初中8种常用时态的被动语态

被动语态是动词语态的一种形式,表示主语是动作的承受者。在历年的中考题中,都有一定数量的考查被动语态的题目。因此,在总复习阶段,有必要对被动语态进行系统复习。下面就来介绍被动语态复习的"三步曲",来帮助大家掌握这个语法项目。

第一曲:掌握被动语态的结构

被动语态由"助动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。现将初中阶段常见的几种时态的被动语态总结如下:

8种常用时态的被动语态

由“助动词be + 动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化。

(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：

Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻。

(2) 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：

The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。

(3) 现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：

The project is being carried out. 这个计划正在执行中。

(4) 过去进行时：was/were being +过去分词。如：

This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建。

(5) 一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：

The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 这些汽车将由水路运往国外。

(6) 过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：

The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。

(7) 现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：

This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译成了几种语言。

(8) 过去完在时：had been +过去分词。如：

When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。

（9）含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+done如:

Y our homework must be handed in today.

第二曲:掌握主动语态变被动语态的方法

把主动语态变为被动语态时,应走好以下三步:1)主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语; 2)主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式; 3)主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构的谓语动词之后。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时,by短语可以省略。请看示范:

主动语态:My brother repaired that bike yesterday.

主语谓语动词宾语其余部分

被动语态:That bike was repaired (by my brother) yesterday.

主语谓语动词by+宾语其余部分

在中考题中,对于主动语态变为被动语态方法的考查,主要在句型转换题目中出现。只要能够按照上面介绍的方法去做,一般是能够做对的。

第三曲:注意主动语态变为被动语态的几种特殊句型

1.含有短语动词的被动语态

一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态。另外,许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,后面也可加宾语。在变被动语态时,注意不可丢掉后面的介词或副词,

常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如: The old people should be taken good care of.

2.含有双宾语的动词的被动语态

含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语,另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。如:

My father gave me a new book on my birthday.→

I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)

A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)

3.带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态

带有复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动。同时,如果宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式,变为被动语态时,必须加上不定式符号to,这类动词有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如:

We find English very useful.→English is found very useful.

宾语宾补

I often hear him sing in his room.→He is often heard to sing in his room.

宾语宾补

4.有的动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义,这类动词有: wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel 等。如:

The books sell well.The food tastes good.

以上四种情况在中考题目中经常出现,同学们在碰到类似题目时,应首先分析属于哪种情况,然后再根据掌握的知识来做题。

有关被动语态的几个重要考点

将语态与主谓一致结合起来命题

1. All the employees except the manager ______to work online at home.

A. encourages

B. encourage

C. is encouraged

D. are encouraged

解析：主语是all the employees(复数) ，而不是the manager，排除答案A和C；又因all the employees与encourage是被动关系，要用被动语态，排除B，故选D。

2. A library with five thousand books _______to the nation as a gift.

A. is offered

B. has offered

C. are offered

D. have offered

解析：a library是offer的承受者，要用被动语态，排除B和D；又因主语(library) 是单数，排除C；故选A。注意：with five thousand books是a library是定语。

将语态与虚拟语气结合起来命题

—Don’t you think it necessary that he ______ to Miami but to New York?

—I agree, but the problem is ______ he has refused to.

A. will not be sent; that

B. not be sent; that

C. should not be sent; what

D. should not send; what