载重汽车变速箱外文文献翻译、汽车车辆工程中英文翻译、外文翻译
变速器汽车车辆外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
变速器汽车车辆外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译变速器变速箱通常不得不在舒适性和效率之间做出选择，但一种新型的“犬牙啮合式”变速箱可以同时改善这两种性能。
随着排放法规的日趋严格，汽车制造商为降低排放的努力已不再局限于改善燃烧过程和后期处理。
许多公司认为，现代发动机技术已经发展到这样一个阶段：与投入巨额开发成本相比，技术进步带来的收效却很小。
因此为了改善排放,最重要的是要着眼于整车的性能。
作为车上第二昂贵的部件，变速箱理所当然地成为第二步改善的目标。
所有变速箱技术中，手动变速箱的效率最高，输出功率可达输入功率的96％。
但并不是所有人都能驾驭手动变速箱，也不是所有人都愿意用它。
因为用手动变速箱需要踩离合器，这在交通繁忙的时候很不舒服。
驾驶员容易疲劳。
而由扭矩中断导致的“点头”效应也会使乘客很难受。
由于驾驶员操纵离合器而产生的扭矩中断是手动变速箱的主要缺点。
在换档加速时，每升高一档，驾驶员都必须通过松开油门并踩下离合器来使扭矩暂时中断。
完成整个过程大概只需一秒钟，但在这段时间里车辆会暂时停止加速，速度也会降低。
与此截然相反的是传统的自动变速箱。
由于采用了变矩器，这种变速箱的换档质量不错但效率相对较差——即使最近有所改进。
因此，最近进行了许多研究，试图发现传统自动变速箱的有效替代方案。
主要的技术仍是无级变速（CVT）、双离合器变速（DCT）和手自一体（AMT）变速器。
它们在不同的方面优于传统的行星齿轮式自动变速器。
无级变速器采用带链或锥盘滚轮来产生无限多种变速比。
与传统自动变速器相比，其效率和成本都有所改善。
之所以有这些优点，是因为它结构简单。
这种变速器的零部件很少，通常只有一根橡胶或金属传动带、一个液压作用的驱动带轮、一个机械扭矩感应式驱动带轮、一些微处理器和传感器等。
这种变速器的工作原理是改变两个带轮表面之间的距离。
带轮上挂传动带的地方开了V形的槽。
一侧的带轮沿轴向固定，另一侧的带轮可在液压的作用下移动。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译A manual n。
also known as a standard n。
XXX。
It consistsof gears。
synchros。
roller bearings。
shafts。
and gear selectors。
The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from XXX gears are used to select the desired。
and the sector fork moves gears from one to another using the gearshift knob。
Synchros are used to slow the gear to a。
before it is XXX。
The counter shaft holds the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft。
Unlike automatic ns。
XXX。
as there isno XXX。
Note: XXX "n Shifter" was deleted as it had no XXX.)XXX have four to six forward gears and one reverse gear。
However。
some cars may have up to eight forward gears。
while semi trucks XXX by the number of forward gears。
such as a 5-speed standard n.The n of a standard n includes three shafts: the input shaft。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）英文资料翻译*****指导教师：孙飞豹（副教授）学科、专业：车辆工程沈阳理工大学应用技术学院2011年12月20日transmission used in automobilesA standard transmission or manual transmission is the traditional type of transmission used in automobiles. The manual or standard transmission consists of a series of gears, synchros, roller bearings, shafts and gear selectors. The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from the transmission. Heliacal cut gears are used to select the ratio desired the sector fork move gears from one to another by using the gearshift knob. Synchros are used to slow the gear to a stop before it is engaged to avoid gear grinding, the counter shaft hold the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft. A stick shift transmission has no torque converter so there is no need for a transmission cooler. A stick shift transmission needs a simple fluid change for proper service. (there is no transmission filter in a stick shift transmission).Transmission ShifterMost manual transmissions have one reverse gear and four to six forward gears. Some cars also have eight forward gears while thirteen to twenty-four gears are present in semi trucks. To differentiate among the available standard transmissions, they are addressed by the number of forward gears. For example, if the standard transmission has five gears, it will be referred to as 5-speed standard transmission or 5-speed standard.Typical Standard Transmission ConfigurationInside the transmission shafts contain all forward and reverse gears. Most transmissions contain three shafts: input shaft, output shaft and counter or lay shaft. Other than standard transmission, there are other transmissions like continuously variable transmission, automatic transmission and semi-automatic transmission. In the manual transmission, a pair of gears inside the transmission selects the gear ratios. Whereas, in an automatic transmission, combination of brake bands and clutch packs control the planetary gear which selects the gear ratio.If there is a provision to select a gear ratio manually in automatic transmissions, the system is called a semi-automatic transmission. The driver can select from any of the gears at any pointof time. In some automobiles like racing cars and motorcycles that have standard transmissions, the driver can select the preceding or the following gear ratio with no clutch operation needed. This type of standard transmission is known as sequential transmission. In this transmission the clutch is still used for initial take off.Clutch and Flywheel AssemblyThe main clutch plays the role of a coupling device which separates the transmission and the engine. If the clutch is absent and the car comes to a stop the engine will stall. In automobiles, the clutch can be operated with the help of a pedal located on the floor of the vehicle. In an automatic transmission instead of a clutch, a torque converter is used to separate the transmission and engine.Typical Stick Shift PatternsA desired gear can be selected by a lever which is usually located on the floor in between the driver and passenger seat. This selector lever is called the gear lever or gear selector or gear shift or shifter. This gear stick can be made to move in right, left, forward and backward direction. When the gear is placed on the N position or neutral position, no gear will be selected. To move the car in the backward direction, the R gear or reverse gear should be selected.Standard transmissions are more efficient and less expensive to produce than automatic transmissions. A Standard transmission is about 15% more efficient compared to an automatic transmission. Standard transmissions are generally stronger than automatic transmissions and off road vehicles take advantage of a direct gear selection so they can withstand rough conditions. Less active cooling is also required in manual transmission system because less power is wasted.●Popular Problem ChecksCar will not go into gearClutch disc is broken completelyInternal transmission damageFailed clutch master cylinderSeized clutch slave cylinderBroken clutch fork pivotBroken clutch cableCar goes into gear but it fades out or is slippingClutch is worn out and needs replacementClutch is oil soaked from a external engine oil leakCar makes grinding noise while operating or shifting gearsOne of the roller or thrust bearings has failedThe gear synchro is worn out not forcing the gear stop before it is engaged causing a grinding gear.A counter or main shaft bearing has failed causing misalignment of the gears●Troubleshooting Noise and ProblemsIf the vehicle is running and a whirring sound is heard, then it goes away when the clutch is depressed, the transmission input bearing has failed.If the transmission is quiet in neutral but when you depress the clutch a squeaking noise is observed, a clutch throw out bearing has failed.Tips:Never let little noises go unattended; a small noise can cause a large noise and transmission operation failure. Never overload a vehicle or tow beyond the capacity this can cause premature transmission failure.汽车变速器汽车传统变速器是那种标准的手动变速器。
汽车变速器变速箱外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
TRANSMISSIONOf all transmission technologies, the manual gearbox is the most efficient; around 96 per cent of the energy that is put in comes out of the other end. But not everyone can drive one or wants to. Because you have to dip the clutch pedal, it is less comfortable to drive in heavy traffic. It makes the driver tired and the torque interruptions’ head-nod effect on passengers can be wearing.The driver's clutch control and corresponding torque interruptions are also the manuals weak point. When accelerating up through the gearbox, each up-shift requires the driver to cut the torque momentarily by lifting the gas pedal and dipping the clutch. It may just take a second to complete the operation, but during this time the vehicle is losing speed and acceleration.At the opposite end of the spectrum is the traditional automatic. The modern transmission is by far, the most complicated mechanical component in today’s automobile. It is a type of transmission that shifts itself .A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine.There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based on whetherthe vehicle is rear wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheel. Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine, through the torque converter , then through the transmission and driver shaft until it reaches the final driver where it is split and sent to the two rear wheel .On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually combined .With the final drive to from what is called a transaxle. The engine on a front wheel driver car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it onthe side of the engine facing the rear of the car. Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to the front wheels. In this example, power flows from the engine through the torque converter to a large chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine. From there，The power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles.There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular. A must less popular rear drive arrangement has the transmission mounted to the final drive at the rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine. This system is found on the new corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling. Another rear drive system mounts everything, the engine, transmission and final drive in the rear. This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets, the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets, the torque converter, the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer consider being an art form.On the automobile planet gear mainly uses in two places, one is the driving axle reduction gear, two is the automatic transmission. Very many net friends all want to know that, the planet gear has any function, why automobile must have it . We knew very well the gear major part all rotates the spool thread fixed gear. For example mechanical type clock and watch, above all gears although all in make the rotation, but their rotation center (with center of a circle position superposition) often installs through the bearing on the cabinet, therefore, their rotating axis all is the relative cabinet fixed, thus also is called "dead axle gear" . Has must have surely moves, the corresponding place, some kind of not that manner knows very well is called "planet gear" the gear, their rotation spool thread is not fixed, but is installs the support which may rotate in (blue color) on(in chart black part is shell, yellow expression bearing). The planet gear (green) besides can look like the dead axle gear such to revolve own rotating axis (B-B) to rotate, their rotating axis also (is called planet) along with the blue color support to circle other gears the spool thread (A-A) to rotate. Circles oneself spool thread the rotation to be called "rotation", circles other gear spool threads the rotation to be called "revolution", looks like in solar system planet such, therefore acquires fame.The spool thread fixed gear drive principle is very simple, meshes mutually in a pair in the gear, some gear takes the driving pulley, the power spreads from its there, another gear takes the driven wheel, the power outputs from it toward outside. Also some gears only take the stopover station, at the same time meshes with the driving pulley, one side meshes in addition with the driven wheel, the power passes from its there.In contains the planet gear in the gear system, the situation was different. Because has the planet frame, in other words, may have three rotating axes permissions power input/Output, but also may use the coupling or the brake and so on method. in needs time limits axis the rotation, is left over two axes to carry on the transmission, as the matter stands, meshes mutually between the gear relations may have the many kinds of combinations: The power from sun gear input, outputs from other sun gear, the planet put through brake mechanism has checked dies; Power from sun gear input, from planet output, moreover a sun gear ecks dies; The power from a planet input, outputs from sun gear, moreover a sun gear checks dies; Two powers separately from two sun gears inputs, after synthesis from planet output; Two powers separately from the planet and sun gear input, after the synthesis output from other sun gear; The power from sun gear input, divides two groups outputs from other sun gear and the planet frame; The power from a planet input, divides two groups to output from two sun gears;Its shift quality is good thanks to its torque converter, but efficiency is relatively poor despite recent advances. Because of this, a lot of the current research is trying to find an efficient alternative to the conventional automatic.The main technologies are continuously variable transmissions (CVTs); dualclutch transmissions (DCTs) and automated manual transmission (AMTs).They all offer different benefits over the conventional planetary automatic.The CVT uses a belt chain or torodial shaped dish drive to vary an infinite number of gear ratios. It has improved efficiency and cost when compared to conventional automatics. Its advantage comes from its simplicity. It consists of very few components；usually a rubber or metal-link belt；a hydraulically operated driving pulley, a mechanical torque-sensing driving pulley, microprocessors and some sensors.The transmission works by varying the distance between the face of the two main pulleys. The pulleys have V－shaped grooves in which the connecting the belt rides. One side of the pulley is fixed axially; the other side moves, actuated by hydraulics.When actuated, the cylinder can increase or reduce the amount of space between the two sides of the pulley. This allows the belt to ride lower or higher along the walls of the pulley, depending on driving conditions. This changes the gear ratio. A torodial-type design works in a similar way but runs an discs and power- rollersThe "step less" nature of its design is CVT's biggest draw for automotive engineers .Because of this, a CVT can work to keep the engine in its optimum power range, thereby increasing efficiency and mileage. A CVT can convert every point on the equine’s operating curve to a corresponding point on its own operating curve.The transmission is most popular with Japanese carmakers and Japanese supplier JATCO is a major producer. But in the US and Europe driving styles are different. Uptake has been slow despite Audi and other manufacturers having Offered CVT operations on their ranges.The DCT is, in effect, two manual gearboxes coupled together. Gear shifts are made by switching from one clutch on one gearbox to another clutch on the other. The shift quality is equal to a conventional automatic, but slip, fluid drag and hydraulic losses in the system result in only slightly improved efficienc y and acceleration over the conventional planetary automatic. Developing the controlstrategy is costly too."Resent advances in conventional automatic technology have weakened the argument to develop and set up production for CVT or DCT," says Bill Martin, managing director of transmission firm Zeroshift "Some carmakers have cancelled DCT projects because of the cost."The cheapest way to build an automatic is with an AMT. AMTs use actuators to replace the clutch pedal and gear stick of a conventional manual. They keep the high efficiency and acceleration of a manual gearbox, but the shift quality on some models is lacking. Torque interruptions and the head-nod effect are the most common complaint.SO what is the alternative? There are always new ideas in transmissions, but Zeroshift says that its technology has efficiency benefits over a manual, delivering fuel economy improvements to city driving. Shift quality can also be equal to that of a refined automatic.Zeroshift's approach is an upgrade to the AMT. The synchromesh is replaced with an advanced dog engagement system.Dog engagement has been used for many years in motor sport to allow fast shifts. Conventional dog Boxes are unsuitable for road use as the large spaces between the drive lugs or 'dogs" create backlash, an uncomfortable shunt caused by the sudden change in torque direction.Zeroshift's technology solves this problem by adding a second set of drive dogs. It has also made each of The two sets of dogs only capable of transmitti ng torque in one or other opposing directions错误!未找到引用源。
浅谈汽车变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
自动变速器汽车车辆类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
自动变速器现代自动变速箱是当今汽车迄今为止,最复杂的机械组件.自动变速器包含机械系统、液压系统、电气系统和计算机控制.它们几乎无声地完美和谐的工作在一起,直到出现问题. 这篇文章将帮助您了解这些技术奇迹背念，让你进入当它们工作出在问题如何修复的天地.这篇文章分为四个部分:∙什么是变速器损坏在最简单的条件下，变速器的用途是什么.∙在他们变得更坏前发现问题，展示如何寻找并防止小问题变成大问题.∙维修谈大家也应该知道的预防性维修.∙变速器修理描述典型地执行在变速器从较小调整完成检修的修理形式。
什么是变速器?变速器是一个连接到背面发动机,并将动力从发动机传到驱动车轮的装置. 汽车发动机工作在它最佳的一些转速(转每分钟) 范围内，而变速器的工作就是在发动机转速在一定范围内确保动力被分到各个轮子.这个通过各种齿轮组合来实现的. 在一档里, 发动机快速转动传到驱动轮，而在高挡时发动机空转，即使汽车可能行驶超出70 里/时。
除各种各样的前进齿轮之外,变速器也有一个并没有连接从驱动轮到发动机的中性位置, 并且相反,能使驱动轮相反转动允许你倒退。
最后，是停车位置。
在这个位置, 门闩机制(不似一个非螺栓锁住门) 被插入入一个槽孔在输出轴去锁住驱动轮和保持它们转动, 从而防止车辆滚动.。
有两个基本类型的汽车自动变速器基于是否后轮驱动或前轮驱动.对后轮驱动汽车，变速器通常安装到后面的发动机和位于地板的中心沿着油门踏板位置.一根传动轴连接变速器后方到位于后车轴被用来传递动力到后轮的主减速器. 动力流在这个系统是从引擎简单和直接向前传递, 通过扭矩交换器,然后通过变速器和传动轴直到到达主减速器，分散开传到两个后轮.对前轮驱动汽车，变速器通常由一根传动轴与主减速器结合起来.发动机在前轮驱动车上通常安装在汽车上的侧身和传动轴下面发动机的一侧面面向汽车后方.前轴直接与传动轴相连，提供动力给前轮.这个例子,动力从发动机，通过变矩器传递到一个大链子能够传递动力通过转180度到发动机侧面的变速器.从那里,动力路线通过变速器到主减速器，通过驱动轴分散开传到两个前轮.还有一些其他的布置包括前面驱动发动机安装由前至后代替侧方,还有其他所有四轮驱动但这里所说的两个系统是目前最常用的.较为冷门后轮驱动，发动机在后方直接安装到主减速器通过一个驱动轴连接到还安放在发动机的变矩器. 这个系统被发现在护卫舰和被使用是为了平衡前轮和后轮的重量去改进性能和处理.另一个后轮驱动系统安装一切，发动机，变速器和主减速器在后方.发现问题在它们变得更坏之前∙在汽车下寻找泄漏或污点如果有一个红色持续漏油那一定是来自你的车,你应该去车店看看它是否来自你的变速器或可能从动力转向系统(大部分动力转向系统还利用变速器液及泄漏可能大致出现在地面同一区域和变速器泄漏一样。
车辆与动力工程外文翻译外文文献英文翻译自动变速器
How Automatic Transmissions WorkIf you have ever driven a car with an automatic transmission, then you know that there are two big differences between an automatic transmissionand a manual transmission:There is no clutch pedal in an automatic transmission car.There is no gear shift in an automatic transmission car. Once you put the transmission into drive, everything else is automatic.Both the automatic transmission (plus its torque converter) and a manualtransmission (with its clutch) accomplish exactly the same thing, but they do it in totally different ways. It turns out that the way an automatic transmission does it is absolutely amazing!In this article, we'll work our way through an automatic transmission. We'll start with the key to the whole system: planetary gearsets. Then we'll see how the transmission is put together, learn how the controls work anddiscuss some of the intricacies involved in controlling a transmission. Some BasicsJust like that of a manual transmission, the automatic transmission's primary job is to allow the engine to operate in its narrow range of speeds while providing a wide range of output speeds.Without a transmission, cars would be limited to one gear ratio, and that ratio would have to be selected to allow the car to travel at the desired top speed. If you wanted a top speed of 80 mph, then the gear ratio would be similar to third gear in most manual transmission cars.You've probably never tried driving a manual transmission car using only third gear. If you did, you'd quickly find out that you had almost no acceleration when starting out, and at high speeds, the engine would be screaming along near the red-line. A car like thiswould wear out very quicklyand would be nearly undriveable.So the transmission uses gears to make more effective use of the engine's torque, and tokeep the engine operating at an appropriate speed. The key difference between a manual and an automatic transmission is that the manual transmission locks and unlocks different sets of gears to the output shaft to achieve the various gear ratios, while in an automatic transmission, the same set of gears produces all of the different gear ratios. The planetary gearset is the device that makes this possible in an automatic transmission.GearsThis automatic transmission uses a set of gears, called a compound planetary gearset, that looks like a single planetary gearset but actuallybehaves like two planetary gearsets combined. It has one ring gear that is always the output of the transmission, but it has two sun gears and two sets ofplanets.Let's look at some of the parts:First GearIn first gear, the smaller sun gear is driven clockwise by the turbine in the torque converter. The planet carrier tries to spin counterclockwise, but is held still by the one-way clutch (which only allows rotation in the clockwise direction) and the ring gear turns the output. The small gear has 30 teeth and the ring gear has 72, so the gear ratio is:Ratio = -R/S = - 72/30 = -2.4:1So the rotation is negative 2.4:1, which means that the output direction would be opposite the input direction. But the output direction is really the same as the input direction -- this is where the trick with the two sets of planets comes in. The first set of planets engages the second set, and the second set turns the ring gear; this combination reverses the direction. You can see that this would also cause the bigger sun gear to spin;but because that clutch is released, the bigger sun gear is free to spin in the opposite direction of the turbineSecond GearThis transmission does something really neat in order to get the ratio needed for second gear. It acts like two planetary gearsets connected to eachother with a common planet carrier.The first stage of the planet carrier actually uses the larger sun gear as the ring gear. So the first stage consists of the sun (the smaller sun gear), the planet carrier, and the ring (the larger sun gear).The input is the small sun gear; the ring gear (large sun gear) is held stationary by the band, and the output is the planet carrier. so the formula is:1 + R/S = 1 + 36/30 = 2.2:1The planet carrier turns 2.2 times for each rotation of the small sun gear. At the second stage, the planet carrier acts as the input for the second planetary gear set, the larger sun gear (which is held stationary) acts as the sun, and the ring gear acts as the output, so thegear ratio is:1 / (1 + S/R) = 1 / (1 + 36/72) = 0.67:1To get the overall reduction for second gear, we multiply the first stage by the second, 2.2 x 0.67, to get a 1.47:1 reduction. This may sound wacky, but it works.Third GearMost automatic transmissions have a 1:1 ratio in third gear. You'll remember from the previous section that all we have to do to get a 1:1 outputis lock together any two of the three parts of the planetary gear.With thearrangement in this gearset it is even easier -- all we have to do is engage the clutches that lock each of the sun gears to the turbine.If both sun gears turn in the same direction, the planet gears lockup because they can only spin in opposite directions. This locks the ringgear to the planets and causes everything to spin as a unit, producing a 1:1 ratio. OverdriveBy definition, an overdrive has a faster output speed than input speed.It's a speed increase. In this transmission, engaging the overdrive accomplishes two things at once. If you read How Torque Converters Work, you learned about lockup torque converters. In order to improve efficiency, somecars have a mechanism that locks up the torque converter so that the output of the engine goes straight to the transmission.In this transmission, when overdrive is engaged, a shaft that is attached to the housing of the torque converter (which is bolted to the flywheel of the engine) is connected by clutch to the planet carrier. The small sun gear freewheels, and the larger sun gear is held by the overdrive band. Nothing is connected to the turbine; the only input comes from the converter housing. Let's go back to our chart again, this time with the planet carrierfor input, the sun gear fixed and the ring gear for output.Ratio = 1 / (1 + S/R) = 1 / ( 1 + 36/72) = 0.67:1So the output spins once for every two-thirds of a rotation of the engine. If the engine is turning at 2000 rotations per minute (RPM), the outputspeed is 3000 RPM. This allows cars to drive at freeway speed while theengine speed stays nice and slow.ReverseReverse is very similar to first gear, except that instead of the small sun gear being driven by the torque converter turbine, the bigger sun gear is driven, and the small one freewheels in the opposite direction. The planet carrier is held by the reverse band to the housing. So, according to our equations from the last page, we have:Ratio = -R/S = 72/36 = 2.0:1So the ratio in reverse is a little less than first gear in this transmission.Gear RatiosThis transmission has four forward gears and one reverse gear. Let's summarize the gear ratios, inputs and outputs:Hydraulic SystemThe automatic transmission in your car has to do numerous tasks. You may not realize how many different ways it operates. For instance, here are some of the features of an automatic transmission:•If the car is in overdrive (on a four-speed transmission), the transmission will automatically select the gear based on vehiclespeed and throttle pedal position.•If you accelerate gently, shifts will occur at lower speeds than if you accelerate at full throttle.•If you floor the gas pedal, the transmission will downshift to the next lower gear.•If you move the shift selector to a lower gear, the transmission will downshift unless the car is going too fast for that gear. If the car isgoing too fast, it will wait until the car slows down and thendownshift.•If you put the transmission in second gear, it will never downshift or upshift out of second, even from a complete stop, unless youmove the shift lever.•You've probably seen something that looks like this before. It is really the brain of the automatic transmission, managing all ofthese functions and more. The passageways you can see route fluidto all the different components in the transmission. Passagewaysmolded into the metal are an efficient way to route fluid; withoutthem, many hoses would be needed to connect the various parts ofthe transmission. First, we'll discuss the key components of thehydraulic system; then we'll see how they work together.The PumpAutomatic transmissions have a neat pump, called a gear pump. The pump is usually located in the cover of the transmission. It draws fluid from a sump in the bottom of the transmission and feeds it to the hydraulic system. It also feeds the transmission cooler and the torque converter.The inner gear of the pump hooks up to the housing of the torque converter, so it spins at the same speed as the engine. The outer gear is turned by the inner gear, and as the gears rotate, fluid is drawn up from the sump on one side of the crescent and forced out into the hydraulic system on the other side.The GovernorThe governor is a clever valve that tells the transmission how fast the car is going. It is connected to the output, so the faster the car moves, the faster the governor spins. Inside the governor is a spring-loaded valve that opens in proportion to how fast the governor is spinning -- the faster the governor spins, the more the valve opens. Fluid from the pump is fed to the governor through the output shaft.The faster the car goes, the more the governor valve opens and the higher the pressure of the fluid it lets through.Valves and ModulatorsThrottle Valve or ModulatorTo shift properly, the automatic transmission has to know how hard the engine is working. There are two different ways that this is done. Some cars have a simple cable linkage connected to a throttle valve in the transmission. The further the gas pedal is pressed, the more pressure is put on the throttle valve. Other cars use a vacuum modulator to apply pressure to the throttle valve. The modulator senses the manifold pressure, whichdrops when the engine is under a greater load.Manual ValveThe manual valve is what the shift lever hooks up to. Depending on which gear is selected, the manual valve feeds hydraulic circuits thatinhibitcertain gears. For instance, if the shift lever is in third gear, it feeds a circuit that prevents overdrive from engaging.Shift ValvesShift valves supply hydraulic pressure to the clutches and bands to engage each gear. The valve body of the transmission contains severalshift valves. The shift valve determines when to shift from one gear to the next. For instance, the 1 to 2 shift valve determines when to shift fromfirst tosecond gear. The shift valve is pressurized with fluid from the governor on one side, and the throttle valve on the other. They are supplied with fluid by the pump, and they route that fluid to one of two circuits to control which gear the car runs in.The shift valve will delay a shift if the car is accelerating quickly. If the car accelerates gently, the shift will occur at a lower speed. Let's discuss what happens when the car accelerates gently.As car speed increases, the pressure from the governor builds. This forces the shift valve over until the first gear circuit is closed, and the second gear circuit opens. Since the car is accelerating at light throttle, the throttle valve does not apply much pressure against the shift valve.When the car accelerates quickly, the throttle valve applies more pressure against the shift valve. This means that the pressure from the governor has to be higher (and therefore the vehicle speed has to be faster) before the shift valve moves over far enough to engage second gear.Each shift valve responds to a particular pressure range; so when thecar is going faster, the 2-to-3 shift valve will take over, because the pressure from the governor is high enough to trigger that valve. Electronic ControlsElectronically controlled transmissions, which appear on some newer cars, still use hydraulics to actuate the clutches and bands, but each hydraulic circuit is controlled by an electric solenoid. This simplifies the plumbing on the transmission and allows for more advanced control schemes.自动变速器如何工作如果你曾经驾驶过一辆带着自动变速器的车, 那么你就知道自动变速器和手动变速器之间有很大的不同:在一个带着自动变速器的汽车中没有离合器踏板。
变速箱外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
变速箱在我国工程机械主要核心元部件中，唯有传动元部件国内配套体系最完善，市场满足率也最高，且也是最具自主知识产权的关键配套件。
国产核心元部件之一的液压元件，从价值上讲，国产配套满足率只有30%，特别是价值很高的变量液压元件，几乎全依赖进口。
而传动核心元部件的国产配套件的满足率在70%～75%以上，只有少数高档传动元部件及大规格传动元部件仍需进口。
在变速箱方面，世界上一直是两大流派，一种是像德国采埃孚和美国德纳那样的定轴式箱，另一种就像目前我国用得最多的及卡特、小松等所用的行星式变速箱。
行星式变速箱中，像我国目前的只有两个行星排，叫简单行星式，制造、维护相对比较容易一些。
另一种像卡特、小松等复杂行星式，制造工艺比较复杂。
这两种流派各有优劣，因此两大流派一直在世界上并存。
但对中国的实际情况，复杂行星式制造难度更大，川齿引进卡特技术，最终未形成产品就是一个例子。
老的简单行星式变速箱，虽然目前仍在最广泛地使用，但由于某些缺陷已从根本上无法克服，技术也再无突破性发展。
因此变速箱在整个行业的技术发展中，瞄准了世界一流水平的采埃孚箱。
既有杭齿引进采埃孚技术基础，又有柳工与采埃孚合资的技术基础，同时又有广泛地使用、维护及配件基础。
另外与其配套的冲压焊接式变矩器已在陕西航天动力开发成功，并已大批量配套。
因此中国目前新型双变技术主流方向，已正在向采埃孚型方向发展。
主要配套件企业杭齿所生产的高水平采埃孚双变已批量推向了市场，并从装载机变速箱经过变型设计已发展到压路机、平地机等多种工程机械产品上。
主机企业柳工、龙工、厦工、成工等，都已不同程度地研发出或正在研发该系列变速箱。
并已从3t型、5t型到6t型,已逐步开始形成了中等型号系列新型双变系统。
该双变的关键技术是微电脑控制的电液控制系统。
其中最关键的核心部份是微处理器及电液控制阀。
目前中国国内攻下这两项关键核心技术已到了最后攻坚阶段。
一旦这些核心技术完全攻克，我国新一代换代双变技术将会很快得到广泛实现。
汽车变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
TRANSMISSIONManual transmission is one of the most common transmission, referredto as MT. Its basic structure in a single sentence is a central axis, twoinput shaft, namely, the axial and axial oart, they constituted the transmission of the subject, and, of course, a reverse axis. Manual transmission gear transmission and manual, contain can in axial sliding gears, through different meshing gears to change gear of torsional purpose.The typical structure and principle of the manual transmission.Input shaft also says, it's in front of the spline shaft directly withclutch platen, thus the spline set by the engine relay of torque. The firstshaft gear meshing gears, often with oart as input shaft, and the gear on oart will turn. Also called shaft, because even more solid shaft of gear. The output shaft, and the second shaft position have the drive shaftgear, may at any time and under the influence of the control devices and the corresponding oart gear, thus changing the speed and torque itself. The output shaft is associated with tail spline shaft torque transmissionshaft, through to drive to gear reducer.Predictably, transmission gear drive forward path is: input shaftgear - oart gnaws gnaws gear - because the second shaft gear - corresponding corresponding gear. Pour on the axle gear can also controldevice, by moving axis in the strike, and the output shaft gear and oart gear, in the opposite direction.Most cars have five forward and reverse gear, each one has certain ratio,the majority of gear transmission more than 1, 4 gears transmission is 1, called directly, and ratio is less than 1 of article 5 gear shift accelerated called. The output axis gear in the mesh position, can acceptpower transmission.Due to the gearbox output shaft to input shaft and the speed of theirgear rotating, transform an "synchronization problem". Two rotating speeddifferent meshing gears forcibly inevitable impact and collision damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to use "two feet clutch" method, ShengDang in neutral position shift to stay for a while, in the space location on the door, in order to reduce gear speed. But this operation is more complex, difficult to grasp accurately. Thereforedesigners to create "synchronizer", through the synchronizer will makethe meshing gears reach speed and smooth.Currently the synchronous transmission adopts is inertial synchronizer, it mainly consists of joints, synchronizer lock ring etc,it is characteristic of the friction effect on achieving synchronization.Mating, synchronizer and mating locking ring gear tooth circle have chamfering (locking horns), the synchronizer lock ring inside surface ofgear engagement ring and the friction surface contact. The lock horns with cone when designing the proper choice, has been made to the surface friction of meshing gears with gear synchronous, also can rapid producesa locking function, prevent the synchronous before meshing gears. When synchronous lock ring of gear engagement with surface contact surface, the outer circle in friction torque under the action of gear speed rapiddecrease (increase) or to synchronous speed equal, both locking ring spunconcurrent, relative to lock ring gear synchronous speed is zero, thus inertia moment also disappear, then in force, driven by the junction of unimpeded with synchronous lock ring gear engagement, and further to engagement with the engagement ring gear tooth and complete shift process.functional (1) change ratio, meet different driving conditions for tractionengine, the need to work in the favorable conditions and meet the speed may request. In a wide range of vehicle speed changing the size and automobile driving wheel on the size of the torque. Due to the differentdemands, automobile driving conditions of vehicle speed and torque can drive in a broad range of change. For example, in high speed can be reachedon 100km/h, while in the urban district, speed in 50km/h. In the empty flat roads, road, very little resistanceWhen When carrying carrying carrying uphill, uphill, uphill, driving driving driving resistance resistance resistance was was was great. great. great. And And And the thecharacteristics of automobile engine speed range is lesser, and torque changes more cannot meet the actual conditions range. (2) drive backward, to satisfy the need to drive car backwards. Realizing the backing, engine crankshaft are generally only to a direction,and sometimes need to back, so, often used in the transmission of reverseto realize the car drive backward.(3) in power, interruption, idle running engine starting, auto shift or need to stop the dynamic output, interrupted to transfer the power ofthe drive wheels.(4), when the clutch engagement realize gap, gearbox can not power output. For example, can ensure drivers in engine flameout loosen the clutch when leaving drivers seat.constituteBy continuously variable transmission gearbox and speed control twoparts. The main function of the variable transmission torque and speed is the change of numerical and direction, The main function of theoperation is controlled transmission mechanism, realize thetransformation of transmission ratio, shift to speed torque. Principle,Mechanical transmission main application of the principle of geartransmission velocity. Say simply, there are a number of differenttransmission gearbox group of gear pair of vehicle, and behavior, is alsoshifting gears trunk by manipulating institutions make different gearpair work. As in low-speed, ratio of gear pair work, and in high-speed, let ratio of small gear pair work.Classification,1, according to the change of transmission, transmission way, there can be divided into grade level and synthetical three.(a) : several levels of transmission ratio, can choose the fixed by gear. And can be divided into: gear axis of ordinary gear transmission and fixed gear planetary gear (part) of planetary gear transmission axisof rotation.b) stepless type transmission: ratio can be continuous variation within a certain range, commonly, mechanical and electric hydraulic typeetc.(c) comprehensive type transmission by a class type, transmission andstepless type transmission, the ratio of the maximum and minimum values can be in between the scope for several section stepless change.2, press control can be divided into compulsory manipulation, transmission, automatic control and semi-automatic control 3 kinds.(a) mandatory manipulation of transmission by direct manipulation, change gear shift lever drivers.(b) automatic control type transmission ratio of choice and change: the shift is automatic. Drivers simply manipulate accelerated pedal, transmission can according to the engine speed and load control signal signal actuator, realize the transformation of gear.(c) semi-automatic control type transmission can be divided into twokinds: one kind is part of gear, automatic shift gears, manual (mandatory)shift, Another kind is selected by button in mining under gear clutch pedalor accelerated release pedal, the executing agency to shift. Transmission of maintenance1 transmission gears maintenanceTransmission gears are always changing speed, load, gear toothsurface by bluntThe impact of load, which struck gear tooth surface (especially) damage. Common injuries are:(1) gear transmission is worn gear under normal working conditions, shows the wear uniform angled tooth gear, long wear along the directionTooth thickness shouldof the tooth should not exceed 30 percent longer,not exceed usd, Gear tooth surface area of not less than two-thirds, Running gear mesh clearance shall be commonly used, 0.15-0.26 mm to 0.8 mm limit, Gear engagement between 0.10-0.15 mm, should use limit for 0.60mm. Available batches or soft metal rivalries. If more than clearance method for measuring the pairs, should be replaced.due to fail togear clearance is mainly(2) gear teeth,broken toothmeet the requirements, gear meshing parts or work under great impact load.If you are not greater than 2mm edge of gear oil can smile ShiXiuafter-grinding continue to use, If the scope or have more than three pairs,should smile.(3) often mesh surface of the helical gear often wear face due. 10-0.30mm, in order to ensure that the axial clearance, if tooth gear good operation within the wear, can repair tank, but the amount of grinding grinding should not exceed. 50.(4) often meshing gears shaft neck, needle roller bearing and wear into seat hole hole meshing gears seat with needle bearings and shaft neckwith clearance should be 0.01 - three 0.08 mm, otherwise must be changed.2 the overhaul. Transmission shellGearbox shell is transmissions, to ensure the basis of each part of the transmission is correct position, work under load. Common injuries are:(1) the abrasion of shell bearing hole hole wear will destroy its bearing assembly relation with the bearing, the direct impact of input, output shaft transmission position relative to the hole. Bearing seat with0-0.03 mm clearance shall be used for the maximum limit, should be replacedor 0.10 mm) shell or pile hole repair.(2) shell threaded holes repair note oil ROM plug hole, dumping screwhole threads connecting bolts damage and between shellThreaded hole, can take damage with screw repair.3 transmission shaft of maintenanceTransmission in the process of operation, each bearing the torsionalmoment of change, and bending moment, JianChi part is under pressure, impact and sliding friction etc. Various axial load of common injuries are:(1) the shaft neck and neck too worn wear axis gear axis will not onlyoffset, and can bring the change gear clearance, when making noisetransmission shaft neck. Also make coordination relationship with bearingdamage, may cause ablation. So roller bearings in a place with no more than 0.02 axis wear mm needle bearing shaft neck wear with place, otherwisethan 0.07 mm landscape change or chrome.side of thein stress and more seriouswear JianChi wear(2) JianChispline. JianChi with check, when more than 0.25 or and wear with more thanusd keyway apprentice, gear engagement mm, combining with the gear with JianChi weeks, according to the mm apprentice woodruff key and shaft neckkeyways apprentice to JianChi 0.08 mm over there when the keyway weeks, or should be repaired or replaced shaft.(3) transmission shaft bending thimble resist transmission shaft withmaintenance on both ends of the roof, using pinhole batches of shaft radial micrometers, check the deviation should be less than 0.10 mm) pressure correction repair.4 synchronizer overhaulA. lock ring type inertial synchronizer ring maintenance: lock hornscone a about six degrees - 7 degrees, in use, cone Angle deformation ofrapid synchronous, and not be change in time. B. B. locking locking locking pin pin pin type type type inertial inertial inertial synchronizer: synchronizer: synchronizer: locking locking locking pin pin pin type type synchronizer major damage for cone rim wear, when, cone-disk cone rim on the thread of groove depth 0.40 mm wear to 010mm deep, should be replaced.If the cone rim are scratching, face to face, but two turning machining, must not be more than 1mm should be replaced.变速器手动变速器是最常见的变速器，简称MT MT。
载货汽车变速器中文英文文献
载货汽车变速器中文英文文献In the realm of automotive engineering, the transmission system stands as a vital component, orchestrating the transfer of power from the engine to the wheels with finesse and efficiency. In the domain of cargo haulage, this role becomes even more pronounced, demanding robustness, versatility, and reliability from the transmission system of freight trucks. This discourse delves into the intricate world of cargo truck transmissions, exploring their design, functionality, and the nuances that make them indispensable in the realm of transportation.At the heart of any cargo truck transmission lies a complex assembly of gears, shafts, and other mechanical components, meticulously engineered to endure the rigors of heavy-duty operation. The primary function of the transmission is to regulate the rotational speed and torque output of the engine, ensuring optimal performance across varying load conditions and road gradients. This task is accomplished through a series of gear ratios, each tailored to deliver the requisite amount of power to the wheels while maintaining engine efficiency.One of the hallmark features of modern cargo truck transmissions is their versatility in accommodating different driving conditions. Whether traversing steep inclines, navigating congested urban streets, or cruising along expansive highways, the transmission seamlessly adjusts its gear ratios to suit the demands of the moment. This adaptability not only enhances driving comfort but also contributes to fuel efficiency and overall vehicle performance.In addition to their primary function of power transmission, cargo truck transmissions often incorporate advanced technologies to enhance operational efficiency and driver experience. Automated manual transmissions (AMTs), for instance, utilize computer-controlled actuators to execute gear shifts with precision, eliminating the need for manual clutch operation while offering the flexibility of manual gear selection when desired. Similarly, continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) employ pulley and beltsystems to deliver smooth, stepless acceleration, optimizing fuel economy and vehicle responsiveness.Furthermore, the durability and longevity of cargo truck transmissions are paramount considerations in their design and engineering. Given the demanding nature of freight hauling operations, transmissions are subjected to immense stress and wear over their operational lifespan. To mitigate these challenges, manufacturers employ robust materials, advanced lubrication systems, and meticulous quality control measures to ensure reliability and longevity. Regular maintenance and periodic inspections further prolong the service life of transmissions, safeguarding against unexpected failures and costly downtime.Beyond their technical intricacies, cargo truck transmissions play a pivotal role in shaping the economic landscape by facilitating the movement of goods across vast distances. From delivering essential commodities to powering supply chains, these vehicles serve as the lifeblood of commerce, connecting producers with consumers in a seamless exchange of goods and services. As such, the efficiency and reliability of cargo truck transmissions directly impact not only the operational costs of businesses but also the broader dynamics of global trade and commerce.In conclusion, the transmission system of cargo trucks embodies the pinnacle of automotive engineering, blending precision, durability, and versatility to meet the demands of modern freight transportation. From its intricate gear mechanisms to its seamless adaptability to varying driving conditions, the transmission stands as a testament to human ingenuity and innovation. As the backbone of the logistics industry, cargo truck transmissions continue to drive progress and prosperity, facilitating the movement of goods and shaping the interconnected world we inhabit.。
汽车主减速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车主减速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译XXX Final DriveA final drive is an essential component of a power XXX primary n is to change the n of the power transmitted by the drive shaft by 90 degrees to the driving axles。
nally。
it provides a fixedn een the speed of the drive shaft and the axle that drives the wheels.The final drive is XXX power from the engine to the wheels。
allowing the vehicle to move。
It is composed of several XXX tothe wheels。
The final drive。
determines the number of ns the wheels make for each n of the engine.There are two types of final drives: the live axle and the independent XXX to the wheels。
while the independent XXX tothe wheels through a series of CV joints and half-shafts.In n。
the final drive is a XXX of power from the engine to the wheels。
It is essential to maintain and service the final drive XXX.The gear。
重型卡车变速箱系统-中英文版 2015-11
4档 4 shifts
从8档要将为5档 （一条横线代表一个档位） From 8 to 5 shift gear (A horizontal line represents a position)
1.5 油门踏板 1.5 accelerator pedal 挂档后，要使车辆开始行使， 要踩下油门。在换档过程中不 必收油门。 After hanging files, to make the vehicle start to exercise, you want to throttle. In the shifting process does not have to clos e the throttle .
6
变速箱系统概述 Transmission System Overview
1.4 档位显示 1.4 gear display 本手册只提供变速箱档位显示的说明。 This manual provides instructions only transmission gear display. 关于其它显示屏的说明请参见整车操作手册。 The description of the other vehicle display, refer to the op erating manual. 显示屏显示当前档位，空挡、降档和故障信息。 The display shows the current gear, neutral, downshift and fault information. 1.4.1自动模式下档位显示 1.4.2 手动模式下档位显示 1.4.2 Manual mode gear display
汽车与变速箱车辆外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车与变速箱随着世界能源危机的持续，以及战争和能源-----石油的消耗及汽车饱有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，终有一天它会消失的无影无踪。
石油不是在生资源。
所以必须在石油耗净之前找到一种代替品。
随着科技的发展社会的进步，有人发明了电动汽车。
电动汽车将成为人们最为理想的交通工具。
世界在发展各各方面都取得丰硕成果，尤其是随着汽车电子技术和计算机以及发展迅速的信息时代。
电子控制技术在汽车上得到了广泛应用，汽车上应用的电子装置越来越丰富，电子技术不仅用来改善和提高传统汽车电器的质量和性能，而且还提高了汽车的动力性、燃油经济性、可靠性以及废气排放的净化性。
汽车上广泛使用电子产品不仅降低了成本，并且减少维护的复杂性。
从发动机的燃油喷射点火装置、进气控制、废气排放控制、故障自诊断到车身辅助装置都普遍采用了电子控制技术，可以说今后汽车发展主要以机电一体化。
汽车上广泛采用的电子控制点火系统主要有电子控制燃油喷射系统、电子控制点火系统、电子控制自动变速器、电子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系统、电子控制悬架系统、电子控制动力转向系统、车辆动力学控制系统、安全气囊系统、主动安全带系统、电子控制自动空调系统、导航系统还有GPS等。
有了这些系统汽车响应敏捷，使用功能强，可靠性高，既保证发动机动力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又满足排放法规的标准。
汽车是现代人必不可少的交通工具。
而电动汽车给我们带来无限乐趣外还能给我们劳累一天的身心得以放松。
就拿自动变速器来说吧，汽车在行驶时，可以不踩离合器踏板，就可以实现自动换档而发动机不会熄火，这样有效的提高驾驶方便性减轻驾驶员的疲劳强度。
自动变速器主要由液力变矩器、齿轮变速器、油泵、液压控制系统、电子控制系统、油冷却系统等组成。
电子控制的悬架主要是用来缓冲路面对车身的冲击力以及减少振动保证汽车平顺性和操纵稳定性。
当汽车行驶在不平坦的道路时汽车能能根据底盘和路面高度自动调整。
当车高比设置的高度低时，就向气室或油缸充气或充油。
汽车与变速箱毕业设计外文翻译
Motors and gearboxesAs the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumptionand emission regulations meet standards.The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped withmultiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the car will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.The role of transmissionThe output of the engine speed is very high, maximum power and maximum torque at a certain speed area. Engine in order to exert the best performance, it is necessary to have a variable-speed devices, to coordinate the engine speed and the actual wheel speed. Transmissionprocess in the car, in between the engine and the wheels have a different gear ratio, by shifting the engine can work at their best performance of state power. Transmissions are the development trend of more and more complex, increasingly high degree of automation, automatic transmission will be the mainstream of the future. Transmission typeAutomotive automatic transmission has three common forms: namely, Automatic Transmission (AT), mechanical stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electric-controlled mechanical automatic transmission (AMT). At present, the most widely used is the AT, AT almost become synonymous with automatic transmission.AT Torque by Torque, and planetary gear and hydraulic control system components, through the hydraulic transmission and gear portfolio approach to achieve variable-speed torque variation. One of Hydraulic Torque is the most important parts, which pump wheels, turbines and components, such as guide pulley of the transmission of both torque and the role of clutch.AT compared with, CVT save the complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, but the two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley. By changing the driving wheel and driven wheel contact belt speed radius. Canceled because of gear, so the transmission ratio can change speed more smoothly, without shifting sense of the sudden jump.AMT and Automatic Transmission (AT) are the same class has automatic transmission. It is in general based on the manual transmission, through the installation of microcomputer-controlled electric device to replace the original finish by the manual operation of the clutch of separation, joint, and block transmission of the election, motion shift, automatic shift implementation.The general structure of automobile transmission1. Easy transmission of the basic structure: the shell, transmissionand manipulation of some parts.(1) Shell: Shell is the basic pieces of support for the installation of transmission and storage of all parts lubricants. Has installed its bearing on the precision boring. Transmission under varying load, so the stiffness of the shell should be enough, there is to strengthen the wall, the shape of the complex, as many castings (gray cast iron materials, commonly used HT200).In order to facilitate the installation, transmission and manipulation of some Split parts are frequently made, cover with the housing connected by bolts and reliable positioning. Shell has come on up, I put the oil, check oil foot mouth, should also be taken into heat dissipation.(2) Transmission parts: is the gear, shaft, bearings and other transmission parts. Geometry axis through strength, stiffness calculation. Mainly due to decide on the stiffness, while the carbon steel and alloy steel elastic modulus almost equal, so the general use of carbon steel (commonly used 45 steel). Only one gear with the shaft or axle load made serious only by steel. Shaft and gear for many spline connection (for neutral good, reliable transmission of power, a small compressive stress, etc.). Spline shaft bearing parts and let the surface hardening treatment by the Department. Shaft with rolling bearing supports many, easy lubrication, high efficiency, small radial clearance, axial positioning should be reliable. Many ways to use splash lubrication (υ> 25m / s, as long as the appropria te viscosity apparently succumbed to the wall).(3) to manipulate parts: the main components located inside the transmission cover.2. The composition of the structural characteristics of transmission: there is easy and efficient transmission, the advantagesof simple easy-to-use-Jun mine but a few files, i changed the scope of small (traction, speed small), file number should be taken only atcertain limited Cut used. If the increase in the scope of i, then increase the size so that transmission, axle span increase, both in order to increase the file-axis span of a few do not make too large, transmission can be formed. The composition of the so-called transmission, usually from both a combination of easy transmission, one of a few more files as the main transmission, less transmission known as the deputy. Transmission component of advantages:(1) can reduce the number of gears, and a few more files to reduce the number of gear the more obvious advantages. Easy compared with the transmission, it can shorten the length of shaft to reduce the transmission of the external size and weight, and can easily be more than one reverse. Into the file so the current number of files more than six hours, almost all transmission components.(2) transmiss ion: the rate of change of Ω than large: if the main transmission gear ratio change rate Ωzu = 3, Vice transmission Ωfu = 4 is Ω = 12; easy transmission arrangement Ω = 12, the structure is often difficult to reasonable.Composed of transmission of disadvantage:(1) file groups have correspondence between the transmission ratio, so that each file is not 2, (the speed and traction) are ideal.(2) manipulation of trouble shifting, and sometimes both want to manipulate some speed, if not for the flower arrangement will shift memory.In order to reduce the control action, it is best to shift the order. Calling attention to the grade for this presentation ten out files so that the first group of transmission ratio is greater than all of the first file group 11 to the majority of phase transformation from the stall speed of just fixing the main purpose of this is the only way most convenient. GM Hydra-MaticGeneral can be regarded as the founder of automotive automatic transmission has been. The world's first automatic transmission is usedin the United States in 1940 Oldsmobile automobile on a common, and it is a tandem structure of planetary gear transmission fluid control. Applies to the Cadillac STS-V's latest six-speed Hydra-Matic automatic transmission 6L80, may be regarded as the world's most advanced Automatic Transmission (AT) has been.Automatic Transmission For example, it has an internal gear is also divided, but the abolition of the clutch. The more gear, then shift, the better the ride comfort. At present, common automatic transmission are generally four-speed, that is, block has four forward. 6L80 has six forward gear, the number of teeth than the one block are separately 2.36,3 block 4.03,2 block 0.85,6 block 1.15,5 block 1.53,4 block 0.67. Obviously, it is more than 4-speed automatic transmission with a greater ratio and smaller ratio of the difference, it is more smooth when speed.Outside the block a few more besides, 6L80 also has a lot of unique special skills:Driver shift control system (DSC) - through its driver into a vehicle without the clutch from the automatic five-speed, high-performance手动挡. Drivers under the food stalls to the DSC on the location, the light touch can be specified at the scope of the neat, smooth implementation block addition and subtraction. The driver to switch control mode, the transmission control module monitors the vehicle speed, engine torque and gear used to decide whether to automatically add block to avoid damage to the powertrain. Each have a sliding gear on the clutch, can be carried out on all five gear engine braking.Performance computing systems down block (PAL) - in a row after a high-speed, stop升挡maintain engine braking. Transmission control module based on driving behavior to decide whether to activate the device. If the system found in the vehicle slowed down before turning, transmission may be even lower in order to avoid stall twoblock.Performance computing shift system (PAS) - turn off the accelerator in high-speed automatic adjustment of the level of acceleration gear, re-open at throttle-down power to elevate. Once the transmission control module to detect high levels of command, this function immediately.This transmission also reduced in the rugged mountain road "Shift Search," the stability of the shift functions, with the lower block BrakeAssist monitoring function, electronically controlled engine braking, as well as to adapt to these high-power, high torque engines are the new need a new dual-chip torque converter. In addition, SRX is also equipped with high-performance downhill Downgrade Detection Brake Assist.Chinese car market gearboxChina's auto market is in a transmission period of rapid development. 2007 Chinese sales of 8,791,500 motor vehicles, motor vehicle production in 2008 will exceed nine million sales, car sales in 2010 will reach 12.63 million. Size of the market in the automotive industry's rapid growth, China is faced with a major transmission industry opportunities. In 2006 the market scale of China's automobile transmission up to 300 billion yuan and more than 20% annual growth is expected in 2010 is expected to reach 60 billion yuan.汽车与变速箱随着世界能源危机的持续，以及战争和能源-----石油的消耗及汽车饱有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，终有一天它会消失的无影无踪。
车辆工程专业——外文文献翻译（中英文翻译）
车辆工程专业——外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)附录Ⅰ（原文）Modern cars is not a simple means of delivery, it is already "people, cars and the environment," the combination. As a car seat directly support the user's device, the car has no small importance of the components. The main function of car seats for the driver to provide ease of manipulation, comfortable, safe and easy fatigue of the driver seat. Seat design should also meet the following five basic requirements: the seat of the rational arrangement; Second, the seat shape to meet the body's physiological function; Third, the seat should have the regulatory agencies; Fourth, the vibration characteristics of a good seat; Five seats to be very safe and reliable; eat size of the installation location is important, it directly affects the user's convenience and comfort. Seating layout should reflect the requirements of ergonomics. Driver's seat is the most crucial seats. Its basic requirement is a reasonable layout and simple operation, that is, when the drivers take on the steering wheel, joystick and pedals for good accessibility. Because differences in European, American and Asian body in some countries is very wide car seat, car seat in some countries is relatively small. As the crowd the same area, there are differences between men and women, the tall and the small differences in driver's seatmust have regulatory agencies to meet most people's body. "Most people" concept, the car body design used a two-dimensional model, which according to the height of its total population is divided into different groups: Seat size of the installation location is important, it directly affects the user's convenience and comfort. Seating layout should reflect the requirements of ergonomics. Driver's seat is the most crucial seats. Its basic requirement is a reasonable layout and simple operation, that is, when the drivers take on the steering wheel, joystick and pedals for good accessibility. Because differences in European, American and Asian body in some countries is very wide car seat, car seat in some countries is relatively small. As the crowd the same area, there are differences between men and women, the tall and the small differences in driver's seat must have regulatory agencies to meet most people's body. "Most people" concept, the car body design used a two-dimensional model, which according to the height of its total population is divided into different groups: 5[%] (all 5[%] of drivers in the short stature than or equal to this size, the remaining 95[%] taller large); 95[%] (all 95[%] of drivers in the short stature than or equal to the size of the remaining 5[%] taller large). Applied in the automotive industry in the total range of between 5[%] and 95[%], that is, including the 90[%] crowd. For example, adjustable seats and pedals designed distance between the drivers as much as possible to adapt body, where women generally take 5[%] and 95[%] of male body model.Driver's seat on the steering wheel, joystick and pedals to take the body and determines the position, posture, seating arrangement by the position and shape of the design of the decision. Drivers to take the posture is not ideal or even lead to fatigue and strain. Therefore, Japan and major European and American design of the depot location has the basic drivers seat position, head, shoulders, arms, abdomen, legs and other reference data space, can not be arbitraryCar seats from the seat, back, dorsal support, headrests and other components, they have a surface shape, seat surface and backrest should be with the body shape curve of the back curve of a relaxed state match, after the seat occupant seated surface shape and the body pressure distribution in the muscles of the crew to make the most relaxed state, to support the lumbar spine, not because of poor circulation caused numbness, fatigue easily take a long time. Through the front seat up and down, backrest angle, head up and down positions, such as the limited front and rear adjustment, can make most people are comfortable. The spring seat seat vibration performance constitute the key. Tests show that vehicle is in motion even though the floor vibration, but the action of the spring seat, the seat is still possible to get good comfort, good performance if the spring, the comfort of the car will be relatively poor. At present, most holistic seat cushion foam urethane, which uses S-shaped coil springor springs from being buried in urethane foam, has a simple structure, low cost, noise-free advantages. Low-back seats for the car, the head is an attachment on the seat. As the speed increases, its growing importance of personal safety. Car in the event of rear-end collision, the impact of cars by the force behind the rapid moment forward, the inertia occupant's head is suddenly thrown back, cervical spine to withstand the acceleration forces to the large and easily hurt. With the head supporting and reduce the space of free movement of the head can reduce the impact of the cervical spine. 1998 Volvo (Volvo) car assembly WHIPS (Whiplash Protection System) rear-end collision occurs when the headrest and backrest can be made after the occupants moved at the same time effectively prevent cervical spine injury. The current car seat has seat belts, airbags together constitute the security of the crew. The strength of their own car seat, the reliability of the connection on the body, back strength and testing requirements are the industry standard, not just to do an installation up to the line. With modern technology, car seats are equipped pneumatic devices, air pump from the engine compartment is provided inside the seat back pressure chamber 4, respectively, to achieve the protection of the Ministry of the lumbar spine. Are divided into two parts back, the angle can be adjusted to make the waist and shoulder the same time close to the back, play a security role. Have built in the back of a computer-controlled electronic oscillator, and massage healtheffects.附录Ⅱ（译文）现代轿车已经不是一个单纯的运载工具，它已经是“人、汽车与环境”的组合体。
汽车手动变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录外文文献Manual transmission is the most basic of transmission of a type, its effect is changing, and provide the transmission reverse and neutral. Usually, the pilot on the clutch pedal through manipulation and in any HuanDangGan can choose between gear. There are a few manual transmission, such as motorcycles, cars, some transmission shift transmission allows only sequence, the transmission is called sequence shift transmission. In recent years, along with the electronic control components durability, computerized automatic switching clutch automatic shift of transmission in Europe since the start line are more and more popular, car Volkswagen and ford are sold in the city on the double clutch provide updated generation, transmission from the start with two clutches, every shift automatically switch to another group of clutch engagement, need not as quick as traditional in manual have only one group separated again clutch engagement, shifting speed is faster, more small change gear vibration.Internal structure: shaftDecorate a form of transmission shaft type usually have two and three shaft type two kinds. Usually a rear wheel drive car will adopt three axis type, i.e. input shaft transmission, the output shaft and oart. Input shaft front associated with engine, borrow clutch output shaft back-end through the flange and universal transmission device connected.Input shaft and the output shaft in the same horizontal line, with their oart parallel arrangement. From the input shaft power through the gears to preach to the output shaft oart again. In many input and output shaft transmission shaft could engage in together, so to power, then the gear oart called directly. Direct files through uniaxial transmission, the ratio of 1:1, the highest transmission efficiency. Even in the transmission directly, cannot offer the input shaft, and the output shaft is decorated in a straight line to reduce work needed to inherit the torque transmission.Reversing deviceGenerally speaking, the reverse gear reducer than can alsosynchronizerIn synchronized meshing gears have type synchronizer Settings, can make two gear engagement in the first, before the speed reached synchronizer in all of this manual gear transmission of the car has been usedClutch,The clutch is can make two gear with a separate with mechanical parts, two gear transmission power can be combined, but when to speed, so will depend on the first two gear clutch, change gear ratio, the two gear transmission power, continue again Control：GearIn simple terms, the high speed, low speed ShengDang when the time cameEvery car high speedCompared with automatic transmissionThis refers to the automatic transmission of traditional hydraulic transmission, namely through hydraulic torque converter and planetary gear transmission power automatic transmission.Advantages： transmission efficiency than automatic gearboxes for high, of course, theoretically can compare economical.maintenance will be cheaper than transmission.If you want to higher cost, can begin from both the row of convenience and high power附录外文文献的中文翻译手动变速器是汽车变速器中最基本的一种类型，其作用是改变传动比，并提供倒档和空档。
汽车工程客运车辆中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车⼯程客运车辆中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)中英⽂翻译Passenger vehicles in the United StatesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (December 2007)Note: this article adopts the U.S. Department of Transportation'sdefinition of a passenger vehicle, to mean a car or truck, used for passengers, excluding buses and trains.The United States is home to the largest passenger vehicle market of any country in the world.[1]Overall, there were an estimated 254.4 million registered passenger vehicles in the United States according to a 2007 DOT study.[2] This number, along with the average age of vehicles, has increased steadily since 1960, indicating a growing number of vehicles per capita. The United States is also home to three large vehicle manufacturers: General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler, which have historically been referred to as the "Big Three." Chrysler however is no longer among the top three; but is number five, behind Toyota and Honda. The motor car though has clearly become an integral part of American life, with vehicles outnumbering licensed drivers.[2] StatisticsThe United States Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration as well as the National Automobile Dealers Association have published data in regard to the total number of vehicles, growth trends, and ratios between licensed drivers, the general population, and the increasing number of vehicles on American roads. Overall passenger vehicles have been outnumbering licensed drivers since 1972 at an ever increasing rate, while light trucks and vehicles manufactured by foreign marques have gained a larger share of the automotive market in theUnited States. In 2001, 70% of Americans drove to work in cars.[3] New York City is the only locality in the country where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).[3]Total number of vehiclesAccording to the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics for 2009 there are 254,212,610 registered passenger vehicles. Of these, 193,979,654 were classified as "Light duty vehicle, short wheel base, while another 40,488,025 were listed as "Light duty vehicle, long wheel base." Yet another 8,356,097 were classified as vehicles with 2 axles and 6 tires and 2,617,118 were classified as "Truck, combination." There were approximately 7,929,724 motorcycles in the US in 2009. [4] According to cumulative data[1]by the Federal Highway Administration (FHW A) the number of motor vehicles has also increased steadily since 1960, only stagnating once in 1997 and declining from 1990 to 1991. Otherwise the number of motor vehicles has been rising by an estimated 3.69 million each year since 1960 with the largest annual growth between 1998 and 1999 as well as between 2000 and 2001 when the number of motor vehicles in the United States increased by eight million.[1]Since the study by the FHA the number of vehicles has increased by approximately eleven million, one of the largest recorded increases. The largest percentage increase was between the years of 1972and 1973 when the number of cars increased by 5.88%.Age of vehicles in operationIn the year 2001, the National Automobile Dealers Association conducted a study revealing the average age of vehicles in operation in the US. The study found that of vehicles in operation in the US, 38.3% were older than ten years, 22.3% were between seven and ten years old, 25.8% were between three and six years old and 13.5% were less than two years old. According to this study the majority of vehicles, 60.6%, of vehicles were older than seven years in 2001.[5] This relatively high age of automobiles in the US might be explained by unaffordable prices for comparable new replacement vehicles and a corresponding gradual decline in sales figures since 1998.[6] Also, many Americans own three or more vehicles. The low marginal cost of registering and insuring additional older vehicles means many vehicles that are rarely used are still given full weight in the statistics.The median and mean age of automobiles has steadily increased since 1969. In 2007 the overall median age for automobiles was 9.4 years, a significant increase over 1990 when the median age of vehicles in operation in the US was 6.5 years and 1969 when the mean age for automobiles was 5.1 years.[7] Of all body styles, pick-up trucks had the highest meanage in 2001 (9.4 years), followed by cars with a mean age of 8.4 years and van with a mean age of 7.0 years. As SUVs are part of arelatively new consumer trend originating mostly in the 1990s, SUVs had the lowest mean age of any body style in the US (6.1 years). The average recreational vehicle was even older with a mean age of 12.5. For all body styles the mean vehicle age increased fairly steadily from 1969 to 2001.[7] In March 2009, RL Polk released a study conducted between 2007 to 2008 which indicated that the median age of passenger cars in operation in the US increased to 9.4 years, and that the median age for light trucks increased from 7.1 years in 2007 to 7.5 years in 2008.SalesIn the year 2009, about 5.5 million new passenger cars were sold in the United States[6] according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. This figure “Includes domestic and impor ted vehicles." (Department of Transportation) The number of vehicles sold in the US has been decreasing at a gradual yet continuous rate since 1999, when nearly 8.7 million vehicles were sold in the US. Looking back at history however, reveals that such decline is only part of normal market trends and most likely only a temporary affair. Overall, 1985 was a record year with cars sales totaling just over eleven million.[6] While imports have been gaining ground in terms of units sold during the 2000s and have regained roughly the same market share they held in 1992, the sales of domestic vehicles are still more than double those of imported vehicles. It should be noted, however that the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics "Includes carsproduced in Canada and Mexico" as domestic vehicles as both countries are part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), thus including many cars by Asian and European manufacturers - many V olkswagens are made in Mexico, Toyotas in Canada, also. In 2006 the sales of vehicles made in NAFTA states totaled 5.5 million, while the sale of imported vehicles totaled 2.2 million. 923,000 vehicles were imported from Japan, making it the greatest exporter of vehicles to the US. Germany was the second largest exporter of vehicles to the US, with 534,000 units exported to the US in 2006. Imports from all other nations, except Germany and Japan, totaled 729,000.[8]美国的客运车辆From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia这篇⽂章的中⽴性是有争议的。
变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
TRANSMISSIONEngine output speed is very high, the power and the maximum torque in certain areas of the speed. In order to exert the engine, you must have the best performance, to coordinate the speed of the engine and the actual speeds. Transmission in automobile driving process between the engine and wheels, in different ratios, through the shift in the engine can work under the condition of the best performance. The development trend of the transmission is more complex, more and more is also high automation degree, automatic transmission is the mainstream of the future.Car engines in certain speed can reach the best state, the output power of the bigger, fuel economy and better. Therefore, we hope in the best condition engine always work. But, in the use of the car to have different speed, the contradictions. This contradiction through the transmission to solve.Auto transmission function in a single sentence, is called the speed change, which reduced growth slowing or thickening twist. Why can increase twist, and slowing growth and to reduce twist? Put the power output unchanged, the engine power can be expressed as N = wT, w is turning, T is the angular torque. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. So the growth will be reduced, slow increase twist. Auto transmission gear transmission is based on the principle of variable twist, each corresponding to different into gear transmission, in order to adapt to the different operating conditions.General manual transmission shaft set the input and output shaft, and say, another three axis reverse axis. Three main transmission shaft type is the speed of the input shaft structure, the speed of the engine, is also the output shaft speed is presented. By output shaft gear generated between different speeds. The gear is different with different ratio, also have different speed. Such as Zhen Zhou Nissan ZN6481W2G type SUV driver’s dynamic transmission, it is respectively: 1 ratio of 1:3.704 gears, 2.202 2:1, 3:1; 1.414 4 gears, - 5 (1): overdrive dependent.When the car started when the driver choose 1 files, dial 1 1/2 shift fork synchronizer backward joints and 1 shift gear lock on the output shaft, and the power input shaft, and the output shaft shift gears, 1 shift gear drive output shaft, output shaft will power to transmission (red arrows). The typical one shift gear ratio is 3:1, i.e. input shaft turn 3 laps, output shaft turn 1 lap.When the car growth drivers choose 2 files, dial 1 1/2 shift fork synchronizer and 1 separateness from 2 after mating locking output shaft gear and power transmission line, which is similar to the output shaft gear with 2, 1 files output shaft gear. The typical 2 shift gear ratio is 2.2:1, input, output shaft turning 2.2 pivot, 1-1 RPMincreases, torque shift.When gas growth drivers choose 3, dial 1 1/2 shift fork to synchronizer, and back to space three/four file synchronizer will move until 3 gear lock in the output shaft, make the power from the first shaft -- -- on the output shaft transmission gears, 3 through the output shaft gear shifting speed. The typical 3 ratio was 1.7:1, the input shaft turning circle, the output shaft 1.7 turn 1 ring, is further growth.When gas growth drivers choose 4 gears, fork will 3/4 file synchronizer from 3 gear directly with the input shaft driving gear engagement, power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, and the output shaft is 1:1 ratio and the input shaft speed. Due to the force, and the direct oart shift, the gear transmission efficiency ratio. Cars run most time in order to achieve the best directly file fuel economy.Shift to go into space, transmission in the transmission gears have locked in the output shaft, they cannot drive the output shaft rotation, no power output.General car manual transmission ratio main points above 1-4, usually designers to first identify the lowest (1) and (4) transmission, the ratio between after general distribution according to form. In addition, there is a reverse and overdrive, overdrive called 5 files.When the car to accelerate whether isolated car drivers choose more than 5, 5 gear transmission is typical 0.87:1, namely with big gear drive pinion gear turns, when active 0.87 lap, passive gear has turned over one lap.When the reverse in the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation. If a gear when reverse rotation, plus a gear will become a positive spin. Using this principle, will add a reverse gear do "medium", the direction of rotation axis, so has reversed a reverse axis. Reverse transmission shaft independent in housing, and parallel axis, when oart in gear and gear and oart output shaft gear, output shaft to will instead.Usually the reverse synchronizer is controlled by the jointing, so May 5 files and reverse position is in the same side. Due to the middle, reverse gear transmission is generally greater than 1 gear transmission ratio, twist, some cars met with forward instead of steep open up in reverse.From driving gear transmission is smooth; more is better, more adjacent gear shift between the transmission ratio, shift easy and smooth. But the gear transmission fault is more complex structure, big volume and light auto transmission is now commonly 4-5. At the same time, the transmission ratio is not an integer, but with the decimal point, this is not the whole number of meshing gears, two gear ratio is the euploid number will lead to two gear surface non-uniform wear, tooth surface quality of differences.Manual transmission and synchronizerManual transmission is one of the most common transmissions, referred to as MT. Its basic structure in a single sentence is a central axis, two input shaft, namely, the axial and axial oart, they constituted the transmission of the subject, and, of course, a reverse axis. Manual transmission gear transmission and manual, contain can in axial sliding gears, through different meshing gears to change gear of torsional purpose. The typical structure and principle of the manual transmission.Input shaft also says, it's in front of the spline shaft directly with clutch platen, thus the spline set by the engine relay of torque. The first shaft gear meshing gears, often with oart as input shaft, and the gear on oart will turn. Also called shaft, because even more solid shaft of gear. The output shaft, and the second shaft position have the drive shaft gear, may at any time and under the influence of the control devices and the corresponding oart gear, thus changing the speed and torque itself. The output shaft is associated with tail spline shaft torque transmission shaft, through to drive to gear reducer.Predictably, transmission gear drive forward path is: input shaft gear - oart gnaws gear - because the second shaft gear - corresponding gear. Pour on the axle gear can also control device, by moving axis in the strike, and the output shaft gear and oart gear, in the opposite direction.Most cars have five forward and reverse gear, each one has certain ratio, the majority of gear transmission more than 1, 4 gears transmission is 1, called directly, and ratio is less than 1 of article 5 gear shift accelerated called. The output axis gear in the mesh position, can accept power transmission.Due to the gearbox output shaft to input shaft and the speed of their gear rotating, transform a "synchronization problem". Two rotating speed different meshing gears forcibly inevitable impact and collision damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to use "two feet on-off" method, accelerate in neutral position shift to stay for a while, in the space location on the door, in order to reduce gear speed. But this operation is more complex, difficult to grasp accurately. Therefore designers to create "synchronizer", through the synchronizer will make the meshing gears reach speed and smooth.Currently the synchronous transmission adopts is inertial synchronizer, it mainly consists of joints, synchronizer lock ring etc, it is characteristic of the friction effect on achieving synchronization. Mating, synchronizer and mating locking ring gear tooth circle have chamfering (locking horns), the synchronizer lock ring inside surface of gear engagement ring and the friction surface contact. The lock horns with cone when designing the proper choice, has been made to the surface friction of meshinggears with gear synchronous, also can rapid produces a locking function, prevent the synchronous before meshing gears. When synchronous lock ring of gear engagement with surface contact surface, the outer circle in friction torque under the action of gear speed rapid decrease (increase) or to synchronous speed equal, both locking ring spun concurrent, relative to lock ring gear synchronous speed is zero, thus inertia moment also disappear, then in force, driven by the junction of unimpeded with synchronous lock ring gear engagement, and further to engagement with the engagement ring gear tooth and complete shift process变速器发动机的输出转速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的转速区出现。
载重汽车变速箱外文文献翻译、汽车车辆工程中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录一：文献翻译载重汽车变速箱变速箱主要指的是汽车的变速箱，它分为手动、自动两种，手动变速箱主要由齿轮和轴组成，通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩；而自动变速箱AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。
功能为：一、改变传动比；二、在发动机旋转方向不变情况下，使汽车能倒退行驶；三、利用空挡，中断动力传递，以发动机能够起动、怠速，并便于变速器换档或进行动力输出。
手动变速箱主要由齿轮和轴组成，通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩；而自动变速箱AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。
其中液力变扭器是AT最具特点的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，直接输入发动机动力传递扭矩和离合作用。
泵轮和涡轮是一对工作组合，它们就好似相对放置的两台风扇，一台主动风扇吹出的风力会带动另一台被动风扇的叶片旋转，流动的空气——风力成了动能传递的媒介。
如果用液体代替空气成为传递动能的媒介，泵轮就会通过液体带动涡轮旋转，再在泵轮和涡轮之间加上导轮以提高液体的传递效率。
由于液力变矩器自动变速变矩范围不够大且效率偏手动变速器（MT）手动变速器，也称手动挡，即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而达到变速的目的。
踩下离合时，方可拨得动变速杆。
如果驾驶者技术好，装手动变速器的汽车在加速、超车时比自动变速车快，也省油。
自动变速器（AT）自动变速器，利用行星齿轮机构进行变速，它能根据油门踏板程度和车速变化，自动地进行变速。
而驾驶者只需操纵加速踏板控制车速即可。
一般来讲，汽车上常用的自动变速器有以下几种类型：液力自动变速器、液压传动自动变速器、电力传动自动变速器、有级式机械自动变速器和无级式机械自动变速器等。
其中，最常见的是液力自动变速器。
液力自动变速器主要是由液压控制的齿轮变速系统构成，主要包含自动离合器和自动变速器两大部分。
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附录一：文献翻译载重汽车变速箱变速箱主要指的是汽车的变速箱，它分为手动、自动两种，手动变速箱主要由齿轮和轴组成，通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩；而自动变速箱AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。
功能为：一、改变传动比；二、在发动机旋转方向不变情况下，使汽车能倒退行驶；三、利用空挡，中断动力传递，以发动机能够起动、怠速，并便于变速器换档或进行动力输出。
手动变速箱主要由齿轮和轴组成，通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩；而自动变速箱AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。
其中液力变扭器是AT最具特点的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，直接输入发动机动力传递扭矩和离合作用。
泵轮和涡轮是一对工作组合，它们就好似相对放置的两台风扇，一台主动风扇吹出的风力会带动另一台被动风扇的叶片旋转，流动的空气——风力成了动能传递的媒介。
如果用液体代替空气成为传递动能的媒介，泵轮就会通过液体带动涡轮旋转，再在泵轮和涡轮之间加上导轮以提高液体的传递效率。
由于液力变矩器自动变速变矩范围不够大且效率偏手动变速器（MT）手动变速器，也称手动挡，即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而达到变速的目的。
踩下离合时，方可拨得动变速杆。
如果驾驶者技术好，装手动变速器的汽车在加速、超车时比自动变速车快，也省油。
自动变速器（AT）自动变速器，利用行星齿轮机构进行变速，它能根据油门踏板程度和车速变化，自动地进行变速。
而驾驶者只需操纵加速踏板控制车速即可。
一般来讲，汽车上常用的自动变速器有以下几种类型：液力自动变速器、液压传动自动变速器、电力传动自动变速器、有级式机械自动变速器和无级式机械自动变速器等。
其中，最常见的是液力自动变速器。
液力自动变速器主要是由液压控制的齿轮变速系统构成，主要包含自动离合器和自动变速器两大部分。
它能够根据油门的开度和车速的变化，自动地进行换挡。
无级变速器（CVT）无级变速器是由两组变速轮盘和一条传动带组成的。
因此，其比传统自动变速器结构简单，体积更小。
另外，它可以自由改变传动比，从而实现全程无级变速，使汽车的车速变化平稳，没有传统变速器换挡时那种“顿”的感觉。
无级变速器属于自动变速器的一种，但它能克服普通自动变速器“突然换挡”、油门反应慢、油耗高等缺点。
变速器是法国雷诺(Renault)发明的普通自动变速箱优点：使驾驶轻松惬意缺点：不够智能，相对费油，不利于改装普通自动变速箱是自动挡车普遍使用的变速箱形式，它的简称AT（全称是AutoTransmission）几乎成为自动挡的代名词。
和手动挡相比，普通自动变速箱在结构和使用上有很大不同。
手动波主要通过调节不同齿轮组合更换挡位，而普通自动变速箱是通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速的目的。
其中液力变扭器是普通自动变速箱最具特点的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，泵轮和涡轮是一对工作组合，泵轮通过液体带动涡轮旋转，而泵轮和涡轮之间的导轮通过反作用力使泵轮和涡轮之间实现转速差并实现变速变矩功能，对驾驶者来说，您只需要以不同力度踩住踏板，变速箱就可以自动进行挡位升降。
由于液力变矩器自动变速变矩范围不够大，因此在涡轮后面再串联几排行星齿轮提高效率，液压操纵系统会随发动机工作变化自行操纵行星齿轮，从而实现自动变速变矩。
为了满足行驶过程中的多种需要（如泊车、倒车）等，普通自动变速箱还设有一些手动拨杆位置，像P挡（停泊）、R挡（后挡）、N挡（空档）、D挡（前进）等，一些在前进档中还设有“2”和“1”等附加挡位，用以起步或上斜坡之用。
从普通自动变速箱的发展来看，具有四前速的变速箱（就是前进中可以在四个挡里进行切换）已经是比较基础的配置，在中高级车市场中，五前速自动变速箱已经成为主流，而高档车里六前速自动变速箱、甚至七前速自动变速箱都已经屡见不鲜，可以说自动变速箱有几个挡就标志着车的“身价”，当然，从性能上说自动变速箱的挡位越多，车在行驶过程中也就越平顺，加速性也越好，而且更加省油。
除了提供轻松惬意的驾驶感受，普通自动变速箱也有无法克服的缺陷。
普通自动变速箱的动力响应不够直接，这使它在“驾驶乐趣”方面稍显不足。
此外，由于采用液力传动，这使普通自动挡变速箱传递的动力有所损失，也就更费油一些（比同型号手动挡车油耗要高10%左右）。
在山道行驶中，普通自动变速箱对于高高低低的起伏路面显得不够“智能”，容易在不同挡位里无谓切换，如果您的爱车没有爬坡挡的话就只能一筹莫展了。
对那些改装玩家而言，装备普通自动变速箱的车需要慎重选择，因为这类变速箱可以承受的扭矩范围比较有限，而变速箱油温过高的话又会直接影响车子的动力表现。
手自一体优点：提供更好的驾驶乐趣缺点：价格太高顾名思义，“手自一体”变速箱就是把手动换挡和自动换挡两种模式结合在一起的变速形式，在这类变速箱上，都有显著的+/－标志，你可以切入这个位置手动切换挡位。
对普通变速箱而言，驾驶乐趣不足一直是它的弊病，您在入弯前踩刹车减速，普通自动变速箱只会跳到空挡或维持原挡位不动，它不会随着速度下降而降低一挡；到了出弯当你加油时变速箱又会来一个kickdown（向下跳一挡），然后才获得足够力量加速。
这不但比手动变速多了时间，而且在弯中挡位跳动也会破坏车身平衡。
手自一体变速箱最大用处就是提高挡位的“随心所欲”程度，换句话说，就是“如果它不够聪明，至少我可以自己来”。
有了手动选挡模式，您在弯前就可以手动降至适当的挡位，在弯中又可以保持需要的转速，出弯时便有足够的动力。
功能上看手自一体变速箱和手动变速箱没有分别，但一台好的手自一体变速箱其手动模式有足够快的加、减挡反应，否则就显得有些华而不实。
结构上看，手自一体变速箱还是一台自动变速箱，因此配置普通自动变速箱的车型油耗相对较高、不利改装等缺陷在它身上依然可以看到。
此外，由于这类变速箱仍需进口，成本就比一般变速箱要高不少，因此整车价格也就不便宜。
但对一个家庭来说，如果男主人倾向驾驶乐趣，女主人偏爱轻松惬意的驾驶感受，配置手自湘潭大学本科毕业论文一体变速箱的车型还是不错的选择。
CVT无级变速箱优点：省油，有很好的平顺感，动力响应直接缺点：应用车型少，配件价格高CVT无级变速箱的全称是Continuosuly Variable Transmission，功能上看它也是自动变速箱的一种，但和其他自动变速箱采用液力藕合的传动方式不同，CVT无级变速箱采用传动钢带和工作直径可变的主、从动轮相配合来传递动力，从而实现传动比的连续改变。
坐在装有CVT变速箱的车里你绝感受不到换挡冲击（因为它根本就没有挡），这就使车速变化更为平稳，不会出现传统自动变速器换挡时那种顿挫感。
此外，CVT还有重量轻、体积小、零件少的特点，加上这种传动形式功率损耗小，这样就为车带来省油的好处。
经验证明，配置CVT无级变速箱的车型甚至比同排量手动挡车型油耗还低。
随着CVT技术越来越成熟，及国内汽车产业的快速发展，国内市场上装备CVT 汽车越来越多，奥迪、丰田、本田、菲亚特等各大公司都先后推出自己的CVT汽车产品。
CVT（Continuously Variable Transmission），直接翻译就是连续可变传动，也就是我们常说的无级变速箱，顾名思义就是没有明确具体的档位，操作上类似自动变速箱，但是速比的变化却不同于自动变速箱的跳挡过程，而是连续的，因此动力传输持续而顺畅。
CVT传动系统里，传统的齿轮被一对滑轮和一只钢制皮带所取代，每个滑轮其实是由两个椎形盘组成的V形结构，引擎轴连接小滑轮，透过钢制皮带带动大滑轮。
玄机就出在这特殊的滑轮上：CVT的传动滑轮构造比较奇怪，分成活动的左右两半，可以相对接近或分离。
锥型盘可在液压的推力作用下收紧或张开，挤压钢片链条以此来调节V型槽的宽度。
当锥型盘向内侧移动收紧时，钢片链条在锥盘的挤压下向圆心以外的方向（离心方向）运动，相反会向圆心以内运动。
这样，钢片链条带动的圆盘直径增大，传动比也就发生了变化。
CVT变速箱有哪些优点？1、由于没有了一般自动挡变速箱的传动齿轮，也就没有了自动挡变速箱的换挡过程，由此带来的换档顿挫感也随之消失，因此CVT变速箱的动力输出是线性的，在实际驾驶中非常平顺。
2、CVT的传动系统理论上挡位可以无限多，挡位设定更为自由，传统传动系统中的齿轮比、速比以及性能、耗油、废气排放的平衡，都更容易达到。
3、CVT传动的机械效率、省油性大大优于普通的自动挡变速箱，仅次于手动挡变速箱，燃油经济性要比好很多。
奥迪A6L的CVT变速箱解剖图奥迪A6L的CVT变速箱钢带既然有这么多优点，为什么不让所有的汽车都采用CVT变速箱呢？有两方面因素：1、相比传统自动挡变速箱而言，它的成本要略高；而且操作不当的话，出问题的概率更高。
2、CVT变速箱本身还有它的缺点，就是传动的钢制皮带能够承受的力量有限，一般而言超过2.8L排量或者280N·M以上的动力是它的上限，不过我们也看到有越来越多的车型，诸如奥迪或者日产，都已经打破了这个上限，相信钢带的问题会逐步得到解决。
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Mater. 21 (2009) 645.湘潭大学本科毕业论文附录二：原文献Automobile transmissionTransmission mainly refers to the automobile gearbox, it divided into two kinds of manual, automatic, manual transmission is mainly composed of gear and shaft, by different gear combinations to produce variable torque; And automatic transmission AT consists of hydraulic torque converter, planet gear and the hydraulic control system, hydraulic transmission and gear combination ways to achieve variable speed torque.Function as follows: first, change the transmission ratio; Second, under the condition of constant motor rotation direction, make the car can drive back; Three, use neutral, interrupt power transmission to the engine starting, idling, and facilitate the transmission shift or power output.Manual transmission is mainly composed of gear and shaft, by different gear combinations to produce variable torque; And automatic transmission AT consists of hydraulic torque converter, planet gear and the hydraulic control system, hydraulic transmission and gear combination ways to achieve variable speed torque.Of hydraulic torque converter is parts AT the most characteristics, it is composed of pump wheel, wheel and turbine components, direct input engine torque and power transfer to the clutch. Pump wheel and turbine is a pair of work, as if they are relatively placed two fan, a fan blowing the wind will drive the other passive fan blades spin, the flow of air, wind power into the kinetic energy transfer medium. If replace air as medium of transfer of kinetic energy, by liquid pump wheel will be through the liquid turns the turbine, then between turbine and pump wheel and wheel in order to improve the transfer efficiency of the liquid. Because of the hydraulic torque converter efficiency of automatic transmission torque range is not big enough and partialManual transmission (MT)Manual transmission, also called the manual gear box hand toggle lever to change gear within the transmission meshing position, change the transmission ratio, so as to achieve the purpose of speed change. On the clutch, can dial need to move the shift lever.If the driver technology is good, with a manual transmission vehicle during acceleration, overtaking is faster than a car automatic transmission, and fuel efficiency.Automatic transmission (AT)Automatic transmission, the use of planetary gear mechanism for variable speed, it can according to the degree of the accelerator pedal and the speed change, speed automatically. While the driver need to manipulate the accelerator pedal to control the speed.Commonly used in general, the car automatic transmission has the following several types: hydraulic automatic transmission, hydraulic transmission, automatic transmission, power transmission, automatic transmission, the step type machinery automatic transmission and stepless automatic transmission, etc. Among them, the most common is hydraulic automatic transmission. Hydraulic automatic transmission is mainly composed of the hydraulic control system of gear, and mainly consists of automatic clutch and automatic transmission of two parts. It can according to the throttle opening and the speed湘潭大学本科毕业论文of change, to shift automatically.Stepless transmissions (CVT)Stepless transmission is composed of two sets of variable speed wheel and a transmission belt.Its than a conventional automatic transmission, therefore, simple structure, smaller volume. In addition, it is free to change the gear ratio, so as to realize infinitely variable speed all the way, the car's speed changes smoothly, no traditional transmission shift ", "sort of feeling.Stepless transmission belongs to a kind of automatic transmission, it can overcome the common automatic transmission "suddenly shift", throttle response is slow and high fuel consumption shortcomings.The transmission was invented by the French Renault (Renault)Common automatic transmissionAdvantage: make the ease of drivingDisadvantages: smart enough, relative to oil, which is unfavorable for modification Common automatic Transmission is widely used for automatic stop block Transmission form, it is short for ats (full name is the Auto Transmission) almost become the pronoun of automatic.Compared with manual, common automatic transmission are quite different in the structure and application. Manual wave mainly by adjusting the different gear combination of change gear, while the common automatic transmission is by means of hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve the purpose of speed change. With hydraulic torque converter is the most common automatic transmission characteristics of components, it is composed of pump wheel, wheel and turbine components, pump wheel and turbine are a work portfolio, pump wheel through the liquid turns the turbine, and between the turbine and pump wheel roller by reaction between the pump wheel and turbine speed difference and realize variable speed torque function, for the driver, you only need to with different strength on the pedals, transmission can automatically block a lift. Due to hydraulic torque converter automatic transmission torque range is not big enough, so rows behind the turbine again series planetary gear efficiency, hydraulic control system will change with the engine work to manipulation of the planetary gear, so as to realize automatic transmission torque. In the process of driving in order to meet the multiple needs (such as parking and reversing), common automatic transmission also has some manually dial the stem position, like a P block (berth), R (back), N (gap), D block (forward), etc., some in the forward also has additional tests such as "2" and "1", to start or on slopes.From the perspective of the development of common automatic transmission, it has four QianSu gearbox (that is, in advance can switch) in the four block based configuration are compared, in the senior car market, five QianSu automatic transmission has become the mainstream, and high-grade car six QianSu seven QianSu automatic transmission, and even have become common automatic transmission, automatic transmission, so to speak a few marks the "worth" of a car, of course, on the performance of automatic transmission gears, the car will be smooth in the process of driving, the acceleration is the better, and more fuel efficient.湘潭大学本科毕业论文In addition to the ease of driving experience, common automatic transmission have insurmountable shortcomings. Common automatic transmission of dynamic response is not directly, which makes it slightly shortage in terms of "fun to drive". In addition, due to adopt hydraulic transmission, which makes ordinary automatic gearbox transmission power loss, also some more oil than is the manual (buffer consumption is higher than 10%). Driving in the road, low common automatic transmission for the ups and downs road is "smart" enough, easy to switch in different tests are meaningless, if your car without climbing gear can only be helpless. For those modification player equipment common automatic transmission car need to choose carefully, because this kind of gearbox can withstand the torque range is more limited, and the transmission oil temperature is too high and will directly affect the dynamic performance of the car.Since the one handAdvantages: provide better fun to driveWeakness: the price is too highAs the name implies, "hand from a body gear box is the manual shift and automatic shift change form two patterns together, in this kind of gearbox, have significant + / - sign, you can cut the position switch gears manually.For ordinary gearbox, lack of driving pleasure has always been its ills, the brakes to slow down before you into the corner, common automatic transmission will only jump to neutral or keep the original block, it will not be reduced with the decline in the block; At the gearbox will come again when you come on a kickdown (jump down a block), and then get enough power to accelerate. This not only more than the manual transmission time, and in turn gear beating also can destroy the body balance. Hand since the gearbox biggest use is to raise the tests of "free", in other words, is "if it's not smart enough, at least I can help myself". With manually selected block mode, you can manually before bending down to the appropriate gear, in turn, can keep the need to speed, the exit when it have enough power. Function on hand no distinction from the gearbox and manual transmission, but a good hand since the gearbox of the manual mode is fast enough plus and minus reaction, otherwise it appears some eye candy.Hand structure point of view, the gearbox is an automatic transmission, so the allocation of common automatic transmission vehicle fuel consumption is relatively high, defects such as unfavorable modification can still be seen on it. In addition, due to still need to import this kind of gearbox, the cost is higher than the average transmission, so the vehicle price is not cheap. But for a family, if the host fun to drive, the hostess prefer the ease of driving experience, configuration hand since the gearbox model is a good choice.The CVT transmission gearboxAdvantages: fuel efficient, have very good feeling, smooth dynamic response directly Disadvantages: less application models, accessories price is highCVT stepless gearbox Continuosuly is the full name of the Variable Transmission, the functional point of view it is also a kind of automatic Transmission, but and other automatic Transmission with hydraulic coupling Transmission way is different, the CVT Transmission stepless Transmission adopts the steel belt Transmission and working diameter Variable of the main, driven wheel combination to transmit power, so as to湘潭大学本科毕业论文realize the continuous change of Transmission ratio. In the car with CVT transmission shift impact absolutely impossible to find (because it doesn't have a block), which makes the speed change more smoothly, there will not be a conventional automatic transmission shift when the sense of frustration. In addition, the CVT transmission and the characteristics of light weight, small size, less parts, and this form of transmission power loss is small, thus for the benefits of fuel-efficient cars. Experience has shown that allocation of CVT stepless transmission models even fuel consumption is lower than with manual displacement model.As CVT technology more and more mature, and the rapid development of domestic automobile industry, the domestic market equipped with CVT car more and more, audi, Toyota, Honda, fiat, etc. The company has successively launched their own CVT car products.CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), direct translation is a continuous Variable Transmission, namely we often say the stepless Transmission, just as its name implies is that there is no specific gear, operating on automatic Transmission, but it is different from automatic Transmission speed ratio change jump process, but a continuous, so that power Transmission continuous and smooth.CVT transmission system, the traditional gear replaced by a pair of pulleys and a steel belt, and each block is composed of two vertebral shape plate v-shaped structure, engine small pulley shaft connections, through the steel belt drive pulley. Loving you out on this special pulley: CVT transmission pulley structure more strange, divided into activities around two and a half, can be relatively close to or separate. Conical disc can be tightened or under the action of a hydraulic thrust open, extrusion sheet steel chain in order to adjust the width of v-groove. When conical plate to the inside of the move to tighten, sheet steel chain under the extrusion of zahn outside to the center of the circle (centrifugal direction) in the direction of the movement, in contrast to the center of a circle within the movement. So, driven chain wheel diameter of the steel increases, the velocity ratio is changed. What are the advantages of CVT transmission? 1, since there is no general automatic gearbox transmission gear, there would be no automatic transmission shift process, the resulting shift frustration feeling has disappeared, so the CVT transmission power output is linear, in actual driving is very smooth. 2 gears, the CVT transmission system theory can be an infinite number, block a set more freedom, the traditional transmission system gear ratio, speed ratio as well as the performance, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of balance, are easier to achieve. 3, the mechanical efficiency of CVT transmission, oil province is greatly superior to ordinary automatic gearbox, second only to manual transmission, fuel economy than a lot better. Audi A6L CVT transmissions of the anatomy of the audi A6L of CVT transmission steel belt since there are so many advantages, why not let all cars use the CVT transmission? There are two factors: 1, compared with the traditional automatic transmission, its cost is slightly high; And improper operation, a problem of probability is higher. 2, CVT transmission itself, and its shortcomings, is the driving force of steel belt can withstand is limited, generally more than 2.8 L displacement or 280 n ·M it is the power of the upper limit of, but we also see more and more models, such as audi or nissan, has broken this limit, believe that steel belt problem will be solved step by step.湘潭大学本科毕业论文References[1].S. van der Zwaag, in: S. van der Zwaag (Ed.), Series in Materials Science, Springer,2007.[2].D.V. Andreeva, D.G. Shchukin, Adv. Mater. 20 (2008) 2789.[3].K.S. Toohey, N.R. Sottos, J.A. Lewis, J.S. Moore, S.R. White, Nat. Mater. 6 (2007)581.[4].A. Kumar, L.D. Stephenson, J.N. Murray, Prog. Org. Coat. 55 (2006) 244.[5].S.J. García, J.M.C. Mol, T.H. Muster, A.E. Hughes, J. Mardel, T. Miller, T. Markely, H.Terryn,J.H.W. de Wit, in: L. 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