英美文学英语专业八级

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英语专八英美文学作品及作者简介

英语专八英美文学作品及作者简介☆英国文学名家名著《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。

史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。

后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。

杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。

主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。

作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。

他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。

威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。

他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。

他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。

莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。

主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。

此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。

专八(英美文学)

Introduction to English-speaking Countries第一章英国The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，简称“UK（联合王国）”。

Ⅰ、Scotland（苏格兰地区）Glasgow（格拉斯哥）——第一大城市,Clyde（克莱德河）流经此地。

Edinburgh（爱丁堡）——第二大城市，为苏格兰自治政府所在地，历史悠久，素有“Northern Athens（北方雅典）”之美誉。

Nevis（尼维斯山）——英国最高山，1343米。

Hadrian’s Wall（哈德良城墙）——位于苏格兰南部，公元2世纪初由Ancient Roman Emperor Hadrian 为防御北方Celt（克尔特人）各部落的入侵而建，该土墙从东部的Tyne（泰恩河）到西部的Soleway Firth （索尔维海湾）横跨73英里，为苏格兰和南部的英格兰地区分界。

Lake District（湖泊区）——位于英格兰西北海岸，靠近苏格兰，边界方圆2300平方公里。

湖区拥有英格兰最高峰Scafell Pike（斯科菲峰）和英格兰最大的湖Lake Windermere（温德米尔湖）。

Cadbury（坎伯里山脉）横贯湖区，把湖区分为南、北、西三区，湖区北部最大的城镇是Keswick（凯斯维克）。

Ⅱ、England（英格兰地区）英国四个行政区中最大的一个，位于大不列颠岛东南部，地是比较平坦，Pennies（奔宁山脉）纵贯其间，是英格兰的“Chine（脊骨）”。

London(伦敦)——横跨The Thames River（泰晤士河），距离The Thames River入海口88公里。

伦敦是全国政治中心。

Palace of Westminster（威斯敏斯特宫）是The British Parliament（英国议会）的House of Lords and House of Commons（上、下两院）的活动场所，故又称为“Parliament Assembly （议会大厅）”。

英语八级英美文学整理

美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence）第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。

第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement）这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。

John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia（被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”）第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism）他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末）（around the revolution of independence）独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。

主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。

Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac《自传》The AutobiographyThomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution）《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism）该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。

(完整版)TEM8英语专八英美文学

英国文学 (English Literature )一、Old and Medieval English Literature 中古英语文学(8 世纪-14 世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)A.Pagan poetry (异教诗歌): Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 - 最早的诗歌；长诗 (3000 行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报B.Religious poetry: Caedmon (凯德蒙 610-680) : 《赞美诗》( Anthem) ,大多取材余《圣经》 (Bible )故事。

Cynewulf (基涅武甫 9C): 《十字架之梦》 ( Dream of the Rood)C.Anglo-Saxon prose : Venerable Bede (673-735) 《英吉利人教会史》 (Historian Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum )Alfred the Great (848-901)Father of English Prose 《盎格鲁 -撒克逊编年史》 ( Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ) 2) The Medieval Period 中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):Cavalier literature 骑士文学A. Romance 中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿色骑士》 : Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400): the father of English poetry; Heroic couplet( 英雄双韵体 )The Canterbury Tales; The Parliament of Fowls ；The Book of the DuchessThe House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》William Langland (朗兰 1332-1400)： The Vision of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》B. English ballads ( 15th C) Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte d ' Arthu《r亚瑟王之死》 - 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660) :人文主义 humanism; 十四行诗 Sonnets; 无韵诗 Blank verse; 戏剧 Drama; 斯宾塞诗体 Spenserian ；University Wits 大学才子派1)诗歌a.Thomas Wyatt ( 怀亚特 1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb.Sir Philip Sidney (雪尼爵士 1554-1586) ：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man ”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella 《爱星者与星》 ;Arcadia 《阿卡狄亚》 : a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc. Edmund Spenser （斯宾塞 1552-1599 ）: the poets ' poetThe Shepherd Calendar《牧人日历》； Amoretti《爱情小唱》The Faerie Queen《仙后》： long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the SpenserianStanza Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗体）: Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic（抑扬格）pentameter（五步诗）, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter（六步诗） line.2）散文a.Thomas More （莫尔 1478-1535）: 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人 Utopia《乌托邦》 : More 与海员的对话b.John Lyly （黎里 1553-160，散文家，剧作家 & 小说家）： Eupheus《尤菲绮斯》Euphuism（夸饰文体）: Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations（头韵） and other artificial prosodic（韵律） means.The use of odd similes（明喻） and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon （培根 1561-1626）：Essays（论说文集）： Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classicPhilosophical : New Instrument《新工具》 New Atlantis 《新大溪岛》 Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》 Professionals : Maxims of the Law 《法律格言》3）戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe : University Wits 大学才子派First made blank verse（无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗） the principle instrument of English drama The Jew of Malta 《马耳他的犹太人》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成 ; 完善了无韵体诗。

英语专业八级英美文学重点

英美文学重点（１）Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales> first time to use ’heroic couplet’The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser - the poets’ poet <The Faerie Queene>Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English dramaBlank verse, hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral lifeWilliam Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth<Sonnet 18> eternal or immortal beauty<The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality <Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness & powerfulness, hisessays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method 归纳法in place of deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies> uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.John DonneMetaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud> whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because ’whom the gods love die young’. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man’s body and a birth for his soul.John Milton<Paradise Lost> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.<Paradise Regained><Samson Agonistes> the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel - mystery, horror & castlesJohn Bunyan<The Vanity Fair> from <The Pilgrim’s Progress>, a religious allegory, pursue the truthAlexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism> a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, ’true wit’ is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satiristIn his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawedProper words in proper places<A Modest Proposal><Gulliver’s Travels>, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & HouyhnhnmHenry Fielding - Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas Gray---------------英美文学重点（２）<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School <Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Innocence> a happy and innocence world from children’s eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature’Lake Poets’ - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a ’man speaking to men’, and poetryas ’the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in ’emotion recollected in tranquillity’.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways><The Solitary Reaper> thanks to poet’s rich imaginati on, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader’s share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet’s passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversationalThe demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>,<Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan> George Gordon Byron ’Byronic hero’ is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>.<Song for the Luddites> ’will die fighting, or live free’ the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet’s great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece> from <Don Juan> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. ’Fill high the bowl with Samian wine’?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England><Ode to the West Wind> terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, ’I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!’, ’If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?’John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>,<Ode to Psyche><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion, ’Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter’, ’Beauty is truth, truth beauty’Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>The Victorian PeriodDarwin’s <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities><Oliver Twist>The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre><Wuthering Heights>Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<Break, Break, Break> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar> we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. ’Crossing the bar’ means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses> not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, ’Myself not least, but honour’d of them all’ means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of themRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess> this dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man<Meeting at Night><Parting at Morning>George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women<Middlemarch> a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored,Wessex, ’novels of character and environment’<Tess of the D’Urbervilles> experience is as to intensity, and not as to durationAmerican Romantic PeriodStarted with W ashington Irving’s <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman’s <Leaves of Grass>, also called ’the American Renaissance’Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England TranscendentalismWashington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American GoldsmithPerfected the best classic style that American literature ever producedFirst novel <A History of New York><The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip Van >, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement<The American Scholar>, <Self - Reliance>, <The Over-Soul><The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience> a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature> is regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismNathaniel HawthorneInterior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity<The Scarlet Letter><Young Goodman Brown>Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry Crossing a Ford> a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself> Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideasHerman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick> the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniacRealistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man’s controlMark Twain - the true father of American literatureLocal colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, ’the damned human race’ Th e Gilded Age3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>,<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck’s inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association<Daisy Miller> the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson’s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - > description of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles> Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death - > personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly feltTheodore Dreiser - America’s literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire - <The Financier>, <The Titan>, <The Stoic> <Sister Carrie> ’who shall cas t the first stone?’The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysisImagist movement, Jazz AgeEzra Pound - a leading spokesman of the ’Imagist Movement’<The Cantos><In a Station of the Metro> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.<The River - Merchant’s Wife: A Letter><A Pact> agreement with Whitman’s free verseRobert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking><The Road Not Taken><Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>Eugene O’Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times<The Hairy Ape>F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure<Indian Camp> from <In Our Time> birth and death coexistWilliam Faulkner - awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth, imprisonment in the pastStream of consciousness, multiple points of viewYoknapatawpha Country<A Rose for Emily> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and theold way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.最常考作家Emily Dickinson F. Scott Fitzgerald Henry James Mark TwainNathaniel Hawthorne Thomas Hardy Washington Irving William Shakespeare 次常考作家Alexander Pope Charles Dickens Daniel Defoe Emily Bronte Eugene O’Neill Ezra Pound Heminway Jane Austen John Keats John MiltonMelville Percy Bysshe Shelly Robert Browning Theodore DreiserWhitman William Faulkner William Wordsworth一般作家Charlotte Bronte Emerson Enlightenment Francis Bacon Henry Fielding James Joyce John Bunyan Jonathan Swift Robert FrostSamuel Johnson Samuel Taylor Coleridge William Blake。

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。

lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。

英国文学和美国文学(八级)

教学能力是影响文化教育质量的关键因素，需要加强对教师的培训和提高教师的专业水平。
03 学校餐饮与文化教育的融合
学校餐饮与文化教育的融合
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04 学校餐饮与文化教育融合的挑战与解决方案
面临的挑战
缺乏专业知识和经验
学校餐饮人员可能缺乏将餐饮与文化教育相结合的专业知识和经验，难以提供有深度和内涵的餐饮服务。
学校餐饮与文化教育融合的发展趋势
多元化融合
学校餐饮将与更多文化元素融合，不仅限于地域文化，还包括艺术、科技等领域，为学生提供更
丰富多样的饮食体验。
技术创新
随着科技的发展，智能餐饮系统、个性化营养配餐等技术将进一步应用于学校餐饮领域，提升餐
饮服务的效率和个性化程度。
健康导向
在健康意识日益增强的背景下，学校餐饮将更加注重营养均衡和健康饮食理念的推广，培养学生
学校餐饮的现状与挑战
现状
随着健康饮食和绿色生活的理念普及，学校餐饮也在逐步改进，注重食物的营养价值和口味。
挑战
如何确保食物安全与卫生、满足不同学生的口味需求、控制成本等是学校餐饮面临的挑战。
02 文化教育在学校中的地位
文化教育的定义与特点
定义
文化教育是一种以传承和弘扬文化为主要目的的教育方式，它通过传授知识、技能和价值观来培养个体对文化的理解和认同。
良好的饮食习惯。
对未来的展望与期待
1 2 3
提升教育质量
通过学校餐饮与文化教育的融合，可以丰富学生的学习体验，提高教育质量，培养具有综合素质的人才。
促进文化交流
学校餐饮成为文化交流的平台，有助于增进学生对不同文化的了解和认同，促进文化多样性和包容性。

专业英语八级英美文学知识分类模拟题4

专业英语八级英美文学知识分类模拟题4单项选择题1. ______ was the only female American prose writer in the 19th century.A.Emily DickinsonB.Jane AustinC.George EliotD.Harriet Beecher Stowe答案：D美国19世纪唯一的女散文作家是Harriet Beecher Stowe(哈利特·比彻·斯托)。

Emily Dickirson(艾米丽·迪金森)是女诗人。

另外两位是英国女作家。

2. Harriet Beecher Stowe's works mainly focus on ______.A.romanticismB.local colourismC.naturalismD.transcendentalism答案：BHarriet Beecher Stowe(哈利特·比彻·斯托)的作品充满了乡土气息。

3. Which of the following is the masterpiece by Harriet Beecher Stowe?A.Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal SwampB.Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories'C.Uncle Tom "s CabinD.The Gilded Age答案：CUncle Tom's Cabin(《汤姆叔叔的小屋》)是斯托夫人最出名的作品。

Dred A Tale of the Great DismalSwamp(《德雷德：阴暗大沼地的故事》)和Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories(《山姆·罗森的炉边故事》)也是她的作品，但没有前者有名。

The Gilded Age(《镀金时代》)是Mark Twain(马克·吐温)的作品。

专业英语八级英美文学知识-2

专业英语八级英美文学知识-2(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：70，分数：80.00)1.______, written by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, is regarded as one of the best biographies in English Literature.A. The Life of William ShakespeareB. The Life of Jane AustinC. The Life of Elizabeth BrowningD. The Life of Charlotte Bronte（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：The Life of Charlotte Bronte(《夏洛特·勃朗特传》)被公认为英国文学史上最佳的人物传记之一，南夏洛特·勃朗特的好友伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔所作。

2.Mary Barton reflects something about ______.A. RenaissanceB. Chartist MovementC. RestorationD. Enlightenment（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔创作的Maly Barton(《玛丽·巴顿》)反映了宪章运动时期的社会情况。

3.George Eliot is the first ______ who started putting all the actions inside.A. dramatistB. poetC. essayistD. novelist（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：乔治·艾略特是第一位在写作技巧上注意心理分析的小说家。

4.George Eliot was the pseudonym of ______.A. Mary Ann BartonB. Mary Ann EliotC. Mary Ann EvansD. Mary Ann White（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：乔治·艾略特是女作家Mary Ann Evans(玛丽·安·埃文斯)的笔名。

英语专业八级人文知识

专八考试人文知识考试内容的总结涉及到三个方面的内容:英美文学,英语语言学和英语国家概况。

其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。

英国文学主要分为六个时期:1. Old and Medieval English Literature(中古英国文学)。

2. The Renaissance Period(文艺复兴时期)。

3. The Neoclassical Period(新古典主义时期)。

4. The Romantic Period(维多利亚时期)。

5. The Victorian Period(维多利亚时期)。

6. The Modern Period(现代时期)。

美国文学主要分为四个时期:1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence(独立革命前后的文学)。

2. American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义文学)。

3. American Realism(美国现实主义文学)。

4. American Modernism(美国现代主义文学)。

语言学,考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学,音位学,形态学,句法学,语义学和语言学的知识。

关于英语国家概况,英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程,但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况,不光包括英国和美国,还有其他一些说英语的地区,包括爱尔兰概况,加拿大概况,澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。

了解了专业八级考试人文知识的内容以后,下一步我们要做的就是好好学习,抓紧时间去掌握这些必需的知识了。

祝愿大家都能适应新的考试题型,都能考出理想的成绩。

1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学；在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学，音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym :首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NA TO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。

专业英语八级英美文学知识分类模拟题4

专业英语八级英美文学知识分类模拟题4专业英语八级英美文学知识分类模拟题4单项选择题1. ______ was the only female American prose writer in the 19th century.A.Emily DickinsonB.Jane AustinC.George EliotD.Harriet Beecher Stowe答案：D美国19世纪唯一的女散文作家是Harriet Beecher Stowe(哈利特·比彻·斯托)。

Emily Dickirson(艾米丽·迪金森)是女诗人。

另外两位是英国女作家。

3. Which of the following is the masterpiece by Harriet Beecher Stowe?A.Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal SwampB.Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories'C.Uncle Tom "s CabinD.The Gilded Age答案：CSwamp(《德雷德：阴暗大沼地的故事》)和Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories(《山姆·罗森的炉边故事》)也是她的作品，但没有前者有名。

The Gilded Age(《镀金时代》)是Mark Twain(马克·吐温)的作品。

4. ______ is the masterpiece written by William Dean Howells.A.The Rise of Silas LaphamB.The Innocents AbroadC.The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead WisonD.The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg答案：AThe Rise of Silas Lapham(《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》)是威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯的名作。

英美文学(专八)

Francis Bacon
弗兰西斯.培根
Essayer
Essays论说文
Of Studies论学习
Of Truth论真理
现代科学和唯物主义（materialism）的创始人之一
1572-1631
John Donne
约翰.邓恩
MetaphysicalPoet
玄学派诗人
The Sun Rising升起的太阳
London伦敦
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
理查德德.比.谢立丹
Playwright
The School of Scandal造谣学校
The rivals情敌
Comedy of manners
风俗喜剧
Thomas Gray
扥马斯.格雷
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌
Joan of Arc圣女贞德
Lake poets
1831桂冠诗人
1788-1824
George Gordon Byron
乔治.戈登.拜伦
Childe Harold洽尔德.哈罗德游记
Don Juan唐璜
Cain该隐
1792-1822
Percy Bysshe Shelley
铂.比.雪莱
Ode to the West Wind西风颂
The picture of dorian grey道林格雷的画像
Lady windermere’s fan温德米尔夫人的扇子
A woman of no’important一个无足轻重的女人
The importance of being earnest认真的重要性
唯美主义（aestheticism）的代表

英专八级人文重要考点总结——英美文学

. 英语专业八级人文知识——英国文学Part one Old and Medieval English Literature1. Old English P oetry and “Beowulf ”(贝奥武浦)• “Beowulf ” → the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people →Alliteration( 头韵）national epic: 国家史诗（赞颂一个国家的丰功伟绩）2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury T ales①The R omance ( describing the life and adventures of a noble hero) 浪漫传奇• King Arthur and His Knights o f the R ound T able 《亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士》②Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟→ the “_ father of English poetry__________________”,→“The Canterbury T ales ” is Chaucer’s masterpiece (stories narrated by Pilgrims 朝圣者)→ he introduced rhymed couplet to English poetry , instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.• (Couplet: A stanza of two lines, usually rhyming. ) couplet: 对句，对联 stanza:诗的一节Renaissance (1485—1660) 文艺复兴→ The Background: the society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalism.→ Revival or rebirth of classical arts, culture and philosophy after the dark ag e s of medieval → The key word for it is _ humanism _, emphasized secular concerns , express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.→ Shakespeare, Spenser , and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this periodThomas More (1478-1535)Utopia (socialism ) The definition of Utopia is "no place." Edmund Spenser(1552-1599) “A poet’s poet” The Faerie Queen 《仙后》Francis Bacon 培根 (1561-1626)1 “Adv an cemen t o f Learning ” 学术的推进:2 “New Instrument ” :新工具 the inductive method of reasoning3. “New Atlantics ” : an ideal society 新大西岛4. “Essays ” / 58 essays 论说文集A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, beauty, studies, riches…His style: clearness, brevity, force of expression☆ his essays is an important landmark in the development of English pr oseChristopher Marlowe (1564-1593)1.University wits, the greatest pioneer of English d rama2. blank verse V erse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格). 无韵诗，素体诗3. Doctor Faustus 《浮士德》William Shakespeare：the greatest English poet and dramatist①154sonnets（十四行诗）（商籁体）,②37plays,including14comedies,12tragedies,and11historical plays,③2long poems.☆But for such a great writer,we have very little definite knowledge about his life. Shakespeare’s T ragedies(1)Hamlet(2)Othello(3)King Lear(4)Macbeth Shakespeare’s Comedies(1)The Merchant o f V enice(2)A Mi d summer Night's Dream(3)As Y ou Like It《皆大欢喜》(4)T welfth nightThe Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship be tw e en Antonio and Bassanio,to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty,wit and loyalty,to expose the insatiable greed and brutality (Shylock)Hamlet hesitate betw een fact and fiction,language and action→T o be,or not to be-to live on in this world or to die;to suffer or to tak e action Soliloquy or monologue-fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters（独白）Poetry1.Narrative poetry①the epic②the r omance③popular ballads2.Lyric poetry①the elegy:a lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual.挽歌②the ode:a lyric poem of considerable length to sing in honor a person or a thing.It is seriousin subject and formal in style.颂歌3.Dramatic poetry:dialogue in the d ramaSonnetA14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.Rhyme:abab cdcd efef gg☆3quatrains(3four-line stanza)+1couplet(2lines)quatrains:四行诗The period of the English Bourgeois Revolution→Historical background:two revolutions:puritan revolution and glorious revolutionthe transition from the absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy→1.two literary schools of poets①the school of Metaphysical玄学②the school of Cavaliers.骑士2.the most important poet:John Milton Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派诗歌)It is the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poe ts who wrote in a similar style.dislike traditional poem Scholar,Highly abstract or theoretical;John Milton约翰·弥尔顿the last great poemsParadise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙.→The two most essential things:Puritanism and his republicanism.Paradise Lost→the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.→the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority→Satan is the real her o of the poem.Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬Puritan author His best known work,The Pilgrim‘s Progress天路历程a religious allegory（宗教预言）18世纪英国文学Cultural Background1.Enlightenment Movemen t启蒙运动⑴A progressive intellectual movement⑵E nlighteners considered“Enlightenment”or“education”of the people to be their chief objective.⑶They believed in the power of reason(the age of reason)⑷two groups:①the moderate(Pope,Defoe,Addison)（温和派）→support the principles of the existing social order②the radical(Swift,Fielding,Sheridan)（激进派）→crisis→Sentimentalism（感伤主义）18世纪英国文学Complex:An age of pr ose(Addison’s essay\Swift’s satire\Fielding’s novel)1.Neo-classicism新古典A revival interest in old classic works,order,logic→(P ope\Addison\S teel:model themselves after Greek and Latin authors)2.Sentimentalism(Gray\Goldsmith\Richardson\Sterne:discontent with the social reality “Heart”)3.The beginning of modern novel→Major novelists:Defoe\Swift\Fielding\Richardson,4.Pre-romanticism in English poetry5.English Drama(Sheridan:the school for Scandal) Neo-classicism新古典A revival interest in old classic works,order,logic→(model themselves after Greek andLatin authors)1.Alexander P ope蒲伯:Heroic couplet英雄双韵体2.Joseph Addison艾迪生Sir Richard Steele斯梯尔:The Spectator旁观者3.Samuel Johnson:DictionaryAlexander P ope蒲柏Neo-classicism新古典Heroic couplet英雄双韵体Lines of ia mbic pentameter rhyme in pairs；P ope carried this to its last stage of perfection；An Essay on CriticismSentimentalism格列 n i discontent with the social realityThomas Gray 格雷 (poem) Laurence Sterne (novel)Thomas Gray (1716 -1771)Sentimentalism The graveyard school 墓园派Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》The beginning of modern novelSmollett: First important sea novelist Laurence Sterne 斯泰恩 : SentimentalismSamuel Richardson 理查生: Pamela, or Virtue R ewarded 《帕美拉》Clarissa Harlowe, or Virtue T riumphant 《克拉丽莎》1.Daniel Defoe 迪福 : R obinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记R obinson is the very prototype of the empire builder , the pioneer colonist.2.Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特： a master satirist Gulliver‘s Travels 佛游记3.Henry Fielding ：Father of English novel 、The founder of English realistic novel T om Jones 汤姆· 琼斯Romanticism in Britain The New Literary T rend (1798---1832)1.Dissatisfaction with the society (1) A revolt against it (2) An escape from it2. An introspection into one ’s inner world ( attention on spiritual and emotional life)3. The passions of man and the beauties of nature4. A period of poetical revival(1) The Romantic period is an age of poetry . (Blake , Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley , Keats)(2) The Romantic period is a great age of prose. Coleridge , Hazlitt, Lamb (3) This period is also a great age of novels.Walter ScottScott ’s historical novels combine a romantic atmospher e with a realistic depiction of historical b ack ground and common people ’s life. Scott mark ed the transition from romanticism to the period realism.William Blake 布莱克 Symbolism: 象征主义1.The earliest poems: Poetical sk etches 素描诗集2.Songs o f Innocence 天真之歌3.Songs o f experience 经验之歌_4.famous poem: The tiger\London\The Chimney SweeperRobert Burns (1759-1796)1.Written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjectsP oems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 苏格兰方言诗集2. Songs of love and friendship —a new spirit of romanticism“A Red, Red Rose ”一朵红红的玫瑰3 The rural theme / Beauties of nature“My Heart’s the Highlands ”我的心呀在高原1.Samuel T aylor Coleridge(1772-1834)柯勒律治P oetic and critic “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” 1798 《古舟子咏》“Kubla Khan” 1816 《忽必烈汗》•W ordsworth and Coleridge 's Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》William Wordsworth 威廉· 华兹华斯“Lucy ”---《露西组诗》(She Dwelt Among the Untr odden Ways ） ☆harmony be tw ee n humanity and nature2. “The Solitary Reaper ”---《孤寂的刈麦人》 ☆pathetic pictures of the labouring people3. “I wondered lonely as a cloud ”—《我孤独如云》☆ deep love for natureGeorge Gordon“Childe Harold ’s Pilgrimage ” 1812《恰罗德· 哈罗德游记》“Don Juan ” 1812-1823 masterpiece 《唐· 璜》 a great comic epic of the early 19th century . The “ Byronic hero ” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin• 名诗：She W alks in Beauty The Isles o f GreecePercy Bysshe Shelly 雪莱 (1792-1822)1. “Queen Mab ”:麦布女王 His first long poem expresses almost all his major political ideas.2. “Prometheus Unbound ”:《解放了的普罗米修斯》His masterpiece; a lyrical drama.3. Lyrics on nature and love: e.g. “Ode to the West Wind”; “To a Skylark”《西风/云雀颂》 ☆“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”John Keats(1795-1821) Not noble Died of TB Died at 25Ode on MelancholyOde on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂It reveals the contrast between the permanence o f art and the transience o f human passion. Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂It reveals the contrast between the happy world o f natural loveliness and human world o f agonyOde to Psyche Ode to Autumn 秋颂The Development of Victorian Literature→ Victorian Literature, as a pr oduct of its age, naturally had its quality of magnitude and diversity .It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people ’s life and thought.→the great period of the novel in Britain Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleThe Genres of Victorian Literature1)The novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.Charles Dickens,William Makepeace Thackeray,Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte,Elizabeth Gaskell,George EliotRobert Browning勃朗宁(1812-1889)the most original poet,who improve and matur e the dramatic monologue戏剧独白Wrote an admiring letter to Elizabeth Barret(an invalid,a poet,six years elder)→famous r omance→secretely wedded,eloped to Italy in1846→Sonnets From the P ortuguese(love poems to her husband)葡萄牙十四行诗The ring and book(poetic drama)My last Duchess(dramatic monologue)→A poem in which a single character,addressing a silent listener,explains his actions at an important moment or crisis in his lifeHome Thoughts From AbroadAlfred T ennyson(1809-1892)P oet Laureate A real artistinvents dramatic monologueJane Austen简·奥斯丁1775-18171.Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺2.Sense and Sensibility理智与情感3.Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见4.Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园5.Emma爱玛6.P ersuasion劝导Austen’s writing style1.The founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class people.2.Vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society,the small world she lived in3.Delicate description of the daily talks and doings of y oung people4.Quiet irony and analysis of characterCharles Dickens(1812-1870)→one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age→famous for his forceful social criticism→urb an poor(Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people)→Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works→A mingling of humor and p ath os悲伤The P osth umou s Papers o f the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传Oliver T wist奥利弗·退斯特/雾都孤儿American Notes美国札记The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店Dombey and Son董贝父子David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔Hard Times艰难时世A T ale o f T wo Cities双城记Great Expectation远大前程”·Thackeray (1811-63)萨克雷 Representative of critical realism→different from Dickens, Less interested in direct social criticism→ Showing people ’s vanity and their deluded efforts to achieve wealth and social statusThe book o f Snobs (1846-47)势利者集 V anity Fair (1847-48)名利场P endennis (1848)潘登尼斯 Henry Esmond (1852)亨利爱德芒德The Newcomes (1853)纽卡姆一家 The Virginians (1857)弗吉尼亚人V anity Fair 名利场★V anity Fair is Thackeray ’s masterpiece.★ The term "vanity fair" originates from the allegorical story The Pilgrim's Progress, by John Bunyan.★ The sub-title of the book, “A Novel Without a Hero (the characters are all flawed to a greater or lesser degree )★ The novel satirizes society in early 19th-century England (characterised by hypocrisy and opportunism).George Eliot (1819-1880)insightful psychological novels （心理小说）Writing about life in small rural towns,《亚当· 比德》 Adam Bede (1859) 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 The Mill on the Floss (1860)《织工马南》 Silas Marner (1861) 《米德尔玛契》Middlemarch (1871-1872) ----a portrait of life in a provincial town, is considered her masterpiece.As a woman of exceptional (特有的)intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of womenThe Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855) Jane Eyre Shirley ProfessorEmily Bronte 爱米丽 · 勃郎特 1818-1848 Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄（Heathcliff ） Anne Bronte 安妮· 勃郎特 Agnes Grey 艾格尼斯格雷简· 爱 Jane Eyre (1847) Jane Eyre Mr. Rochester★ The center theme : women should have equal rights with man. （The position of woman in society ）★ The problem of the bourgeois system of education;★ The problem of orphan;Thomas HardyUnder the Greenwood T ree(1872) 绿茵下 Far fr om the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣 The Return o f the Native(1878) 还乡 The Mayor o f Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长 T ess of the D ’Urbervilles(1891) 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1896) 无名的裘德His principal works are the Wessex novelsi.e.novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers威塞克斯小说His pessimistic philosophy seems to show that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate,which brings misfortune to human life.English literature at the turn of the century→The turn of the century→Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),John Galsworthy George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),→Irish poet and dramatist→The literary school of decadence→apostle of Aestheticism “art for art’s sake”.→The Picture o f Dorian Gray(1891)道林·格雷的画像剧作→his comic masterpieces The Importance o f Being Earnest(1895)埃耐斯特的重要性. Lady Windermere's Fan(1892)温德米尔夫人的扇子An ideal Husband理想丈夫童话→"The Happy Prince."(his fairy tales especially)快乐王子John Galsworthy(1867-1933高尔斯华绥①The first trilogy“The Forsyte Saga”福尔塞世家:The Man o f Property(1906)有产业的人（It was a landmark in the development of Galsworthy’s art.It established his place in literature as a representative of bourgeois realism in the20th century English novel.）In Chancery(1920)骑虎难下T o let(1921)出租;②The second trilogy,“A Modern Comedy”:现代喜剧The White Monkey(1924)白猿The Silver Spoon(1926)银匙Swan Song(1928)天鹅曲Bernard ShawShaw was an essay-writer，language scholar and critic，but is best-remembered as a playwright.pr oblem plays.Widowers’Houses鳏夫的房产Mrs.W arren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒Man and Superman人与超人Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Heartbroken House伤心之家The Apple Cart苹果车H.G.Wells（1866-1946）威尔斯•Wells is celebrated as a popularizer of science，but his best novels explore serious social and cultural themes，•科幻小说：The Time Machine时间机器E.M.Forster福斯特（1879-1970）A P assage to India印度之行Howards End霍华德庄园The Longest Journey最漫长的旅程The Room With A View可以远眺的房间Wher e Angels Fear to T read天使们忘而却步的地方,William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965)毛姆1915—Of Hu man Bandage 人性枷锁 1919 — The Moon and Sixpence 月亮与六便士 1930—Cakes and Ale 寻欢作乐 1944—The Razor ’s Edge 刀锋 1951—short storiesArnold Bennett ， 1867-1931Naturalism Old Wives' T ale 《老妇谭》Joseph Conrad 康拉德 (1857-1924)☆by birth a P ole ☆ His experience as a sailor made the sea his favorite theme.☆ Conrad's narratives may resemble adventure stories in incident and setting ， but his real concern is with issues of character and morality .Heart o f Darkness 黑暗的心灵 Lord Jim 吉姆老爷An Outcast o f progress 文明的前哨 The Chance 机缘The Nostromo 诺斯特罗莫 The secret Age n t 间谍“The Nigger o f the Narcissus ”(1899) is a magnificent and symbolic story of a ship in a storm. 水仙号上的黑鬼Modernism(1)A reaction against realism(2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.(3)The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships b e tw e en man and nature,man and society, man and man, and man and himself .(4) The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective th an on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, th e past, the present and the future are mingled toge ther and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.James Joyce (1882-1941)乔伊斯 Irish novelistSecond only to Shak espeare in his mastery of the English language• definitely established “ stream of consciousness ” as a valid way of writing fiction.• 1914—Dubliners 短篇小说集（都柏林人）short stories about the hard life of poor peoplein Dublin• 1916– A Portrait of the Artist as a Y oung Man 青年艺术家的画像, a novel which islargely autobiographical, about a boy growing up in Dublin.• 1922– Ulysses 尤利西斯, a novel about three main characters in Dublin, told entirelythr oug h “stream of consciousness ”• 1939— Finnegan ’s Wake 芬尼根的觉醒, a long , extremely difficult book, written inmany languages, with many layers of symbolism, full of puns, linguistic gymnastics anddeep complicated philosophy• ☆stream-of -consciousness, or interior -monologue: a literary device that renders all theth ough ts ， feelings and sensations of a character with scrupulous psychological realism.• ☆ epiphany Joyce employ ed symbols to create what he called an “epiphany ，” the; revelation of an emotional or personal truthVirginia Woolf (1882-1941) Novelist and critic Leader of the “Bloomsbury Group ” 1922 — J acob ’ s R oom 1925 Mrs. Dalloway 达洛威夫人 1927 – T o the Lighthouse 到灯塔去1929—A R oom of O ne ’s Own 1931—The W aves 浪 1937—The Y ears 1939—Between the Acts 幕间散文集D wrence(1885-1930) 劳伦斯 O ne of the most original and controversial writers of the early 20th century• 1910---- The white P eacock 白孔雀 1913—Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人 • 1915—The Rainbow 虹 1921—Women In Love 恋爱中的妇女 •1923—Kangaroo 1926—The Plumed Serpent •1928—Lady Chatterly ’s Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人P oem of 20th centuryWilliam Butler Y eats 叶芝Irish writer who is considered among the greatest poe ts of the 20th century .• The Winding Stair 盘旋的楼梯T.S.Eliot 艾略特诗集：Prufrock and Other Observation 普鲁夫洛克及其他The W aste Land 荒原•William Golding (1911-1993)戈尔丁Winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize Novelist, essayist, poetThe Lord of the Flies （1954） The Inheritors 继承人T ed Hughs 特德· 休斯 1930-The Hawk in the Rain 雨中鹰（poem ）Richard Lessing 多丽丝· 莱辛 1919-The Four -gated City 四门城 The Golden Notebook 金色笔记蒸英语专业八级人文知识——美国文学Introduction to American literature1.The Colonial P eriod2.The Romantic P eriod (the first half of 19th century)3.The Age of Realism and Naturalism4.The P eriod ar ound WWIChapter One The Colonial PeriodI. The Colonial P eriod (the early 17th and 18th century)1. Puritanism: idealism and opportunism2. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明· 富兰克林 :→ “The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin”自传→ Poor Richard ’ s Almanac 穷查理历书 (containing witty maxims for achieving wealth as a result of hard work and thrift)3.Philip Freneau (poem)菲利普· 弗伦诺 The Rising Glory of America 蒸日上的美洲American PuritanismPuritans → The early settlers☆ founding fathers of the America nation☆T o purify the rituals and lessen the authority of bishops → escaped to the new world, create a new paradise→ advocate highly religious and moral principles.→ American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.Chapter Two American Romanticism and New England LiteratureRepresentative figures of the time:Pre-romanticism: W ashington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper 库珀Post-romanticism:Novelists: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman MelvilleP oets: Henry W adesworth Longfellow, Edgar Allan P oe, Walt Whitman Emily DickinsonEssayists: Ralph W aldo Emerson, Henry David ThoreauAmerican RomanticismThe romantic period stretches from the end of the eighteenth century thr oug h the outbreak of the Civil W ar (1790-1865).1. Background(1) Political b ack ground and economic developmentT erritorial Expansion Industrial Growth The Civil WarThe “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism. →optimism and hope among the people There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.(2)foreign influence–Romantic movement in European countriesAmerican Romanticism☆Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.☆For romantics,the feelings,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.☆They stressed th e close relationship be tw ee n man and nature;☆They emphasized individualism and affirmed the inner life of the self.Washington Irving(1783-1859)华盛顿·欧文早期浪漫主义小说家A History of New Y ork纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记→①The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家→②Rip V an WinkleJames Fenimore Cooper1789-1851詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀早期浪漫主义小说家“Leatherstocking T ales”皮裹腿故事集→a series of five novels,that is☆the Pioneers拓荒者(I823)☆the Last o f the Mohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人☆The Prairie(1827)大草原☆The Pathfinder(1840)探路者☆The Deerslayer(1841)杀鹿者→adventure into the wilderness of the West2.The summit of Romanticism---New England T ranscendentalism超验主义1.Emerson/“Nature”2.Henry David Thoreau/“Walden”3.Whitman/“Leaves of Grass”4.Hawthorn/“The Scarlet Letter”5.Herman Meville\“Moby Dick”Post-romanticism(New England T ranscendentalism)• 1.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)爱默生•→The leading New England T ranscendentalist•→“Nature”论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者• 2.Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)•→T ranscendentalist\Emerson’s friend→W alden《瓦尔登湖》The major features of T ranscendentalism1.The T ranscendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most importantthing in the universe.2.The T ranscendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.T o them the individualwas the most important element of society.3.The T ranscendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit orGod.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God’s overwhelming presence.·The Development of T ranscendentalism• ☆ Nature (in 1836) by Ralph W aldo Emerson• Nature ’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of NewEngland T ranscendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.• T ranscendentalist Club• ☆ T ranscendentalism was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism, thereligious idealism of their Puritan past.T ranscendentalists ’ emphasis on the individualwas directly traceable to the Puritan principle of self -culture and self -improvement. Thusthere is good reason to state that New England T ranscendentalism was Romanticism onthe Puritan soil.• ☆ New England T ranscendentalism was important to American literature. It inspired awhole new generation of famous authors such as Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Dickinson.Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)☆ Novels:Scarlet Letter 《红字》 Hester Prynne; The House of Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》;• The Blithedale R omance 《福谷传奇》; The Marble Faun 《大理石神像》☆Short story collections:• T wice-T old T ales 《故事新编》Moses from an Old Manse 《古屋青苔》Herman Melville 赫尔曼· 梅尔维尔 1819-1891• Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比· 迪克/白鲸Edgar Allan P oe 埃德加· 爱伦· 坡 1809-1849→The first professional writer in AmericaThe first writer of detective story in the world• -----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头• The Fall o f the House o f Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);• → The Raven 乌鸦(poem) T amerlane and Other P oems 帖木儿和其他诗;• T o Hellen 致海伦（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Walt Whitman(1819-1892)沃尔特· 惠特曼 •••••O ne of the great innovators in American P oetry Free verse Growing up in a working-class back ground, having little education Leaves o f Grass 草叶集 → Song o f Myself ”自我之歌 reveals a world of equality , without rank and hierarchy .poets •①Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) • The P oems o f Emily Dickinson 埃米莉迪金森诗集(love, death,nature,friendship, andimmortality)·”• ② Henry W adsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思朗费罗 1807-1882 →A Psalm of Life 生命礼赞（short poem ）→ The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗•③; William Cullen Bryant 1794-1878 柯伦· 布莱恩特 •→ T o a Waterfowl 致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽特· 比彻· 斯托 1811-1896• Uncle T om ’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 ☆“一个女人和一本书引发的战争 ”—南北战争Chapter 3 The Age of Realism and Naturalism• The three strong advocates of 19th century American realismWilliam Dean Howells (critic)豪威尔斯 Henry James 威廉· 詹姆斯 Mark Twain 马克· 吐温Henry James 1842-1910→ James ’novel ’s “international situation” are set against a b ack gr ound be tw een America and Europe→James contribution to literary criticism is immense.• T o him, “art without life is a poor affair ”. “the aim of the novel is to represent life ”.→ His realism was called as Psychological realism .• He was esp. an observer of the mind rather than a recorder of the times.• The American Daisy Miller The Portrait o f a Lady 贵妇人画像• The Wings o f the Dove 鸽翼 The Ambassadors 大使Mark Twain 马克· 吐温1. “The Adventures o f Tom Sawyer 汤姆· 索耶历险记2. “The Adventures o f Huckleberry Finn ”----his masterpiece/ 哈克贝利· 费恩历险记“The Gilded Age ” 镀金时代3. F amous for his localism, colloquial style, humor and bitter attacksAmerican Naturalism : pessimistic realism1. Naturalism cam e from France.2. Reasons: civil war , social upheavals ☆Darwin ’s theory of evolution : the survival of the fittest→ Men were conditioned\ d omi nat ed by social and economic forces, by heredity and environment.3. Features of naturalist writing:A. naturalist writers turned literary creation into a mechanical record of society, in a way of attempting to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. They never made comments on the characters and their behaviors.B. The characters were o ften figures of low social and economic classesC.They stressed men had no free will,their lives were controlled by heredity and environment.4.American Naturalist writers:S tephen Crane,Frank Norris,Jack London,Henry Adams,Theodore Dreiser.Stephen Crane(1871-1900)斯蒂芬·克莱恩•Maggie:A Girl o f the S treets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）•The R ed Badge o f Courage红色英勇勋章•The Black Riders(his first book of poems)Theodore Dreiser(1871-1945)德莱塞•Sister Carrie1900☆A feather in wind,she is totally at the mercy of forces she cannot comprehend and control.She does not seem to possess what may be called a moral fibre in her.•Jennie Gerhardt1911T rilogy of Desire欲望三部曲Financer金融家1912,The Titan巨人1914,The Stoic斯多葛1915•An American T ragedy美国的悲剧1925（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Frank Norris(1870-1902)弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus1901章鱼Jack London(1876-1916)杰克·伦敦Martin Eden马丁·伊登（masterwork）The Call o f the Wild野性的呼唤The Sea-W olf海狼White Fang白獠牙O Henry(1862---1910)欧·享利☆famous for short stories1“The Gift o f Magi”2“The Cop and the Anthem”3.F amous for his fascinating plot,h umor ous touch,interesting puns,localism,and unexpected endings.Chapter Four The Period around WWIAmerican literature in the1920s and1930s1.P oets:T.S.Eliot:“the W aste Land”R obert Frost2.Novelists:Fitzgerald/“the Great Gatsby”Hemingway/“A Farewell to Arms”Faulkner/ wrote about the SouthThe Lost Generation迷惘的一代→a disillusionment about the value of war→disgusted by th e new frivolous,greedy way of life in AmericaWhen the First World W ar brok e out,many idealistic y oung Americans volunteered to tak e part in the war and test their own bravery.They discovered that modern warfare was not。

英语专业八级英美文学

英语专业八级人文知识(1)美国概况练习题：1 The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is_____.2 The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is ____.3 The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is____.4 Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is____.5 ____has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.6 The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by____.7 In the United States, primary education requires____years.8 Most college students in the United States are in____institutions.9 The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are____________.10 _____(which state )is not governed by the common law.练习题答案及题解:1. The Mississippi River, 密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线。

2 .The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain，最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原。

英语专业八级考试与英美文学教学

英语专业八级考试与英美文学教学内容摘要:英美文学是我国高校英语专业高年级的一门重要必修课是学生学习和研究英语语言文化的必要途径。

英语专业八级考试是我国高校英语专业学生的一门专业等级考试，本文以英语专业八级考试考纲中对英美文学的考试要求结合目前英美文学教学中的问题对英美文学课程的教学方法进行了建设性的探讨。

关键词：英语专业八级考试；英美文学；教育价值；模式；方法英美文学课作为高校英语专业高年级学生的专业必修课反映着英语民族的历史与文化。

其意义和作用在于通过阅读和分析英美文学作品深化学生在基础阶段所学的知识提高学生语言的运用能力增强对西方文学及文化的了解培养学生的文学鉴赏力和审美的敏感性以及敏锐感受生活、认知生活的能力进而从整体上促进其人文素质的提高。

根据2004年新版的《高校英语专业八级考试大纲》的有关规定，英语专业八级考试从2005年开始增加了人文知识考试的题型。

新大纲中增加的人文知识部分，目的就是检查、测试学生对主要英语国家社会与文化、历史、地理、宗教信仰、风俗习惯、英语文学中主要作家及其作品、英语语言学等基本知识的掌握程度。

从2007年全国八级统测的全真题中，我们也发现：前面4题(即从第31题到34题) 是史地文化知识部分，从第35题到第37题，问及英美小说、诗歌等方面的内容，《高校英语专业八级考试大纲》对英美文学的测试要求：能初步具备英语文学知识；测试形式采用多项选择题形式，要求学生从每题的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案，共3 题。

测试目的英美文学部分测试学生对英语文学基本知识的掌握。

测试范围：英语文学知识；考试题型采用选择题的形式，检查学生的人文知识。

具体来说，试卷将采用多项选择题形式，要求学生从四个选择项中选出一个最合适的答案。

本部分共有10道试题。

了解了专业八级考试英美文学的测试内容以后，下一步我们要做的就是有所计划、认真学习、抓紧时间、切实有效地去掌握这些考试所必需的知识。

我们相信，只要基本功打得牢，平时注意积累，再经过相当数量的阅读和必要的应试训练，同学们肯定会取得优异的成绩。

专业八级英国美国文学知识考点

英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学〔499-1066〕1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、allegory体非常盛行2、Romance开场上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、Willian Langlaud "农夫皮尔斯的幻象"5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集〔英雄双韵体〕6、托马斯.马洛礼"亚瑟王之死"三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学〔伊丽莎白时代〕〔14-16世纪〕1、托马斯.莫尔"乌托邦"2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney "The defense of Poesie""阿卡迪亚"描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞"仙后" 诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗："维纳斯和阿多尼斯"、"露克丝受辱记"四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧〔edy of manners〕"人性互异"8、约翰.多恩"玄学派〞诗歌创始人9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一"Essays"英国开展史上的里程碑"学术的推进"和"新工具"四、启蒙时期〔18世纪〕1、约翰、弥尔顿："失乐园"、"为英国人民争辩"2、约翰、班扬："天路历程"religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的出色代表、桂冠诗人；"论戏剧诗"4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用到达登峰造极的使用；"田园组诗"是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物"墓园挽歌"6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经历之歌；7、罗伯特、斯：格兰最出色的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办"The tatler"和"the spectator"9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；"鲁滨逊漂流记"；"铲除非国教徒的捷径"，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift "一个小小的建议"；"格列佛游记"；"桶的故事"；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；"约瑟夫。

专八英美文学

第一章英国文学一、中古英国文学（8世纪~14世纪）英国文学的开始一般可以追溯到公元700年左右著名史诗《贝奥武甫》的问世。

这也是英国古英语诗歌的开始。

此后，发展到以杰弗里·乔叟为代表的中古英国文学阶段。

●He is considered the father of modern English poetry because he opened a brilliant page in English literature and had a profound influence on many important English poets. It is him alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of ● William Langland(威廉·兰格伦)(1332~1400) ● The Gawain poet(无名诗人)二、文艺复兴时期（14世纪~17世纪）16世纪之初，政治、经济、宗教上的变革也为文化带来了一股清新之风，是人们欢迎新形式、新格律、要求实行文明化的时代。

就诗歌而言，英国文艺复兴时期的主要诗体是十四行诗和对白体无韵诗。

十四行诗是先锋，但主体是对白体无韵诗。

The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted welldown into the era of Humanism and Reformation. And the real main stream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama.● Philip Sidney(菲利普·雪尼爵士)(1554~1586)He best represented the spirit of the Elizabeth Age. In many ways he stood for the Renaissance ideal of “the complete man”.Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》: It is the most impressive long poem (3000 lines) in old English. It is a heroic Scandinavian epic legend told in the English language. In it, pagan heroism and fatalism are mingled with Christian qualities. The poet expresses a hope that evil should be punished, and the righteous will be rewarded. The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》: It is his monumental success. It is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury. It was influenced by Boccaccio’s(薄伽丘) Decameron (《十日谈》). Troilus and Criseyde (《特罗勒斯和科丽西》) The Romaunt of the Rose (《玫瑰罗曼史》) The House of Fame (《声誉之堂》)The Vision of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: It was a social protest from the viewpoint of a common man and also enjoyed wide popularity. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿色骑士》● He is most famous for his long allegorical romance. His poetry can be described as a perfect ● 托马斯·莫尔● Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托夫·马洛)(1564~1593) ●William Shakespeare(威廉·莎士比亚)(1564~1616)He is the greatest of all Elizabethan dramatists. His sonnets represent the finest poeticArcadia 《阿卡狄亚》: It is a prose romance filled with lyrics. It is also considered as a forerunner of the modern world. Astrophel and Stella 《阿斯特罗菲尔与斯特拉》 Defense of Poetry 《为诗辩护》 The Faerie Queen 《仙后》: It represents both the Queen Elizabeth and glory. In it, he speaks of 12 virtues fo the private gentleman. It is remarkable for its vivid style and rich content. In it, he originated a nine-line verse stanza, now known as the Spenserian Stanza. The Shepherd Calendar 《牧羊人日志》: The writer expressed his laments of the loss of Rosalind. Utopia 《乌托邦》 Edward II 《爱德华二世》Dr. Faustus 《浮士德博士》Tamburlaine 《帖木耳大帝》The Faerie Queen 《仙后》Tamburlaine was described as a cruel and ambitious man.The Jew of Malta 《马尔他的犹太人》 A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》 All is Well that Ends Well 《终成眷属》 As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》 Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》(四大悲剧之一) King Lear 《李尔王》(四大悲剧之一) Macbeth 《麦克白》(四大悲剧之一) Othello 《奥赛罗》(四大悲剧之一) Much Ado About Nothing 《无事生非》 Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与茱丽叶》 The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》● Benjamin Jonson(本杰明·琼森)(1572~1637) ● Francis Bacon(弗朗西斯·培根)(1561~1626) He is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking● John Donne(约翰·邓恩)(1572~1631)He wrote poems that were both obscene, vulgar and poems of serious philosophical thinking. These reflect his feeling of the conflict between the body and the soul. Later , the term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the works of the 17th century writers who ● John Milton(约翰·弥尔顿)(1608~1674)三、新古典主义时期（17世纪中期~18世纪）Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement, which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe. The movement was a furtherance of theRenaissance from the 14th century to the mid 17th century. The purpose of the movement was toenlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrated reason of rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education. With the introduction of the Enlightenment Movement into England, a revival of interest in the old classical works was in fullThe Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》 The Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》 Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 The Alchemist 《炼金术士》The Alchemist 《炼金术士》 After the publication of Essays, he became the first English “essayist”. The Holy Sonnets 《神圣体十四行》 The Flea 《跳蚤之歌》 Go and Catch a Falling Star 《去抓住一颗流星》 The Songs and Sonnets 《歌谣与十四行诗》 “Love” is the basic theme in it. Comus 《科马斯》L’Allegro 《快乐的人》Lycidas 《列西达斯》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》It is Milton’s masterpiece and one of the greatest poems in world literature. Paradise Regained 《复乐园》Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》It was written as a “closet drama”, a drama not for stage performance, but for reading.swing. This tendency is known as the neoclassicism. The neoclassicists held that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of the thematic concern.● John Dryden(约翰·德莱顿)(1631~1700) ●Alexander Pope(亚历山大·蒲柏)(1688~1744)Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. He first introduced rationalism to England and is one of the greatest poets in his century as well as in ● Samuel Pepys(萨缪尔·毕博思)(1633~1703)He is the greatest diarist of 17th century.● Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔·迪福)(1660~1731) ● Samuel Richardson(塞缪尔·理查森)(1689~1761)He is often regarded as the founder of the English domestic novel. ● 亨利·菲尔丁Of all the 18th century novelists, he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and All for Love 《一切为了爱》Alexander’s Feast 《亚历山大的宴会》An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 《论戏剧诗歌》:This is his best work. In it, he discussed the works of the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, the English Renaissance, and contemporary France. He was called “the father of English Criticism”.An Essay on Criticism 《批评论》 It is his first important poem. An Esshisay on Man 《人论》 Odyssey 《奥德修记》 The Rape of the Lock 《卷发劫遇记》 The Diary 《日记》 The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》 It is universally considered as his masterpiece. In this novel, he mainly concerns the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for security, and eulogizes the hero of the hard working class, and shows his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor. A Journal of the Plague Year 《大疫年记》 Pamela 《帕米拉》 Clarissa 《克拉丽莎》 The history of Sir Charles Grandison 《查尔斯·格来德生爵士的历史》● Jonathan Swift(乔纳森·斯威夫特)(1667~1745)He is famous for his satirical prose.● John Bunyan(约翰·班扬)(1628~1688) ● Oliver Goldsmith(奥利弗·格尔斯密)(1730~1774)● Richard Brinsley Sheridan(理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹)(1751~1816)In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, he was the leading figure among the host of playwrights. Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the 18 century. His plays, especially the following two, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces● Samuel Johnson(塞缪尔·约翰逊)(1709~1784)● Thomas Gray(托马斯·格雷)(1716~1771)Amelia 《阿米莉亚》 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 《汤姆·琼斯》: It is his masterpiece. It brings him the name of the “Prose Homer”. Jaseph Andrews 《约瑟夫·安德鲁》 A Modest Proposal 《一个温和的建议》 Gulliver’s Travels 《格列拂游记》 A Tale of a Tub 《一个木桶的故事》 Amelia 《阿米莉亚》It is his masterpiece. It is a prose allegory depicting the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of salvation. It is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.《天路历程》是十七世纪英国文艺复兴后期作家约翰·班扬的经典之作，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式的著作。

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