香港大学社会科学院research proposal格式(1)
researchproposal模板
r e s e a r c h p r o p o s a l模板(总4页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Research Proposal1.Applicant’s nameLIU Jia2.Title of proposed research projectMicroFilmCreationArtTheory——Takingoriginalmicro film"THE MEANING OF EMOTION"asanexample3.Summary of researchIn the condition of promoting the media integration, the creation of micro film and audience psychology are worthy of the hot content of research. In the reseach,I am using data analysis method and the investigation method, selected from the original micro film "THE MEANING OF EMOTION" as the main object of discussion,through the micro film creation in narrative art and technique of expression to influence the audience's aesthetic.4.IntroductionMicro film "THE MEANING OF EMOTION" has been the national college students innovation and entrepreneurship program funded, in many of the predecessors and colleagues to participate in support to complete.5.Objectives and hypotheses to be testedIn the media convergence from the perspective of micro film creation should pay attention to narrative elements and technique of expression, the micro film creation into inspiring positive narrative elements can make the audience's psychological condition in a certain extent to improve a lot.6.Literature reviewOn film studies courses, students are asked to treat as objects of study the same films which they may more commonly experience as entertainment. To explore the role of academic writing in this, an action research project was carried out on a university film studies course using a systemic functional linguistics approach.A taxonomic film analysis was analysed drawing on the work of Halliday and Mathiessen (2004), Martin (1992) and Lemke, (1985, 1990 ), focussing on three aspects: the genre acts performed in the process of analysing film; the conceptual frameworks of film studies knowledge, or ‘thematic formations’ (Lemke, 1993) drawn on and re-constituted in the assignment; the particular ways that language is used to perform these acts and build these thematic formations. For EAP to be relevant to film students, it is proposed that EAP specialists need to engage with these three aspects of film study. This application of SFL in film studies EAP isintended as an illustration of how SFL tools can be used for relevant EAP provision across the HE curriculum.In Britain, film studies came on the agenda in the 1970s, when it served as a terrain for the formulation of a critical understanding of how cinema functioned within the broader context of industrial capitalism and the nexus between that and the reshaping of people's habits and lives. However, during that decade, a different agenda was also at work, which, from the early 1980s, began to receive support from neo-liberal 'free-market' ideologues. Over a period of 30 years, the overall direction of the inquiry into cinema, now firmly sealed into institutional networks, has become such that the critical language of 'film theory' has been hollowed out and the industrial agenda of British national television and cinema wrapped around it. Today, with the opening of film studies departments across Asia, the question is not whether outside Britain the language of film studies will became available for instrumentalization by the forces of an expanding Euro-American capital, but how it will do so. Valentina Vitali argues that the recovery of film from the bureaucratization of its study and its rediscovery as one of the modalities of modernization require both a framework of analysis that is fully conscious of its own historicity and critical role, and a new topography of cinema.In France，Philippe Gauthier have a paper is a comparative study of the impact on French film studies of the emergence of television and digital technologies. The goal of the comparison between what the author calls t he ‘television revolution’ – a period in which film theorists became aware of the impact of television on the study of cinema – and the now well-known ‘digital revolution’ is to observe the recurrence of specific phenomena in the history of film studies in France. The author argues that during both the television and digital revolutions there appears to be a desire to compare cinema with other media while at the same time asserting its specificity. The impact of the television and digital revolutions on film studies in France is thus two-fold: (1) the broadening of the discipline's boundaries to include other media and other research methods; (2) the redefinition of cinema based on a singular definition of the medium.In film studies, the Auteur Theory is mainly employed to explore film directors’ signature styles in creating their mastery artifacts. Individual style of a director in filmmaking is based on his/her preferences; genre, theme, mise-en-scéne, cinematography or even casts line-up. Disciplinary indiscipline characterizes the post-industrial, post-modern, post-disciplinary intellectual environment. The certaintiesoffered by normative theories are lost in a post-disciplinary virtual world that appears to be no longer fully grounded on modernist assumptions or even material reality. It has become common practice to meld many different and sometimes incompatible academic approaches in order to pander to students’ preferences. Contemporary approaches now especially mimic Karl Marx’s phase ‘all that is solid melts into air’, as many un-, ill- and in-disciplined post-disciplinary disciples shield students from knowing about disciplinary epistemologies, disciplinary histories and the paradigmatic evolution of film theories across different periods, contexts and conditions. Keyan G Tomaselli critically examines some of these issues by applying the framework of langue (structure) and parole (accent) to make sense of film studies in a post-disciplinary media world dominated by economic implosion.7.Materials and methodsIn the reseach,I am using data analysis method and the investigation method, selected from the original micro film "THE MEANING OF EMOTION" as the main object of discussion.The research of the conclusion after the analysis of the writing style, and the audience survey response.8.Anticipated outcome and value of the researchAccording to the creation, filming, dissemination and reflection of the micro film, the psychological status of the audience can be improved if the active elements of the film creation can be improved.9.References[1]James P. Donohue. Using systemic functional linguistics in academic writing development: An example from film studies[J]. Journal of English for Academic Purposes,2012,111:.[2]Philippe Gauthier. Recurrent phenomena in French film studies: from television to digital media[J]. New Review of Film and Television Studies,2014,123:.[3]Valentina Vitali. Why study cinema Serial visions of the culture industry and the future of film studies[J]. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies,2005,62:.[4]Nurul Ezzati Aisya Mohd Zaki,Che Su Mustaffa,Noer Doddy Irmawati. Visualizing Islamic Law and Values in Semerah Padi (1956): P. Ramlee as Cinematographic Auteur[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,2014,155:.[5]Keyan G Tomaselli. (Un-)Disciplined indiscipline. The langue and parole of film studies in a post-disciplinary world[J]. South African Theatre Journal,2015,282:.。
还不了解Proposal怎么写？解析优秀ResearchProposal模板与标准研究计划书格式
还不了解Proposal怎么写？解析优秀Research Proposal模板与标准研究计划书格式学者们经常要写研究计划来为他们的项目筹集资金。
作为一名学生，你可能需要写一份研究计划，以使你的论文或论文计划获得批准。
你所写的计划书都是为了说服某些人，比如资助机构、教育机构或导师，让他们相信你的项目是值得的。
那么你在为选择计划书的题目而发愁吗？你知道标准研究计划书格式是怎样的吗？一篇优秀且有说服力的proposal怎么写？那么相信你读完这篇文章，看过研究计划书范文，就会掌握一些写作技巧，从而撰写一篇proposal。
Research proposal即是研究计划书是通常在科学或学术界提出对资助研究、指导或扩展项目的文件，达到为此项目提供赞助与支持的请求。
一份有效的研究计划书要可以轻松快速地回答以下问题：•你想做什么，你打算怎么做?•要花多少钱? 用多少时间?•建议的项目如何与发起人的利益相关?•这个项目对你的大学、学生、学科、国家、民族或任何其他相关组织有什么影响?•你为什么要做这个项目，而不是别人?•如何评估结果？研究计划书的主要目的是让读者相信你的项目的价值和你的能力，你必须证明你针对此项目有明确可行的计划，确保你的项目将会成功。
通过撰写研究计划书，要达成这些目的：（1）让读者相信你的项目是有趣的、原创的、重要的。
（2）表明你对这个领域很熟悉，你了解这个课题的研究现状，你的想法有很强的学术基础。
（3）为你的研究方法提出一个案例，表明你已经仔细考虑了进行研究所需的数据、工具和程序。
（4）确认该项目在方案、机构或资金的实际限制范围内是可能的。
在撰写研究计划书之前，你要分清楚计划书的主要类型有哪些，以便更好的着手你的Research proposal。
（1）招标建议计划书。
根据项目发起人的具体要求提交的建议书。
这种招标，通常称为征求建议书(RFP)或报价要求(RFQ)，通常对格式和技术内容有特定的要求，并可能指定某些奖励条款和条件。
research proposal 格式
research proposal 格式
编写研究提案（research proposal）的格式可能会有些变化，具体取决于学科、机构或项目的要求。
以下是一个一般性的研究提案的标准格式，供参考：
1. 标题：
-确定性而简明地概括研究内容。
2. 背景和引言：
-介绍研究问题的背景，阐明研究的重要性。
-提供相关文献综述，说明目前已有的研究和知识空缺。
3. 研究问题或目标：
-明确研究的主要问题或目标。
4. 研究设计/方法：
-描述研究设计，包括数据收集和分析方法。
-讨论实施研究的步骤，以及为什么选择这些方法。
5. 理论框架：
-如果适用，提供支持研究的理论基础。
6. 研究的意义和预期成果：
-阐述研究的理论和实际意义，以及预期的研究成果。
7. 研究计划和时间表：
-列出研究的阶段，包括起止日期。
8. 预算：
-提供研究所需的经费预算，包括任何可能的支出。
9. 参考文献：
-列举所有在研究提案中引用的文献。
10. 附录：
-如果需要，包含支持材料，例如调查问卷、图表、地图等。
请注意，研究提案的具体要求可能会因学科和项目而异。
在准备研究提案时，请仔细阅读和遵循特定机构或项目提供的指南和要求。
英文research proposal
英文research proposal一、研究题目研究题目应该能够简洁明了地表达研究的目的和内容。
应该避免使用太过晦涩的名词或术语，以免读者难以理解。
二、研究背景在这一部分，需要提出研究的背景情况，包括相关领域已有的研究成果、问题和未解决的难点。
也可以简要说明自己选择这一课题的原因。
三、研究目的在这一部分，需要清晰地表达出自己这次研究的目的是什么，以及想要解决的问题是什么。
也可以阐述一下自己希望通过这次研究能够取得的成果和对学术界或者实际应用的意义。
四、研究内容和方法研究内容和方法是整个研究计划中最为重要的一部分。
在这一部分，需要清晰地阐述自己的研究将要进行的具体内容，以及采用的研究方法。
这一部分需要做到既全面、详细地描述研究过程中的每一个步骤，又尽量简洁明了，以便读者能够迅速理解。
五、研究预期结果在这一部分，可以预先设想一下自己这次研究可能得出的结论和结果。
也可以说明一下如果研究取得了预期的成果，对学术研究或者实际应用将会有怎样的帮助。
六、研究进度安排在这一部分，需要列出自己的研究进度安排，包括每个阶段具体需要做的工作内容、预计需要的时间，在研究过程中可能遇到的困难和问题以及相应的解决办法。
七、参考文献研究过程中所使用的参考文献应当列举清楚，并且按照一定的格式规范进行标注，以便审阅者查阅参考。
以上便是一份较为完整的英文research proposal的写作要点。
编写一份高质量的research proposal需要作者全面理解自己的研究内容，并清晰地向读者传达出来。
也需要遵循一定的格式规范，以便读者能够迅速理解并审阅。
希望以上内容对您有所帮助。
研究背景在研究背景部分，我将进一步详细介绍所选择的研究领域和当前的研究状况。
我们知道，现代社会信息爆炸，大数据时代已经到来。
在这个背景下，信息检索和数据挖掘变得尤为重要。
随着人工智能和机器学习等技术的飞速发展，自然语言处理也逐渐成为了研究的热点之一。
然而，当前自然语言处理领域依然存在着许多挑战和问题，比如语义理解、语言生成等方面的困难。
Research Proposal整体框架
Subject: xxx (与你专业相关)Title:Tips: 你的title应该要简单易懂，让别人一看到题目就知道你在research什么Abstract:1.In your abstract, you should first briefly explain what your question is and why it is interesting.You should then explain the results of your analysis.2.You should finally describe the conclusion of your analysis—in other words, what your resultsmean.3.Your abstract5 should be no longer than 200 words.摘要部分，这里你应该要写你为什么要研究这个课题，然后简单叙述你的研究成果/结论Introduction:1.The main goal of your introduction is to motivate your question and introduce your analysis.2.You should therefore provide enough background to make the value of your analysis clear3.You should cite between 5 and 10 papers which are related to your analysis4.You should then explain what your analysis sets out to do. What is your question? What doyou expect to do?5.You may wish to give an initial indication of the results, but this is a stylistic decision在这里你可以引用5-10篇学术文章，但每个老师的喜好有所不同，有的老师会要求整个research proposal的cite不超过20篇，所以introduction里不能有那么多的引用。
research proposal字数
Research Proposal一、研究背景随着社会的发展和进步，科学技术得到了快速发展，人们对科学知识的渴望也越来越强烈。
作为一个研究人员，我们需要不断地深入研究各种领域的知识，为社会的发展做出贡献。
本课题选择了XXX为研究对象，主要是因为XXX有着广阔的研究空间，同时具有一定的实际应用价值。
二、研究目的我们的研究旨在探索XXX的XXX特性，并通过对XXX的深入研究，为XXX领域的发展做出贡献。
通过我们的研究，还可以为企业的XXX 提供一定的参考和指导。
三、研究方法为了达到以上研究目的，我们将采用XXX方法进行研究。
我们将通过实地调查、统计分析、专家访谈等方法，收集大量的XXX相关数据，并对这些数据进行深入、系统的分析和研究，从而揭示XXX的内在特性和规律。
四、研究内容1. XXX的定义和特性我们将通过文献综述和实地调查，对XXX的定义和特性进行界定和分析，从而深入探讨XXX的本质属性。
2. XXX的发展现状及问题我们将通过对XXX的发展现状进行调查和分析，发现其中存在的问题和矛盾，为我们进一步的研究提供依据。
3. XXX的发展趋势通过对XXX的发展趋势进行分析和研究，探讨XXX未来的发展方向和发展空间，为XXX领域的进一步研究提供参考。
五、研究意义我们的研究将有以下意义：1. 为XXX领域的发展提供理论指导和参考；2. 为企业的XXX提供决策支持和指导；3. 为相关研究人员提供研究思路和方法。
六、研究预期成果通过我们的研究，我们希望能够得到以下预期成果：1. 对XXX的定义和特性有更深刻、更系统的认识；2. 对XXX的发展现状、问题和趋势进行了深入的分析和探讨；3. 对XXX领域的发展提出了一定的见解和建议。
七、研究进度安排我们的研究将按以下进度安排进行：1. 月份：进行XXX的文献综述和调研；2. 月份：完成对XXX的实地调查和数据收集；3. 月份：进行数据分析和研究；4. 月份：撰写研究报告和论文。
research proposal 的格式
research proposal 的格式Research Proposal Format:Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisIntroduction:- Briefly explain the background and significance of the topic.- Highlight the existing gap in knowledge or controversy surrounding the impact of social media on mental health.- State the research questions and objectives.Literature Review:- Conduct a comprehensive review of studies exploring the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes.- Summarize the main findings and controversies in the existing literature.- Identify any limitations or gaps in the current research.Methodology:1. Research Design:- Specify whether the study will be a systematic review or ameta-analysis.- Justify the chosen methodology and explain how it will contribute to addressing the research questions.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:- Define the population of interest, including age range and social media platforms.- Specify the types of studies that will be included (e.g., experimental, correlational, longitudinal) and any language or date restrictions.3. Search Strategy:- Describe the databases and search engines that will be utilized. - Explain the keywords and search terms that will be used.- Discuss any additional strategies for identifying relevant studies (e.g., hand-searching reference lists, contacting experts).4. Study Selection:- Outline the process for screening and selecting studies based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.- Describe the number of reviewers involved and any measures toensure inter-rater reliability.5. Data Extraction:- Specify the data items that will be collected from each study (e.g., sample size, study design, outcome measures).- Indicate how the relevant data will be extracted and recorded (e.g., using standardized forms).6. Quality Assessment:- Explain the methods for assessing the quality and risk of bias of the included studies.- Discuss any tools or criteria that will be used for this purpose.Data Analysis:- Describe the statistical methods that will be employed for data synthesis (e.g., meta-analysis, qualitative synthesis).- Explain the rationale for pooling or comparing the results of the selected studies.Ethical Considerations:- Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during the research process.- Address how participant confidentiality, informed consent, and other ethical principles will be ensured.Timeline and Resources:- Provide a detailed timeline of the proposed research activities. - Specify any necessary resources, such as research assistants, software, or funding.Conclusion:- Summarize the main points of the research proposal.- Emphasize the potential contributions and implications of the proposed study.- Discuss the feasibility and limitations of the research.References:- Include a list of all the references cited in the proposal, following appropriate citation style guidelines (e.g., APA, MLA).。
干货ResearchProposal写作方法
干货ResearchProposal写作方法Research Proposal（简称RP）也就是指研究报告或者开题报告，一般作为论文或者研究开始前的计划和纲要，比如毕业论文开题报告、申请博士的研究计划、国家基金类研究申报报告等。
RP的内容通常为：你打算完成什么（what），为什么你要做这件事（why），以及你打算怎样去完成它（how）。
主要包括标题（Title）、摘要 (Abstract)、引言(Introduction)、文献综述(Literature Review)、方法(Methods)、结果(Result)、讨论(Discussion)七部分。
整体字数看学校要求，一般1500-2000.下面我们详细分析Research Proposal写作方法。
1.标题（Title）简明扼要，内容翔实又吸引人PS：其实和中文论文写作差不多，题目不要泛而空，尽量缩小话题范围，这样内容更有针对性。
题目要能体现你的研究对象和创新性，至少能勾起阅读全文的兴趣！2.摘要（Abstract）300字左右的简要归纳。
它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），研究方法以及主要发现。
PS：重中之重，实际就是将RP再浓缩一次。
Title+ Abstract就一锤定生死了，剩下部分基本就是abstract的拓展了。
对于建筑类相关专业，empirical study(案例研究/场地调研/问卷访谈等等)非常重要，如果连实地都没有去过，何来一手的资料，一手的结论呢？此处会涉及到original contribution（原创贡献），你的原创性/你对这一议题的贡献值有多少。
所以摘要的实质也是一种游说/推销，推销你的研究意义所在。
3.引言（Introduction）主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。
通常包含以下内容：某描述研究问题/目的；某为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性；某理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的；某简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题；某明确说明你想要研究的现象；某阐述你的假说或理论（如有的话）；某设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点；某给关键概念下定义（此项为可选）PS:不多说，基本就是介绍一下研究背景，为什么你的研究内容很有意义或必要性。
研究计划researchproposal模板
每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal 的写作。
它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。
但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。
但形式也很重要。
英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。
程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。
对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。
下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, ., . (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality ofyour proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.TITLE:It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.ABSTRACT:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.INTRODUCTION:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Fin ally, identify “key players” and refer tothe most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in sucha way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)LITERATURE REVIEW:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make asignificant and substantial contribution to the literature ., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)METHODS:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?RESULTS:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.DISCUSSION:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empiricalcontributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on majorissues.8. Too much rambling —going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing.2008/02/25/762/大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。
【原创】(HKU)Mphil的proposal成功范文一
Research Proposal (2): Qualitative orientationCrystal Loh Wai Ying; M. Phil Proposal; Dept. of Sociology, HKU.(I) Proposed Title(II) In troducti on(III) Brief Literature ReviewEnvironmen tal Variables and CrimeRati onal ChoiceCrime Preve nti on Through En vir onment Desig n (CPTED)(IV) MethodologyParticipa nt Observati onIn dividual In terviewsCommu nity Observati onAn alysis of Official/Uno fficial Statistic(V) Proposed Research Time-Table(VI) Refere nces(I) Proposed TitleThe Relatio nship betwee n Juven ile Deli nquencyand Environmen tal Variables in New Town, Tue n Mun(II) In troducti onThe problem of juve nile deli nquency in Tue n Mun's new tow n' has become more and more alarmi ng in recent years. Accord ing to recent police statistics, the figure of 662 recorded juve nile arrests in Tuen Mun was the highest among all police districts in the territory in the first half of 1996. Such figures raise public concern about the occurrence of juvenile delinquency in the con text of pla nned hous ing in the new tow ns. A nu mber of questi ons arise, such as: " Why does Tuen Mun suffer more Juven ile Deli nquency tha n other places? " ; " Is the environment of Tuen Mun more favorable for Juvenile Delinquency than other places? " and " How far do the en viro nmen tal features in flue nce the cha nces of deli nquency occurri ng? ". Hence, the followi ng hypothesis will be exam ined in my proposed study:"The environment of Tuen Mun's new tow n in vites and provides more opport un ities for juve niles to commit deli nquency tha n other new tow ns and urba n areas of HK."I will compare juvenile delinquency in Tuen Mun's new town with two other areas in order to make the study more in teresti ng. The first area, also a new tow n, is Tseung Kwan O, which has similar environmental features to Tuen Mun. The second area, Kowloon City, is an urban district and has differe nt characteristics to Tuen Mun.I will employ the "environmental perspective" in my study in order to attempt to explain the nature of juvenile delinquency. In addition, the related "situational crime prevention" approach which focuseson the "rational choice" of offenders will also be critically used to supplement an un dersta nding of the factors in volved in juve nile deli nquency.The follow ing proposal prese nts the "What" and "How" of my study. Using the "en vir onmen tal" approach to study juvenile delinquency is a novel attempt in Hong Kong; therefore, I will rely on the ideas and methods developed in the west by, for example, Newman(1972), the Bran tin gham(1990) and Clarke and Felso n(1993).(III) Brief Literature ReviewEn viro nmen tal Variables and CrimeThe work of the pre-world war II Chicago researchers Shaw and Mcay made a major con tributi on to crim ino logy by develop ing the "Ecological" approach to the un dersta nding of the in teract ion betwee n society and environment in crime causati on. They theorized about social relati ons, urba n social structure and their relati on ship with crime. Their study "Juven ile Deli nquency and Urba n Areas"(1942) showed that high crime areas usually straddled the in dustrial zone which was characterized by very high rates of reside ntial turnover and low rates of home own ership. Shaw and McKay expla ined this phe nomenon by the theory of "social disorga ni zati on". In short, they argued that differences in delinquency rates between areas was correlated with environmental variables like hous ing con diti ons, demographic stability and eth ni c/social status.Later, a geographer Davids on (1981) tried to give a full expla nati on for the relati on ship betwee n environmental variables and crime. He classified environment into two categories-- physical en viro nment and social en viro nment. Physical environment referred to the structure and desig n of an area. For example, parks, leisure groun ds, street patter ns, commercial complexes and cen ters are the basic components of the physical environment. Social environment referred to a set of con texts which form the basis for social in teract ion outside the home such as school, recreati on and n eighborhood. Davids on's study suggested how both the social and physical environment provide opport un ities for deli nquency.The latest studies about physical environment and crime by Taylor and Harrell (1996) show how physical features like hous ing desig n or block layout, la nd use, territorial features, and physical deterioration relate to crime risk. My study will attempt to define and examine the pattern of such environmental variables in Tuen Mun, Tseung Kwan O and Kowloon City. Differences in the kinds of environmental factors found in the three study areas may provide hypothetically an explanation for differences in juvenile crime in Hong Kong.Rati onal ChoiceClarke (1983, 1993) has applied the "rational choice" perspective to a range of crimes. His studies examined how offenders think about a crime situation and how they choose the most "suitable" environment and opportunity to operate in or target to select. It suggests that the environmental features of a place will probably affect a potential offender's perceptions about a possible crime site,their evaluations of the likelihood of success and the availability and visibility of guardians. (Clarke, 1983, 1993, Felson, 1994, Taylor and Harrell, 1996) Therefore, my study will explore how juvenile offenders perceive such environmental variables and test whether they commit deli nquency in a rati onal fashi on.A study by Beavon (1984, cited in Fels on ,1994) dem on strated this rati onal choice assumpti on by showing that a shop located in an area with more converging streets suffered more crime than those located elsewhere. Because the street junctions and intersections made the offender feel that it was more convenient to access, escape and hide. With this kind of example in mind, my study seeks to find out how similar sorts of environmen tal features in Tuen Mun in flue nce juve nile deli nquents to make this type of rati onal choice.Crime Preve nti on Through Environment Desig n (CPTED)CPTED studies provide nu merous detailed descripti on and expla nati ons of the relati on ship between crime and place with a view to minimize crime. For example, Jane Jacobs(1961) found a greater tendency for crime to occur in large publicly accessible areas created by the n ewer forms of urban planning. She pointed out that the new forms of design broke down many of the traditional controls on criminal behavior, for example, the ability of residents to watch the street and the presence of people using the street both night and day. She suggested that the lack of "natural guardianship" in the environment promoted crime. A decade later Oscar Newman (1972, 1980) contributed a seminal work on crime prevention and environment, using such concepts as "defensible space", "natural surveillance", and "community of interest". Concerning the relati on ship betwee n the prevale nce or abse nce of "guardia nship" or "surveilla nce" and crime occurre nce, my study will exam ine whether the en viro nment of Tue n Mun's new tow n provides insufficient "natural guardianship" compared to Kowloon City which leads to a high delinquency rate.Ano ther major work on environmen tal crim ino logy by Pat and Paul Brantin gham (1990) further developed the con cept of CPTED. The Bran ti nghams' suggested that "rout ine activity" such as the way the pote ntial offen ders live, work or go to school, and en gage in leisure could in flue nce the offenders to search for crime targets. For example, places near McDonald's restaurants and 7-eleve n stores where youths like to gather after school may suffer more property crime tha n other places. Hence, the Bran ti nghams' suggested that schools should be kept away from shopp ing malls and convenien ce-stores so youths do not con gregate at these places after school or at lunch time. Such a cha nge of space or place could reduce some deli nquency such as shoplift ing. My research follow ing the Bran ti nghams' suggesti on will exam ine and compare what sorts of places and why they are prone to high juvenile crime in Tuen Mun.(IV) MethodologyIn order to test the hypothesis of the study and exam ine the main questi ons raised, the follow ing methodology will be employed.Participa nt Observati onParticipa nt observati on with a group of juve nile deli nquents or marginal youths in Tuen Mun will be carried out. The aim is to collect more qualitative information about their life style and behaviour. Through cautious participation and observation of the juvenile delinquents' daily and rout ine activities, I hope to find out how their deli nquent patter ns have bee n in flue need by en viro nmen tal factors. I propose to associate myself with Tue n Mun's juve nile deli nquents through the help of the district outreaching social work team. I will ask them to introduce me to their clie nts and rely on a "sno wball effect" to approach more subjects. This means mak ing friends with one or more clients and then asking him/her to introduce their friends to me.In dividual In terviewsIn dividual in terviews by a way of structured questi onn aire will also be used to collect in formatio n about the juve nile deli nquen ts' percepti on of the environment. The in terview is especially importa nt for exam ining questi ons like "What kind of environment could en courage juve niles to make the rati onal choice' to commit deli nquen cy?". I will also attempt to in terview police officers and security guards about the effectiveness of both natural and official "guardianship" in these com mun ities.Commu nity Observati onTo collect in formatio n about the physical features of Tue n Mun, Tseung Kwan O and Kowlo on City, systematic observations will be carried out. Through several community surveys of the physical sett in gs, I will measure the prevale nee or abse nee of en viro nmen tal features suggested by CPTED as significant to crime control. By comparing the physical environment of the three studied areas the differe nt en viro nmen tal in flue nces on the opport un ity for juve nile deli nquency can be gauged.An alysis of Official/Uno fficial StatisticIn order to gain a fuller picture of the situation of juvenile delinquency in Tuen Mun, Tseung Kwan O and Kowloon City, a comprehensive analysis of the official statistics will also be un dertake n. Besides official data, other sources of statistical data produced by age ncies such as District Social Service Center or Youth Committee and Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department (Crime Victim Survey) will also be used. I will pay especial attention to information about the locati on of juve nile deli nquency and the types of deli nquency committed in particular places.(V) Proposed Research Time-TableSept 1996----Apr 1997 : - Literature review-Official con tact with the outreachi ng social work team, RHKPF and other age ncies- Commun ity surveys of the three areas-Desig n the questi onn aires- Collecti on of official and uno fficial statisticMay 1997----Jun 1997 :-Statistical an alysis of crime and place- Fi nd the targets- Commu nity observati on (Tue n Mun)Jul 1997----Sept 1997 : - Field Work-1st sessi on Participa nt Observati on of Tuen Mun's JDOct 1997----Nov 1997 : - Field Work-Community observati on (Kowlo on City and Tseung Kwan O)- In terview the police officers and security guardsDec 1997----Feb 1998 : - Field Work-2nd sessi on Participa nt Observati on of Tuen Mun's JDMar 1998----Apr 1998 :-Analysis of the data obtained from the field workMay 1998----Aug 1998 :-Write the Thesis(VI) Refere nces1. Beav on, D.J.(1984) Crime and En viro nmen tal Opport un ity Structure: The In flue nce of Street Networks on the Patterni ng of Property Offen ses Un published master's thesis, Sim on Fraser Uni versity, British Columbia, Can ada.2. Brantingham, P.J.and Brantingham,P.L.(1990) Environmental Criminology. Prospect Heights,IL: Wavela nd.3. Clarke, R.V.(1983) "Situational Crime Prevention: Its Theoretical Basis and Practical Scope" in M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research Chicago: Uni versity of Chicago Press.4. Clarke, R.V.and Felson, M.(1993) Routine Activity and Rational Choice; Advances in Criminology Theory (V ol.5) New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.5. Davidso n, R.N.(1981) Crime and Environment Lon do n: Croom Helm.6. Fels on, M.(1994) Crime and Everyday Life: In sights and Implicatio ns for Society Thousa nd Oaks: Pine Forge Press.7. Jacobs,J.(1961) Death and Life of Great American Cities New York: Ra ndom House.8. Newman, O. (1972) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design New York: Macmilla n.9. Newma n, O. (1980) Commu nity of In terest Garde n City, NY: An chor.10. Shaw,C. and Mckay, H. (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas Chicago: University of Chicago Press.11. Taylor, R.B. and Harrell, A.V. (1996) Physical Environment and Crime U.S.A.: National In stitute of Justice.。
留学申请Research proposal怎么写
Research Proposal怎么写在准备留学申请的时候，除了标化成绩之外，对软实力也格外的看重。
不仅要你GPA高，专业成绩好，是学校里的“拔尖生”。
还要你有丰富的对口实习经历、科研活动经历。
要GPA高，必然会花很多时间在专业课上。
又要软实力强，必然要花费格外的时间泡在实验室或者读文献上。
不过并不是像很多人都认为必须要发一篇高级别的SCI之类的论文才算有科研经历，没发表论文≠没有科研经历≠科研能力弱。
招生官之所以看重你的科研经历，是希望通过非标准化成绩来进一步了解你是一个怎样的人，了解你对所申专业的兴趣和探索。
因此，除了发表论文之外，你同样可以通过一个课题，来产出项目报告或者研究报告。
这也就是“Research Proposal”，用它来展现你的学术素养、科研能力以及对专业的兴趣。
毕竟录取过程中一个很重要的考察因素是，希望你在入学后，能够利用学校的学术资源做出成绩，从而为学校做贡献。
01 What | RP是什么？很多人可能是初次听说“Research Proposal”，RP作为科研项目产出的一种，也就是俗称的研究报告/计划。
Research Proposal其实是一种论文性文章，主要说明你作为申请人的研究领域和方向，具体的研究课题，采用的研究方法，研究进度安排，研究成果的实际应用价值等等。
不管你是申请硕士or博士，Research Proposal都是申请环节中很重要的一部分，可以说RP的质量就是你申请名校的敲门砖。
02 Why | 为什么需要RP？很多人觉得我有多的时间不如去做些能看到实际效果的事情，为什么要来写RP 呢？其实RP是一种非常重要的个人表现手段。
1.导师取向狙击大家会觉得我多参加点实际的科研项目比写一篇干瘪瘪的RP好得多吧，这样导师在提问时我才有东西可以讲。
多参加科研项目当然很好，也会给简历添彩。
但是耗费时间更多，并且记住你要申请的是Master/Phd,研究型人才，导师很看重你在相关领域的学术研究能力如何。
research proposal 完整结构
research proposal 完整结构首先，需要明确研究的主题，即中括号内的内容，以便在文章中进行深入探讨。
接下来，可以按照下述的结构，逐步回答问题。
1. 引言部分（Introduction）- 文章开头需要提出研究的背景和目的，引起读者的兴趣。
- 解释为什么研究主题重要，并提出研究问题。
2. 文献综述（Literature Review）- 对该主题已有的研究进行全面的评估和整理，确定研究的基础。
- 介绍相关理论，解释已有研究结果，以及可能存在的研究空白。
3. 研究问题与目标（Research Question and Objectives）- 提出明确的研究问题，以及希望通过该研究实现的目标。
- 阐述为什么研究该问题，有助于扩充现有知识。
4. 研究方法（Research Methodology）- 描述用于回答研究问题的研究方法（如调查、实验、文献分析等）。
- 理论上合理选择的研究方法，并解释为何选择这些方法。
5. 数据收集与分析（Data Collection and Analysis）- 说明数据来源和采集方法，以及数据或样本的质量保证措施。
- 描述数据分析方法，可使用统计工具或质性分析方法。
6. 预期结果与推论（Expected Results and Implications）- 阐述希望获得的结果，并解释结果对理论、政策或实践的影响。
- 讨论可能存在的不确定性，并提供解决不确定性的方法。
7. 讨论与结论（Discussion and Conclusion）- 对研究结果进行全面分析和讨论，与前述文献综述进行对比。
- 总结研究结果，回答研究问题，并提出对未来研究的建议。
8. 参考文献（References）- 列出所有在文章中引用过的文献，格式应符合规定的引用风格。
最后，需要注意保持文章的逻辑和条理性，并保证所提供的信息充分支持研究主题。
另外，文章中应有适当的图表、统计数据或示例来支持分析和讨论。
ResearchProposal的写作步骤及组成部分
英语研究计划书（Research Proposal ）的写作步骤和组成部分STEP1定研究题目的大方向选择标准：与自己的本科专业、相关研究或调研经历、要申请的专业、目标教授有关。
注意：1.1.浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，归纳总结一下别人都在研究些什么；人都在研究些什么；也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，问问相关专业领域的老师，问问相关专业领域的老师，问问相关专业领域的老师，他他们会比较清楚。
2. 2. 一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。
一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。
到下一步阅读文献的过程中，随着对研究主题了解的深入和看别人的研究，会产生很多新的想法。
如果一开始就限定死了，很可能到后面就发现这个研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已经研究过了。
STEP2 找文献&阅读文献文献选择的几个标准1. 1. 以英语文献为主。
参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。
在刚开始读文献以英语文献为主。
参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。
在刚开始读文献时，可以先看些中文的，方便了解相关研究背景。
以免在看英文文献时云里雾里，看不懂。
2. 2. 相关专业具有影响力的期刊上发的文章；相关专业具有影响力的期刊上发的文章；3. 3. 相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早期到现在的论文，这样能了解到这个研究主题发展的脉络）；4. 4. 近几年的文章，太久的（比如近几年的文章，太久的（比如10年前的）参考价值降低；5. 5. 如果你的目标教授有发表相关的英语文章，也可以找出来看看。
如果你的目标教授有发表相关的英语文章，也可以找出来看看。
6. 6. 中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看7. 7. 硕士和博士学位论文涵盖的内容比较综合，可以看个几篇，用于了解该领域硕士和博士学位论文涵盖的内容比较综合，可以看个几篇，用于了解该领域的研究情况，来龙去脉，补充一些基础背景知识之类的。
英文research proposal格式
一、概述在科研工作者进行研究之前，通常需要撰写一个研究提案（research proposal）来明确研究的目的、方法和重要性。
研究提案是研究项目的蓝图，对于研究的顺利开展和取得成功至关重要。
本文将针对英文research proposal的格式和内容进行详细介绍，帮助读者了解如何撰写一份高质量的研究提案。
二、提案标题和背景1. 提案标题研究提案的标题应当简明扼要地概括研究的主题，通常不超过15个词。
标题应当具有代表性，能够吸引读者的注意力，同时需要与研究内容紧密相关。
2. 研究背景研究背景部分应当包括对研究领域的概述，阐明研究的重要性和必要性。
也需要对该领域的前沿研究进行综合介绍，指出现有研究的不足之处，为本研究的开展提供充分理由。
三、研究目的和问题1. 研究目的研究目的部分应当明确说明研究的总体目标和具体目的。
研究目的应当与研究背景紧密通联，能够清晰地表达出研究的意义和预期的成果。
2. 研究问题研究问题部分应当提出明确的研究问题或假设，阐明研究的内容和范围。
研究问题需要具有可操作性，既能够被具体的研究方法所解决，又能够对研究领域产生积极影响。
四、研究方法和流程1. 研究方法研究方法部分应当详细描述研究的具体方法和步骤，包括实验设计、数据采集和分析方法等。
研究方法需要符合科学规范和伦理要求，能够有效地解决研究问题，并得到可信的研究结果。
2. 研究流程研究流程部分应当对研究的具体进展和时间安排进行详细规划，包括各项工作的时间节点和人力物力的分配。
研究流程需要合理可行，能够保证研究的顺利开展和按时完成。
五、预期成果和意义1. 预期成果预期成果部分应当说明研究取得的具体成果和效益，可以是新的理论发现、实用技术或政策建议等。
预期成果需要与研究目的和问题相一致，能够对研究领域产生重要影响。
2. 研究意义研究意义部分应当阐明研究的社会和学术价值，可能涉及到对学科发展、社会进步或经济效益等方面的影响。
研究意义需要全面客观地评估，并表明研究的重要性和必要性。
研究计划-Research-Proposal-模板
每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。
它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。
但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。
但形式也很重要。
英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。
程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。
对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。
下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.TITLE:It s hould be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigationof . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.ABSTRACT:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.INTRODUCTION:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)LITERATURE REVIEW:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try totell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)METHODS:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as comparedto quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?RESULTS:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.DISCUSSION:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.8. Too much rambling —going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing./2008/02/25/762/大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。
research proposal 篇幅
研究提案（Research Proposal）的篇幅因不同的学科、领域和机构而有所不同。
一般来说，研究提案的篇幅应该根据研究的复杂性和范围来决定。
在撰写研究提案时，建议注意以下几点：
1. 清晰明了：研究提案应该清晰明了地阐述研究问题、研究目的、研究方法、预期结果等关键信息。
2. 结构完整：研究提案应该包含引言、文献综述、研究问题、研究方法、预期结果和结论等部分，每个部分都应该详细阐述。
3. 重点突出：研究提案应该突出研究的重要性和创新性，以及研究的可行性和实用性。
4. 语言规范：研究提案应该使用规范的语言和格式，避免语法和拼写错误，以及不规范的表达方式。
5. 参考文献：研究提案应该引用相关的参考文献，并按照规定的格式进行标注。
一般来说，一个完整的研究提案可能需要几百到几千字不等，具体取决于研究的复杂性和范围。
在撰写研究提案时，建议根据学科、领域和机构的要求进行适当的调整，以确保研究提案的完整性和规范性。
留学香港RP的写作和细节
留学香港~~RP的写作和细节相信很多刚刚开始申请香港学校的人，都对RP很头痛，什么是RP，这个RP不是那个RP 啊，O(∩_∩)O~RP的全称是Research Proposal，翻译成中文的话，我们可以叫做研究计划，再说的通俗易懂些就是开题报告。
大三，大四的同学们应该不会很陌生吧。
如果我们申请的是香港的Mphil或者是PhD的时候，RP是申请过程中必须要有的（MSC 一般不需要），而且是非常重要的一个申请材料，就像美国申请中的PS一样，但是很显然，RP要比PS要难写，因为PS好比散文，而RP就是说明文了（比喻不是很恰当哈~~见谅）。
为什么要写RP，写RP的目的RP是香港学校所要求的，这可能与香港的教育制度有关，因为香港是英式的教育。
在美国是没有Mphil这个学位的。
不过学校要求我们写我们，那我们就是提供什么了。
前面说了RP就像我们毕业设计之前写的开题报告，所以RP里面包含了我们将来想要从事的研究方向，同时这也是学校老师想了解的东西。
你的方向是否和他的的方向一致或相向，老师是必须要了解的。
所以申请香港的大学和申请美国是不同的，申请香港的大学之前最好能与所申请的学校的老师联系下，看能不能让老师帮给我们的RP定个方向，题目什么的。
如果找不到老师，那就只能我们自己写了。
如何写好RPRP是很难写，但是对于我们大三大四的同学来说，也是完全可以写出来的。
毕竟香港的大学的RP并不要求你写的很详细，其实只要写个大概就好，因为毕竟只是一个方向而已，到时你去了学校可能还要与导师进一步的沟通，可能还要对你的方向做一些调整。
除非你是联系好了老师，有老师来指导你，这个时候，往往RP会比较细致一些，因为你和你的老师都达成了意向，这样你到学校之后的方向不会有很大的偏差。
写这个RP就应该详细一些。
毕竟有可能这个RP中的内容就是你去学校后的项目了。
O(∩_∩)O~我说说写RP之前的一些准备的步骤：1. 定RP的题目这个对大部分申请者来说是最难的一步，为什么说这一步最难呢？其实这个也要分开来说明，可以把申请者分成两种，一种是和老师联系，并套到RP题目的，另一种是没有套到RP题目的。
开题报告：Research Proposal格式
开题报告：Research Proposal格式项目背景在科技和社会的发展过程中，围绕数据的需求不断增长。
数据源泉不断涌动，包括传感器、社交媒体、生产环节数字化等，如何从中提取人类可理解的有价值信息，成为数据科学与工程的关键问题，这也是我们本次研究的核心问题。
研究目的通过对教育领域数据的定量分析，希望找出其中的规律和趋势，进而为教育决策和实践提供依据。
研究方法本研究采用实证研究的方法，通过在线问卷调查的方式搜集数据，建立数据分析模型，分析和解释数据，得出研究结论。
研究内容和方向本研究拟围绕以下几个方向展开：•教育领域数据的收集和准备在本项研究中，我们将从公开数据源获取相关数据，并对其进行预处理和清理，以保证数据的可靠性和准确性。
•数据分析方法的选择和建模在数据分析阶段，我们将对已收集的教育领域数据进行分析，根据数据的性质选择合适的分析方法和构建合理的数据模型，最终得出相关结论和预测。
•结论的分析和解释在最后分析阶段，我们将对数据所得出的结论进行详细的解释和分析，以对教育决策者和实践者提供参考。
预期成果本研究预期将得出以下两个成果：1.一个基于在线问卷调查的教育领域数据分析方法；2.相关数据分析结果和解释，用于支持教育领域的决策。
研究进度和计划目前，我们已经完成了相关的数据收集和准备工作，并选择了合适的数据分析方法进行建模，并已搜集了一定量的数据并进行了分析，进一步工作如下：•将收集更多的数据，并重新进行数据清洗和处理；•进一步优化数据分析模型，并进行相关测试；•对分析的结果进行详细解释和总结，并撰写研究报告。
研究团队本研究项目由以下人员组成：•研究负责人：XXX，教育数据专家，负责项目的整体安排和研究指导；•研究人员：YYY，教育数据分析师，负责数据清洗、数据分析；•研究人员：ZZZ，教育领域专家，负责对数据分析结果的解释和总结。
预算和资源本研究项目需要以下资源：•人力资源：研究团队成员每人贡献10个工作日，总计30个工作日；•项目经费：预计需要10万人民币，用于数据采集和分析设备的购置。