英语词汇学教程期末总结

1、what is lexicology?

Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language。It deals not only with simple words，but also with complex and compound words。

2、morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components。In

morphology，morpheme is a basic concept。Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words。

Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning。Semantics is usually approached from one of two perspectives：philosophical or linguistic. Etymology is the study of the whole history of words。First…second…third P2

3、lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. It involves the

writing and compilation of dictionaries，especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries。

4、Major features of words:

1)。a word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with

our vocal equipment。

2）。a word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else.

3)。the word is an uninterruptible unit。

4）。a word has to do with its social function.

5）。a word may consist of one or more morphemes。

6). Words are part of the large communication system we call language.

7)。A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases。

5、Lexical words：are nouns，verbs，adjectives，and adverbs。Grammatical

words are words like pronouns，prepositions，demonstrative，determiners，conjunctions, auxiliary verbs，and so on。

6、The morphemes are the ultimate grammatical constituents，the smallest

meaningful units of language。

One morpheme：boy, desire, say

Two morphemes：boy+ish, desire+able

Three morphemes：boy+ish+ness, desire+able+ity

Four morphemes: gentle+men+li+ness, un+desire+able+ity

7、Phonemes，which are the smallest working units of sound per se，build up into

morphemes，a morpheme is composed of one or more phonemes。

8、Lexical item as a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any

inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain。Lexeme is considered an abstract linguistic unit with different variants。

9、Types of morphemes：

1）。Bound morphemes and free morphemes

2). Derivational and inflectional morphemes

10、seven types of meaning：

conceptual meaning，

connotative meaning，

social meaning,

affective meaning,

reflected meaning，

collocative meaning，

thematic meaning.

11、conceptual meaning，which is sometimes called denotative or cognitive meaning，refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary。

12、connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression by virtue of what it refers to ，over and above its purely conceptual content. Connotations vary from age or age, from society to society, and from individual to individual within the same speech community。

13、roots tend to have a core meaning which is in some way modified by the affix，but determining meaning is sometimes tricky.

14、polysemy refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings。

15、homonymy refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape。

16、Old English period（450-1066）：features: the vocabulary of Old English is almost purely Germanic，a large part of this vocabulary has disappeared from the language.

The Middle English period （1066-1500)：features：some of the changes were the results of the Norman Conquest and the conditions which followed that event；others were a continuation of tendencies that had begun to appear in Old English；in grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytical one。The English vocabulary was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word—stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.

Early Modern English period （1500—1800)：the advent of the printing revolution marked its beginning。Printing played a major role in fostering the norms of spelling and pronunciation。Throughout the modern period，written English has been quite uniform. It is the transitional period from Middle English to Modern English period。

The Modern English period （1800—present)：unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary; the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language；the emergence of other varieties known as ‘New Englishes'。

17、major influences on English:

The Scandinavian influence

The Norman Conquest

The Latin influence

18、borrowing is the process of imitating a word from a foreign language and, at least partly，adapting it in sound or grammar to the native language。The word thus borrowed is called a loanword or borrowing。

19、three ways of extending the word stock：borrowing words that already exist in other languages; creating entirely new words；forming new words from existing resources within the word stock.

20、English has some built—in processes of creating words：the addition of prefixes and suffixes；blending；compounding；conversion; back formation.

21、inflection refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words. P55看表格的例子