北京林业大学考研翻译硕士英语2015模拟题
2015年考研英语一真题及答案(精校版)
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of English :Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is (1) a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has (2) .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted (3) 1,932 unique subjects which (4) pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both (5) .While 1% may seem (6) ,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even (7) their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who (8) our kin.”The study (9) found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, (10) ,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more (11) it. There could be many mechanisms working together that (12) us in choosing genetically similar friends (13) ”functional Kinship” of being friends with(14) !One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution (15) than other genes Studying this could help (16) why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major (17) factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s (18) to befriend those of similar (19) backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to (20) that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] meanwhile [B] furthermore [C] likewise [D] perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D] limit13. [A] According to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] missions [D] benefits15. [A] later [B] slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] understand [D] express17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makesit increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s mona rchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discar ding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they si ft through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of lin e-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argu ment whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “amost welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most jour nals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the pr ocess”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a c ollective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42)Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, f ixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings ofthe same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe toAmerica. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会参考答案及详细解析I cloze1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
北京林业大学MTI 翻译基础 模拟试卷1
北京林业大学翻译硕士入学考试----笔试模拟（卷一）翻译基础姓名------ 准考证号------Ⅰ.Translate the following passage into ChinesePassage oneThe Dust Bowl, or the dirty thirties, was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940), caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation or other techniques to prevent erosion.The Dust Bowl was a manmade disaster caused by deep plowing of the virgin top soil of the Great Plains, which killed the natural grasses. Such grasses normally kept the soil in place and moisture trapped, even during periods of drought and high winds. During the drought of the 1930s, with the grasses destroyed, the soil dried, turned to dust, and blew away eastwards and southwards in large dark clouds. At times the clouds blackened the sky, reaching all the way to East Coast cities such as New York and Washington, D.C. Much of the soil ended up deposited in the Atlantic Ocean. The Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres (400,000 km²), centered on the panhandles of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas.Passage twoThe world economy is at a critical juncture where a grand scheme in addition to a paradigm shift is required to propel the “leaderless” economy back to its steady growth path. This paper addresses infrastructural financing issue from the angle of structural transformation as a growth-lifting strategy for global recovery. We proposed a win-win global infrastructure initiative -- a Global Structural Transformation Fund (GSTF) -- that could a) increase aggregate demand so as to create space for structural reforms in crisis-hit advanced countries and b) support green growth through investments in bottleneck-releasing transformative infrastructure projects in both advanced and developing countries. The traditional Keynesian stimulus directs spending toward the domestic economy where the rate of return is low, while our proposal recommends a globally coordinated investment initiative directing global savings to where the developmental impact in terms of employment generation and rates of returns are higher. We propose to go beyond Keynesianism, go beyond infrastructure, and go beyond the Marshall plan.Ⅱ.Translate the following passages into English.Passage one中国已有5 000年的文明发展史，中国文化是世界最古老的文化之一，而且是世界上唯一的长期延续没有中断的文化。
北京工商大学考研翻译硕士英语真题2015模拟题
北京工商大学2015年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题考试科目：211翻译硕士英语Part I.Vocabulary and Grammar(30’)Directions:There are thirty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET1.Thousands of people turned out into the streets to_________against the local authorities’decision to build a highway across the field.A.contradictB.reformC.counterD.protest2.The majority of nurses are women，but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a_________.A.minorityB.scarcityC.rarityD.minimum3.Professor Johnson’s retirement________from next January.A.carries into effectB.takes effectC.has effectD.puts into effect4.The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to________government spending.A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.budget5.The heat in summer is no less_________here in this mountain region.A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.intensive6.Taking photographs is strictly________here，as it may damage the precious cave paintings.A.forbiddenB.rejectedC.excludedD.denied7.Mr.Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will_________.A.pull backB.pull upC.pull throughD.pull out8.Since the early nineties，the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the customer’s_________rather than the company’s.A.benefitB.availabilityC.suitabilityD.convenience9.The priest made the________of the cross when he entered the church.A.markB.signalC.signD.gesture10.This spacious room is________furnished with just a few articles in it.A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.rarely11.If you explained the situation to your solicitor，he________able to advise you much better than I can.A.would beB.will have beenC.wasD.were12.With some men dressing down and some other men flaunting their looks，it is really hard to tell they are gay or_________.A.straightB.homosexualC.beautifulD.sad13.His remarks were________annoy everybody at the meeting.A.so as toB.such as toC.such toD.as much as to14.James has just arrived，but I didn’t know he_________until yesterday.A.will comeB.was comingC.had been comingD.came15._________conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A.I was and always will beB.I have to be and always will beC.I had been and always will beD.I have been and always will be16.Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful，we will have to install_________solar heating device in our home.A.some type ofB.some types of aC.some type of aD.some types of17.I went there in1984，and that was the only occasion when I________the journey in exactly two days.A.must takeB.must have madeC.was able to makeD.could make18.I know he failed his last test，but really he’s_________stupid.A.something butB.anything butC.nothing butD.not but19.Do you know Tim’s brother？He is_________than Tim.A.much more sportsmanB.more of a sportsmanC.more of sportsmanD.more a sportsman20.That was not the first time he________us.I think it’s high time we________ strong actions against him.A.betrayed…takeB.had betrayed…tookC.has betrayed…tookD.has betrayed…take21.He will not be__________to vote in this year's election.A.enough oldB.as old enoughC.old enoughD.enough old as22.Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions __________a politician.A.suchB.moreC.asD.than23.According to the conditions of my scholarship,after finishing my degree__________.A.my education will be employed by the universityB.employment will be given to me by the universityC.the university will employ meD.I will be employed by the university24.If Bob's wife won't agree to sign the papers,____________.A.neither he willB.neither will heC.neither won't heD.he won't neither25._____is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As26.A violent revolution having broken out,all the ports of that country were laid under a(n)______.A.boycottB.embargoC.embarkD.ban27.Since_________can't work in the United States without a permit,so it is of great importance for them to present their credentials to the government.A.emigrantsB.expatriatesC.migrantsD.immigrants28.Most investors are taught at the very beginning that there is no place for __________in investment markets.A.feelingB.emotionC.passionD.sentiment29.I__________my ordinary income by doing some part-time work.plimentplementC.supplementD.implement30.Before the statue could be__________to the United States,a site had to be found for it and a pedestal had to be built.A.transformedB.transportedC.transferredD.transmitted Part II.Reading comprehension（15*2’+4’*3’+3’）Directions:In this section there are four passages followed by a total of15multiple-choice questions and5short answer questions.Please read the passage and answer the question on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity,but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx,once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now ernment financing and central planning,however,have helped reverse the decline of Welsh.Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English,and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages.Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages,spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language,particularly among young people,is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small,proud st month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly,the first parliament to be convened here since1404.The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom.With most of the people and wealth,England has always had bragging rights.The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,implemented by Tony Blair,was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland,Northern Ireland,and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution.Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament，the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than25percent.Its powers were proportionately limited.The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European union is spent.It cannot,unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh,enact laws. But now that it is here,the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly.Many people would like it to have more powers.Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in2003,of a new debating chamber,one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European union will tackle poverty.Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain,Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women,boosting self-esteem.To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones,the movie star,and Bryn Terfel,the opera singer.Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline,Awyr Cymru.Cymru,which means“land of compatriots”,is the Welsh name for Wales.The red dragon,the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur,is everywhere—on T-shirts,rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,”said Dyfan Jones,an18-year-old student.It was a warm summer night，and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli,an industrial town in the south,outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival.The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,”Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking，global youth culture and the new federal Europe,Dyfan,like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.“We used to think.We can’t do anything,we’re only Welsh.Now I think that’s changing.”1.According to the passage,devolution was mainly meant to______.A.maintain the present status among the nations.B.reduce legislative powers of England.C.create a better state of equality among the nations.D.grant more say to all the nations in the union.2.The word“centrifugal”in the second paragraph means_____A.separatist.B.conventional.C.feudal.D.political3.Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT______A.people’s desire for devolution.B.locals’turnout for the voting.C.powers of the legislative body.D.status of the national language.4.Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A.Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B.Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C.A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D.The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5.According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is_____A.people’s mentality.B.pop culture.C.town’s appearance.D.possibilities for the people.Passage BThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble:thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock.But making sure it never happens again may not be possible,because the sudden impoverishment of those Enronworkers represents something even larger than it seems.It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the20th century.The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world.With the explosion of wealth,that began in the19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before.The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food, warmth,shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify.That remarkable promise became reality in many ernments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly（Social Security in the U.S.）.Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees.Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions?The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself,a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history.For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been.Ultimately I’m on my own.Now it became,ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s.U.S.business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively，with huge Layoffs.The trend accelerated in the1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality.IBM ended its no-layoff policy.AT&T fired thousands,many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible,and a few of whom killed themselves.The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in bour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades.President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare.Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions.To make costs easier to control,companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans,which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future,to defined contribution plans，which specify only how much goes into the play today.The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the401（k）.the significance of the401（k）is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the employee.Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron?Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’401（k）accounts.That is,the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it.Enronmatched a certain proportion of each employee’s401（k）contribution with company stock,so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio;but that could be regarded as a freebie,since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all.At least two special features complicate the Enron case.First,some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems,prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.Second，Enron’s401（k）accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October,when the stock was falling,so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock.Many had placed100%of their401（k）assets in the stock rather than in the18other investment options they were offered.Of course that wasn’t prudent,but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security.That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible.The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation.The shift back may take just as long.It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a20th-century quirk,and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that,like most people in most times and places,they’re on their own.6.Why does the author say at the beginning“The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A.Because the company has gone bankrupt.B.Because such events would never happen again.C.Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D.Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.7.According to the passage,the combined efforts by governments,layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change in_____A.people’s outlook on life.B.people’s life styles.C.people’s living standard.D.people’s social values.8.Changes in pension schemes were also part of______A.the corporate lay-offs.B.the government cuts in welfare spending.C.the economic restructuring.D.the warning power of labors unions.9.Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA.the401（k）made them responsible for their own future.B.Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C.their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D.Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.10.Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A.The401（k）assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B.Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C.Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D.Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.Passage CArchaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past.This has been called“historical archaeology,”a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.Back in the1930's and1940's,when building restoration was popular,historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction.The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the1950's and1960's.Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments,where they had studied prehistoric cultures.They were,by training,social scientists,not historians,and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand,as scientists,how people behaved.But because they were treading on historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation,and because their own knowledge of these periods was usually limited,their contributions to American history remained circumscribed.Their reports,highly technical and sometimes poorly written,went unread.More recently,professional archaeologists have taken over.These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history,providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise,and indeed work done in this area has lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past.In Kingston,New York,for example,evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.11.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.Why historical archaeology was first developedB.How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology have changed.C.The contributions architects make to historical archaeology.D.The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology.12.What was popular in the1930's and1940's?A.Studying prehistoric cultures.B.Archaeological investigation.C.Building restoration.D.Historical archaeology.13.According to the first paragraph,what is a relatively new focus in archaeology?A.Investigating the recent past.B.Studying prehistoric cultures.C.Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States.paring findings made in North America and in Europe.14.According to the passage,when had historical archaeologists been trained as anthropologists?A.Prior to the1930's.B.During the1930's and1940's.C.During the1950's and1960's.D.After the1960's.15.In the third paragraph，the author implies that the techniques of history and social science are________.A.quite different from each otherB.equally useful in studying prehistoric culturesually taught to students of archaeologyD.both based on similar principlesPassage DFor40years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself.But the2，400school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition.The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on one weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’s internationally rare bird species.The Ten Tors Challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season，when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds’chances of reproducing successfully. Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs.They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn，when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well anisers of the event，which is led by about400Territorial Army volunteers，say moving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the55-mile trek.Dartmoor is home to10rare species of ground-nesting birds，including golden plovers，dunlins and lapwings. In some cases，species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin,South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB，took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl.She said the society had no objections to the event itself butsimply wanted it moved to another time of year.“It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part but，having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal，”she said.“We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over.There is a risk of destruction and disturbance.If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.”Helen Booker，an RSPB upland conservation officer，said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little doubt the walk was detrimental.“If people are tramping past continually it can harm the chances of successful nesting.There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.”A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from early March to mid-July，and the Ten Tors Challenge created the potential for disturbance for March,when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period.There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in2004，“but until then any change was unlikely.The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next survey showed any further decline，it would increase pressure to move the Challenge，”he said.Major Mike Pether,secretary of the army committee that organizes the Challenge，said the event could be moved if there was the popular will.“The Ten Tors has been running for42years and it has always been at this time of the year.It is almost in tablets of stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensus in favour.However，although the RSPB would like it moved，75per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is，”he said.Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season，most of the children were on holiday in the summer，and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some54sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops known as“Tors”with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching621m.The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker.The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range.The origin of the event stretches back to1959when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers.In the first year203youngsters took up the challenges.Since then teams，depending on age and ability，face hikes of35，45or55miles between10nominated Tors over two days. They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.16.What is the Ten Tors Challenge？Give a brief introduction of its location and history.17.Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?18.What are the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons? Part III.Writing（30’）Nowadays,the number of people owning private cars in on the great increase. Some people hold the belief that private cars can bring us a lot of convenience,from which we can hardly escape;while others maintain that the disadvantages of private cars far outweigh its advantages.Please state your opinion clearly with detailed reasons and examples.My View on Private Cars参考答案：partⅠMultiple choice(30’)1-5DABAC6-10ACDDB11-15AABBD16-20ACBBC21-25CCDBD26-30BDDCBPartⅡReading Comprehension(40’)1.C2.A3.D4.B5.A6.D7.A8.C9.B10.B11.B12.C13.A14.C15.A16.located in Dartmoor Park/with54sq km of hills covered by“Tors”/an event starting from1959/young people walking over a distance of55-mile trek in two days/in Spring（May）/a kind of outdoor physical training17.environmentalism/threatening of some“internationally rare bird species”/breeding season/nesting season/destroying eggs/frightening birds/declining of birds18.if moved to autumn/children“on holiday”during the training period/majority unwilling to change the time/if moved earlier：lambing season/winter：too harsh and coldPartⅢWriting(30’)With the fantastic spur both in industry and in economy in China,the number of people who own private cars is on the rise.Some people have bought cars of their own,and others are planning to buy cars.But there have been two quite different views on this phenomenon.Some claim that there are many advantages brought about by cars.First,the automobile industry provides jobs for countless workers and strong support for other industries.Second,if conditions permit,owning a car can make us work more efficiently.Finally,life will become more convenient.A car allows one to move freely and with a car there is no need to wait for the bus in the cold or under the burning sun.However,others strongly object to the increase in developing private cars.They hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems.In the first place,as more and more cars are produced and run in the street,a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off,polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next,private cars contribute to traffic congestion so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams.The last problem is the increasing number of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.In my opinion,although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our society,they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental pollution,more traffic accidents and more angry consumption.They drink up huge amounts of fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants.Traffic accidents kill thousands and thousands of people each year and cripple more.Jams waste our precious time. Therefore I am against developing private cars.。
2015考研英语终极冲刺模拟试题(二)
Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word （ s） for each numbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. （ 10 points） When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were equally effective on television. Some of the 1 they experienced when they were trying to 2 themselves to the new medium were technical. When working 3 radio, for example, they had become 4 to seeing on 5 of the listener. This 6 of seeing for others means that the 7 has to be very good at talking. 8 all, he has to be able to 9 a continuous sequence of visual images which 10 meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the 11 of television, however, the commentator sees 12 with the viewer. His role, therefore, is 13 different. He is there to make 14 that the viewer does not 15 some points of interest, to help him 16 on particular things, and to 17 the images on the television screen. 18 his radio colleague, he must know the 19 of silence and how to use it at those moments 20 the pictures speaks for themselves. 1. A. difficultiesB. successesC. sufferingsD. incidents 2. A. turnB. adaptC. alterD. modify 3. A. onB. atC. with D. behind 4. A. experiencedB. determinedC. establishedD. accustomed 5. A. accountB. sideC. pointD. behalf 6. A. efficiencyB. technologyC. artD. performance 7. A. commentatorB. TV viewerC. speakerD. author 8. A. OfB. ForC. AboveD. In 9. A. inspire B. createC. causeD. perceive 10. A. addB. applyC. affectD. reflect 11. A. occasionB. eventC. factD. case 12. A. somethingB. nothingC. everythingD. anything 13. A. equallyB. completelyC. initiallyD. hardly 14. A. definiteB. possibleC. sureD. clear 15. A. loseB. depriveC. relieveD. miss 16. A. focusB. attendC. followD. insist 17. A. exhibitB. demonstrateC. exposeD. interpret
北京林业大学翻译硕士基础英语考研模拟题
《翻译硕士英语》Part I. Vocabulary and grammar(1*30 points, 60 minutes)Section I Multiple ChoiceChoose from A, B, C or D the ONE that best completes the sentence and mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.1.The plane that in the storm was carrying a group of entertainers on route to the International Fine-art Works Exposition.A.crushedB.crashedC.crackedD.crafted2.On Labour Day the workers will march in through the town.A.processB.processionC.progressD.progression3.He ought to have had the strength to his feeling and the self-control not to lose his temper.A.reduceB.retainC.concealD.retrieve4.Please don‟t linger on the; keep moving along, and find your seat as quickly as possible.neB.corridorC.aisleD.isle5.The U-boat blockade England‟s food shortage during Word War II.A.aggregatedB.aggravatedC.aggrievedD.agonized6.The explanation given by the congressman yeaterday was not at all to us.A.satisfyB.satisfiedC.satisfactoryD.satisfying7.Her behavior make everyone nervous. She was always rushing to open doors and apologizing unnecessarily for any inconvenience that she might have caused.A.obliviousB.observantC.obsequiousD.obsolescent8.The teacher was to his trading of home assignments and his treatment of offenders.A.lenientB.mercifulC.pitifulD.sympathetic9.The snake smoothly through the luxuriant grass.A.creptB.crouchedC.strolledD.glided10.You‟d better not take his remarks too seriously, which apparently were .A.simultaneousB.substantialC.spontaneousD.sporadic11. He was completely by her tale of hardship.A.taken awayB.taken downC.taken inD.taken up12.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens, set to when it arrived in New York.A.go offB.get offe offD.carry off13.The younger p erson‟s attraction to stereos cannot be explaned only familiarity with technology.A.in quest ofB.by means ofC.in terms ofD.by virtue of14.The monther said she would her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper.A.let downB.let aloneC.let offD.let out15.Henry decided to presents at the beginning, which made me feel at lost.A.pass outB.pass awayC.pass intoD.pass on16.The driver the bus only just in time to avoid hitting the boy.A.pulled onB.pulled throughC.pulled downD.pulled up17.Much like others, the widow had to learn to a very small income.A.live up toB.live onC.live outD.live down18.Among the preparations, you first have to how many people should be invited to the wedding.A.figure onB.figure outC.relying onD.making out19.The entrance examination is very difficult, so only a small minority of candidates.A.get throughB.get inC.pass throughD.pass on20. their land, the Indians received goods and supplies.A. For exchangeB. To exchange forC. In exchange forD. With exchange for21.I appreciated the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.A.to have givenB.to have been givenC.having been givenD.having given22.I regret a present to my friend when he got married last month.A.to have not madeB.not makingC.not having madeD.having not made23.The teacher said, “It‟s ti me you your oral presentation.”A.beganB.should beginC.beginD.are beginning24.Art critics insisted he an illustrator rather than an artist.A.beB.would beC.should beD.was25.Had he worded harder, he the exams.A.must have got throughB.would have got throughC.would get throughD.could get through26.For many years, Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca‟s name to be mentioned or his works .A.beging publishedB.from publishingC.publishedD.to be published27.Not even a word concerning these important matters.A.he mentionedB.he mentionsC.did he mentionD.he does mention28.I ought to them about the news, but I forgot to do so.A.remember tellingB.remember having toldC.have remembered to tellD.have remembered telling29.It is only when you nearly lose someone fully conscious of how much you value him.A.do you becomeB.then you becomeC.that you becomeD.have you become30., he would have finished the work all by himself.A.Giving him enough timeB. Given him enough timeC. To give him enough timeD. Had he been given enough timePart II Reading Comprehension(2*20 points, 60 minutes)Read the following passages and answer the questions given at the end of each passage.Passage OneThe increase in leisure time, the higher standard of living, the availability of cars to a wider range of the population and, perhaps, a broadening of personal horizons have all contributed to a drastic change in the summer week-end habits of the British public. Now, on most Saturdays in the months loosely called summer, it is possible to see family saloons loaded with picnics and crammed to bursting with several generations of pleasure-bent …Smiths‟. Like competitors in some grossly disorganized rally, they nose their way through the neat drab streets of council estates, converging on the main roads, then crawl as best they can out into the open country and towards the coast. Congestion and the frustration of wasting precious time at the receiving end of someone else‟s exhaust fumes gets the pursuit of enjoyment off to bad start; tempers become frayed. Children, traditionally the target for fathers‟ ill-humor, are singled out for s pecial treatment. The past week‟s misdeeds are unearthed and magnified out of all reasonable proportion; mothers leap to their broods‟ defense and, before long, vows that never again will this outing be repeated are being hurled back and forth. Of course, by this time, the children have wisely extracted themselves from the argument and are quietly amusing themselves by looking at their irate elders or gaping at the unfamiliar sight of animals in fields, often so much stranger to them than the corresponding naked shapes they are wont to see in butchers‟ windows. Eventually, tempers partially restored, the sea is in sight. The paraphernalia of enjoyment is set up on teeming beach, sand mysteriously appears in every sandwich, pale industrial legs are exposed in self-conscious nakedness.The children drift away, quite capable of finding enough magic in this exciting, watery world to occupy them fully until they are gathered in again. Fathers and mothers, and quite possibly some members of a previous generation, settle back to receive the sun and dream away the tensions brought to a climax by the journey. Fathers eye with furtive lustfulness and mothers glare with disapproval and envy as the shapely matrons of tomorrow splash and play and race coquettishly around them, spraying water and sand and disturbing any hopes of peace.At length the shadows drop and chill in the air brings an end to the idyll. The lobster skin is painfully covered up and the day‟s debris half-heartedly collected. The family is rounded up and the brief dreams trodden into the sand along with the wasted paper.31. The writer suggests that tempers become frayed because ________.A. there are too many careless drivers on the roadsB. there are too many cars on the roadsC. the cars are crowdedD. the children are irritating32. How do the fathers react when angry?A. They stop the children misbehaving.B. They complain about the children‟s wrongdoing.C. They are easy to quarrel with the mothers.D. They shout at their wives.33. What do they find when they finally stop?A. There are sandwich stalls erected there.B. There are factory workers sunbathing.C. The beach is very crowded.D. The beach is covered with a lot of paraphernalia.34. Why are mothers liable to give disapproving looks?A. They resent their husbands‟ admiration of the intruders.B. They are angry at being disturbed when they want peace and quiet.C. They haven‟t yet recovered from the effects of the journey.D. They are jealous because these people are in better shape than they are.35. When they prepare to leave, they ________.A. carefully pack away the lobsters they have caughtB. put plasters on the places where they have been hurtC. cover over their debris with waste paperD. dress carefully to avoid any further irritationPassage TwoEvery market activity is an investment in time, energy and money. Few Companies would spend a large sum of money on, say, a purchase of capital equipment without a full investigation into why it is needed, the choices available, and the expected return on what has been spent. Yet every year the vast majority of companies invest a large amount of money in marketing actions without knowing what their financial worth to the company or likely return will be. By introducing the disciplines arising from market planning, a company should be able to ensure that the costs of marketing planning show a reasonable return and are calculated in the same way as all other business investments.Many managers believe that the costs of marketing form an additional expense that has to be accepted in order to sell their goods. Whilst it is true that many companies use certain tools of marketing for this purpose, it is also true that the most successful companies accept marketing as an essential part of the company‟s t otal commercial operation, for it is an essential cost in the same way as production or finance. Companies often avoid planning marketing procedures in detail because of the effort needed to express their forward policy in a written form. Managers commonly consider that their time is too valuable to spend on anything other than urgent operational problems. In fact, the manager who spends his time on dealing with current administrative detail is almost certain to have ignored proper planning in the past. For, if properly prepared, the marketing plan will contain sufficient details of the company‟s policy and operational strategy for the work to be done by an assistant. As the many alternative courses of action are programmed, the assistant takes any actions or decisions which are appropriate. Only unusual situations need be dealt with by the manager.The first step in preparing a marketing plan is that of producing the informationnecessary for decision making. Usually, a company will have within its own admin istration and control system the raw material necessary for the plan‟s foundations. In addition, there is plenty of published information which is made available by government departments, institutions and the press.Marketing research is yet to be fully exploited by the majority of companies. It has so far only been used by companies that have recognized that their existing information sources are inadequate. Because of the scale of operations that now confronts the typical businessman, it is essential that investment decisions are based upon relevant information, so reducing the business risk.For a marketing-oriented activity to produce lasting results the entire operation has to be systematically planned. By producing basic information in written form and establishing aims for the future, the company is creating standards against which actual performance can be measured. Documentation of detailed policy actions then provides the basis for controlling the company‟s operation. Future trends may be predicted through the investigation of all factors likely to influence company results.36. The amount of money spent on marketing by most companies each year _____.A. equals the amount spent on capital equipmentB. does not give a good return on the investmentC. is not based on an assessment of its potential valueD. is viewed by these companies as an important business investment37. Managers usually regard the costs of marketing as _____.A. something which increases the cost of goodsB. helpful but not essenti al to a company‟s successC. less important than investment in productionD. an unnecessary extra business cost38. Why are marketing plans not written down by many managers?A. They do not have time to do it.B. They know it would be difficult to do.C. They never follow any particular marketing plan.D. They do not think it is really necessary39. Good marketing procedures allow a manager _____.A. to take different courses of actionB. to do less work than othersC. to avoid unforeseen problemsD. to give more responsibility to others40. How should a manager begin writing a marketing plan?A. By doing market research outside the company.B. By looking at information produced by other companies.C. By analyzing procedures already used by the company.D. By finding information from many different sources.Passage ThreeIn addition to urge to conform which we generate ourselves, there is the external pressure of the various formal and informal groups we belong to, the pressure to backtheir ideas and attitudes and to imitate their actions. Thus our urge to conform receives continuing, even daily reinforcement. To be sure, the intensity of the reinforcement, like the strength of the urge and the ability and inclination to withstand it, differs widely among individuals. Yet some pressure is present for everyone. And in one way or another, to some extent, everyone yields to it.It is possible that a new member of a temperance group might object the group‟s rigid insistence that all drinking of alcoholic beverages is wrong He might even speak out, reminding them that occasional, moderate drinking is not harmful, that even the Bible speaks approvingly of it. But the group may quickly let him know that such ideas are unwelcome in their presence. Every time he forgets this, he will be made to feel uncomfortable. In time, if he values their companionship he will avoid expressing that point of view. He may even keep himself from thinking.This kind of pressure, whether spoken or unspoken, can be generated by any group, regardless of how liberal or conservative, formal or casual it may be. Friday night poker clubs, churches, political parties, committees, fraternities, unions. The teenage gang that steals automobile accessories may seem to have no taboos. But let one uneasy member remark that he is beginning to feel guilty about his crimes and their wrath will descend on him.Similarly, in high school and college, the crowd a student travels with has certain (usually unstate D) expectations for its members. If they drink or smoke, they will often make the member who does not do so feel that he doesn‟t fully belong. If a member does not share their views on sex, drugs, studying, cheating, or any other subject of importance to them, they will communicate their displeasure. The way they communicate, of course, may be more or less direct. They may tell him he‟d better conform “or else”. They may launch a teasing campaign against him. Or they may be even less obvious and leave him out of their activities for a few days until he asks what is wrong or decides for himself and resolves to behave more like them.The urge to conform on occasion conflicts with the tendency to resist change. If the group we are in advocates an idea or action that is new and strange to us, we can be torn between seeking their acceptance and maintaining the security of familiar ideas and behavior. In such .cases, the way we turn will depend on which tendency is stronger in us or which value we are more committed to. More often,-however, the two tendencies do not conflict but reinforce each other. For we tend to associate with those whose attitudes mid actions are similar to our own.41. The writer most probably discusses ____ in the previous part of the text.A. advantages that conformity brings usB. internal urge we have to conform with othersC. the definition of conformityD. the necessity of conformity42. You may experience external pressure to conform ____.A. when you conceal your points of viewB. from the time when you were bornC. when your opinions are different from those of the group to which you belongD. when you face something new43. A temperance group is ____.A. an organization that advocates drinking of alcoholic beverages'B. an organization that urges people to stop drinking alcoholic liquorsC. an organization in which all members have no taboos to drink alcoholic beveragesD. an organization in which all drivers are not allowed to drink alcoholic liquors44. If you refuse to give up your ideas which are different from the others in the group you belong to, ____.A. you will be tom apart by the othersB. their wrath will descend on youC. you will gradually be deserted by themD. you will resolve to behave more like them45. The main topic of this text is ____.A. the external pressure which urges us to conform with othersB. both the internal and external urge we have to conform with othersC. the urge and the tendency for us to conform with othersD. the generation of the external urge for us to conform with othersPassage FourTheoretical physicists use mathematics to describe certain aspects of Nature. Sir Isaac Newton was the first theoretical physicist, although in his own time his profession was called “natural philosophy”.By Newton‟s era people had already used algebra and geometry to build marvelous works of architecture, including the great cathedrals of Europe, but algebra and geometry only describe things that are sitting still. In order to describe things that are moving or changing in some way, Newton invented calculus.The most puzzling and intriguing moving things visible to humans have always been the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars we can see in the night sky. Newton‟s new calculus, combined with his “Laws of Motion”, made a mathematical model for the force of gravity that not only described the observed motions of planets and stars in the night sky, but also of swinging weights and flying cannonballs in England.Today‟s theoretical physi cists are often working on the boundaries of known mathematics, sometimes inventing new mathematics as they need it, like Newton did with calculus.Newton was both a theorist and an experimentalist. He spent many long hours, to the point of neglecting his health, observing the way Nature behaved so that he might describe it better. The so-called “Newton‟s Laws of Motion” are not abstract laws that Nature is somehow forced to obey, but the observed behavior of Nature that is described in the language of m athematics. In Newton‟s time, theory and experiment went together.Today the functions of theory and observation are divided into two distinct communities in physics. Both experiments and theories are much more complex than back in Newton‟s time. Theor ists are exploring areas of Nature in mathematics that technology so far does not allow us to observe in experiments. Many of the theoreticalphysicists who are alive today may not live to see how the real Nature compares with her mathematical description in their work. Today‟s theorists have to learn to live with ambiguity and uncertainty in their mission to describe Nature using math.In the 18th and 19th centuries, Newton‟s mathematical description of motion using calculus and his model for the gravitational force were extended very successfully to the emerging science and technology of electromagnetism. Calculus evolved into classical field theory.Once electromagnetic fields were thoroughly described using mathematics, many physicists felt that the field was finished, that there was nothing left to describe or explain.Then the electron was discovered, and particle physics was born. Through the mathematics of quantum mechanics and experimental observation, it was deduced that all known particles fell into one of two classes: bosons or fermions. Bosons are particles that transmit forces. Many bosons can occupy the same state at the same time. This is not true for fermions, only one fermion can occupy a given state at a given time, and this is why fermions are the particles that make up matter. This is why solids can‟t pass through one another, why we can‟t walk through walls-because of Pauli repulsion-the inability of fermions (matter) to share the same space the way bosons (forces) can.While particle physics was developing with quantum mechanics, increasing observational evidence indicated that light, as electromagnetic radiation, traveled at one fixed speed (in a vacuum) in every direction, according to every observer. This discovery and the mathematics that Einstein developed to describe it and model it in his Special Theory of Relativity, when combined with the later development of quantum mechanics, gave birth to the rich subject of relativistic quantum field theory. Relativistic quantum field theory is the foundation of our present theoretical ability to describe the behavior of the subatomic particles physicists have been observing and studying in the latter half of the 20th century.But Einstein then extended his Special Theory of Relativity to encompass Newton‟s theory of gravitation, and the result, Einstein‟s General Theory of Relativity, brought the mathematics called differential geometry into physics.General relativity has had many observational successes that proved its worth as a description of Nature, but two of the predictions of this theory have staggered the public and scientific imaginations: the expanding Universe, and black holes. Both have been observed, and both encapsulate issues that, at least in the mathematics, brush up against the very nature of reality and existence.Relativistic quantum field theory has worked very well to describe the observed behaviors and properties of elementary particles. But the theory itself only works well when gravity is so weak that it can be neglected. Particle theory only works when we pretend gravity doesn‟t exist.General relativity has yielded a wealth of insight into the Universe, the orbits of planets, the evolution of stars and galaxies, the Big Bang and recently observed black holes and gravitational lenses. However, the theory itself only works when we pretend that the Universe is purely classical and that quantum mechanics is not needed in ourdescription of Nature.String theory is believed to close this gap.Originally, string theory was proposed as an explanation for the observed relationship between mass and spin for certain particles called hadrons, which include the proton and neutron. Things didn‟t work out, though, and Quantum Chromodynamics eventually proved a better theory for hadrons.But particles in string theory arise as excitations of the string, and included in the excitations of a string in string theory is a particle with zero mass and two units of spin.If there were a good quantum theory of gravity, then the particle that would carry the gravitational force would have zero mass and two units of spin. This has been known by theoretical physicists for a long time. This theorized particle is called the graviton.This led early string theorists to propose that string theory be applied not as a theory of hadronic particles, but as a theory of quantum gravity, the unfulfilled fantasy of theoretical physics in the particle and gravity communities for decades. But it wasn‟t enough that there be a graviton predicted by string theory. One can add a graviton to quantum field theory by hand, but the calculations that are supposed to describe Nature become useless. This is because, as illustrated in the diagram above, particle interactions occur at a single point of spacetime, at zero distance between the interacting panicles. For gravitons, the mathematics behaves so badly at zero distance that the answers just don‟t make sense. In string theory, the strings collide over a small but finite distance, and the answers do make sense.This doesn‟t mean that string theory is not without its deficiencies. But the zero distance behavior is such that we can combine quantum mechanics and gravity, and we can talk sensibly about a string excitation that carries the gravitational force.This was a very great hurdle that was overcome for late 20th century physics, which is why so many young people are willing to learn the grueling complex and abstract mathematics that is necessary to study a quantum theory of interacting strings.46.Please give your account of “Newton‟s Laws of Motion”.（2 points）47.What is the present state of scientific research in account of Nature?（4 points）48.What is the difference between bosons and fermions? （4 points）Part III. Writing(1*30 points, 60 minutes)Write a composition of about 400 words about this phenomenon and your opinion about it.“What are the causes of water scarcity? What are your solutions?”《翻译硕士英语》答案一、单选1.B crush.v.压碎；crash.v.飞机或车辆猛撞。
2015年考研英语真题及答案
2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related”as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findi ngs do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was takento_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] s [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to knowthat as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobil ity’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear”because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects’phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] tolerance.[B] indifference.[C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handing one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens’privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increaserepro ducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers’worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Ed itors’DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of ourinstitutions”Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of aco llective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’financial loss due to immoral pra ctices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirectionsIn the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)________You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)_________Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of text to the world.(43)_________Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)_______This doesn`t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page--including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns--debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it,(45)________Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn`t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for andcounterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading ,our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen,Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.”said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagu es’distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.”The colonists’first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2015年参考答案一.Close test1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、seeII Reading comprehensionPart AText 121. C ended his regin in embarrassment22. A owing to their undoubted and respectable status23. C the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. D fails to adapt himsself to his future role25. B Carlos, a lesson for all European Monarchies Text 226. B check suspect's phone contents without being authorized.27.C disapproval28.A getting into one's residence29. D citizens' privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution Text 331.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.C marked33. D set an example for other journals34. C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText 436. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37. B more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38. C was hardly convincing39. A generally distorted values40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart B41.C if you are unfamiliar...42.E you make further inferences...43.D Rather ,we ascribe meanings to...44.B factors such as...45.A are we studying that ...Part C46)在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一) .doc
2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一)Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a “common law”, or law made by courts 1 a monarch or other central governmental 2 like a legislature. The jury, a 3 of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an 4 part of our common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a 5 feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States. 6 the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result 7 would be obtained using a judge 8 , as many countries do. 9 a jury decides cases after “ 10 ”， or discussions amonga group of people, the jury’s decision is likely to have the11 from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right.Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide 12 among 13 citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government 14 that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and 15 . Jurors, consisting of 16 numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge 17 to the case 18 the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states, 19 jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they are questioned by the lawyers representing the 20 under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than [B]rather than [C]more than [D]or rather2.[A]agency [B]organization [C]institution [D]authority3.[A]panel [B]crew [C]band [D]flock4.[A]innate [B]intact [C]integral [D]integrated5.[A]discriminating [B]distinguishing [C]determining[D]diminishing6.[A]In [B]By [C]After [D]Over7.[A]that [B]which [C]than [D]as8.[A]alike [B]alone [C]altogether [D]apart9.[A]Although [B]Because [C]If [D]While10.[A]deliberations [B]meditations [C]reflections[D]speculations11.[A]outline [B]outcome [C]input [D]intake12.[A]arguments [B]controversies [C]disputes[D]hostilities13.[A]fellow [B]individual [C]personal [D]private14.[A]asserting [B]alleging [C]maintaining [D]testifying15.[A]summoned [B]evoked [C]rallied [D]assembled16.[A]set [B]exact [C]given [D]placed17.[A]allocated [B]allotted [C]appointed [D]assigned18.[A]administers [B]manages [C]oversees [D]presides19.[A]inspective [B]irrespective [C]perspective[D]prospective20.[A]bodies [B]parties [C]sides [D]unitsSectionⅡ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts .Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text OneIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have also begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21. According to the text, it is true that[A] unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B] happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C] unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D] happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A] maintaining it at an average level.[B] escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C] pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D] realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23. The phrase “To date” (Para. 4) can be best replaced by[A] As a result.[B] In addition.[C] At present.[D] Until now.24. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A] One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B] They are independent but existing concurrently[C] One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D] They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25. The sentence “That’s that” (Para. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad[A] and the situation cannot be altered.[B] and happiness remains inaccessible.[C] but they don’t think much about it.[D] but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator? Foremost, the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral, objective third party who is capable of weighing out fairness in theresolution of a conflict. The mediator must be trusted by both parties to come up with a solution that will protect them from shame. While the central issue is justice, the outcome needs to be win-win, no losers. The abilities to listen impartially, suspend judgment, and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally, to function effectively the mediator must have power (financial, status, position), so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment. If one party refused to cooperate, he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole community. If that real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties, the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a man. Usually this is a job for the parents, and they in turn employ the services of a mediator. Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance. Since these services sometimes require reward, money must be saved. Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents. The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame by turning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes. Of course, the higher-ranked the mediator, the higher the cost of the services.Complicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents, which will likely generate conflict between the families. If the parties are not careful, the entire community can take sides. One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect. They might say, “She is sickly.” or “She may notbe able to bear children.” Although none of these statements may be true, and probably everyone knows they aren’t, they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason. Everyone saves face, at least at the surface, and peace is preserved.26. The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A] unbiased judgment of arguments.[B] hard prudence in decision-making.[C] impartial treatment to a conflict.[D] remarkable insight into controversies.27. The author deems it important for a mediator[A] to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B] to be powerful to shame either party.[C] to justify the solution of a conflict.[D] to have high status to fear arguers.28. In some courtiers, young people’ s marriage[A] is independent of their parents’ will.[B] needs careful valuation in advance.[C] costs a small fortune of their family.[D] is usually facilitated by a mediator.29. The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A] they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B] they make their best choice at all risks.[C] the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D] the bride’ s parents dare to offend the mediator.30. It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A] the entire community to offer support.[B] a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C] the outcome of mediation to be acceptable.[D] a valid excuse to spare both sides’ blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet, like its network predecessors, has turned out to be far more social than television, and in this respect, the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home. That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication, however, does not imply that their social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships, or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain. Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact, deepfeelings of affection and obligation, whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds, infrequent contact, and narrow focus. Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties, are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest, local groups. Nonetheless, strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes. People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact, and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.Generally, strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity. The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties. Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do not depend on the distance between parties. People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line. Most of these new relationships are weak. MUDs, newsgroups, and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups, but these on-line “mixers” are typically organized around specific topics, or activities, and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions. Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse. Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it. Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal, or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31. The text is mainly about[A] the dominance of interpersonal communication.[B] strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C] the difference between old and modern relationships.[D] an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32. It is implied in the text that[A] the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B] television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C] strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D] the Internet features every home and community.33. The word “buffer” (Para. 2) can probably be replaced by[A] deviate. [B] alleviate. [C] shield. [D] distract.34. According to the author, the Internet can[A] eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B] weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C] provide people with close physical contacts.[D] enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35. From the text we can infer that[A] the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B] the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C] some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D] random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research, of course. For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made, whether a person who lacks charisma (capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm) can become a leader, and what makes leaders fail. Warren G. Bennis, possibly the possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading, has, together with his co-author, written two best-sellers on the topic. Generally, researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence, birth order, family wealth or stability, level of education, race, or sex. From one leader to the next, there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’ research led to a new and telling discovery: that every leader, regardless of age, had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call a “crucible” (severe test). These events can either make you or break you. For emerging leaders, they do more making than breaking, providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to become leader, there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one, according to the authors. They are: an “adaptive capacity” that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks, heartbreaks, anddifficulties but also learn from them; an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision; a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing; and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace, until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums (formal statements of opinion) are. The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co. Chairman M. Douglas Ivester lasted just 28 months because “his grasp of context was sorrowful.” Among other things, Ivester degraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a $ 200 million class action brought by black employees. Procter & Gamble Co. ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking, too, that the authors found their geezers (whose formative period, as the authors define them,was 1945 to 1954, and who were shaped by World War II) sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood. “Unlike those defeated by time and age, our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between 1991 and 2000, and grew up “virtual, visual, and digital”)— open, willing to take risks, hungry for knowledge and experience, courageous, and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36. The text indicates that leadership research[A] has been a controversial study for years.[B] predicts how a leader comes to be.[C] defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D] probes the mysteries of leadership.37. According to Bennis, the trait shared by leaders consists of[A] top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B] remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C] striking qualities of going through serious trials and sufferings.[D] strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38. The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A] proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B] accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C] shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D] draws important lessons for his/her followers.39. A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A] fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B] helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C] fails to attract people with common concerns.[D] lacks appealing and strength of character.40. The authors’ dictums can be justified by the fact that[A] Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B] Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability.[C] Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D] Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges. Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A] Physical Changes[B] Low Self-Esteem[C] Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D] Emotional Turbulence[E] Interest in the Opposite Sex[F] Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of 9 and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest bysimply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41) __________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that they’re not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent.(42) __________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the opposite—loud and angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43) __________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears become more frightening, pleasures become more exciting, irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable. Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence. Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often, the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior. Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help. They include repeated school absences, slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances, hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.(44) __________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers. This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles; it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45) __________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents. This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents, a normal part of the letting-go process. Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs. This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs. Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents, discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents, awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. 46) These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. 47) All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. 48) No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props (支柱) have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.” 49) When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries. Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process. During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated bythe new. They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners. This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances. 50) If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places, will be pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress, goodwill, and international friendship. If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Your classmate, Bob, suffered a lot from the traffic accident one month ago. Besides, he lost his left leg and felt very sad. Write a letter to1) send out your grief and sympathy,2) offer your assistance, and3) show your best wishes.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1) describe the drawing,2) deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing, and3) suggest counter-measures.You should write about 160—200 words neatly ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)答案详解：Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。
北京林业大学MTI 百科知识 模拟题1
北京林业大学翻译硕士入学考试百科知识模拟题姓名----考场-----准考证号----一、词条解释1. 长生殿2. 建安风骨3. 儒家“五常”4. 《韩非子》5. 惠施6. 古文经学7. 《理惑论》8.朱陆之争9. 二里头文化10. 陈胜吴广起义11. 诸吕之乱12. 玄武门之变13. 黄袍加身14.二王八司马革新运动15. 问题小说二．根据你所熟悉的一种商品，替厂家拟一份产品介绍广告，字数450字左右。
同题：对外经贸10年真题：用汉语为你喜欢的某种商品写一则报纸产品广告，实用、言简意赅、450字以上。
三、大作文读下边短文，按要求写作。
意大利著名作家但丁说过：“道德可以弥补智慧的不足，但智慧弥补不了道德。
”为人要真诚，要真实。
真实的东西才有价值，才能打动人。
要求：(1)根据此短文的内容，选择一个角度或一个侧面自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的议论文。
(2)观点鲜明，结构完整，语言通畅，字迹工整。
参考范文：富士HS11诠释低调华丽你是否因为手中的小卡片机无法拍摄大场面的广角镜头而遗憾不已？你是否看到别人拍摄的虚幻美丽的花卉照片而顿生羡慕之心?单反相机那高昂的价格，是否最终让你望而却步？如今富士推出的长焦数码相机HS11相机，类似单反的外观设计、卓越的性能和亲民的价格在数码相机市场独领风骚。
自从上市以来，就活得摄影爱好者的普遍好评。
外观方面，HS11采取了通体黑色设计，给人以专业的印象。
相机正面丰富的按键，对于喜欢手动调整照片参数，拍摄具有个性相片的摄友来说，无疑增加了吸引力。
另外，相机前部不输单反的调焦镜头，非常拉风。
值得一提的是，相机采用了流行的折叠屏设计，大大方便了我们在超低和超高角度的取景。
性能方面，这款相机最大的特点在于：这是是一款配备30倍光学变焦，等效焦距达到24-720mm长焦数码相机。
这种超长焦，让我们可以面对远山风景，也无所顾虑。
富士HS11相机采用最新的背照式CMOS传感器，有效像素为1000万。
2015年北京林业大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研大纲
16年考研详解与指导100、范晔----后汶书。
101、北朝学术著作---郦道元的水经注和杨衒之的洛阳伽蓝记。
102、刘勰---文心雕龙---中国第一部文学批评巨著。
103、钟嵘---诗品---第一部诗论专著。
104、《六一诗话》一---是我国第一部诗话。
105、诗品、文心雕龙----魏晋南北朝文学批评的双壁。
106、志怪小说---干宝的搜神记最著名。
除此之外，刘义庆的《幽明录》也是一部优秀的志怪小说。
107、志人小说---刘义庆的世说新语---魏晋南北朝志人小说代表作。
108、陆机的文赋---继曹丕典论-论文后的第一篇系统的文学创作论。
109、汶末聚集在三曹父子身边的一批文人史称-----建安七子。
110、文学史上山水诗取代玄言诗的重大变化发生在----魏晋南北朝。
111、唐初…吕体诗人霸持诗坛。
112、唐代传奇-----标志着中国古典小说趋向成熟。
113、宫体诗人---虞世南、许敬宗、上官仪、文章四友。
114、上官体---上官仪的诗歌。
115、盛唐—边塞诗派、山水田园诗派。
116、边塞诗派---王昌龄、高适、岑参。
117、山水田园诗人---孟浩然、王维。
118、中唐…白居易、元積—新乐府运动。
119、晩唐----杜牧、李商隐。
120、中唐---韩愈、柳宗元----古文运动。
121、柳宗元----山水游记散文代表作-----永州八记122、唐代传奇----标志中国小说已经进入了成熟的阶段。
123、初唐四杰----卢照邻、骆宾王、王勃、杨炯。
124、王勃------在“初唐四杰”中成就最高。
125、陈子昂---继初唐四杰之后的一位诗歌革新的旗手----代表作是感遇等38首、其中一首是登幽州台歌。
126、张若虚----春江花月夜----_首写景抒情交织结合的抒情诗。
脍炙人口，乃千古绝唱，有“以孤篇压倒全唐”之誉，闻一多称之为“诗中的诗，顶峰上的顶峰”。
乐曲属于----清商曲127、孟浩然----唐代第_个倾大力写作山水诗的诗人。
2015考研英语模拟题及答案解析：翻译（二）
2015考研英语模拟题及答案解析：翻译（二）店铺考研英语频道为大家提供2015考研英语模拟题及答案解析：翻译(二),大家可以练习一下!2015考研英语模拟题及答案解析：翻译(二)Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (1)(Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha,) (2(the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred.) It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth”. (3(In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918.) Even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (4)(indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins.) Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to seethem exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?” (5)(I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type.) But it so happens that Ga ndhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”。
2015年北京大学翻译硕士英语笔译考研真题及解析
2015年北京大学翻译硕士考研真题回忆版北大除了政治其它三门都是自主命题，总体还是稍有难度的。
虽说北大出题常出其不意，但仔细研究真题就会发现高频考点与考察倾向。
所以真题虽然不可迷信，但非常重要，尤其是翻译基础和百科，复习前和中要用心体会，尽量避免大海捞针。
我回忆的不全，但希望能稍有所用，大家可与高人回忆的题目补充使用。
1、翻译英语今年体型大变，基本只考阅读和写作。
有一篇完型填空，讲的是modernism 和postmodernism,不是很难，更多是考察词义，但这两个概念后面又考了一次，北大貌似钟情于此类深沉的概念==大家最好有所了解；四篇阅读，内容不太记得了，全是客观选择题，题型有sb does what because_____ ABCD,有考察某词在文中的语义等。
有两篇稍难；一篇段落排序，做的那叫一个虐啊！没记错的话共6段乱序文字，有一段是多余的，还有一段给出了正确位置（倒数第二段）。
内容又是关于modernism和postmodernism 的，北大重人文素养，所以对这类概念要真心敏感啊！另外一定要审题，我当时想当然地直接做了，不知有一段多余，结果弄乱了思维，还占用了作文的宝贵时间。
总之这门课就考功底，据说2015年起命题会偏向于考研英语（今年完型就是证明），但难说明年就不考选择，所以不可心存侥幸。
大家可参考考研英语题型，拿专八的阅读题练感觉，重点读经济学人等高品质外刊提升阅读水平，兼顾语法词汇。
2、翻译基础词语翻译出现了前两年考过的，如《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》、发票单（去年考的是invoice,英译汉），好像还有penalty kick，此外有方便面、《读者文摘》、新闻摘要（要注意区分digest、abstract等词），没有特别偏怪的词。
英译汉大家可百度一下美剧常出现的词汇，并不多，但是和北大考的风格很接近，有很多是西方常用的文化意义词汇。
英译汉：稍有难度，讲的是loyalty可能会演化为狂热崇拜和俯首听命两种极端结果，在政客的鼓吹下loyalty被蒙上了更深的道德意义，结尾警醒世人要使自己免受所谓“忠诚”的摆布。
北京林业大学研究生学位考农林英语翻译答案
北京林业⼤学研究⽣学位考农林英语翻译答案Unit 1Urban forestry involves (refers to / is concerned with) forestry activities introducing forestry from wild lands (fields) and countryside (rural regions) to populous cities where economy, culture, industry and business (commerce) are concentrated. Most metropolitan cities are currently prosperous but noisy (clamorous) with deteriorating ecological environment. People living in such a crowded and narrow city space suffer from a worsening (declining) physical quality. To develop urban forestry can beautify environment, purify air, reduce noise and adjust local climate (microclimate), so that the living quality of urban people can be improved. Generally, urban forestry has provided a new approach to the urban environmental problems. Unit 2With the development of economy and progress of civilization in human society, there have been significant transformations in both people’s understanding about forests and social demands for forestry. As a result, more world attention has been widely paid to the function that forests play to maintain and improve ecological environment (the role that forests play in maintaining and improving ecological environment has drawn worldwide attention.). In 1992, UN Conference on Environment and Development bestowed priority on forestry (gave priority to forestry) and it became a political commitment (promise) of the highest rank. In addition, it was particularly emphasized in the meeting that nothing would be more important than forestry among the problems that the world summits dealt with. It is a distinct milestone in world civilization history to place forestry issues at such an unprecedentedly high position.Unit 3China is one of the countries boasting the richest biodiversity and also one of the earliest adopting the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Chinese Government has highly valued the work of biodiversity conservation by formulating and enforcing a series of related laws and regulations，so that a legal system on the conservation and biodiversity has fundamentally formed. In addition, it has established and consolidated the coordination mechanism on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity as well as the scheme of Inter-ministerial Joint Meeting on biological species resources, laid down and issued the National Action Plan on the Conservation of Biodiversity of China and other related plans in this regard,based on which various relevant sectors have mapped out and executed their own action plans. Unit 5Agriculture still has /(shoulders / takes) the responsibility to feed the entire world in spite of / (despite) the serious (tough / big /severe ) challenge of climate change. Agriculture needs to produce more food, waste less, and make it easier for farmers to have their produce sent / (get their produce) to consumers. Besides, agriculture has to find ways/approaches/methods to reduce negative impacts resulted from environmental change—including lowering greenhouse gasemissions，planning/managing food security and rural development as a whole, etc. Only through the development of agricultural high technology can the above be realized/All these are only possible through the development of agricultural high technology.Unit 6Chinese agriculture has to choose the way of a low-carbon development which is characterized by being resources-saving, production-clean, environment-friendly and quality-efficiency-oriented. Therefore, in terms of technology, great efforts must be made to develop a series of key technologies and promote /spread their practical application, such as resources-saving technologies including energy-saving, soil-saving, water-saving, fertilizer-saving, insecticides-saving / pesticides-saving, seeds-saving, materials-saving and labor-saving technologies, and so on, technologies of reducing the use of agricultural chemicals and developing their substitutes, technologies of cultivating new plant species with high light absorption and carbon sequestration, technology of soil carbon sequestration, technologies of developing clean energies, technologies of developing clean environment-friendly production, technologies of poison-free disposal and reclamation of wastes, and so on.Unit 7The enactment of the City Planning Act in 1989 is a major milestone to re-establish and formalize (regularize) the urban planning system in China. But, there are still many deficiencies of the urban planning system in coping with the rapidly changing socio-economic environment. Some of these deficiencies can be traced back to the past planned economy era, and some are intrinsic problems of the City Planning Act. Attempts are being made (Experiments are taking place) in Chinese cities which aim to provide better guidance and supervision to urban planningand development control from a planned economy to a transitional one.Unit 8Currently, we could hardly live a single day without seeing a celebrity spokesperson promoting a product or a social campaign on TV, net or other media. This is an intensely popular trend that we cannot fail to notice. There is no doubt that the celebrity spokespeople could boost the sale of a product. A host of celebrity spokespersons, however, have emerged as the marketing tool of some companies, even companies producing and selling fake and inferior items. This kind of behavior has produced negative impacts on consumers and whole society, which should be severely criticized and penalized. Of course, as is known to all, everything has both bright and dark sides. Some sta rs’ endorsement of social activities and public campaigns raises public awareness, giving rise to changes in public behavior. In this case, they serve as positive role models of the general public. To name only one case: Pu CX, a household figure, acting as the celebrity spokesman of the China AIDS Foundation, contributes greatly to the cause of AIDS prevention and cure in China.Unit 9Famed for Oriental Venice, Suzhou tops all others cities in both the number and the artistry of gardens. Tracing back to the Spring and Autumn period, the earliest gardens in Suzhou belongs to the king of Wu. Recorded as the earliest private garden, Pijiang house dates from the 4th century Eastern Jin Dynasties. Following that, Suzhou's art of gardening has undergone a history of 1, 500 years. Originated from the desire to feel the charm of mountains, forest and springs without going out of the noisy surrounding of the town, Suzhou gardens are the harmonious combination of nature and constructions. During the prosperous Ming and Qing Dynasties, the number of gardens in the city increases a great deal, mounting to 200 odd. Dozens of them have survived to the present and are in a good state of preservation. Among them, the most famous ones are the Surging Waves Pavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, the Humble Administrator Garden and the Lingering Garden, representing the different styles of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties respectively.Unit 10In the northern ocean there is a fish, called the kun, I do not know how many thousand li insize. This kun changes into a bird, called the peng. Its back is I do not know how many thousand li in breadth. When it is moved, it flies, its wings obscuring the sky like clouds.When on a voyage, this bird prepares to start for the Southern Ocean, the Celestial Lake. And in the Records of Marvels we read that when the peng flies southwards, the water is smitten for a space of three thousand li around, while the bird itself mounts upon a great wind to a height of ninety thousand li, for a flight of six months' duration.There mounting aloft, the bird saw the moving white mists of spring, the dust-clouds, and the living things blowing their breaths among them. It wondered whether the blue of the sky was its real color, or only the result of distance without end, and saw that the things on earth appeared the same to it.If there is not sufficient depth, water will not float large ships. Upset a cupful into a hole in the yard, and a mustard-seed will be your boat. Try to float the cup, and it will be grounded, due to the disproportion between water and vessel. So with air. If there is not sufficient a depth, it cannot support large wings. And for this bird, a depth of ninety thousand li is necessary to bear it up. Then, gliding upon the wind, with nothing save the clear sky above, and no obstacles in the way, it starts upon its journey to the south.。
2015年----北京语言大学翻译硕士英语考研真题汇编
2015年----北京语言大学翻译硕士英语考研真题汇编各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
该有一个更好的就业预警机制来帮助学生在大学里选择专业。
”)救援人员rescue workers救灾扶贫provide disaster relief and help the poor纠正随意改变基本农田用途的现象rectify unauthorized changes in the use of primary farmland酒后驾车DUI (drive under the influence (of alcohol)), OUI (operating under the influence)酒泉卫星发射中心Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre救死扶伤heal the wounded and rescue the dying九五折a five percent discount; a 95 percent charge救灾物资disaster relief materials (Around 4:00 pm Wendesday, China's air force dropped 5 tons of disaster relief materials, including mineral water, milk, instant noodles, into Mianzhu City in quake-stricken Sichuan. 14日16时许，空军一架大型运输机首次为四川绵竹灾区空投了救灾物资，包括矿泉水、牛奶、方便面。
) （政府）救助bailout (US stocks suffered Monday after the House of Representatives shocked investors by voting to reject the Bush administration's $700b bailout plan. 美国众议院29日出乎意料地投票否决了美国政府7000亿美元的救市方案。
北京林业大学翻译硕士英语笔译专业介绍
北京林业大学翻译硕士英语笔译专业介绍翻译硕士专业学位研究生，即MTI（Master of Translation and Interpreting）是为了适应市场经济对应用型高层次专门人才的需求，国务院学位委员会于2007年1月批准设置的一种专业学位。
2008年开始招生，2009年面向应届本科毕业生招生。
MTI教育重视实践环节，强调翻译实践能力的培养。
翻译硕士专业学位的培养目标为具有专业口笔译能力的高级翻译人才。
翻译硕士专业学位获得者应具有较强的语言运用能力、熟练地翻译技能和宽广的知识面，能够胜任不同专业领域所需的高级翻译工作。
全日制MTI招生对象为具有国民教育序列大学本科学历（或本科同等学力）人员，具有良好的双语基础。
作为我国专业硕士之一，MTI不仅面向英语专业的考生，同时也鼓励非外语专业毕业生及有口笔译时间经验者报考，其中非外语专业的毕业生更受到报考院校的欢迎。
2015年北京林业大学翻译硕士的招生人数为22人，学费为共计3万元，学制2年。
初试考试科目如下：①101 思想政治理论②211 翻译硕士英语③357 英语翻译基础④448 汉语写作与百科知识备注：不招收同等学力下面凯程老师给大家详细介绍下北林的翻译硕士专业：一、北京林业大学翻译硕士研究方向翻译说以的细分研究方向大体分为笔译和口译。
笔译要求在英语和汉语方面同时提高，加强两种语言的运用能力和互译能力。
会开设英汉、汉英的翻译课程，同时英文写作和关于中文素养的课程也会同时开设。
目的是可以在翻译各种文体的文本时，采用恰当的方法以及准确的用语进行翻译工作。
口译在交传和同传方面都会有相应的课程开设，同时进行培训，其中包括视译、带稿同传等各种方式。
口译更为注重实战经验，培养过程中，模拟回忆或实际回忆的次数非常多。
二、北京林业大学翻译硕士考研难不难总体来说，北京林业大学翻译硕士招生量较大，考试难度不高，2015年北京林业大学翻译硕士的招生人数为22人（含推免生10人）。
北京林业大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研经验,考研信息汇总
北京林业大学翻译硕士研究生入学考试试题考试时间：180分钟命题时间：2015年11月25日试卷分值：150分考试科目：448汉语写作与百科知识一、名词解释1墨家2名家3无为4商鞅5罢黜百家，独尊儒术6开元盛世7戚继光8明末农民起义9三藩之乱10志怪小说11唐传奇12窦娥冤13汤显祖14轶事小说15林则徐虎门销烟更多详情可以咨询育明教育孙老师更多详情可以咨询育明教育孙老师二、应用文难度不大，北林要举办一次环保活动，写一篇开幕词（发言稿）三、作文：如何看待标题党育明教育考博分校针对中国人民大学翻译硕士专业考研开设的辅导课程有：专业课一对一·全程集训营·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在85%以上。
育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考研成功的基础保障。
一．翻译硕士考研资料：（全套）（一）汉语写作与百科知识---天津出版传媒集团李国正，夏衍教授主编，这本书针对近三年各个翻译硕士院校的真题进行了分析和统计，并总结了历年各个院校翻译硕士考研规律。
翻译硕士英语真题解析---天津科技出版社出版英语翻译基础真题解析----天津科技出版社出版（二）真题集汇总：2010年翻译硕士考研真题集2011年翻译硕士考研真题集2012年翻译硕士考研真题集2013年翻译硕士考研真题集2014年翻译硕士考研真题集2015年翻译硕士考研真题集2016年翻译硕士考研真题集翻译硕士考研词汇精编-----分类汇总翻译硕士考研词汇精编-----分频汇总翻译硕士考研科目及考试大纲翻译硕士考试科目翻译硕士考研一共考四个科目：１、政治，满分100分;2、翻译硕士X语(含英语、法语、日语、俄语、韩语、德语等语种)，满分100分;3、X语翻译基础(含英汉、法汉、日汉、俄汉、韩汉、德汉等语对)，满分150分;4、汉语写作和百科知识，满分150分。
2015年硕士英语考试真题及答案
2015年硕士英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12015年硕士英语考试真题及答案Part I Reading Comprehension (40%) (40 Points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.In the United States, increasing fuel efficiency used to be seen as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on costly foreign oil. But the collapse of the price of oil has changed the equation. “People pretty commonly think of fuel efficiency as dodging the price bullet,” says Joseph Aldy, a professor of public policy at Harvard Kennedy School. Basically, when the price of oil drops, so does the cost at the pump. Thismakes fuel efficiency less of a priority. Yet, fuel efficiency should still be a consideration.1. According to the passage, what is the main argument for increasing fuel efficiency in the U.S.?A. To reduce greenhouse gas emissionsB. To reduce dependence on costly foreign oilC. To dodge the price bulletD. All of the aboveThe correct answer is D.2. Which of the following best describes the author’s view on the importance of fuel efficiency in light of the drop in oil prices?A. It is no longer necessary to consider fuel efficiency.B. Fuel efficiency is still important.C. The importance of fuel efficiency has drastically increased.D. The author does not express an opinion on the importance of fuel efficiency in light of the drop in oil prices.The correct answer is B.3. According to the passage, what has changed the equation in terms of fuel efficiency?A. The cost at the pump has increased.B. The price of oil has dropped.C. People are driving less.D. All of the aboveThe correct answer is B.4. What is the relationship between fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in the passage?A. There is no relationship.B. There is a positive relationship.C. There is a negative relationship.D. The relationship is unclear.The correct answer is C.5. What is a major argument against increasing fuel efficiency in the passage?A. The price of oil has dropped.B. People commonly think of fuel efficiency as dodging the price bullet.C. People are driving less.D. All of the aboveThe correct answer is A.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.When it comes to goal setting, many of us tend to only focus on the end result. We set a goal, work towards it, and believe that once we achieve it, we will be happy and fulfilled. However, what research shows is that it’s actua lly the process, not the outcome, that matters most for our happiness.6. Based on the passage, what do many people tend to focus on when setting goals?A. The processB. The end resultC. Achieving happinessD. Believing in oneselfThe correct answer is B.7. Which of the following best describes the author’s view on what matters most for our happiness when it comes to goal setting?A. The end resultB. The processC. Achieving fame and fortuneD. Believing in oneselfThe correct answer is B.8. What does research show is most important for our happiness when setting goals?A. Achieving fame and fortuneB. The processC. The end resultD. Believing in oneselfThe correct answer is B.9. What is the main point the author is trying to make in the passage?A. Achieving goals is not important.B. The process of working towards a goal is more important than the end result.C. Happiness comes from achieving goals.D. Believing in oneself is the key to achieving goals.The correct answer is B.10. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The importance of setting goalsB. Achieving fame and fortuneC. The process of working towards a goalD. Believing in oneselfThe correct answer is C.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The use of technology in education has long been a topic of debate. While some see it as an essential tool for learning, others believe that it is a distraction that hinders academic progress. One study found that students who use laptops in class score lower on exams than those who take notes by hand. The reasonfor this is that students tend to type verbatim what the professor says, without processing the information.11. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The benefits of using technology in educationB. The drawbacks of using technology in educationC. The importance of taking notes by handD. The impact of technology on academic progressThe correct answer is D.12. What does the passage say about students who use laptops in class?A. They score higher on exams.B. They score lower on exams.C. They process information better.D. They tend to type verbatim what the professor says.The correct answer is B.13. Why do students who use laptops in class score lower on exams, according to the passage?A. They do not listen to the professor.B. They do not take notes.C. They type verbatim what the professor says.D. They process information better.The correct answer is C.14. According to the passage, what is one reason why some believe technology is a distraction in education?A. Students tend to take notes by hand.B. Students type verbatim what the professor says.C. Students do not use technology.D. Students are easily distracted.The correct answer is B.15. What is one argument for using technology in education, according to the passage?A. It is a distraction that hinders academic progress.B. It helps students process information better.C. It decreases exam scores.D. It is not an essential tool for learning.The correct answer is B.Passage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.The Mediterranean diet has long been hailed as one of the healthiest diets in the world. It is characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and olive oil, as well as moderate consumption of fish and poultry. A recent study found that people who follow the Mediterranean diet have a lower risk of heart disease and cancer.16. What is the Mediterranean diet characterized by, according to the passage?A. High consumption of red meatB. Low consumption of fruits and vegetablesC. High consumption of fish and olive oilD. Moderate consumption of fish and poultryThe correct answer is D.17. What did a recent study find about people who follow the Mediterranean diet?A. They have a higher risk of heart disease and cancer.B. They have a lower risk of heart disease and cancer.C. They have a higher risk of obesity.D. They have a lower risk of diabetes.The correct answer is B.18. Why is the Mediterranean diet considered one of the healthiest diets in the world?A. Because it is high in red meat.B. Because it is low in fruits and vegetables.C. Because it is high in saturated fats.D. Because it includes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and olive oil.The correct answer is D.19. What does the passage say about the consumption of fish and poultry in the Mediterranean diet?A. It is high.B. It is low.C. It is moderate.D. It is non-existent.The correct answer is C.20. What is one benefit of following the Mediterranean diet, according to the passage?A. A higher risk of heart disease and cancerB. A lower risk of heart disease and cancerC. A higher risk of obesityD. A lower risk of diabetesThe correct answer is B.Part II Vocabulary (20%) (20 Points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.In 2009, Catherine and Eric adopted two children from Ethiopia, housing them in a small home _21_ the outskirts of Addis Ababa. They lived in _22_ with no running water, and _23_ as little as a dollar a day. But they were determined to provide a better _24_ for their children, so they began to search for ways to _25_ more children and schools _26_ Ethiopia. They began by writing a heartwarming story about their experiences and _27_ it to various publishers. After numerous rejections, one publisherfinally agreed to _28_ their story. The book became an instant hit, encouraging others to _29_ Catherine and Eric in their mission to help Ethiopian children. Through their story became known across the world, they _30_ to remain humble and true to their values.21. A. inB. onC. atD. toThe correct answer is B.22. A. povertyB. luxuryC. simplicityD. wealthThe correct answer is A.23. A. earnedB. spentC. savedThe correct answer is B.24. A. environmentB. lifeC. futureD. momentThe correct answer is C.25. A. adoptB. educateC. avoidD. ignoreThe correct answer is A.26. A. inB. onC. ofD. forThe correct answer is C.B. submitC. mailD. deliverThe correct answer is B.28. A. refuseB. publishC. declineD. acceptThe correct answer is B.29. A. supportB. questionC. challengeD. confuseThe correct answer is D.30. A. learnB. meanC. decideD. tryThe correct answer is C.Part III Cloze Test (10%)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.In the age of the internet, social media is a key _31_ of communication. It allows people to connect, share information, and stay _32_ with friends and family. However, the rise of social media has also led to concerns about privacy and data security. Many companies _33_ user data to target ads and track user behavior. This has raised _34_ about the ethics of using personal information for commercial gain. Despite these concerns, social media remains a powerful _35_ for individuals and businesses to reach a wide audience.31. A. formB. meansC. methodD. wayThe correct answer is B.32. A. evolvedB. engagedC. entertainedD. informedThe correct answer is D.33. A. sellB. analyzeC. shareD. stealThe correct answer is B.34. A. questionsB. doubtsC. queriesD. issuesThe correct answer is A.35. A. toolB. weaponC. resourceD. deviceThe correct answer is A.Part IV Translation (30%)Direction: Translate the following passage from Chinese into English.在当今世界，科技的发展日新月异。
北京林业大学考研翻译硕士英语真题2015模拟题
北京林业大学2015年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题考试科目：211翻译硕士英语Part I.Vocabulary and grammar(30’)Directions:There are thirty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET1.Tom is the most___________pupil in the class.A.industriousB.indulgentC.industrialistD.industrial2.The mayor of the city is a________old man.A.respectiveB.respectfulC.respectingD.respectable3.I believe reserves of coal here__________to last for fifty years.A.efficientB.sufficientC.proficientD.effective4.We often advise him not to drink more wine__________is good for his health.A.asB.thanC.thatD.but5.It is necessary that an efficient worker__________his work on time.A.accomplishesB.can accomplishC.accomplishD.has accomplished6.My father will be here tomorrow,but at first I thought that he__________today.A.was comingB.is comingC.will comee7.Without facts,we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge__________our thinking.A which to be based on B.which to be base uponC.upon which to baseD.to which to be based8.I didn't call to make my airline reservation,but I__________.A.should haveB.may haveC.must haveD.shall have9.It’s the first time that she has been to the United States,__________?A.isn't sheB.hasn't sheC.isn't itD.hasn't it10.I think that the labor bill will pass;it's____________that it will.A.almost surelyB.very likelyC.near positiveD.quite certainly11.An increase in a nation's money supply,without an accompanying increase in economic activity,__________result in higher prices.A.tendsB.tends theC.tending toD.will tend to12.X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make__________details that are otherwise impossible to observe.A.it visibleB.visiblyC.visibleD.they are visible13.Prices for bikes at that store run__________250dollars.A.as high asB.as high toC.so high toD.so high as14.He will not be__________to vote in this year's election.A.enough oldB.as old enoughC.old enoughD.enough old as15.Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions __________a politician.A.suchB.moreC.asD.than16.According to the conditions of my scholarship,after finishing my degree__________.A.my education will be employed by the universityB.employment will be given to me by the universityC.the university will employ meD.I will be employed by the university17.If Bob's wife won't agree to sign the papers,____________.A.neither he willB.neither will heC.neither won't heD.he won't neither18._____is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As19.A violent revolution having broken out,all the ports of that country were laid under a(n)______.A.boycottB.embargoC.embarkD.ban20.Since_________can't work in the United States without a permit,so it is of great importance for them to present their credentials to the government.A.emigrantsB.expatriatesC.migrantsD.immigrants21.After the war,a new school building was put up_____there had once been a theatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when22.A modern city has been set up in_____was a wasteland ten years ago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where23.Professor Smith,along with his assistants,______on the project day and night to meet the deadline.A.workB.workingC.is workingD.are working24.The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without______his notes.A.bringing upB.referring toC.looking forD.trying on25.The Internet has brought______big changes in the way we work.A.aboutB.outC.backD.up26.The tourists are told that the remotest village in this area is only_________by a river.A.accessibleB.availableC.obtainableD.achievable27.He__________interrupted me by asking irrelevant questions.A.continuallyB.continuouslyC.consistentlyD.constantly28.Being a man of_________and public spirit.Mr.Russell labored zealously to advance the interest of the community and was much interested in bringing new manufacturing interests to Waterloo.A.firmB.enterprisepanyD.corporation29.When people do things wrong we should try hard to forgive them,as the idiom goes,“To______is human.”A.referB.conferC.deferD.err30.Although gaining a job as a real__________agent or broker may be relatively easy,beginning agents and brokers may face competition from well-established,more experienced ones.A.propertyB.estateC.houseD.assetsPartⅡReading Comprehension(40’)Directions:In this section there are four passages followed by a total of15multiple-choice questions and5short answer questions.Please read the passage and answer the question on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage APrices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services including labors,professional transportation,and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the“system”of prices.The prices of any particular product or service are linked to a broad,complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly individuals to define“price”,many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or,in other words,that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a marker transaction.This definition is,of course,valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount,but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged,the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made,the form of money to be used, and the credit terms and discounts that supply to the transaction,guarantees on the product or service,delivery terms,return privileges,and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package”being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.31.According to the passage,the price system is related primarily to_____.A labor and educationB transportation and insuranceC utilities and repairsD products and services32.According to the passage,which of the following is NOT a factor in the complete understanding of price?A Instructions that come with a product.B The quantity of a product.C The quality of a product.D Warranties that cover a product.33.In the last sentence of the passage,the word“they”refers to_______.A return privilegesB all the factorsC buyers and sellerD money34.The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses________.A unusual ways to advertise productsB types of payment plans for serviceC theories about how products affect different levels of societyD how certain elements of price“package”influence its market value35.What is the best title for the passage?A The Inherent Weakness for the Price System.B The Complexities of the Prices System.C Credit Terms in Transactions.D Resource Allocation and the Public Sector.Passage BIn our culture,the sources of what we call a sense of“mastery”—feeling important and worthwhile—and the sources of what we call a sense of“pleasure”—finding life enjoyable—are not always identical.Women often are told“You can’t have it all.”Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is:“You have a wonderful husband andchildren—what’s all this about wanting a career?”But women need to understand and develop both aspects of well-being,if they are to feel good about themselves.Our study shows that,for women,well-being has two dimensions.One is mastery, which includes self-esteem,a sense of control over your life,and low levels of anxiety and depression.Mastery is closely related to the“doing”side of life,to work and activity.Pleasure is the other dimension,and it is composed of happiness,satisfaction and optimism.It is tied more closely to the“feeling”side of life.The two are independent of each other.A women could be high in mastery and low in pleasure, and vice versa.For example,a woman who has a good job,but whose mother has just died,might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her work life,but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being for women,and remedy past mistakes.In the past,women were encouraged to look only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being.But they know that both mastery and pleasure are critical.And mastery seems to be achieved largely through work.In our study,all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher in mastery than did women who were not employed.A woman’s well-being is enhanced when she takes on multiple roles.At least by middle adulthood,the women who were involved in a combination of roles—marriages,motherhood,and employment—were the highest in well-being,despite warnings about stress and strain.36.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_________.A for women,a sense of“mastery”is more important than a sense of“pleasure”B for women,a sense of“pleasure”is more important than a sense of“mastery”C women can’t have a sense of“mastery”and a sense of“pleasure”at the same timeD a sense of“mastery”and a sense of“pleasure”are both indispensable to women37.The author’s attitude towards women having a career is________.A criticalB positiveC neutralD realistic38.One can conclude from the passage that if a woman takes on several social roles_______.A it will be easier for her to overcome stress and strainB she will be more successful in her careerC her chances of getting promoted will be greaterD her life will be richer and more meaningful39.Which of the following can be identified as a source of“pleasure”for women?A Family life.B Regular employment.C Multiple roles in society.D Freedom from anxiety40.The most appropriate title for the passage would be____.A The Well-Being of Career WomenB Sources of Mastery and PleasureC Two Aspects of Women’s Well-BeingD Multiple Roles of Women in SocietyPassage CYour first culture shock came after you left your home country and you needed to adjust to the United States,It is now important to learn cultural information about your company,so that you will fit in and perform successfully.The people who make up this environment have their own customs,habits and expectations of each new employee.Gathering information that is formal(policy)and informal(traditions)will help you learn the professional norms and become fully accepted.Policies are corporate documents describing procedures,rules,and standards that guide decision making and conduct.They are similar to official laws that govern a country.Some sources of such written company information include the annual report, product or service brochures,technical and procedural manual,employee directory and the company anizational traditions are usually unwritten hut common practices that have evolved over time.They set the tone and philosophy of the particular corporation,just as the customs of a country do.The best way to learnsuch information is to observe and talk with others such as your supervisor and co-workers.You can supplement ideas from formal introductory materials given you earlier. Explore with fellow employees those behaviors that may be tolerated but frowned upon.Ask your supervisor for feedback to avoid typical traps that could cause your co-workers to reject you as a professional.Keep this guide nearby,and refer to it often in private.Reviewing formal company procedures,handouts,written notes, ideas,comments from bosses and colleagues,together with materials in this handbook, will help you make a more healthy cultural adjustment.41.What is the purpose to learn cultural information?A.To know the U.S.A.better.B.To work better in the new environment.C.To make more money.D.To improve one's English.42.According to the passage,___________is not the policy's function.A.describing procedures,rules and standardserning a countryC.helping to guide decision making and conductD.writing down the company's information43.____________is the best way to learn the organizational traditions.A.To read the policiesB.To study the philosophyC.To study a country's customsD.To observe and communicate with the colleagues and boss.44.How to make a more healthy cultural adjustment?A.Read this passage often.B.Discuss the organizational culture with your colleagues.C.Gather and review the formal and informal information in the corporation.D.Ask your boss for help.45.The passage is written to___________.A.help readers to understand the organization's cultureB.explain the culture shockC.analyze the policies and traditionsD.help readers to work better with their supervisor and co-workersPassage DGeorge had stolen some money,but the police had caught him and he had been put in prison.Now his trial was about to begin,and he felt sure that he would be found guilty and sent to prison for a long time.Then he discovered that an old friend of his was one of the members of the jury at his trail.Of course,he didn’t tell anybody,but he managed to see his friend secretly on day.He said to him,“Jim,I know that the jury will find me guilty of having stolen the money.I cann’t hope to be found not guilty of taking it—that would be too much to expect.But I should be grateful to you for the rest of my life if you could persuade the other members of the jury to add a strong recommendation for mercy to their statement that they consider me guilty.”“Well George,”answered Jim,“I shall certainly try to do what I look terribly strong-minded to me.”George said that he would quite understand if Jim was not able to do anything for him,and thanked him warmly for agreeing to help.The trial went on,and at last the time came for the jury to decide whether George was guilty or not.It took them five hours,but in the end they found George guilty, with a strong recommendation for mercy.Of course,Jim was very pleased,but he didn’t have a chance to see Jim for some time after the trial.At last,however,Jim visited him in prison,and George thanked him warmly and asked him how he had managed to persuaded the other member of the jury to recommend mercy.“Well, George,”Jim answered,“as I thought,those eleven men were very difficult to persuade,but I managed it in the end by tiring them out.Do you know,those fools had all wanted to find you not guilty!”46.How do you define“jury”?47.What did George expect Jim to do?48.What did Jim do to help George?49.How long did the Jury spend on making a decision?50.Why did George feel pleased about the decision?PartⅢWRITING(30’)Plagiarism in graduation thesis is becoming an indisputable fact.What do you think about it?Write an essay of about400words to state your view on the following topic:In the first part of you essay you should state clearly your main argument,and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details.In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content,organization,grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET参考答案：partⅠMultiple choice(30’)1-5ADBBC6-10ACACB11-15DCACC16-20DBDBD21-25BACBA26-30AABDBPartⅡReading Comprehension(40’)31-35DACDB36-40DBDAC41-45BBDCB46A jury A group of people who decide if someone on trial is guilty or not guilty. 47George expected Jim to make the jury ask for less punishment for George and lighten his punishment.48He told the jury that George was indeed guilty49It took them5hours to make the decision.50Because The punishment was less severe than expected.PartⅢWRITING(30’)(略)。
2015年北京大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题,翻译技巧
“取消” 取消会议 cancel 取消会员资格 deprive disqualify 取消决定 make a decision 取消禁令 lift ban 取消诺言 break one’s words
资料来源：育明考研考博官网
例9 原文：我是半路出家，可能干不好这工作。 译文： I have not received regular training for the job, so I may not do it well.
例 10 原文：管它三七二十一，先吃个饱再说。 译文： whatever you say ,I’d like to eat my fill first.
必须意译 例7 原文：怕什么呢？死了张屠夫，还有李屠夫，人多得很。
资料来源：育明考研考博官网
直译：If Butcher Zhang dies, there’s Butcher Li yet. 译文：What are you afraid of? He is not the only pebble on the beach.
二、辨析词义和正确选词 （一） 注意词的广义和狭义 词义有广狭之分，运用范围也就各不相同。
例1 农业是国民经济的基础。 农林牧副渔互相结合的方针 the principle farming , forestry, husbandry, side
occupations and fishery 例2 他从不喝酒。 He never drinks wine. 他从不喝烈性酒。Strong wine / spirits
（二） 注意词义的强弱 例3 原文：多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万年太久只争朝夕。 译文： So many deeds cry out to be done,
【免费下载】北京林业大学翻译硕士基础英语考研模拟题
Part II Reading Comprehension(2*20 points, 60 minutes)Read the following passages and answer the questions given at the end of each passage.Passage OneThe increase in leisure time, the higher standard of living, the availability of cars to a wider range of the population and, perhaps, a broadening of personal horizons have all contributed to a drastic change in the summer week-end habits of the British public. Now, on most Saturdays in the months loosely called summer, it is possible to see family saloons loaded with picnics and crammed to bursting with several generations of pleasure-bent ‘Smiths’. Like competitors in some grossly disorganized rally, they nose their way through the neat drab streets of council estates, converging on the main roads, then crawl as best they can out into the open country and towards the coast. Congestion and the frustration of wasting precious time at the receiving end of someone else’s exhaust fumes gets the pursuit of enjoyment off to bad start; tempers become frayed. Children, traditionally the target for fathers’ ill-humor, are singled out for special treatment. The past week’s misdeeds are unearthed and magnified out of all reasonable proportion; mothers leap to their broods’ defense and, before long, vows that never again will this outing be repeated are being hurled back and forth. Of course, by this time, the children have wisely extracted themselves from the argument and are quietly amusing themselves by looking at their irate elders or gaping at the unfamiliar sight of animals in fields, often so much stranger to them than the corresponding naked shapes they are wont to see in butchers’ windows. Eventually, tempers partially restored, the sea is in sight. The paraphernalia of enjoyment is set up on teeming beach, sand mysteriously appears in every sandwich, pale industrial legs are exposed in self-conscious nakedness.The children drift away, quite capable of finding enough magic in this exciting, watery world to occupy them fully until they are gathered in again. Fathers and mothers, and quite possibly some members of a previous generation, settle back to receive the sun and dream away the tensions brought to a climax by the journey. Fathers eye with furtive lustfulness and mothers glare with disapproval and envy as the shapely matrons of tomorrow splash and play and race coquettishly around them, spraying water and sand and disturbing any hopes of peace.At length the shadows drop and chill in the air brings an end to the idyll. The lobster skin is painfully covered up and the day’s debris half-heartedly collected. The family is rounded up and the brief dreams trodden into the sand along with the wasted paper.31. The writer suggests that tempers become frayed because ________.A. there are too many careless drivers on the roadsB. there are too many cars on the roadsC. the cars are crowdedD. the children are irritating32. How do the fathers react when angry?A. They stop the children misbehaving.B. They complain about the children’s wrongdoing.C. They are easy to quarrel with the mothers.D. They shout at their wives.33. What do they find when they finally stop?A. There are sandwich stalls erected there.B. There are factory workers sunbathing.C. The beach is very crowded.D. The beach is covered with a lot of paraphernalia.34. Why are mothers liable to give disapproving looks?A. They resent their husbands’ admiration of the intruders.B. They are angry at being disturbed when they want peace and quiet.C. They haven’t yet recovered from the effects of the journey.D. They are jealous because these people are in better shape than they are.35. When they prepare to leave, they ________.A. carefully pack away the lobsters they have caughtB. put plasters on the places where they have been hurtC. cover over their debris with waste paperD. dress carefully to avoid any further irritationPassage TwoEvery market activity is an investment in time, energy and money. Few Companies would spend a large sum of money on, say, a purchase of capital equipment without a full investigation into why it is needed, the choices available, and the expected return on what has been spent. Yet every year the vast majority of companies invest a large amount of money in marketing actions without knowing what their financial worth to the company or likely return will be. By introducing the disciplines arising from market planning, a company should be able to ensure that the costs of marketing planning show a reasonable return and are calculated in the same way as all other business investments.Many managers believe that the costs of marketing form an additional expense that has to be accepted in order to sell their goods. Whilst it is true that many companies use certain tools of marketing for this purpose, it is also true that the most successful companies accept marketing as an essential part of the company’s total commercial operation, for it is an essential cost in the same way as production or finance. Companies often avoid planning marketing procedures in detail because of the effort needed to express their forward policy in a written form. Managers commonly consider that their time is too valuable to spend on anything other than urgent operational problems. In fact, the manager who spends his time on dealing with current administrative detail is almost certain to have ignored proper planning in the past. For, if properly prepared, the marketing plan will contain sufficient details of the company’s policy and operational strategy for the work to be done by an assistant. As the many alternative courses of action are programmed, the assistant takes any actions or decisions which are appropriate. Only unusual situations need be dealt with by the manager.The first step in preparing a marketing plan is that of producing the informationnecessary for decision making. Usually, a company will have within its own administration and control system the raw material necessary for the plan’s foundations. In addition, there is plenty of published information which is made available by government departments, institutions and the press.Marketing research is yet to be fully exploited by the majority of companies. It has so far only been used by companies that have recognized that their existing information sources are inadequate. Because of the scale of operations that now confronts the typical businessman, it is essential that investment decisions are based upon relevant information, so reducing the business risk.For a marketing-oriented activity to produce lasting results the entire operation has to be systematically planned. By producing basic information in written form and establishing aims for the future, the company is creating standards against which actual performance can be measured. Documentation of detailed policy actions then provides the basis for controlling the company’s operation. Future trends may be predicted through the investigation of all factors likely to influence company results.36. The amount of money spent on marketing by most companies each year _____.A. equals the amount spent on capital equipmentB. does not give a good return on the investmentC. is not based on an assessment of its potential valueD. is viewed by these companies as an important business investment37. Managers usually regard the costs of marketing as _____.A. something which increases the cost of goodsB. helpful but not essential to a company’s successC. less important than investment in productionD. an unnecessary extra business cost38. Why are marketing plans not written down by many managers?A. They do not have time to do it.B. They know it would be difficult to do.C. They never follow any particular marketing plan.D. They do not think it is really necessary39. Good marketing procedures allow a manager _____.A. to take different courses of actionB. to do less work than othersC. to avoid unforeseen problemsD. to give more responsibility to others40. How should a manager begin writing a marketing plan?A. By doing market research outside the company.B. By looking at information produced by other companies.C. By analyzing procedures already used by the company.D. By finding information from many different sources.Passage ThreeIn addition to urge to conform which we generate ourselves, there is the external pressure of the various formal and informal groups we belong to, the pressure to backtheir ideas and attitudes and to imitate their actions. Thus our urge to conform receives continuing, even daily reinforcement. To be sure, the intensity of the reinforcement, like the strength of the urge and the ability and inclination to withstand it, differs widely among individuals. Yet some pressure is present for everyone. And in one way or another, to some extent, everyone yields to it.It is possible that a new member of a temperance group might object the group’s rigid insistence that all drinking of alcoholic beverages is wrong He might even speak out, reminding them that occasional, moderate drinking is not harmful, that even the Bible speaks approvingly of it. But the group may quickly let him know that such ideas are unwelcome in their presence. Every time he forgets this, he will be made to feel uncomfortable. In time, if he values their companionship he will avoid expressing that point of view. He may even keep himself from thinking.This kind of pressure, whether spoken or unspoken, can be generated by any group, regardless of how liberal or conservative, formal or casual it may be. Friday night poker clubs, churches, political parties, committees, fraternities, unions. The teenage gang that steals automobile accessories may seem to have no taboos. But let one uneasy member remark that he is beginning to feel guilty about his crimes and their wrath will descend on him.Similarly, in high school and college, the crowd a student travels with has certain (usually unstate D) expectations for its members. If they drink or smoke, they will often make the member who does not do so feel that he doesn’t fully belong. If a member does not share their views on sex, drugs, studying, cheating, or any other subject of importance to them, they will communicate their displeasure. The way they communicate, of course, may be more or less direct. They may tell him he’d better conform “or else”. They may launch a teasing campaign against him. Or they may be even less obvious and leave him out of their activities for a few days until he asks what is wrong or decides for himself and resolves to behave more like them.The urge to conform on occasion conflicts with the tendency to resist change. If the group we are in advocates an idea or action that is new and strange to us, we can be torn between seeking their acceptance and maintaining the security of familiar ideas and behavior. In such .cases, the way we turn will depend on which tendency is stronger in us or which value we are more committed to. More often,-however, the two tendencies do not conflict but reinforce each other. For we tend to associate with those whose attitudes mid actions are similar to our own.41. The writer most probably discusses ____ in the previous part of the text.A. advantages that conformity brings usB. internal urge we have to conform with othersC. the definition of conformityD. the necessity of conformity42. You may experience external pressure to conform ____.A. when you conceal your points of viewB. from the time when you were bornC. when your opinions are different from those of the group to which you belongD. when you face something new43. A temperance group is ____.A. an organization that advocates drinking of alcoholic beverages'B. an organization that urges people to stop drinking alcoholic liquorsC. an organization in which all members have no taboos to drink alcoholic beveragesD. an organization in which all drivers are not allowed to drink alcoholic liquors44. If you refuse to give up your ideas which are different from the others in the group you belong to, ____.A. you will be tom apart by the othersB. their wrath will descend on youC. you will gradually be deserted by themD. you will resolve to behave more like them45. The main topic of this text is ____.A. the external pressure which urges us to conform with othersB. both the internal and external urge we have to conform with othersC. the urge and the tendency for us to conform with othersD. the generation of the external urge for us to conform with othersPassage FourTheoretical physicists use mathematics to describe certain aspects of Nature. Sir Isaac Newton was the first theoretical physicist, although in his own time his profession was called “natural philosophy”.By Newton’s era people had already used algebra and geometry to build marvelous works of architecture, including the great cathedrals of Europe, but algebra and geometry only describe things that are sitting still. In order to describe things that are moving or changing in some way, Newton invented calculus.The most puzzling and intriguing moving things visible to humans have always been the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars we can see in the night sky. Newton’s new calculus, combined with his “Laws of Motion”, made a mathematical model for the force of gravity that not only described the observed motions of planets and stars in the night sky, but also of swinging weights and flying cannonballs in England.Today’s theoretical physicists are often working on the boundaries of known mathematics, sometimes inventing new mathematics as they need it, like Newton did with calculus.Newton was both a theorist and an experimentalist. He spent many long hours, to the point of neglecting his health, observing the way Nature behaved so that he might describe it better. The so-called “Newton’s Laws of Motion” are not abstract laws that Nature is somehow forced to obey, but the observed behavior of Nature that is described in the language of mathematics. In Newton’s time, theory and experiment went together.Today the functions of theory and observation are divided into two distinct communities in physics. Both experiments and theories are much more complex than back in Newton’s time. Theorists are exploring areas of Nature in mathematics thattechnology so far does not allow us to observe in experiments. Many of the theoretical physicists who are alive today may not live to see how the real Nature compares with her mathematical description in their work. Today’s theorists have to learn to live with ambiguity and uncertainty in their mission to describe Nature using math.In the 18th and 19th centuries, Newton’s mathematical description of motion using calculus and his model for the gravitational force were extended very successfully to the emerging science and technology of electromagnetism. Calculus evolved into classical field theory.Once electromagnetic fields were thoroughly described using mathematics, many physicists felt that the field was finished, that there was nothing left to describe or explain.Then the electron was discovered, and particle physics was born. Through the mathematics of quantum mechanics and experimental observation, it was deduced that all known particles fell into one of two classes: bosons or fermions. Bosons are particles that transmit forces. Many bosons can occupy the same state at the same time. This is not true for fermions, only one fermion can occupy a given state at a given time, and this is why fermions are the particles that make up matter. This is why solids can’t pass through one another, why we can’t walk through walls-because of Pauli repulsion-the inability of fermions (matter) to share the same space the way bosons (forces) can.While particle physics was developing with quantum mechanics, increasing observational evidence indicated that light, as electromagnetic radiation, traveled at one fixed speed (in a vacuum) in every direction, according to every observer. This discovery and the mathematics that Einstein developed to describe it and model it in his Special Theory of Relativity, when combined with the later development of quantum mechanics, gave birth to the rich subject of relativistic quantum field theory. Relativistic quantum field theory is the foundation of our present theoretical ability to describe the behavior of the subatomic particles physicists have been observing and studying in the latter half of the 20th century.But Einstein then extended his Special Theory of Relativity to encompass Newton’s theory of gravitation, and the result, Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, brought the mathematics called differential geometry into physics.General relativity has had many observational successes that proved its worth as a description of Nature, but two of the predictions of this theory have staggered the public and scientific imaginations: the expanding Universe, and black holes. Both have been observed, and both encapsulate issues that, at least in the mathematics, brush up against the very nature of reality and existence.Relativistic quantum field theory has worked very well to describe the observed behaviors and properties of elementary particles. But the theory itself only works well when gravity is so weak that it can be neglected. Particle theory only works when we pretend gravity doesn’t exist.General relativity has yielded a wealth of insight into the Universe, the orbits of planets, the evolution of stars and galaxies, the Big Bang and recently observed black holes and gravitational lenses. However, the theory itself only works when we pretendthat the Universe is purely classical and that quantum mechanics is not needed in our description of Nature.String theory is believed to close this gap.Originally, string theory was proposed as an explanation for the observed relationship between mass and spin for certain particles called hadrons, which include the proton and neutron. Things didn’t work out, though, and Quantum Chromodynamics eventually proved a better theory for hadrons.But particles in string theory arise as excitations of the string, and included in the excitations of a string in string theory is a particle with zero mass and two units of spin.If there were a good quantum theory of gravity, then the particle that would carry the gravitational force would have zero mass and two units of spin. This has been known by theoretical physicists for a long time. This theorized particle is called the graviton.This led early string theorists to propose that string theory be applied not as a theory of hadronic particles, but as a theory of quantum gravity, the unfulfilled fantasy of theoretical physics in the particle and gravity communities for decades. But it wasn’t enough that there be a graviton predicted by string theory. One can add a graviton to quantum field theory by hand, but the calculations that are supposed to describe Nature become useless. This is because, as illustrated in the diagram above, particle interactions occur at a single point of spacetime, at zero distance between the interacting panicles. For gravitons, the mathematics behaves so badly at zero distance that the answers just don’t make sense. In string theory, the strings collide over a small but finite distance, and the answers do make sense.This doesn’t mean that string theory is not without its deficiencies. But the zero distance behavior is such that we can combine quantum mechanics and gravity, and we can talk sensibly about a string excitation that carries the gravitational force.This was a very great hurdle that was overcome for late 20th century physics, which is why so many young people are willing to learn the grueling complex and abstract mathematics that is necessary to study a quantum theory of interacting strings.46. Please give your account of “Newton’s Laws of Motion”.（2 points）47. What is the present state of scientific research in account of Nature?（4 points）48. What is the difference between bosons and fermions? （4 points）Part III. Writing(1*30 points, 60 minutes)Write a composition of about 400 words about this phenomenon and your opinion about it.“What are the causes of water scarcity? What are your solutions?”《翻译硕士英语》答案1、单选1. B crush.v.压碎；crash.v.飞机或车辆猛撞。
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北京林业大学2015年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题考试科目：211翻译硕士英语Part I.Vocabulary and grammar(30’)Directions:There are thirty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET1.Tom is the most___________pupil in the class.A.industriousB.indulgentC.industrialistD.industrial2.The mayor of the city is a________old man.A.respectiveB.respectfulC.respectingD.respectable3.I believe reserves of coal here__________to last for fifty years.A.efficientB.sufficientC.proficientD.effective4.We often advise him not to drink more wine__________is good for his health.A.asB.thanC.thatD.but5.It is necessary that an efficient worker__________his work on time.A.accomplishesB.can accomplishC.accomplishD.has accomplished6.My father will be here tomorrow,but at first I thought that he__________today.A.was comingB.is comingC.will comee7.Without facts,we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge__________our thinking.A which to be based on B.which to be base uponC.upon which to baseD.to which to be based8.I didn't call to make my airline reservation,but I__________.A.should haveB.may haveC.must haveD.shall have9.It’s the first time that she has been to the United States,__________?A.isn't sheB.hasn't sheC.isn't itD.hasn't it10.I think that the labor bill will pass;it's____________that it will.A.almost surelyB.very likelyC.near positiveD.quite certainly11.An increase in a nation's money supply,without an accompanying increase in economic activity,__________result in higher prices.A.tendsB.tends theC.tending toD.will tend to12.X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make__________details that are otherwise impossible to observe.A.it visibleB.visiblyC.visibleD.they are visible13.Prices for bikes at that store run__________250dollars.A.as high asB.as high toC.so high toD.so high as14.He will not be__________to vote in this year's election.A.enough oldB.as old enoughC.old enoughD.enough old as15.Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions __________a politician.A.suchB.moreC.asD.than16.According to the conditions of my scholarship,after finishing my degree__________.A.my education will be employed by the universityB.employment will be given to me by the universityC.the university will employ meD.I will be employed by the university17.If Bob's wife won't agree to sign the papers,____________.A.neither he willB.neither will heC.neither won't heD.he won't neither18._____is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As19.A violent revolution having broken out,all the ports of that country were laid under a(n)______.A.boycottB.embargoC.embarkD.ban20.Since_________can't work in the United States without a permit,so it is of great importance for them to present their credentials to the government.A.emigrantsB.expatriatesC.migrantsD.immigrants21.After the war,a new school building was put up_____there had once been a theatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when22.A modern city has been set up in_____was a wasteland ten years ago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where23.Professor Smith,along with his assistants,______on the project day and night to meet the deadline.A.workB.workingC.is workingD.are working24.The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without______his notes.A.bringing upB.referring toC.looking forD.trying on25.The Internet has brought______big changes in the way we work.A.aboutB.outC.backD.up26.The tourists are told that the remotest village in this area is only_________by a river.A.accessibleB.availableC.obtainableD.achievable27.He__________interrupted me by asking irrelevant questions.A.continuallyB.continuouslyC.consistentlyD.constantly28.Being a man of_________and public spirit.Mr.Russell labored zealously to advance the interest of the community and was much interested in bringing new manufacturing interests to Waterloo.A.firmB.enterprisepanyD.corporation29.When people do things wrong we should try hard to forgive them,as the idiom goes,“To______is human.”A.referB.conferC.deferD.err30.Although gaining a job as a real__________agent or broker may be relatively easy,beginning agents and brokers may face competition from well-established,more experienced ones.A.propertyB.estateC.houseD.assetsPartⅡReading Comprehension(40’)Directions:In this section there are four passages followed by a total of15multiple-choice questions and5short answer questions.Please read the passage and answer the question on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage APrices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services including labors,professional transportation,and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the“system”of prices.The prices of any particular product or service are linked to a broad,complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly individuals to define“price”,many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or,in other words,that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a marker transaction.This definition is,of course,valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount,but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged,the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made,the form of money to be used, and the credit terms and discounts that supply to the transaction,guarantees on the product or service,delivery terms,return privileges,and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package”being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.31.According to the passage,the price system is related primarily to_____.A labor and educationB transportation and insuranceC utilities and repairsD products and services32.According to the passage,which of the following is NOT a factor in the complete understanding of price?A Instructions that come with a product.B The quantity of a product.C The quality of a product.D Warranties that cover a product.33.In the last sentence of the passage,the word“they”refers to_______.A return privilegesB all the factorsC buyers and sellerD money34.The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses________.A unusual ways to advertise productsB types of payment plans for serviceC theories about how products affect different levels of societyD how certain elements of price“package”influence its market value35.What is the best title for the passage?A The Inherent Weakness for the Price System.B The Complexities of the Prices System.C Credit Terms in Transactions.D Resource Allocation and the Public Sector.Passage BIn our culture,the sources of what we call a sense of“mastery”—feeling important and worthwhile—and the sources of what we call a sense of“pleasure”—finding life enjoyable—are not always identical.Women often are told“You can’t have it all.”Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is:“You have a wonderful husband andchildren—what’s all this about wanting a career?”But women need to understand and develop both aspects of well-being,if they are to feel good about themselves.Our study shows that,for women,well-being has two dimensions.One is mastery, which includes self-esteem,a sense of control over your life,and low levels of anxiety and depression.Mastery is closely related to the“doing”side of life,to work and activity.Pleasure is the other dimension,and it is composed of happiness,satisfaction and optimism.It is tied more closely to the“feeling”side of life.The two are independent of each other.A women could be high in mastery and low in pleasure, and vice versa.For example,a woman who has a good job,but whose mother has just died,might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her work life,but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being for women,and remedy past mistakes.In the past,women were encouraged to look only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being.But they know that both mastery and pleasure are critical.And mastery seems to be achieved largely through work.In our study,all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher in mastery than did women who were not employed.A woman’s well-being is enhanced when she takes on multiple roles.At least by middle adulthood,the women who were involved in a combination of roles—marriages,motherhood,and employment—were the highest in well-being,despite warnings about stress and strain.36.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_________.A for women,a sense of“mastery”is more important than a sense of“pleasure”B for women,a sense of“pleasure”is more important than a sense of“mastery”C women can’t have a sense of“mastery”and a sense of“pleasure”at the same timeD a sense of“mastery”and a sense of“pleasure”are both indispensable to women37.The author’s attitude towards women having a career is________.A criticalB positiveC neutralD realistic38.One can conclude from the passage that if a woman takes on several social roles_______.A it will be easier for her to overcome stress and strainB she will be more successful in her careerC her chances of getting promoted will be greaterD her life will be richer and more meaningful39.Which of the following can be identified as a source of“pleasure”for women?A Family life.B Regular employment.C Multiple roles in society.D Freedom from anxiety40.The most appropriate title for the passage would be____.A The Well-Being of Career WomenB Sources of Mastery and PleasureC Two Aspects of Women’s Well-BeingD Multiple Roles of Women in SocietyPassage CYour first culture shock came after you left your home country and you needed to adjust to the United States,It is now important to learn cultural information about your company,so that you will fit in and perform successfully.The people who make up this environment have their own customs,habits and expectations of each new employee.Gathering information that is formal(policy)and informal(traditions)will help you learn the professional norms and become fully accepted.Policies are corporate documents describing procedures,rules,and standards that guide decision making and conduct.They are similar to official laws that govern a country.Some sources of such written company information include the annual report, product or service brochures,technical and procedural manual,employee directory and the company anizational traditions are usually unwritten hut common practices that have evolved over time.They set the tone and philosophy of the particular corporation,just as the customs of a country do.The best way to learnsuch information is to observe and talk with others such as your supervisor and co-workers.You can supplement ideas from formal introductory materials given you earlier. Explore with fellow employees those behaviors that may be tolerated but frowned upon.Ask your supervisor for feedback to avoid typical traps that could cause your co-workers to reject you as a professional.Keep this guide nearby,and refer to it often in private.Reviewing formal company procedures,handouts,written notes, ideas,comments from bosses and colleagues,together with materials in this handbook, will help you make a more healthy cultural adjustment.41.What is the purpose to learn cultural information?A.To know the U.S.A.better.B.To work better in the new environment.C.To make more money.D.To improve one's English.42.According to the passage,___________is not the policy's function.A.describing procedures,rules and standardserning a countryC.helping to guide decision making and conductD.writing down the company's information43.____________is the best way to learn the organizational traditions.A.To read the policiesB.To study the philosophyC.To study a country's customsD.To observe and communicate with the colleagues and boss.44.How to make a more healthy cultural adjustment?A.Read this passage often.B.Discuss the organizational culture with your colleagues.C.Gather and review the formal and informal information in the corporation.D.Ask your boss for help.45.The passage is written to___________.A.help readers to understand the organization's cultureB.explain the culture shockC.analyze the policies and traditionsD.help readers to work better with their supervisor and co-workersPassage DGeorge had stolen some money,but the police had caught him and he had been put in prison.Now his trial was about to begin,and he felt sure that he would be found guilty and sent to prison for a long time.Then he discovered that an old friend of his was one of the members of the jury at his trail.Of course,he didn’t tell anybody,but he managed to see his friend secretly on day.He said to him,“Jim,I know that the jury will find me guilty of having stolen the money.I cann’t hope to be found not guilty of taking it—that would be too much to expect.But I should be grateful to you for the rest of my life if you could persuade the other members of the jury to add a strong recommendation for mercy to their statement that they consider me guilty.”“Well George,”answered Jim,“I shall certainly try to do what I look terribly strong-minded to me.”George said that he would quite understand if Jim was not able to do anything for him,and thanked him warmly for agreeing to help.The trial went on,and at last the time came for the jury to decide whether George was guilty or not.It took them five hours,but in the end they found George guilty, with a strong recommendation for mercy.Of course,Jim was very pleased,but he didn’t have a chance to see Jim for some time after the trial.At last,however,Jim visited him in prison,and George thanked him warmly and asked him how he had managed to persuaded the other member of the jury to recommend mercy.“Well, George,”Jim answered,“as I thought,those eleven men were very difficult to persuade,but I managed it in the end by tiring them out.Do you know,those fools had all wanted to find you not guilty!”46.How do you define“jury”?47.What did George expect Jim to do?48.What did Jim do to help George?49.How long did the Jury spend on making a decision?50.Why did George feel pleased about the decision?PartⅢWRITING(30’)Plagiarism in graduation thesis is becoming an indisputable fact.What do you think about it?Write an essay of about400words to state your view on the following topic:In the first part of you essay you should state clearly your main argument,and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details.In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content,organization,grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET参考答案：partⅠMultiple choice(30’)1-5ADBBC6-10ACACB11-15DCACC16-20DBDBD21-25BACBA26-30AABDBPartⅡReading Comprehension(40’)31-35DACDB36-40DBDAC41-45BBDCB46A jury A group of people who decide if someone on trial is guilty or not guilty. 47George expected Jim to make the jury ask for less punishment for George and lighten his punishment.48He told the jury that George was indeed guilty49It took them5hours to make the decision.50Because The punishment was less severe than expected.PartⅢWRITING(30’)(略)。