱ.7 分析文章的表达方式、写作手法。

Ⅲ．综合Ⅲ.1 评价文章所运用的材料、方法的逻辑性。

Ⅲ.2 评价文章内容、观点的意义和价值。

Ⅲ.3 根据文章内容进行推断。

2018年上海高考物理试题以及答案详细解析版

2 × 8-(92-82>=6 次，选项 A 正确。
9Lnt6hCeiT
A、 B 叠放在一起，靠着竖直墙面。让它们由静止释放， B 的受力示意图是
答案： A 解读：两物体力示意图是图 A、 B 叠放在一起，在沿粗糙墙面下落过程中，由于物块与竖直墙面之 AB 之间没有弹力作用，物体 > 间后，小行星运动的 B 的受间没有压力，没有摩擦力，二者一起做自由落体运动， A。 9Lnt6hCeiT
210 84
22
1
解读：根据衰变规律，此衰变过程的核反应方程是击
4 2 19 9
Po →
206 82
Pb + 2 He。用 α射线轰
4
F ，可得到质量数为
19 9 22 1
22 的氖 (Ne>元素和另一种粒子，此核反应过程的方程是：
He+
F → 10 Ne+ 1 H。 wtyTkgNfgN
22A 、 22B 选做一题
二．单项选择题 ( 共 24 分，每小题 3 分。每小题只有一个正确选项。星运动一周
9Lnt6hCeiT
9 ．小行星绕恒星运动，恒星均匀地向四周辐射能量，质量缓慢减小，可认为小行星在绕恒的过程中近似做圆周运动。则经过足够长的时
(A>半径变大答案： A
(B>速率变大
(C>角速度变大
(D>加速度变大
wtyTkgNfgN
s 随时间 t 的变化
答案： A 三．多项选择题 ( 共 16 分，每小题分；选对但不全的，得长的数量级为 (A>是紫外线 (B>是红外线 (C>光子能量约为答案： <蓝色）解读：由于激光波长大于可见光波长，所以该激光器发出的是红外线，选项错误。由 E=hc/ λ可得光子能量约为误。光子数约为每秒为

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2018年高考上海卷考试手册·语文科
上海市教育考试院
一、考试性质
普通高等学校招生语文科目全国统一考试（上海卷），是为普通高等学校招生提供依据的选拔性考试。

选拔性考试是高利害考试，考试结果需要具有高信度，考试结果的解释和使用应该具有高效度。

考试命题的指导思想是立德树人，有利于促进每一个学生的终身发展，有利于科学选拔和培养人才，有利于维护社会公平、公正。

考试对象是符合2018年上海市高考报名条件的考生。

二、考试目标
依据《上海市中小学语文课程标准（试行稿）》和高校人才选拔要求，结合中学教学实际，从识记、理解、运用、综合四个方面考查考生语文素养。

三、考试内容及要求
依据《上海市中小学语文课程标准（试行稿）》，考试内容及要求按试卷积累应用、阅读、写作三大板块说明如下：
（一）积累应用
Ⅰ．识记
Ⅰ.1 掌握课文涉及的重要作家、作品及与之相关的文学常识、文化常识。

Ⅰ.2 再现古诗文中的名篇、名句。

Ⅱ．运用
Ⅱ．1 在提供的新情境中使用名篇、名句等。

Ⅱ．2 根据语境，使用语文知识进行识别、判断、归类等。

（二）阅读
社科类现代文
Ⅰ．理解
Ⅰ.1 理解词语、句子在文中的意思。

Ⅰ.2 理解文中重要概念的含义。

Ⅰ.3 理解图表，用文字解释图表，完成图文转换。

Ⅰ.4 筛选文中信息。

Ⅰ.5 整合、概括部分或整体的文章内容。

Ⅰ.6 概括说明对象的特征或规律。

Ⅰ.7 概括文章中心、作者观点。

Ⅰ.8 概括结构特点，梳理行文思路。

Ⅱ．运用
Ⅱ.1 运用语文知识，依据语境、内容，进行排序、补充、判断等。

Ⅱ.2 分析词、句、段在文中的作用。

Ⅱ.3 分析所用材料、方法的作用。

Ⅱ.4 分析文章各部分间的关系。

Ⅱ.5 分析作者态度、写作意图。

Ⅱ.6 分析文章的语言特点。

Ⅱ.7 分析文章的表达方式、写作手法。

Ⅲ．综合
Ⅲ.1 评价文章所运用的材料、方法的逻辑性。

Ⅲ.2 评价文章内容、观点的意义和价值。

Ⅲ.3 根据文章内容进行推断。

Ⅲ.4 对指定问题进行探究，形成新的见解。

文学类现代文
Ⅰ．理解
Ⅰ.1 理解词语、句子在文中的含义。

Ⅰ.2 概括部分或整体的作品内容。

Ⅰ.3 概括对象特点、作品主旨、核心思想。

Ⅰ.4 概括结构特点，梳理行文的线索和思路。

Ⅱ．运用
Ⅱ.1 分析词、句、段在文中的作用。

Ⅱ.2 分析选材、组材的特点和作用。

Ⅱ.3 分析作品各部分间的联系。

Ⅱ.4 分析作品中所表现人、事、景、物与情、志、理的关系。

Ⅱ.5 分析作者的情感、写作的背景和意图。

Ⅲ．综合
Ⅲ.1 赏析作品的语言特点。

Ⅲ.2 赏析作品的构思特点。

Ⅲ.3 赏析词句的表现力及其效果。

Ⅲ.4 赏析作品使用的表现手法的特点及其表达效果。

Ⅲ.5 赏析、评价作品塑造的艺术形象。

Ⅲ.6 评价作品使用的手法。

Ⅲ.7 评价作品内容、思想的意义和价值。

Ⅲ.8 根据作品内容，进行联想、想象、推断。

Ⅲ.9 探究作品内涵，形成自己的见解。

古代诗文
Ⅰ．理解
Ⅰ.1 理解词语、句子在诗文中的含义。

Ⅰ.2 理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法。

Ⅰ.3 用现代汉语翻译句子。

Ⅰ.4 筛选文中信息。

Ⅰ.5 整合、概括部分或整体的文章内容。

Ⅰ.6 概括对象特点、文章主旨、思想观点。

Ⅰ.7 概括结构特点，梳理行文思路。

Ⅱ．运用
Ⅱ.1 运用语文知识，依据语境、内容，进行断句、排序、判断等。

Ⅱ.2 分析词、句、段在文中的作用。

Ⅱ.3 分析所用材料、方法的作用。

Ⅱ.4 分析各部分间的关系。

Ⅱ.5 分析作者的情感、写作的背景和意图。

Ⅱ.6 分析常见的表现手法及其作用。

Ⅲ．综合
Ⅲ.1 赏析作品的语言运用。

Ⅲ.2 赏析作品中富有表现力的词语和句子。

Ⅲ.3 赏析作品使用的手法及其效果。

Ⅲ.4 赏析作品的意象、意境。

Ⅲ.5 评价作品的艺术特色。

Ⅲ.6 评价作品的思想意义和社会价值。

Ⅲ.7 探究作品内涵，形成自己的见解。

（三）写作
Ⅰ．思想内容
Ⅰ.1 准确把握题意。

Ⅰ.2 主旨明确，思想健康，感情真实。

Ⅰ.3 选材恰当，内容充实。

Ⅰ.4 力求有新意。

Ⅱ．结构布局
Ⅱ.1 结构完整，布局合理。

Ⅱ.2 层次分明，条理清晰。

Ⅲ．语言表达
Ⅲ.1 语言通顺、准确、得体。

Ⅲ.2 合理运用表达方式。

Ⅲ.3 书写规范，标点符号使用正确。

四、考试形式与试卷结构
1．考试形式
采用闭卷书面考试形式。

试卷分为试题和答题纸两部分。

考生应将答案全部做在答题纸上。

试卷总分为150分，考试时间为150分钟。

2．考试目标和内容占总分的比例
考试目标中，识记约占6%，理解约占17%，运用约占17％；综合约占60％。

考试内容中，积累应用板块为10分；阅读板块为70分，其中现代文阅读和古代诗文阅读约各占一半；写作板块为70分。

3．题型
采用填空题、选择题、简答题、写作题等题型。

五、题型示例（略）。

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