TPO与真题对照表
历年托福听力真题
历年托福听力真题历年托福听力真题精选Conversation 1女生想加入爵士乐队，尽管专业是其他但音乐是爱好，想继续保持。
但教授的team已经不缺人了，教授建议她自己多关于Website，学生band会更新信息。
-TPO部分对应参考(社团生活TPO11-C1/TPO15-C1/TPO26-C1) -TPO对应词汇校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letterof reference/recommendationCompetitiveBenefitfuture careerFieldresearchCollectdata for papersWaiter,waitress，BabysitterWorkat the libraryQualification资格,qualified 合格的Resume,CVfinancialaid经济援助ScholarshipFellowshipTeachingassistantship 助教奖学金Researchassistantship 研究奖学金Grant助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based以优秀为基础Studentunion 学生会Clubs俱乐部Membership成员资格CareerserviceLecture 1自然科学类。
讲矮行星是如何形成的，与行星的区别。
一个是ejection theory，跟gravity的原因有关。
第二个就是吸收的material 无法发光，屏幕给了这两个theory的名词提醒。
-TPO部分对应参考(天文学TPO18-L1/TPO24-L4/T13-L4)-参考背景Sufficient internal pressure, caused by the body's gravitation, will turn abody plastic, andsufficient plasticity will allow high elevations to sink and hollows to fillin, a process known as gravitational relaxation. Bodies smaller than a fewkilometers are dominated by non-gravitational forces and tend to have anirregular shape. The Saturnian moon Methone, at around 3 km in diameter, is a roundedbut tidally elongated egg-shape. Larger objects, where gravitation issignificant but not dominant, are "potato" shaped; the more massivethe body is, the higher its internal pressure and the more rounded its shape,until the pressure is sufficient to overcome its internal compressive strength and it achieves hydrostatic equilibrium. At this point a body is as round as it is possible to be, given itsrotation and tidal effects, and is an ellipsoid in shape. This is the defining limit of a dwarf planet.When an object is in hydrostatic equilibrium, a global layer of liquidcovering its surface would form a liquid surface of the same shape as the body,apart from small-scale surface features such as craters and fissures. If thebody does not rotate, it will be a sphere, but the faster it does rotate, themore oblate or even scalene it becomes. However, if such a rotating body were to be heated until itmelted, its overall shape would not change whenliquid. The extreme example ofa non-spherical body in hydrostatic equilibrium is Haumea, whichis twice as long along its major axis as it is at the poles. If the body has amassive nearby companion, then tidal forces come into effect as well,distorting it into a prolate spheroid. An example of this is Jupiter's moon Io, which is the most volcanically active bodyin the Solar System due to effects of tidal heating. Tidal forces also cause a body's rotationto gradually become tidally locked, such that it always presents the same faceto its companion. An extreme example of this is the Pluto–Charon system, whereboth bodies are tidally locked to each other. Earth's Moon is also tidally locked, as are many satellites of the gas giants.Lecture 2社会科学类。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO13--3 Methods of Studying Infant
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Methods of Studying Infant Perception托福阅读原文In thestudy of perceptual abilities of infants, a number of techniques are used todetermine infants' responses to various stimuli. Because they cannot verbalizeor fill out questionnaires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation areused as the primary means of determining what infants can see, hear, feel, andso forth. Each of these methods compares an infant's state prior to theintroduction of a stimulus with its state during or immediately following thestimulus. The difference between the two measures provides the researcher withan indication of the level and duration of the response to the stimulus. Forexample, if a uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across the visualfield of a neonate (newborn), repetitive following movements of the eye occur.The occurrence of these eye movements provides evidence that the moving patternis perceived at some level by the newborn. Similarly, changes in the infant'sgeneral level of motor activity —turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, andso forth — have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant'sperceptual abilities.Suchtechniques, however, have limitations. First, the observation may be unreliablein that two or more observers may not agree that the particular responseoccurred, or to what degree it occurred. Second, responses are difficult toquantify. Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficultto get an accurate record of the number of responses. The third, and mostpotent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infant'sresponse was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to astimulus. The infant may be responding to aspects of the stimulus differentthan those identified by the investigator. Therefore, when observationalassessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities,care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or twostudies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of theinfant.Observationalassessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing thelimitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart andrespiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effectivetools in understanding infant perception. Film analysis permits researchers tocarefully study the infant's responses over and over and in slow motion.Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant'sattention between two stimuli. Heart and respiration monitors provide theinvestigator withthe number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulusis presented. Numerical increases are used as quantifiable indicators ofheightened interest in the new stimulus. Increases in nonnutritive sucking werefirst used as an assessment measure by researchers in 1969. They devised anapparatus that connected a baby's pacifier to a counting device. As stimuliwere presented, changes in the infant's sucking behavior were recorded. Increasesin the number of sucks were used as an indicator of the infant's attention toor preference for a given visual display.Twoadditional techniques of studying infant perception have come into vogue. Thefirst is the habituation-dishabituation technique, in which a single stimulusis presented repeatedly to the infant until there is a measurable decline(habituation) in whatever attending behavior is being observed. At that point anew stimulus is presented, and any recovery (dishabituation) in responsivenessis recorded. If the infant fails to dishabituate and continues to showhabituation with the new stimulus, it is assumed that the baby is unable toperceive the new stimulus as different. The habituation-dishabituation paradigmhas been used most extensively with studies of auditory and olfactoryperception in infants. The second technique relies on evoked potentials, whichare electrical brain responses that maybe related to a particular stimulus because ofwhere they originate. Changes inthe electrical pattern of the brain indicate that the stimulus is gettingthrough to the infant's central nervous system and eliciting some form ofresponse.Each ofthe preceding techniques provides the researcher with evidence that the infantcan detect or discriminate between stimuli. With these sophisticatedobservational assessment and electro-physiological measures, we know that theneonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected.However, these measures are only "indirect" indicators of theinfant's perceptual abilities.托福阅读试题1.Paragraph 1 indicates that researchers use indirect methods primarily to observe theA.range of motor activity in neonatesB.frequency and duration of various stimuliC.change in an infant's state following the introduction of a stimulusD.range of an infant's visual field2.The word uniformly in the passage (Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning toA.clearlyC.consistentlyD.occasionally3.Why does the author mention repetitive following movements of the eye(Paragraph 1)?A.To identify a response that indicates a neonate's perception of a stimulusB.To explain why a neonate is capable of responding to stimuli only through repetitive movementsC.To argue that motor activity in a neonate may be random and unrelated to stimuliD.To emphasize that responses to stimuli vary in infants according to age4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a problem in using the technique of direct observation?A.It is impossible to be certain of the actual cause of an infant's response.B.Infants' responses, which occur quickly and diffusely, are often difficult to measure.C.Infants do not respond well to stimuli presented in an unnatural laboratory setting.D.It may be difficult for observers to agree on the presence or the degree of a response.5.The word potent in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toB.powerfulmonD.similar6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not overgeneralize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.B.On the basis of the data from one or two studies, it seems that some infants develop a particular perceptual ability not observed in others.C.To use data from one or two studies on infant's perceptual abilities, it is necessary to use techniques that will provide conclusive evidence.D.When researchers fail to make generalizations from their studies, their observed data is often inconclusive.7.What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph 3?A.To explain why researchers must conduct more than one type of study when they are attempting to understand infant perceptionB.To describe new techniques for observing infant perception that overcome problems identified in the previous paragraphC.To present and evaluate the conclusions of various studies on infant perceptionD.To point out the strengths and weaknesses of three new methods for quantifying an infant's reaction to stimuli8.The word quantifiable in the passage(Paragraph 3)is closest in meaning toA.visualB.permanentC.meaningfulD.measurable9.Paragraph 3 mentions all of the following as indications of an infant's heightened interest in a new stimulus EXCEPT an increase inA.sucking behaviorB. heart rateC.the number of breaths takenD.eye movements10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following leads to the conclusion that infants are able to differentiate between stimuli in a habituation-dishabituation study?A.Dishabituation occurs with the introduction of a new stimulus.B.Electrical responses in the infant's brain decline with each new stimulus.C.Habituation is continued with the introduction of a new stimulus.D.The infant displays little change in electrical brain responses.11.In paragraph 4, what does the author suggest about the way an infant's brain perceives stimuli?A.An infant's potential to respond to a stimulus may be related to the size of its brain.B.Changes in the electrical patterns of an infant's brain are difficult to detect.C.Different areas of an infant's brain respond to different types of stimuli.D.An infant is unable to perceive more than one stimulus at a time.12.Paragraph 5 indicates that researchers who used the techniques described in the passage discovered thatA.infants find it difficult to perceive some types of stimuliB.neonates of only a few days cannot yet discriminate between stimuliC.observational assessment is less useful for studying infant perception than researchers previously believedD.a neonate is able to perceive stimuli better than researchers once thought13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The repetition allows researchers to observe the infant's behavior until they reach agreement about the presence and the degree of the infant's response.Observational assessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. ■【A】Film analysis permits researchers to carefully study the infant's responses over and over and in slow motion. ■【B】Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant's attention between two stimuli. ■【C】Heart and respiration monitors provide the investigator with the number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulus is presented. ■【D】Numerical increases are used as quantifiable indicators of heightened interest in the new stimulus. Increases in nonnutritive sucking were first used as an assessment measure by researchers in 1969. They devised an apparatus that connected a baby's pacifier to a counting device. As stimuli were presented, changes in the infant's sucking behavior were recorded. Increases in the number of sucks were used as an indicator of the infant's attention to or preference for a given visual display.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Researchers use a number of techniques to determine how infants respond to changes in their environmentA.Data from observational methods must be confirmed through multiple studies.B.New techniques for studying infant perception have improved the accuracy with which researchers observe and quantify infant responsesC.Indirect observation is most accurate when researchers use it to test auditory and olfactory perception in neonates.D.Visual indicators such as turning the head, blinking the eyes, or crying remain the best evidence of an infant’s perceptual abilities.E.Pacifiers are commonly used in studies to calm an infant who has been presented with excessive stimuli.F.Sophisticated techniques that have aided new discoveries about perception in the neonate continue to be indirect measures.托福阅读答案1.以indirect methods做关键词定位至第二句，说用间接方法来观察婴儿能看到什么听到什么，接下来又说与stimulus引入之前的状态进行对比，所以答案是C，不管是hear还是see都是婴儿的state，而且只有引入之后的state才能与之前的state对比得出变化2.uniformly统一地，一致地，持续地，所以答案C的consistently正确。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文7-1 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The Geologic History of the Mediterranean托福阅读原文In 1970 geologists Kenneth J.Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographicresearch vessel Glomar Challenger.Anobjective of this particular cruise wasto investigate the floor of theMediterranean and to resolve questions aboutits geologic history. One questionwas related to evidence that theinvertebrate fauna (animals without spines) ofthe Mediterranean had changedabruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of theolder organisms were nearlywiped out, although a few hardy species survived. Afew managed to migrate into the Atlantic.Somewhat later, the migrants returned,bringing new species with them. Why didthe near extinction and migrationsoccur?Another task for the GlomarChallenger’sscientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelikemasses buried deepbeneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had beendetected yearsearlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never beenpenetrated in thecourse of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are commonalong theUnitedStates Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been somuch solidcrystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?With question such as these clearly beforethem, thescientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterraneantosearch for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. Thesampleconsisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft,deep-seamud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Nota singlepebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came fromthenearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsumwererepeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated theseafloor.Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities ofcomposition andstructure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sedimentabove andbelow the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicatingopen-oceanconditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part oftheMediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline saltfromthe core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of whatappeared tobe windblown silt.The time had come to formulate ahypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, theMediterranean wasa broad seawaylinked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits.Crustal movements closedthe straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began toevaporate. Increasingsalinity caused by the evaporation resulted in theextermination of scores ofinvertebrate species. Only a few organisms especiallytolerant of very saltyconditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remainingbrine (salt water)became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layerwas precipitated. Inthe central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brineevaporated toprecipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under theweight ofoverlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form saltdomes.Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000metersdeep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result ofcrustaladjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where theMediterranean nowconnects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascadedspectacularly back intothe Mediterranean.Turbulent waters tore into thehardened salt flats, brokethem up, and ground them into the pebbles observed inthe first sample taken bythe Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normalmarine organisms returned.Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate abovethe old hard layer.Thesalt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusualgravel provided abundantevidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.托福阅读试题1.The word “objective”in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.achievementB.requirementC.purposeD.feature2.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 1 as a change thatoccurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?A.Most invertebrate species disappearedduring a wave of extinctions.B.A few hardy species wiped out many of theMediterranean’s invertebrates.C.Some invertebrates migrated to AtlanticOcean.D.New species of fauna populated theMediterranean when the old migrants returned.3.1.Whatdoes the author imply by saying“Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that thepebbles came from the nearby continent”?(paragraph 3)A.The most obvious explanation for theorigin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.B.The geologists did not find as manypebbles as they expected.C.The geologists were looking for aparticular kind of pebble.D.The different pebbles could not have comefrom only one source.4.Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 3 about the solidgypsum layer?A.It did not contain any marine fossil.B.It had formed in open-ocean conditions.C.It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.D.It contained sediment from nearbydeserts.5.Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph3 that identify materialsdiscovered in the deepest part of the Mediterraneanbasin. To receive credityou must select TWO answers.A.Volcanic rock fragmentsB.Thin silt layersC.Soft, deep-sea mudD.Crystalline salt6.What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?A.To describe the physical evidencecollected by Hsu and RyanB.To explain why some of the questionsposed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of theGlomar ChallengerC.To evaluate techniques used by Hsu andRyan to explore the sea floorD.To describe the most difficult problemsfaced by the Glomar Challenger expedition7.According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing was responsible for theevaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters?A.The movements of Earth’s crustB.The accumulation of sediment layersC.Changes in the water level of theAtlantic OceanD.Changes in Ea rth’s temperature8.The word “scores”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.membersrge numbersC.populationsD.different types9.According to paragraph 4, what causedmost invertebrate species in theMediterranean to become extinct?A.The evaporation of chemicals necessaryfor their survivalB.Crustal movements that connected theMediterranean to the saltier AtlanticC.The migration of new species through thenarrow straitsD.Their inability to tolerate theincreasing salt content of the Mediterranean10.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 4) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information.A.The strait of Gibraltar reopened when theMediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water fromone sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.B.The Mediterranean was dramaticallyrefilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faultingopened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C.The cascades of water from the Atlanticto the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments andfaulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to thoseseas.D.As a result of crustal adjustments andfaulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic andMediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascadesof water between them.11.The word “Turbulent”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest inmeaning toA.FreshB.DeepC.ViolentD.Temperate12. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Thus,scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about theirchemical composition and origin.■【A】Another task for theGlomar Challenger’s scientists was totry to determine the origin of thedomelike masses buried deep beneath theMediterranean seafloor. ■【B】These structures had been detected years earlierby echo-soundinginstruments, but they had never been penetrated in the courseof drilling. ■【C】Were theysalt domes such as are common alongthe United States Gulf Coast, and if so, whyshould there have been so muchsolid crystalline salt beneath the floor of theMediterranean? ■[D】Where would the sentence best fit?13. Direction: An introductory sentence fora brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.An expedition to the Mediterranean answeredsome long-standing questionsabout the ocean’s history.A.The Glomar Challenger expeditioninvestigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.B.Researchers collected fossils todetermine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.C.Scientists aboard the Glomar Challengerwere the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath theseafloor.D.Samples recovered from the expeditionrevealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distributionamong the sediment layers.E.Evidence collected by the GlomarChallenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporatedand become a desert, before it refilled with water.F.Mediterraneansalt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between theMediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.托福阅读答案1.C2.文第四句话说到“Most of theolder organisms were nearly wiped out（大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了）”对应选项A；第五句说到“A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic（一些物种成功地迁移到了大西洋）”，对应选项C；第六句说到“the migrants returned, bringing new species with them（这些物种又回到了地中海，并带回新的物种）”，对应选项D。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO2--1 The Origins of Cetaceans
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO2(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The Origins of Cetaceans托福阅读原文It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 andblowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formedfrom river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with factor oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in anarchaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.1. Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whale2. Blowhole: a hole in the top of the head used for breathing托福阅读试题1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?A.It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.B.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.C.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.D.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?A.It is not difficult to imagine what they looked likeB.There were great numbers of them.C.They lived in the sea only.D.They did not leave many fossil remains.3. The word precious (paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ExactB.ScarceC.ValuableD.Initial4. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similarA.Hearing structuresB.Adaptations for divingC.Skull shapesD.Breeding locations5. The word it(paragraph 3)in the passage paragraph 3 refers toA.PakicetusB.FishC.LifeD.ocean6. The word exposed in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.ExplainedB.VisibleC.IdentifiedD.Located7. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that BasilosaurusA.Lived later than Ambulocetus natansB.Lived at the same time as PakicetusC.Was able to swim wellD.Could not have walked on land8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locationsA.On landB.Both on land and at seaC.In shallow waterD.In a marine environment9. Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?A.Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.B.The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.C.The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.D.Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?A.Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.B.The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, providesevidence of its missing fluke.C.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.D.By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.11. The word propulsion(paragraph 5)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Staying afloatB.Changing directionC.Decreasing weightD.Moving forward12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■【A】How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■【B】Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.■【C】Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■【D】In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins.A.Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between landmammals and cetaceans.B.The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.C.The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.D.Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.E.Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.F.Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.托福阅读答案1-6. BACCAB7-12.DDBCDB13. ABE。
TPO1-24(讲座类)(7月16日)分类表格 Office Word 文档
文 科
社 会 科 学
1，考古学 人类学 2，历史 哲学 3，商业 经济 政治 4，心理学 语言学 社会学
TPO1(L3)(Catahuyak); TPO14(L4)(Cave); TPO23(L1)(Antikythera Mechanism); TPO24(L3)(Mega fauna in NA); TPO7(L3)(Native Americans); TPO22(L1)(Human State); TPO10(L2)(Food Introduction); TPO17(L3)(Ancient Egyptian’s Calendar); TPO18(L3)(Spice); TPO2(L3)(Happiness); TPO11(L4)(Advertising Plan); TPO12(L2)(MBWA); TPO6(L1)(Boom&Bust); TPO4(L4)(Support Art); TPO2(L1)(Behaviorism); TPO10(L4)(Child Amnesia); TPO14(L1)(Cognition); TPO15(L1)(Distraction); TPO9(L4)(Animal Communication); TPO19(L1)(Family Tree); TPO20(L1)(Gricean Maxims); TPO5(L1)(Meme Theory); TPO4(L2)(Self-reliance); TPO5(L4)(Folk tales& Fairy tales); TPO6(L3)(Creative Writing); TPO13(L3)(Poetry); TPO20(L3)(Folktales); TPO7(L1)(Well-made play); TPO9(L1)(Theatre Design); TPO21(L4)(Alice Neel); TPO12(L3)(Opera); TPO16(L2)(Pianos); TPO22(L4)(20century American Musician); TPO23(L4)(Screen Dance& Choreography); TPO24(L2)(Modern Dance); TPO3(L2)(Jean Painleve); TPO1(L1)(Rose Franzen); TPO3(L3)(Cave Art); TPO8(L2)(Women Art School); TPO15(L3)(Archimedes’ work);TPO16(L4)(Stained Glass); TPO17(L1)(Prehistoric Art Dating); TPO18(L2)(Ancient Roman Sculpture); TPO19(L4)(Cecilia Beaux); TPO21(L4)(Alice Neel); TPO11(L2)(Form&Function); TPO13(L1)(City Planning);
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文30—1 Role of Play in Development
托福考试 复习TPO 30—1 Role of Play in Development原文：【1】Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.【2】Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.【3】Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Greatactivities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.【4】The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.【5】Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.【6】Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the youngto deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.【7】There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play."题目：1.According to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?A.Play must be defined with concepts, not examples.B.Play behavior often looks like nonplay behavior.C.Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing.D.Play occurs independently of an animal's intentions.2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animalsA.The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.B.The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.C.The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.D.The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.3.The word "considerable" in the passage paragraph 3 is closest in the meaning toA.Initial.B.Practical.C.Eventually.D.Significant.4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPTA.exposure to predators.B.a buildup of fat stores.C.a loss of fuel that could be used for growth.D.risk of injury from slipping or falling.5.Why does the author include the comment "though they were fed the same diets"?A.T o show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments.B.To eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weight.C.To emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them alive.D.T o suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food.6.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal's brain.A.The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.B.The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.C.The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.D.The larger the animal's cerebellum, the larger will be the animal's nerve cells.7.According to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?A.Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.B.Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.C.The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.D.Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than preyspecies.8.The word "comparative" in the passage paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.relative.B.temporary.C.sufficient.plete.9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 6 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.B.Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.C.Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.D.Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young. 10.What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities of the young?A.Adults help their young learn to become dominant within the social group.B.Young animals learn how to play from the adults within their social group.C.Adults allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sageenvironment.D.The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their young how to deal with the threats of predators.11.The word "potentially" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA.undoubtedly.B.possibly.C.unfortunately.D.quickly.12.According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?A.By playing only with animals who are not predator.B.By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.C.By practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.D.By using a set of signals that occurs only in play.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. ■【A】This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■【B】Thus,many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. ■【C】Dogs,forexample, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■【D】14. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals.A.Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of playB.Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while playing.C.Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.D.The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.E.Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the species.F.As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages oftheir development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.答案：1.原文中，同样的behavior会同时发生在play和其他一些非play的情况中，所以B正确。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO2--2 Desert Formation
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO2(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Desert Formation托福阅读原文The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Waterabsorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: over cultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and over irrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing useof dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.托福阅读试题1. The word threatenedin the passage paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.RestrictedB.EndangeredC.PreventedD.Rejected2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of thefollowing consequences for soil?A.Increasedstony contentB.Reducedwater absorptionC.Increasednumbers of spaces in the soilD.Reducedwater run off3. Theword delicate(paragraph 5)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.FragileB.PredictableplexD.Valuable4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficultyA.Adjustingto stresses created by settlementB.Retainingtheir fertility after desertificationC.Providingwater for irrigating cropsD.Attractingpopulations in search of food and fuel5. Theword progressively(paragraph 6)in the passage is closest inmeaning toA.OpenlyB.ImpressivelyC.ObjectivelyD.Increasingly6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated withraising crops?ckof proper irrigation techniquesB.Failureto plant crops suited to the particular areaC.Removalof the original vegetationD.Excessiveuse of dried animal waste7. Thephrase devoid of(paragraph 6)in the passage is closest in meaningtoA.ConsistingofB.HiddenbyC.Exceptforckingin8. According to paragraph 9, the ground’s absorption of excess water isa factorin desertification because it canA.Interferewith the irrigation of landB.Limitthe evaporation of waterC.Requiremore absorption of air by the soilD.Bringsalts to the surface9. Allof the following are mentioned in the passage as contributingtodesertification EXCEPTA.SoilerosionB.GlobalwarmingC.InsufficientirrigationD.Theraising of livestock10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?A.Desertificationis a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people.B.Slowingdown the process of desertification is difficult because of population growththat has spread over large areas of land.C.Thespread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved onlyif large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.D.Desertificationis extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areasaffected.11. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which ofthe following about the future of desertification?ernmentswill act quickly to control further desertification.B.Thefactors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in thefuture.C.Desertificationwill continue to increase.D.Desertificationwill soon occur in all areas of the world.12. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where wouldthe sentence best fit?Thiseconomic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of landsusceptible to overgrazing.■【A】The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiaridlands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■【B】Theconsequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are thereduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of thesoil. ■【C】This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and acceleratederosion.■【D】13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in thepassage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Manyfactors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recentdecades.A.Growinghuman populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth haveupset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.B.Asperiods of severe dryness have become more common, failures of anumber ofdifferent crops have increased.C.Excessivenumbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses andtrees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.D.Extensiveirrigation with poor drainage brings salt to the surface of the soil, a processthat reduces water and air absorption.E.Animaldung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.F.Grassesare generally the dominant type of natural vegetation in semiarid lands.托福阅读答案1-6.BBAADC7-12.DDCACB13.ACD。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO 28—3 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes
托福考试 复习TPO 28—3 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes原文：【1】A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. A male deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area. A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States. 【2】Adult male deer usually produce rubs in late summer or early autumn when the outer velvet layer is being shed from their antlers. Rubs are created about one to two months before the breeding season (the rut). Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut. However, biologists also noted deer sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub, which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer.【3】Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication between deer. The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, whichnoted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached. A decade later another study reported that adult male white-tailed deer exhibited forehead rubbing just before and during the rut. It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub, it moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a vertical direction. This forehead rubbing behavior coincides with a high level of glandular activity in the modified scent glands found on the foreheads of male deer; the glandular activity causes the forehead pelage (hairy covering) of adult males to be distinctly darker than in females or younger males.【4】Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second, because only male deer rub, the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older, more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.【5】Because both sexes of white-tailed respond to buck rubs by smelling and licking them, rubs may serve a very important additional function. Fresher buck rubs (less than two days old), in particular, are visited more frequently by adult females than older rubs. In view of this behavior it has been suggested that chemicals present in fresh buck rubs may help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females that visit these rubs. This would be an obvious advantage to wide-ranging deer, especially to a socially dominant buck when courting several adult females during the autumn rut. Another visual signal produced by while-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape. Scrapes consist of a clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter) and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground; after making the scrape, the deer typically urinates in the depression. Thus, like a buck rub, a scrape is both a visual and an olfactory signal. Buck scrapes are generally created after leaf-fall in autumn, which is just before or during the rut. Scrapes are usually placed in open or conspicuous places, such as along a deer trail. Most are made by older males, although females and younger males (2.5 years old or less) occasionally make scrapes题目：1.The word "conspicuous" in the passage（paragraph 1）is closest in meaning toA.noticeable.mon.C.strange.D.particular.2.According to paragraph 1, why are small red maple trees ideal for buckrubs?A.They have smooth bark.B.They are found in the mid-eastern United States.C.They grow very slowly.D.They tend to grow in open spaces.3.The studies of forehead rubbing by deer described in paragraph 3 showed thatA.forehead rubbing encourages the growth of antlers.B.mule deer and white-tailed deer behave differently during the rut.C.the rut can occur at different times of the year.D.deer convey important information through scent.4.The word "exhibited" in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.relied on.B.increased.C.displayed.D.preferred.5.Why does the author mention that "dogs recognize each other via smell"?A.T o point out the similarities between dogs and deer.B.To argue that animals communicate through scent rather than through vision.C.To support the claim that the scent of a buck rub serves to identify its maker to other deer.D.T o suggest that buck rubs can be detected by other species.6.The word "crude" in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.rough.eful.C.necessary.D.obvious.7.What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to convey information about their identity.C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.8.According to paragraph 4, the buck rubs occurring in a given area revealall of the following information about deer EXCEPTA.the individual identity of the deer.B.the gender of the deer.C.the likely social status of the deer.D.the number of deer in the vicinity.9.The word "induce" in the passage（paragraph 5）is closest in meaning toA.increase.B.extend.C.delay.D.stimulate.10.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about chemicals in buck rubs?A.They have to be at least two days old for females to be able to detect them.B.They are more effective in older buck rubs than in fresher ones.C.They may affect fertility in female deer.D.They can be more easily detected by young males than adult females.11.The word "termed" in the passage（paragraph 5）is closest in meaning toA.associated with.B.visible as.C.known as.D.provided by.12.According to the passage, in what way do buck scrapes differ from buckrubs?A.Buck scrapes are made by both male and female deer.B.Buck scrapes are purely visual signals.C.Buck scrapes are made closer to the breeding season than buck rubs.D.Buck scrapes can be smelled only by deer.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This process can take a few hours to several days.A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is abuck rub. ■【A】A make deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark(outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. ■【B】When completed, the buck rubis an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area. ■【C】Arub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree.■【D】The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Buck rubs and buck scrapes are two types of markings made by white-tailed deer.A.The observation that deer sniff and lick buck rubs first led scientists to connect buck rubs with combat between adult males during the breeding season.B.Buck rubs and buck scrapes are visual signals and smells that deer use to communicate a variety of information to other deer.C.The number of buck rubs and buck scrapes in a given area changes as the density of the population of male deer in the area changes.D.As they rub the bark from trees, male deer leave behind chemicals produced by the glands in their foreheads, creating a scent that other deer can detect.E.The height of a buck rub, the type of tree used, and the direction in which the deerapplies the rub can give different kinds of information to other deer.F.Buck rubs are created close to the breeding season of deer and may affect the timing of fertility in the female deer that visit the rubs.答案：1.这里说一个XX的标志可以说明白尾鹿的存在。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO20--1 Westward Migration
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Westward Migration托福阅读原文【1】The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there. 【2】Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Manyof those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.【3】The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for $100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper money. Western Farmers borrowed with the confident expectation that the expanding economy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due. 【4】Transportation was becoming less of a problem for those who wished to move west and for those who hand farm surpluses to send tomarket. Prior to 1815, western farmers who did not live on navigable waterways were connected to them only by dirt roads and mountain trails. Livestock could be driven across the mountains, but the cost of transporting bulky grains in this fashion was several times greater than their value in eastern markets. The first step toward an improvement of western transportation was the construction of turnpikes. These roads made possible a reduction in transportation costs and thus stimulated the commercialization of agriculture along their routes.【5】Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850’s steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. Next came the Erie Canal, an enormous project in its day, spanning about 350 miles. After the canal went into operation, the cost per mile of transporting a ton of freight from Buffalo to New York City declined from nearly 20 cents to less than 1 cent. Eventually, the western states diverted much of their produce from the rivers to the Erie Canal, a shorter route to eastern markets.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?A.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.B.They were able to sell their produce at high prices.C.They had not been successful in raising cattle.D.They did not operate in a national market economy.2.What is the purpos e of the statement, “Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there”in paragraph 1?A.To illustrate that generally population shifts occur rapidly.B.To correct a mistaken impression of American agriculture from 1810 to 1840.C.T o emphasize the range and speed with which the westward migration occurred.D.To demonstrated how attractive the Appalachian Mountains were to Americans.3.The word "fringes" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.borders.B.groups.C.types.D.directions.4.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPTA.the desire to move from one place to the next.B.the hope of improving their socioeconomic status.C.the opportunity to change jobs.D.the need to escape religious or political crises.5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 3)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Because the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil was more productive.B.The fertile soils of the West drew farmers from regions with barren soils.C.Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion than farmers living in eastern areas.D.The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.6.According to paragraph 3, what was the significance of the land law passed in 1820?A.It granted government-supported loans to farmers.B.It provided farmland at an affordable price.C.It required banks to offer loans to farmers.D.It enabled farmers to sell their land for a profit.7.The word "proliferation" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.growth.B.cooperation.C.importance.D.success.8.Paragraph 4 suggests that turnpikes affected farmers byA.making the price of grain uniform for both eastern and western farmers.B.making western farm products more profitable than eastern farm products.C.allowing farmers to drive their livestock across mountain trails.D.allowing a greater number of farmers to sell their farm products in a commercial market.9.The word "superseded" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.replaced.B.reformed.C.equaled.D.increased.10.The word "diverted" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.collected.B.shifted.C.transported.D.sold.11.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about flatboats and keelboats?A.They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.B.They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.C.They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.D.They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.12.Paragraph 5 mentions that the Erie Canal led to a reduction in all of the following EXCEPTA.the length of the route that goods from the West traveled across to reach eastern markets.B.the cost of transporting freight.C.the price of produce from western states.D.the amount of produce from western states that was shipped on rivers.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage. In fact,goods could be shipped more cheaply across the much greater distance of the Atlantic Ocean than they could from western New York to coastal cities.Transportation was becoming less of a problem for those who wished to move west and for those who had farm surpluses to send to market. ■【A】Prior to 1815, western farmers who did not live on navigable waterways were connected to them only by dirt roads and mountain trails. ■【B】Livestock could be driven across the mountains, but the cost of transporting bulky grains in this fashion was several times greater than their value in eastern markets. ■【C】The first step toward an improvement of western transportation was the construction of turnpikes. ■【D】These roads made possible a reduction in transportation costs and thus stimulated the commercialization of agriculture along their routes.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The westward movement of population across the United States led to expanded agricultural production.A.The desire to improve their livelihood often inspired people to movewest.B.Among the people who moved to the western United States were a number of artisans.C.The fertility of western farmland as well as favorable government policies supported agricultural gains.D.Steamboats were originally used to transport passengers rather than freight.mercial farming in the West was greatly enhanced by improvements in land and water transportation.F.The transportation revolution resulted in regional economies that operated independently of a national market economy.托福阅读答案1.根据1815年定为到第二句“After 1815, improved transportation enabled more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy.”意思是：1815年之后，交通改善使得更多西部农民逃离一种自给自足的生活方式并且进入了一个国家市场经济。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO 33—2 铁路和商品化农业
托福考试 复习TPO 33—2 铁路和商品化农业原文：Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States【1】By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track; Ten years later it had over 30,000 miles, more than the rest of the world combined. Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains—over 2,000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.【2】The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home. Before the railroad reached Tennessee, the state produced about 25,000 bushels (or 640 tons) of wheat, which sold for less than 50 cents a bushel. Once the railroad came, farmers in the same counties grew 400,000 bushels (over 10,000 tons) and sold their crop at a dollar a bushel.【3】The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans’ hot and humid warehouses. Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value ofgoods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.【4】A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented. Wheat, which in 1845 commanded $1.08 a bushel in New York City, fetched $2.46 in 1855; in similar fashion the price of corn nearly doubled. Farmers responded by specializing in cash crops, borrowing to purchase more land, and investing in equipment to increase productivity.【5】As railroad lines fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercial agriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlers accustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grass were an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however, John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sod without soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaper that harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the 1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up with demand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually.【6】The new commercial farming fundamentally altered the Midwestern landscapeand the environment. Native Americans had grown corn in the region for years, but never in such large fields as did later settlers who became farmers, whose surpluses were shipped east. Prairie farmers also introduced new crops that were not part of the earlier ecological system, notably wheat, along with fruits and vegetables. 【7】Native grasses were replaced by a small number of plants cultivated as commodities. Corn had the best yields, but it was primarily used to feed livestock. Because bread played a key role in the American and European diet, wheat became the major cash crop. Tame grasses replaced native grasses in pastures for making hay.【8】Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees. In the absence of these fires, trees reappeared on land not in cultivation and, if undisturbed, eventually formed woodlots. The earlier unbroken landscape gave way to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots, and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more-irregular farms in the East.题目：1.According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true about railroad track in the United States EXCEPT:A.In 1850 the United States had less than 10,000 miles of railroad track.B.By the end of the 1850s, Ohio and Illinois contained more railroad track than anyother state in the country.C.Much of the railroad track built in the United States during the 1850s was located west of the Appalachian Mountain.D.By 1860 there were more miles of railroad track in the United States than in any other country.2.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new railroads had which of the following effects on farm communities?A.Most new farms were located along the tracks.B.Farmers began to grow wheat as a commercial corp.C.Many farmers decided to grow a wider variety of crops.D.Demand for manufactured goods increased among farmers.3.The word "bustling" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.famous.B.important.C.growing.D.busy.4.According to paragraph 3, in what way did the new rail networks change western trade?A.Northwestern farmers almost completely stopped shipping goods by steamboat.B.Many western goods began to be shipped east by way of Chicago rather than south to New Orleans.C.Chicago largely replaced New York and other eastern cities as the final market forgoods for the West.D.The value of goods shipped west soon became greater than the value of goods shipped east.5.According to paragraph 3, what was a disadvantage of shipping goods from northwestern areas to New Orleans?A.There was no reliable way to get goods from New Orleans to eastern cities.B.The cost of shipping goods by river to New Orleans continued to increase.C.Goods shipped from New Orleans' neighboring areas had a significant competitive advantage because of their lower transportation costs.D.The temperatures and humidity.6.Paragraph 4 supports the idea that the price of wheat more than doubled between 1845 and 1855 becauseA.the price of corn nearly doubled during that same period.B.demand for grain increased sharply outside the United States.C.farmers in the Northeast and Midwest began to specialize in cash crops.D.many farmers had borrowed heavily to purchase land and equipment for raising wheat.7.The word "transformed" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.dominated.B.changed.C.improved.D.created.8.The word "erected" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.looked for.B.lived on.C.preferred.D.built.9.Why does author point out that "Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person"(paragraph 5)?A.T o provide a reason why people from the eastern woodlands of the United States were impressed when they saw the prairie.B.To identify an obstacles to the development of the railroad lines fanning out from Chicago.C.To explain why the transformation of the prairies by commercial agriculture was so remarkable.D.T o provide evidence supporting the claim that the prairies had fertile, deep black soil.10.According to paragraph 5, the first settlers generally did not farm open prairie land becauseA.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile than the soil of the open prairie.D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlersarrived.11.The word "surpluses" in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.extra goodsmercial goodsC.unprocessed goodsD.transportable goods12.According to paragraph 8, prairie farmers changed the landscape by doing all of the following EXCEPT:A.Reducing annual fires.B.Dividing the land into large, regularly-shaped lots.C.Planting trees that eventually formed woodlots.D.Fencing off their farms.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The problems were not limited to routes of transport.The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. ■【A】In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. ■【B】But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. ■【C】Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans' hot and humid warehouses. ■【D】Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to NewYork and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.14. Prose SummaryThe huge expansion of rail lines in Midwestern United States during the 1850s had major economic and environmental effects.A.Construction of new rail lines into the Midwest had been effectively stopped by the Appalachian Mountains, but by 1850 improved construction technology had made further advances possible.B.Rail lines to Chicago and on to the East made it easier to get Midwestern goods to distant markets, while growing demand encouraged crop specialization and led to higher crop prices.C.Because of the growing volume of traffic coming by rail from the Northeast and Midwest, the value of goods arriving in New Orleans for shipment to markets abroad increased dramatically.D.Access to rail lines combined with the development of more-efficient farming equipment allowed e fertile land of the open prairies to be used for large-scale commercial agriculture.E.Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were divided into large fenced fields.F.Native Americans had grown corn on the prairies for years but had not producedlarge surpluses because the varieties they planted had far poorer yields than those introduced by commercial farmers.答案：1.否定细节题：定位句By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track;对应A 选项。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文23--1 Urban Climates
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO23(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Urban Climates托福阅读原文【1】The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.【2】In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.【3】The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials thatconstitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.【4】Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving. The maximum differences intemperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.【5】The surface-atmosphere relationships inside metropolitan areas produce a number of climatic peculiarities. For one thing, the presence or absence of moisture is affected by the special qualities of the urban surface. With much of the built-up landscape impenetrable by water, even gentle rain runs off almost immediately from rooftops, streets, and parking lots. Thus, city surfaces, as well as the air above them, tend to be drier between episodes of rain; with little water available for the cooling process of evaporation, relative humidities are usually lower. Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds, making them far less efficient at dispersing pollutants. On the other hand, air turbulence increases because of the effect of skyscrapers on airflow. Rainfall is also increased in cities. The cause appears to be in part greater turbulence in the urban atmosphere as hot air rises from the built-up surface.托福阅读试题1.The word “enormous” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.growing.B.frightening.C.very large.D.strictly controlled.2.The word “surpass” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.remain below.B. be higher than.C.add to.e close to.3.According to paragraph 2, how soon heat from a warmed house reaches the outside air greatly affected byA.how well the house is heated.B.how well the house is insulated.C.how many adults live in the house.D.how much sunshine the house receives.4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following contributes to making urban areas warmer than the surrounding countryside EXCEPTA.the fuel burned by motor vehicles.B.the capacity to store heat of the materials used in building a city.C.the easy flow of heat into the ground in city areas covered byD.the repeated reflection of solar radiation back and forth among buildings.5.According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?A.The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat.B.Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.C.In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.D.Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.6.How is paragraph 3 organized?A.It describes two factors that contribute to the increased heat of cities and then provides two causes for the second factor.B.It describes two causes discovered in an early analysis of the increased heat of cities.C.It describes two factors that contribute to the increased heat of cities and two other factors that work against it.D.It describes two well-established causes of the increased heat of cities and other two whose roles are less well understood.7.The word “configuration” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toB.history.C.temperature.D.shape.8.According to paragraph 4, what can explain the substantial differences in temperature between one area and other within a well-developed heat island?A.The overall size of the heat island that includes the two reasonsB.The intensify of the heat island that includes the two areasC.Differences between the two areas in the general level of activity, including trafficD.Differences between the two areas in the insulation materials used in construction9.Paragraph 4 supports the idea that a city’s heat-island intensity would increase ifA.the city went into an economic decline and lost population.B.the city’s economy shifted from heavy industry to health care and education.C.there was an upward trend in the average age of the city’s residents.D.repair work on the streets slowed traffic throughout the city.10.According to paragraph 5, surfaces in the city are generally drier than surfaces in the countryside between periods of rainfall becauseA.in the city gentle rain is much more common than heavy rain.B.high temperatures in the city speed up the process of evaporation.C.in the city there are longer periods of dry weather between episodes of rain.D.rainwater in the city cannot soak into most surfaces and quickly runs off.11.The word “modified” in pa ragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.changed.B.blocked.C.increased.D.weakened.12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments?A.The high speed of the winds travelling above cities.B.The greater rainfall totals recorded in cities.C.Attempts to reduce urban air pollution.D.The effects of tall buildings on airflow.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the airdirectly above them.Paragraph 4: Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. ■【A】The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. ■【B】For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. ■【C】When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. ■【D】Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving.The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minorideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Cities create climatic conditions of their own through their physical structure and urban activities.A.The amount of heat produced in a city will be reduced when cities use the heat from cars to warm homes.B.The built-up landscape of the city readily becomes a heat island, with greater water runoff and special climatic conditions such as low relative humidity and increased air turbulence.C.The materials from which cities are built and the effects of pollution domes help make urban areas warmer than rural areas.D.Cities tend to be warmer than their surrounding areas, in part because they produce heat by burning fuel for heating, powering vehicles, and industrial production.E.In most cities, the heating that results from solar radiation is intensified by carbon dioxide, a gas that is present at very high concentrations in cities’ atmospheres.F.During periods without rainfall, the air in cities heats up and causes winds to slow down, with the result that pollutants are not dispersed.托福阅读答案1.enormous巨大的，所以正确答案是C的very large。
提分必看!ETS发布托福TPO听力难度对照表,请对号入座!
提分必看！ETS发布托福TPO听力难度对照表，请对号入座！在托福考试中，听力部分被大多数的考生认为是难以攻克的重难点，不知道如何突破。
备考中，常常会寄希望于TPO，什么是TOP?TPO，TOEFL Practice Online 的缩写，即托福在线考试练习，是ETS之前考过的真题，是所有考生备考的主要也是最靠谱的备考资料，没有之一！有很多考生面对TPO时不知道从何复习，这时候就需要对托福TPO听力整体难度进行把握，这样才能进行循序渐进提高。
ETS官方曾发布的托福tpo听力难度表，请大家对号入座有针对性的进行备考~托福tpo听力难度表(ETS官方发布)内容具体如下：1.第一阶段：基础段听力成绩：13-15分阶段目标：熟悉托福听力的题型和考试内容，摸索适合自己的学习方法。
推荐材料：TPO1-10 套，OG难度分析：年代最早的TPO材料，整体来说比较简单，但TPO8&9套的题目难度较大，如果做的结果不好，不需要沮丧。
2. 第二阶段，分题型、分场景、分学科背景专项训练强化段听力成绩：16-19分阶段目标：总结学科背景，体会不同题型的解题技巧。
推荐材料：TPO11-20套难度分析：大部分文章都属于普通难度，第11套比较简单，第12、15、16、19套中，各有一篇高难度的文章。
3. 第三阶段，套题模考强化段听力成绩：20-24阶段目标：适应听力部分的长度和考试强度，体会每一篇对话的话题转折处，以及讲座的段落层次考点。
推荐材料：TPO21-30难度分析：TPO21-23属于高难度套题，TPO25之后和现在考试难度相似。
4. 第四阶段，冲刺段听力成绩：25+阶段目标：巩固解题技巧，查缺补漏，调整心态。
推荐材料：TPO30-42难度分析：TPO30之后的题目，尤其是37-42套和现在的考试非常接近，是很好的模拟练习材料。
温馨提醒：备考原则：先易后难，反复练习，稳步提升同学们在使用托福TPO听力时一定要深入了解TPO每一套题的难度，在练习之前可以做到心中有数，进行有侧重的复习有助于大家更好高效的利用托福TPO听力试题。
新托福考试TPO1-TPO26日期对照表详情
新托福考试TPO1-TPO26日期对照表详情从这份对照表中我们可以看出，新托福出题的日期向后顺延，从TPO01至TPO20，出题的时间是交替出现的，TPO10都还是2008年的题目，TPO11至TPO13就又回到了2006年的题目，显然没有很强的时间的规律。
但是我们发现，从TPO21开始，出题的日期就相对固定了，TPO21、TPO22、TPO23与TPO24全都是2009年的题目，而且这些题目也都是集中在2011年放出的。
至于这次放出的TPO25与TPO26则都是2010年的题目，现在是2012年底。
从这个角度看来，ETS 貌似对于自己的题目有一个冷却期，这个冷却期，大概是2年的时间，因此ETS采取的机制应该是题目第一手出来，首先投放在北美的托福考场，然后第二年同样的题目放在北美之外的考场使用，然后在第三年的时间将这些题目做成TPO，放出来销售。
估计这是接下来很长的一个时间段内，ETS都会采取的方式。
因此，在2013年，如果ETS继续放出新托福突破口TPO(TOEFL Practice Online)的话，那么很有可能放出的，就是2011年左右的题目了。
TPO 01——2005年11月05日TPO 02——OG Practice SetTPO 03——2006年08月12日TPO 04——2006年10月08日TPO 05——2008年03月08日TPO 06——2007年12月10日TPO 07——2007年02月24+2007年12月14日TPO 08——2008年02月09+2008年12月21日TPO 09——2008年05月04日TPO 10——2008年06月07日TPO 11——2006年12月08阅读，口语+2006年12月15 听力，写作日TPO 12——2006年12月08听力，独立写作+2006年12月15阅读，口语+2007年12月01综合写作TPO 13——2006年06月09与2007年06月30日拼盘TPO 14——2008年10月18日TPO 15——2009年05月09日TPO 16——2008年03月02日TPO 17——2007年11月11日TPO 18——2008年11月22日独立写作，口语，听力，阅读+2009年1月10综合写作TPO 19——2009年02月14日TPO 20——2008年01月27日NA(北美题目)TPO 21——2009年06月27日NA(北美题目)TPO 22——2009年03月28日NA(北美题目)+2009年03月27日TPO 23——2009年08月22日TPO 24——2009年10月24日TPO 25——2010年03月27日阅读、听力、口语，作文未知欢迎补。
2019年托福阅读真题与TPO原题对比
2019年托福阅读真题与TPO原题对比这三篇文章的话题内容都很常见，尤其前两篇，在近几年考试中频繁出现。
其中第一篇文章话题重复2016.01.24 Water and Life on Mars，2011.08.13和2011.08.28 Life on Mars;第二篇文章话题重复2014.10.26 Aquiclude，2013.10.27 Aquifer，和2011.08.13 Groundwater;第三篇没有类似文章对应。
经仔细检验校对，这次考试虽然话题与过往非常类似，但确是第一次出现的新题。
话题类似的考试是否意味着考查内容与先前完全一样?考生注意，除非ETS完全重复一次老题，否则考试内容不会完全相同，只能是一定比例的重复，甚至一点关系都没有。
因为，对于同一话题的切入点不同，而产生不同的行文方式，所以对于背景知识，考生应该去尽量了解而不要过度依赖。
例如，本次考试第一篇文章Life on Mars(火星上的生命)，却是这样打开的：第一段，引入话题：火星上以前存有的水和大气可能孕育出生命，就在十亿多年前火星进入今天的冰期之前，可能出现生命;第二段，在火星进入寒冷冰期前，可能出现的生命形式是原始的细菌等微生物(microbes)，但人类无法去火星上检测这些生命是否存有;第三段，在地球上人类也能够观测火星的生命——利用来自火星的陨石(meteorites)，这些陨石中所捕捉到的气体成分和火星大气成分完全匹配，所以证实这些陨石确是来自火星;第四段，对火星的陨石分析发现其中含有碳酸盐类物质(carbonate matter)，碳酸盐类物质的生成必须有水存有，所以证实了科学家先前对于火星大气和地表存有水的推测，也与先前来自火星探测器的照片相符，照片中显示了由水侵蚀所形成的河道;第五段，研究证实来自火星的陨石中含有原始生命，其结构和地球上的原始细菌(primitive bacteria)相似，都能够产生富含铁的化学晶体(iron-rich chemical crystals)，这些化学晶体以小泪滴状显现于陨石中，正好存有碳酸盐类物质消溶的地方(where the carbonate has dissolved);第六段，最后一个表明火星陨石中含有原始生命的证据是一个极其微小的椭圆形结构，被编码为ALH84001碳酸盐球体(carbonate globules)，该球体向外放大看起来极像地球上的细菌，但其尺寸太小，并且其内部没有发现氨基酸、半透膜(semipermeable membranes)、或其他内腔(internal cavities)以承载生物体液而行使生物功能，所以被一些科学家质疑是否是真正的早期生命形式。
史上最全托福TPO1-31阅读 题材结构科目分类
史上最全托福TPO1-31阅读题材结构科目分类自然科学一、地质学冰川类1 OG：Green Icebergs2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2 TPO 01：Groundwater3 TPO 02：Desert Formation4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9 TPO 24：Lake Water10 TPO 28-1：Groundwater11 TPO 27-2：The Formation of Volcanic Islands二、天文学火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants二、动物学动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6 TPO 17-3：Symbiotic Relationship动物变化1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions5 TPO 31-1: Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations6 TPO 30-2： The Pace of Evolutionary Change动物行为1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development6 TPO 29-2：Competition7 TPO 28-3：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes8 TPO 27-3：Predator-Prey Cycles三、生态/环境/能源1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4 TPO 31-3: Savanna Formation1 Sample：Electricity from Wind2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 29-3：The History of Waterpower3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4 TPO 18：Lightning5 TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6 TPO 29-1：Characteristics of Roman Pottery7 TPO27-1：Crafts in the Ancient near East建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3 TPO 02：Early Cinema4 TPO 03：Architecture5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5 TPO 30-3: The Invention of the Mechanical Clock贸易/经济介绍1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍 1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07-2：Ancient Rome and Greece3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6 TPO 28-2: Early Saharan Pastoralists三、心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep四、社会学1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising4 TPO 31-2： Early Children Education其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?结构体裁难度系数现象到解释：形成过程Exposition 现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释：形成过程：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：原因：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：形成过程Historical现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition5现象到解释：对比Exposition 现象到解释：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释（含研究）理论解释（新旧对比）现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释总分：分类起源及发展Historical起源及发展Historical现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释总分：分类Historical HistoricalHistoricalHistoricalHistorical 现象到解释Historical 现象到解释Historical现象描述：分类Exposition起源及发展Historicalcandinavia起源及发展Historical现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释：总分HistoricalHistorical 现象到解释：总分：Classificatio现象到解释： Classification Historical 现象到解释：总分Historical Exposition 现象到解释：总分：Classificatio现象到解释（含研究）Exposition 现象到解释（含研究）。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO20--2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia托福阅读原文【1】The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.【2】Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they arenow, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.【3】Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria's Euphrates valley. Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C, a small village settlement of cramped pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights. For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe area where wild cereal grasses were abundant. They subsisted off spring migrations of Persian gazelles from the south. With such a favorable location, about300 to 400 people lived in a sizable, permanent settlement. They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.【4】The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape. Hundreds of tiny plant remains show how the inhabitants exploited nut harvests in nearby pistachio and oak forests. However, as the climate dried up, the forests retreated from the vicinity of the settlement. The inhabitants turned to wild cereal grasses instead, collecting them by the thousands, while the percentage of nuts in the diet fell. By 8200B.C., drought conditions were so severe that the people abandoned their long-established settlement, perhaps dispersing into smaller camps.【5】Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the neweconomies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.托福阅读试题1.The word "momentous" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.numerous.B.regular.C.very important.D.very positive.2.Major climatic changes occurred by the end of the Ice Age in all of the following geographic areas EXCEPTA.temperate regions of Asia.B.southwestern Asia.C.North America.D.Europe.3.The phrase "this remarkable change" in the passage (paragraph 1)refers toA.warming at the end of the Ice Age.B.shifts in mountain snow lines.C.the movement of people from farms to villages.D.a dramatic increase in the population.4.The word "exploited" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.explored.B.utilized.C.inhabited.D.improved.5.Why does the author mention "seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian" in paragraph 2?A.To give examples of objects obtained through trade with other societies.B.To illustrate the kinds of objects that are preserved in a cool climate.C.To provide evidence that the organization of work was specialized.D.To give examples of the artistic ability of local populations.6.The word "cramped" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.primitive.B.secure.C.extended.D.confined.7.Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the settlement of Abu Hureyra?A.The settlement was inhabited by small groups of people from nearby areas.B.Small bands of people migrated in and out of the settlement.C.The location of the settlement made permanent development difficult.D.The easy availability of food led to the growth of the settlement.8.The word "shifts" in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.effects.B.similarities.C.changes.D.exceptions.9.Paragraph 4 suggests that the people of Abu Hureyra abandoned their long-established settlement becauseA.the inhabitants had cleared all the trees from the forests.B.wild cereal grasses took over pistachio and oak forests.C.people wanted to explore new areas.ck of rain caused food shortages.10.According to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPTA.the domestication of animals.B.the intensive hunting of gazelle.C.the size of the settlement.D.the design of the dwellings.11.The word "abruptly" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning tormally.B.briefly.C.suddenly.D.surprisingly.12.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 5)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.A.In many areas besides Abu Hureyra, complex factors led to new economies including the herding of domestic stock.B.In 'Ain Ghazal and Syria, domestic stock was more important than it was at Abu Hureyra.C.Once early methods of herding animals improved, new economies were adopted.D.Many complex theories attempt to explain the early domestication of animals.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage. One of the major effects was the rapid growth of the human population itself.The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose.■【A】The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. ■【B】However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. ■【C】At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. ■【D】Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.At the end of the Ice Age, patterns of human settlement changed in southwestern Asia.A.Wild cereals, grasses, and nuts were exchanged for exotic objects.B.Changes in climatic conditions made southwestern Asia highly beneficial to human occupants.C.Social organization in Abu Hureyra decreased as the population grew.D.The favorable location of Abu Hureyra kept the city from experiencing hardship during drought years.E.Within 2,000 years, populations in southwestern Asia greatly increasedin number.F.In rich, fertile areas permanent societies evolved to a high level of complexity.托福阅读答案1.momentous重要的，重大的，所以very important正确。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文7--3 Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO7(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples托福阅读原文There is evidence of agriculture in Africaprior to 3000B.C. It may have developed independently, but many scholarsbelieve that thespread of agriculture and iron throughout Africa linked it tothe major centersof the Near East and Mediterranean world. The drying up ofwhat is now theSahara desert had pushed many peoples to the south intosub-Sahara Africa.These peoples settled at first in scatteredhunting-and-gathering bands,although in some places near lakes and rivers,people who fished, with a moresecure food supply, lived in larger populationconcentrations. Agricultureseems to have reached these people from the NearEast, since the firstdomesticated crops were millets and sorghums whose originsare not African butwest Asian. Once the idea of planting diffused, Africansbegan to develop theirown crops, such as certain varieties of rice, and theydemonstrated a continuedreceptiveness to new imports. The proposed areas of thedomestication ofAfrican crops lie in a band that extends from Ethiopia acrosssouthern Sudan toWest Africa. Subsequently, other crops, such as bananas, wereintroduced fromSoutheast Asia.Livestock also came from outside Africa.Cattle wereintroduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep and goats.Horses wereapparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt (1780-1560B.C.) and thenspread across the Sudan to West Africa. Rock paintings in theSahara indicatethat horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert andthat by 300-200B.C., there were trade routes across the Sahara. Horses wereadopted by peoplesof the West African savannah, and later their powerfulcavalry forces allowedthem to carve out large empires. Finally, the camel wasintroduced around thefirst century A.D. This was an important innovation,because the camel’sabilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carrylarge loads cheaplymade it an effective and efficient means of transportation.The cameltransformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, butmoreaccessible, route of trade and communication.Iron came from West Asia, although itsroutes of diffusionwere somewhat different than those of agriculture. Most ofAfrica presents acurious case in which societies moved directly from atechnology of stone toiron without passing through the intermediate stage ofcopper or bronzemetallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have beenfound in WestAfrica. Knowledge of iron making penetrated into the forest andsavannahs ofWest Africa at roughly the same time that ironmaking was reachingEurope.Evidence of iron making has been found in Nigeria, Ghana, and Mali.This technological shift cause profoundchanges in thecomplexity of African societies. Iron represented power. In WestAfrica theblacksmith who made tools andweaponshad an important place insociety, often with special religious powers andfunctions. Iron hoes, whichmade the land more productive, and iron weapons,which made the warrior morepowerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of WestAfrica societies. Those whoknew the secrets of making iron gained ritual andsometimes political power.Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgywas a very lateand limited development, Africans had iron from a relativelyearly date,developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed forproductionand to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron orenecessaryfor making iron. Much of Africa moved right into the Iron Age, takingthe basictechnology and adapting it to local conditions and resources.Thediffusion ofagriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movementof people whomay have carried these innovations. Thesepeople probablyoriginated in easternNigeria. Their migration may have been set in motion by anincrease inpopulation caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, ordryingup, of the Sahara. They spoke a language, proto-Bantu (“Bantu” means“thepeople”), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number ofBantulanguages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how thesepeoplespread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery,butarchaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquertheirhunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. Still,theprocess is uncertain, and peaceful migration—or simply rapid demographicgrowth—mayhave also caused the Bantu explosion.托福阅读试题1.The word “diffused”in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.emergedB.was understoodC.spreadD.developed2.According to paragraph 1, why doresearchers doubt that agriculturedeveloped independently in Africa?A.African lakes and rivers already providedenough food for people to survive without agriculture.B.The earliest examples of cultivatedplants discovered in Africa are native to Asia.C.Africa’s native plants are very difficultto domesticate.D.African communities were not large enoughto support agriculture.3.In paragraph 1, what does the authorimply about changes in the African environment during this time period?A.The climate was becoming milder, allowingfor a greater variety of crops to be grown.B.Although periods of drying forced peoplesouth, they returned once their food supply was secure.C.Population growth along rivers and lakeswas dramatically decreasing the availability of fish.D.A region that had once supported manypeople was becoming a desert where few could survive.4.According to paragraph 2, camels wereimportant because theyA.were the first domesticated animal to beintroduced to AfricaB.allowed the people of the West Africansavannahs to carve out large empiresC.helped African peoples defend themselvesagainst Egyptian invadersD.made it cheaper and easier to cross theSahara5.According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing were subjects of rockpaintings in the Sahara?A.Horses and chariotsB.Sheep and goatsC.Hyksos invaders from EgyptD.Camels and cattle6.What function does paragraph 3 serve inthe organization of the passageas a whole?A.It contrasts the development of irontechnology in West Asia and West Africa.B.It discusses a non-agriculturalcontribution to Africa from Asia.C.It introduces evidence that a knowledgeof copper working reached Africa and Europe at the same time.D.It compares the rates at which irontechnology developed in different parts of Africa.7.The word “profound”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.fascinatingB.far-reachingC.necessaryD.temporary8.The word “ritual”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toitaryB.physicalC.ceremonialD.permanent9.According to paragraph 4, all of thefollowing were social effects of thenew metal technology in Africa EXCEPT:A.Access to metal tools and weapons createdgreater social equality.B.Metal weapons increased the power ofwarriors.C.Iron tools helped increase the foodsupply.D.Technical knowledge gave religious powerto its holders.10.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information.A.While American iron makers developed thelatest furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier techniques.B.Africans produced iron much earlier thanAmericans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems.C.Iron making developed earlier in Africathan in the Americas because of the ready availability of carbon and iron ore.D.Both Africa and the Americas developedthe capacity for making iron early, but African metallurgy developed at aslower rate.11.The word “fleeing”in the passage(paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.afraid ofB.displaced byC.running away fromD.responding to12.Paragraph 6 mentions all of thefollowing as possible causes of the“Bantu explosion” EXCEPTA.superior weaponsB.better hunting skillsC.peaceful migrationD.increased population13. Look at the four squares ■thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Thesepeople had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.The diffusion of agriculture and later ofiron was accompanied by agreat movement of people who may have carried theseinnovations. These peopleprobably originated in eastern Nigeria. ■【A】Theirmigration may have been set in motion by anincrease in population caused by amovement of peoples fleeing the desiccation,or drying up, of the Sahara. ■【B】They spoke alanguage, proto-Bantu (“Bantu”means “thepeople”), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number ofBantulanguages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how thesepeoplespread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery,butarchaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquertheirhunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. ■【C】Still, theprocess is uncertain, and peacefulmigration—or simply rapiddemographic growth—may have also caused the Bantuexplosion. ■【D】Where would the sentence best fit?14. Direction: An introductory sentence fora brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.Agriculture and iron working probablyspread to Africa from neighboringregions.A.Once Africans developed their own crops,they no longer borrowed from other regions.B.The harshness of the African climatemeant that agriculture could not develop until after the introduction of irontools.C.The use of livestock improvedtransportation and trade and allowed fornew forms of political control.D.As the Sahara expanded, the camel gainedin importance, eventually coming to have religious significance.E.The spread of iron working hadfar-reaching effects on social, economic, and political organization in Africa.F.Today'sBantu-speaking peoples are descended from a technologically advanced people whospread throughout Africa.托福阅读答案1.C2.B3.D4.D5.A6.B7.B8.C9.A10.B11.C12.B13.B14.CEF。
托福与上海高考英语对应
托福与上海高考英语对应全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1TOEFL and Shanghai College Entrance Exam English CorrespondenceIntroductionThe Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and the Shanghai College Entrance Exam (高考) are two important standardized tests that assess students' English proficiency in different contexts. TOEFL is primarily used for international students who want to study in English-speaking countries, while the Shanghai College Entrance Exam is a national exam taken by Chinese students for university admission. In this article, we will compare the two tests and discuss how they correspond to each other in terms of content, format, and difficulty.ContentThe content of the TOEFL test is designed to measure a student's ability to understand and use English in academic settings. It includes four sections: reading, listening, speaking, and writing. The reading and listening sections focus onacademic texts and lectures, while the speaking and writing sections require students to express their ideas clearly and coherently. In comparison, the Shanghai College Entrance Exam English test consists of listening, reading, and writing sections. The listening section features conversations and passages related to daily life, while the reading section includes both informational and literary texts. The writing section assesses students' ability to write essays on various topics. Overall, both tests cover a wide range of English language skills, but the TOEFL places more emphasis on academic English proficiency.FormatThe format of the TOEFL test and the Shanghai College Entrance Exam English test also differ in several ways. The TOEFL test is computer-based and consists of multiple-choice questions, whereas the Shanghai College Entrance Exam is paper-based and includes a combination of multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Additionally, the TOEFL speaking section requires students to speak into a microphone and record their responses, while the Shanghai College Entrance Exam speaking section involves answering questions orally in front of an examiner. The writing sections of both tests also vary, with the TOEFL requiring students to type their essays on a computer,while the Shanghai College Entrance Exam expects students to handwrite their responses. Despite these differences, both tests aim to assess students' English skills effectively.DifficultyIn terms of difficulty, the TOEFL test is considered more challenging than the Shanghai College Entrance Exam English test. This is because the TOEFL is designed for non-native English speakers who need to demonstrate a high level of English proficiency to succeed in academic settings. The reading and listening sections of the TOEFL test, in particular, contain complex academic content that may be unfamiliar to students who have not been exposed to English learning outside of their country. In comparison, the Shanghai College Entrance Exam English test is adapted to the English proficiency level of Chinese high school students and may not include as many advanced vocabulary or complex grammar structures. However, both tests require students to have a solid foundation in English language skills to achieve a good score.ConclusionIn conclusion, the TOEFL test and the Shanghai College Entrance Exam English test serve different purposes but share similarities in terms of content, format, and difficulty. Both testsare designed to assess students' English proficiency and readiness for academic study, albeit in different contexts. By understanding the differences and similarities between the two tests, students can better prepare for their respective exams and achieve their academic goals.篇2Comparison between TOEFL and Shanghai College Entrance Examination EnglishIntroductionEnglish has become a crucial language in today's globalized world. Proficiency in English is a key determinant of success in various fields such as academia, business, and international relations. Therefore, many students around the world take English proficiency exams to demonstrate their language proficiency. In China, students often take the TOEFL exam as well as the Shanghai College Entrance Examination English to assess their English skills. In this article, we will compare and contrast the TOEFL exam with the Shanghai College Entrance Examination English.Structure of TOEFLThe TOEFL exam consists of four sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing. The Reading section assesses thetest-taker's ability to understand written passages and answer questions based on them. The Listening section evaluates the test-taker's ability to understand spoken English. The Speaking section requires the test-taker to speak into a microphone and express their thoughts on given topics. Finally, the Writing section assesses the test-taker's ability to compose coherent essays on given topics.Structure of Shanghai College Entrance Examination EnglishThe Shanghai College Entrance Examination English, on the other hand, consists of two sections: Listening and Reading, and Writing. The Listening and Reading section evaluates thetest-taker's ability to understand spoken and written English. The Writing section requires the test-taker to write essays on given topics.Differences between TOEFL and Shanghai College Entrance Examination EnglishOne of the main differences between the TOEFL exam and the Shanghai College Entrance Examination English is the format of the exams. The TOEFL exam is computer-based, withtest-takers listening to audio recordings and typing theirresponses on a keyboard. In contrast, the Shanghai College Entrance Examination English is paper-based, with test-takers writing their responses on paper.Another difference is the scoring system of the two exams. The TOEFL exam is scored on a scale of 0-120, with each section scored separately. The Shanghai College Entrance Examination English, on the other hand, is scored on a scale of 0-150, with the Listening and Reading section accounting for 60% of the total score and the Writing section accounting for 40%.Similarities between TOEFL and Shanghai College Entrance Examination EnglishDespite the differences mentioned above, both the TOEFL exam and the Shanghai College Entrance Examination English aim to assess the test-taker's English proficiency in the areas of Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing. Both exams test similar skills such as vocabulary, grammar, comprehension, and writing ability.ConclusionIn conclusion, while the TOEFL exam and the Shanghai College Entrance Examination English have some differences in terms of format and scoring, they both serve the purpose ofevaluating the test-taker's English proficiency. Students who are preparing for these exams should familiarize themselves with the content and format of each exam to achieve the best possible results. Both exams are important for demonstrating English proficiency and opening up opportunities for further education and career advancement.篇3The TOEFL and Shanghai College Entrance Examination (上海高考) English CorrespondenceIntroductionThe Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and the Shanghai College Entrance Examination (also known as Gaokao or 高考) are two important standardized tests that assess English language proficiency for non-native speakers in different contexts. While the TOEFL is widely used for study abroad purposes, the Gaokao is a crucial exam for Chinese students seeking admission to domestic universities. In this document, we will explore the similarities and differences between the TOEFL and Gaokao English tests, and discuss how students can prepare effectively for both exams.Similarities1. Language Skills Tested: Both the TOEFL and Gaokao English exams assess students' reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. These four language skills are essential for communication and academic success in an English-speaking environment.2. Format: Both exams are standardized tests with multiple-choice questions and essay-writing components. Students need to demonstrate their ability to understand, analyze, and respond to English language materials in a timed setting.3. Importance: Scoring well on the TOEFL and Gaokao English exams can significantly impact students' educational and career opportunities. A high TOEFL score is often required for admission to universities in English-speaking countries, while a high Gaokao English score can determine which universities Chinese students can attend.Differences1. Purpose: The TOEFL is primarily used for academic and immigration purposes, such as applying to universities or obtaining a visa. In contrast, the Gaokao is a national exam that determines students' eligibility for admission to Chinese universities.2. Content: The TOEFL focuses on academic English skills, such as reading and writing academic texts and participating in class discussions. The Gaokao English exam, on the other hand, covers a wider range of topics, including literature, culture, and social issues relevant to Chinese students.3. Scoring: The TOEFL is scored on a scale of 0-120, with separate scores for each section (reading, listening, speaking, and writing). The Gaokao English exam is scored on a pass-fail basis, with students needing to achieve a minimum score to qualify for university admission.Preparation Strategies1. Familiarize Yourself with the Test Format: Understand the structure of the TOEFL and Gaokao English exams, including the types of questions and topics covered in each section. Practice with sample questions and past exam papers to improve your timing and accuracy.2. Improve Your English Language Skills: Focus on developing your reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills in English. Read extensively, write essays on various topics, listen to English podcasts or videos, and practice speaking with native speakers or language partners.3. Take Practice Tests: Use official TOEFL and Gaokao English practice tests to assess your strengths and weaknesses. Identify areas where you need improvement and create a study plan to target those areas effectively.4. Seek Guidance and Support: Consider enrolling in TOEFL preparation courses or hiring a tutor to help you prepare for the exam. Join study groups or online forums to exchange study tips, resources, and strategies with other test takers.ConclusionIn conclusion, the TOEFL and Shanghai College Entrance Examination (Gaokao) English tests serve different purposes but share similarities in assessing students' English language proficiency. By understanding the differences between these exams and preparing effectively for each test, students can maximize their chances of success and achieve their educational goals. Good luck with your TOEFL and Gaokao English preparations!。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文25—1ThesurfaceofMars-
托福考试 复习TPO 25—1 The surface of Mars原文：【1】The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including hugevolcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologicarea near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: OlympusMons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller- a “mere” 18 kilometers high.【2】None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between platesof the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars. Instead, they are shield volcanoes —volcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock. All fourshow distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found onshield volcanoes on Earth. Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds ofvolcanoes. Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge, butmany smaller ones are found in the northern plains.【3】The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano’s eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own weight.The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shieldvolcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above theirrespective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity. Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth, so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high.Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active? Scientists have no direct evidence forrecent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent ofimpact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittentlyactive. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions.【4】Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pittedwith impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. As on our Moon,the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming thatMars is a dry desert world. However, Martian craters get filled in considerably fasterthan their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 metersacross (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5kilometers in diameter. The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, withMartian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface featuresmuch faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.【5】As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big tohave been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicatorfor the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areaswere obtained in this way.【6】The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important pieceof information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quitedifferent from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on theMoon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. Theejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosionejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost,or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated andliquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.题目：1.The word “enormous”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.importantB.extremely largeC.highly unusualD.active2.According to paragraph 1, Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsisbulge in that Olympus MonsA.has more complex geologic featuresB.shows less impact crateringC.is tallerD.was formed at a later time3.The word “distinctive”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.deep.plex.C.characteristic.D.ancient.4.According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is NOT true of the shieldvolcanoes on the Tharsis bulge?A.They have broad, sloping sides.B.They are smaller than the largest volcano on Mars.C.They have channels that resemble the lava channels of volcanoes on Earth.D.They are over 25 kilometers tall.5.The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.typically.B.frequently.C.actually.D.approximately.6.In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?A.To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height.B.To explain why Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth’s.C.To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surfacegravity of Venus.D.To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes ondifferent planets.7.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaninginimportant ways or leave out essential information.A.Although direct evidence of recent eruptions is lacking, scientists believe thatthese volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago.B.Scientists estimate that volcanoes active more recently than 100 years ago will stillhave extensive impact cratering on their slopes.C.If, as some evidence suggests, these volcanoes erupted as recently as 100 millionyears ago, they may continue to be intermittently active.D.Although these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago, thereis no direct evidence of recent or ongoing eruptions.8.The word “considerably”(paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.frequently.B.significantly.C.clearly.D.surprisingly.9.According to paragraph 4, what is demonstrated by the fact that cratersfill in muchfaster on Mars than on the Moon?A.Erosion from meteoritic impacts takes place more quickly on Mars than on theMoon.B.There is more dust on Mars than on the Moon.C.The surface of Mars is a dry desert.D.Wind is a powerful eroding force on Mars.10.In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that Mars has few ancient cratersthat are less than 5 kilometers in diameter?A.To explain why scientists believe that the surface matter filling Martian craters ismostly dust.B.To explain why scientists believe that the impact craters on Mars were created by meteoroids.C.To support the claim that the Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent.D.To argue that Mars experienced fewer ancient impacts than the Moon did.11.According to paragraph 5, what have scientists been able to determinefrom studies of large impact cratering on Mars?A.Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.can vary from area to area.B.The age of Mars’s surfacerge impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanicactivity.D.Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are.ater Yuty differs fromthe ejecta12.According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crof the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty craterA.Has now become part of a permafrost layer.B.Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders.C.Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site.D.Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the crater.13. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence couldbe added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square toadd the sentence to the passage. This surface feature has led to speculation aboutwhat may lie under Mars’s surface.The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece ofMartian craters are information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on theMoon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. Theejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosionejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■【A】However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■【B】Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layerof permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. ■【C】Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong inthe summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage orare minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answerchoices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW NEXT.Volcanoes and impact craters are major features of Martiangeology.A.Plate motion on Mars, once considered to have played no role in shaping theplanet’s surface, is now seen as being directly associated with the planet’volcanoes.B.Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of theplan et’s low surface gravity.C.Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars hasfewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars’ s surfa D.Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface becausethere has been too much erosion of it.E.Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surfaceof Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the MoonF.Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost belowthe surface of Mars.答案：1.enormous 巨大的，所以正确答案是B，extremely large。