(完整版)中国文化英语教程U17PPT
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中国文化英语教程课件
中国文化英语教程课件Dive into the rich tapestry of Chinese culture with our engaging English tutorial series! This comprehensive course is designed to immerse you in the heart of China's millennia-old traditions, customs, and language. From the ancient calligraphy that dances on rice paper to the melodious tones of Mandarin, every lesson is a journey through time, revealing the essence of Chinese civilization.Embark on this linguistic adventure and discover the nuances of Chinese idioms, proverbs, and poetry that have been cherished for centuries. Learn about the Four Great Inventions that shaped the world, and the philosophical depth of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Our course takes you beyond the language, into the soul of China, where every festival, every dish, and every traditional art form tells a story.Explore the intricacies of Chinese etiquette, where respect and harmony are deeply rooted. Delve into the art of tea ceremony, a practice that is as much about mindfulness as it is about enjoying the perfect brew. And as you progress, you'll find yourself conversing with fluency about the Great Wall, the Terracotta Army, and the enchanting landscapes that inspired countless poets and painters.Whether you're a beginner or looking to enhance your existing knowledge, our Chinese Culture English Tutorial isyour passport to a world of discovery. Join us and let the vibrant spirit of China come alive in your language skills, enriching your understanding and appreciation of one of the world's oldest and most fascinating cultures.。
中国文化英语PPT
Chinese Culture
Porcelain（瓷器） Paper Cutting（剪纸） Beijing Opera（京剧）
Chinese Cuisine（中国菜）
China
瓷 器
China is the hometown of porcelain（瓷器）. The invenபைடு நூலகம்ion of china is a great contribution to world civilization. In English, china means porcelain.
Paper Cutting 剪纸艺术
Introduce
• The paper-cut art is the Chinese Han nationality's most ancient one of folk art. Its history can be traced back to the sixth Century a.d.. some with scissors, some use a knife, although the tools are different, but the creation of works of art is basic and same, collectively known as the paper-cut. The carrier can be paper, gold foil, bark, leaves, cloth, leather and other sheet materials.
礼来 当 物装 人 的饰 们 最婚 结 好礼 婚 方， 生 式节 子 。日 ， ，这 各是 种用
(2) Character which represents happy. When people are getting married and having children, it is used to decorate the wedding festivals, and gifts.
Porcelain（瓷器） Paper Cutting（剪纸） Beijing Opera（京剧）
Chinese Cuisine（中国菜）
China
瓷 器
China is the hometown of porcelain（瓷器）. The invenபைடு நூலகம்ion of china is a great contribution to world civilization. In English, china means porcelain.
Paper Cutting 剪纸艺术
Introduce
• The paper-cut art is the Chinese Han nationality's most ancient one of folk art. Its history can be traced back to the sixth Century a.d.. some with scissors, some use a knife, although the tools are different, but the creation of works of art is basic and same, collectively known as the paper-cut. The carrier can be paper, gold foil, bark, leaves, cloth, leather and other sheet materials.
礼来 当 物装 人 的饰 们 最婚 结 好礼 婚 方， 生 式节 子 。日 ， ，这 各是 种用
(2) Character which represents happy. When people are getting married and having children, it is used to decorate the wedding festivals, and gifts.
中国传统文化 英文版ppt课件
15
There are four main schools(流派) and some sorts of Chinese martial arts.
•Emei 峨眉
•Wudang 武当
•Shaolin 少林
Kongtong 崆峒
16
• Wing Chun • 咏春拳
17
• Tai Chi
• 太极拳
6
Classification
The most famous Beijing Opera
It is known as Chinese national essence. It flourished in the 1940s,and it is over 200 years old. I'd like to recommend a movie, Farewell My Concubine(霸王别 姬）.
18
• Drunken Master • 醉拳
19
• Mantis Boxing
• 螳螂拳 20
• Jeet kune do • 截拳道
21
Thanks
22
breifintroductionhanfu汉服embroidery刺绣calligraphy书法kungfu中国功夫chinesetraditionalopera中国传统戏曲symbolschinesetraditionalcultureconfucianculture儒家文化chineseclassicalgarden中国古典园林papercut剪纸chineseknot中国结chinesetraditionalinstrument中国传统乐器ourcountrypeoplecomingfromdifferentregionsgivedifferentways
There are four main schools(流派) and some sorts of Chinese martial arts.
•Emei 峨眉
•Wudang 武当
•Shaolin 少林
Kongtong 崆峒
16
• Wing Chun • 咏春拳
17
• Tai Chi
• 太极拳
6
Classification
The most famous Beijing Opera
It is known as Chinese national essence. It flourished in the 1940s,and it is over 200 years old. I'd like to recommend a movie, Farewell My Concubine(霸王别 姬）.
18
• Drunken Master • 醉拳
19
• Mantis Boxing
• 螳螂拳 20
• Jeet kune do • 截拳道
21
Thanks
22
breifintroductionhanfu汉服embroidery刺绣calligraphy书法kungfu中国功夫chinesetraditionalopera中国传统戏曲symbolschinesetraditionalcultureconfucianculture儒家文化chineseclassicalgarden中国古典园林papercut剪纸chineseknot中国结chinesetraditionalinstrument中国传统乐器ourcountrypeoplecomingfromdifferentregionsgivedifferentways
中国传统文化英文版PPT课件
THANK YOU
2020/3/3
admire
Mr.Wang(王羲之)
Calligraphy is considered as an active way of keeping one fit and health for the practice is either relaxing or self-entertaining. Historically, many calligraphy artists in China was well known for their longevity.
Plum blossom represent a kind of haughty, orchid represent secluded while bamboo represent strong mind,chrysanthemum representthe balance.
Ancient Chinese are eager to use plants to show their spirit. And actually,there must be some reasons that the poets would like to chose this kind of plants.
Zhengbanqiao is the most famous painters on painting bamboos.Actually,his also a person who got high moral character .Let’s enjoy his paintings.
SUCCESS
Tell the difference
Dresses
of the Tang Dynasty
2020/3/3
admire
Mr.Wang(王羲之)
Calligraphy is considered as an active way of keeping one fit and health for the practice is either relaxing or self-entertaining. Historically, many calligraphy artists in China was well known for their longevity.
Plum blossom represent a kind of haughty, orchid represent secluded while bamboo represent strong mind,chrysanthemum representthe balance.
Ancient Chinese are eager to use plants to show their spirit. And actually,there must be some reasons that the poets would like to chose this kind of plants.
Zhengbanqiao is the most famous painters on painting bamboos.Actually,his also a person who got high moral character .Let’s enjoy his paintings.
SUCCESS
Tell the difference
Dresses
of the Tang Dynasty
中国文化(英文ppt)
exaggeration
metaphor
Profound meaning of Sorrow after departure IT laid out a cornerstone for Chinese literature and created a new literature era.
蒹葭
蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜。 所谓伊人，在水一方， 溯洄从之，道阻且长。 溯游从之，宛在水中央。 蒹葭萋萋，白露未晞。 所谓伊人，在水之湄。 溯洄从之，道阻且跻。 溯游从之，宛在水中坻。 蒹葭采采，白露未已。 所谓伊人，在水之涘。 溯洄从之，道阻且右。 溯游从之，宛在水中沚。
• It has a great impact on the development of
poetry.
• It was collected from the public, by the
officials.(Zhou dynasty)
Feng 风 305 poems Ya 雅 Song 颂
Feng
Chu Ci
• It is a new style of poems created by
QuYuan and SongYu.
• It was influenced by folk songs, music and
folk literature of the Chu State.
• It was characterized by a strong local
Sorrow after departure（离骚）
• It’s the most important lyric and romantic poem of Chu Ci. • It reveals the fatuous and self-indulgent of the Chu Kingdom and describes the poet’s patriotism, lofty character and his fight against the evil of the kingdom.
中国文化英语教程UniPPT课件
Introduction
Laozi
• Laozi (《老子》), also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing.
• The author is generally believed to be Laozi.
• It consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue).
• The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China.
Introduction
• It also exerts a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilities of the Chinese nation and is still playing a role in the development of Chinese thinking.
Confucius consulting Laozi about li
Introduction
Why is Li Ran known as Laozi rather than Lizi? There are two explanations as to the source of “Laozi”. Some say during the period when Li Ran was alive, Lao and Li were pronounced in the same way. So “Laozi” actually sounded the same as “Lizi” at that time. The second legend is that Li Ran was born with white eyebrow and white beard like an old man. Thus he was called “Laozi”.
中国传统文化(英文)PPT课件
Chinese Painting is divided into three genres(流派) -
figures, landscapes, and birds-and-flowers and each type has its distinctive characteristics. In addition, difficult skills are required to the painters of Chinese painting. The tools used in traditional Chinese painting are paintbrush(毛笔), ink, traditional paint and special paper or silk.
A basin with the pattern of
human face and fish, Neolithic Age
a pottery from
Yangshao Culture
As time passed, the technique became more and more consummate(至上的 ). Different kinds of pottery appeared in different times and regions. Yangshao Culture, 5,000 - 7,000 years ago to today, developed a technique for painted pottery. Qujialing Culture and Longshan Culture, dating back about 4,000 years ago, were known for their black pottery. During the Shang Dynasty (16th - 11th century BC) bronze vessels grew into somewhat(几分) of a status symbol(社会地位象征) ; common people, though, still used traditional clay pottery. Workshops of grey and white potters took the artistic features of bronze wares(商品) and decorated their articles ornately.
中国传统文化-英文PPT
水煮鱼 Boiled fish
回锅肉 twice-- cooked pork
8
Beijing
豆汁 Mung Bean Milk
爆肚 Quick-Fried Tripe
驴打滚 Fried Chop Rice Cake
BACK
Chinese Tea Culture
Referring to Chinese tea, it can be traced back to the ancient times, and it was flourished in the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty. China is the homeland of tea, and tea have become the national drink.
中国传统文化
zhōng guó chuán tǒng wén huà
Chinese Traditional Culture
Breif introduction
The Culture of China is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. China boasts a history rich in over 5,000 years of artistic, philosophical, political, and scientific advancement. There are so many cultural symbolic elements that can represent the richness and exquisiteness of Chinese traditional culture.
中国文化英语教程Unit17GardensSouthoftheYangtzeRiver
The Summer Palace:
Lead-in
Zhuozheng garden:
Text study
2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Winding Path to Places of Interest 2.3 Fascinating Stones 2.4 A Sense of Space
Introduction
• Chinese garden has a history of more than 2,000 years.
• Three styles: the imperial garden, the temple garden and the private garden.
• The most famous imperial garden extant today is the Summer Palace in Beijing.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
• Private gardens south of the Yangtze River are a world of curving lines.
• Zhuozheng Garden in Suzhou: 1. Corridors zigzag along a stream. 2. The upturned corners of the roofs are like flying birds with their wings widespread. 3. Even the trees are curving.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
Fascinating Stones
• Rock formations play an important role in the construction of a Chinese-style garden. Without them, a garden could not be considered an authentic Chinese-style garden.
Lead-in
Zhuozheng garden:
Text study
2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Winding Path to Places of Interest 2.3 Fascinating Stones 2.4 A Sense of Space
Introduction
• Chinese garden has a history of more than 2,000 years.
• Three styles: the imperial garden, the temple garden and the private garden.
• The most famous imperial garden extant today is the Summer Palace in Beijing.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
• Private gardens south of the Yangtze River are a world of curving lines.
• Zhuozheng Garden in Suzhou: 1. Corridors zigzag along a stream. 2. The upturned corners of the roofs are like flying birds with their wings widespread. 3. Even the trees are curving.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
Fascinating Stones
• Rock formations play an important role in the construction of a Chinese-style garden. Without them, a garden could not be considered an authentic Chinese-style garden.
中国文化--英文版PPT课件
在理论上建立了中医学上的“阴阳五行学说”、“脉 象学说”“藏象学说”、“经络学说”、“病因学 说”“病机学说”、“病症”、“诊法”、论治及 “养生学”、“运气学”等学说。
反映了中国古代天人合一思想，确立了中医学独特的 理论体系， 成为中国医药学发展的理论基础和源泉。
Huangdi Neijing , also known as The Inner Canon（教 规） of Huangdi or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, is an ancient Chinese medical text that has been treated as the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine for more than two millennia.
Classic on Medical Problems
《难经》，原名《黄帝八十一难经》，传 说为战国时秦越人（扁鹊）所作。本书以 问答解释疑难的形式编撰而成，共讨论了81 个问题，故又称《八十一难》，全书所述 以基础理论为主，还分析了一些病证。
其中一至二十二难为脉学，二十三至二十 九难为经络，三十至四十七难为脏腑，四 十八至六十一难为疾病，六十二至六十八 为腧穴，六十九至八十一难为针法。
太难了，没找到英文的资料
Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases
《伤寒杂病论》，又作《伤寒卒病论》，为东 汉张仲景所著，是中国第一部理法方药皆备、 理论联系实际的中医临床著作。
此书被认为是汉医学之内科学经典，奠定了中 医学的基础。
因为历史因素，本书原貌不复可见，后世分成 《伤寒论》与《金匮要略》两书，分别流通。
反映了中国古代天人合一思想，确立了中医学独特的 理论体系， 成为中国医药学发展的理论基础和源泉。
Huangdi Neijing , also known as The Inner Canon（教 规） of Huangdi or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, is an ancient Chinese medical text that has been treated as the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine for more than two millennia.
Classic on Medical Problems
《难经》，原名《黄帝八十一难经》，传 说为战国时秦越人（扁鹊）所作。本书以 问答解释疑难的形式编撰而成，共讨论了81 个问题，故又称《八十一难》，全书所述 以基础理论为主，还分析了一些病证。
其中一至二十二难为脉学，二十三至二十 九难为经络，三十至四十七难为脏腑，四 十八至六十一难为疾病，六十二至六十八 为腧穴，六十九至八十一难为针法。
太难了，没找到英文的资料
Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases
《伤寒杂病论》，又作《伤寒卒病论》，为东 汉张仲景所著，是中国第一部理法方药皆备、 理论联系实际的中医临床著作。
此书被认为是汉医学之内科学经典，奠定了中 医学的基础。
因为历史因素，本书原貌不复可见，后世分成 《伤寒论》与《金匮要略》两书，分别流通。
英语介绍中国文化 ppt课件
The history of sauteed noodles with
minced meat
In many varieties in the noodles are fried in soy sauce, the face of the most extensive areas. the north and central plains area have said, in guangdong , fujian the taste is unique and very warmly the fried in soy sauce. some people say, fried in soy sauce, though not of any kind of cuisine, but may be described as the quintessence. in this statement, i think
many different kinds of dumpings .Some have meat and vegetables in them, others have
sugar ,eggs and so on .I like dumplings with vegetables and pork better than any other kind . Usually people make dumplings at
dumplings , usually we put a coin in a dumpling. If one eats the dumpling with the
中国书法的五种主要书体即楷书标准草书隶书体包含古隶今隶篆书体包含大篆小篆
The Symbols Chinese Culture
(完整版)中国文化英语教程U17PPT
Unit 17
Gardens South of the Yangtze River
Content
Lead-in Text study Exercises
Lead-in
Enjoy the pictures of the two famous Chinese gardens and tell their difference in style.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
Fascinating Stones
• Rock formations play an important role in the construction of a Chinese-style garden. Without them, a garden could not be considered an authentic Chinese-style garden.
Introduction
• Chinese garden has a history of more than 2,000 years.
• Three styles: the imperial garden, the temple garden and the private garden.
• The most famous imperial garden extant today is the Summer Palace in Beijing.
Introduction
• The private gardens south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River boast a unique ambience of their own.
Gardens South of the Yangtze River
Content
Lead-in Text study Exercises
Lead-in
Enjoy the pictures of the two famous Chinese gardens and tell their difference in style.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
Fascinating Stones
• Rock formations play an important role in the construction of a Chinese-style garden. Without them, a garden could not be considered an authentic Chinese-style garden.
Introduction
• Chinese garden has a history of more than 2,000 years.
• Three styles: the imperial garden, the temple garden and the private garden.
• The most famous imperial garden extant today is the Summer Palace in Beijing.
Introduction
• The private gardens south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River boast a unique ambience of their own.
中国文化的英语课件
Wedding customs
Funeral is a very solemn ceremony in Chinese culture, usually involving sacrificial offerings, funeral services, and burial. People will wear mourning clothes for the deceased and hold a mourning ceremony.
Mohism
Mohism was a school of thought that emphasized logic, rationality, and scientific methods It was one of the main competitors of Confucianism and Taoism in Anhui China
02
Chinese literature
Classic literature
Classic literature is a significant part of Chinese culture, which has a long history and profoundation It mainly includes works of poetry, rose, and drama created in different historical periods
Dragon Boat Festival: The Dragon Boat Festival is to commemorate the ancient patriotic poet Qu Yuan. People will race dragon boats and eat Zongzi, all of which are related to Qu Yuan.
Funeral is a very solemn ceremony in Chinese culture, usually involving sacrificial offerings, funeral services, and burial. People will wear mourning clothes for the deceased and hold a mourning ceremony.
Mohism
Mohism was a school of thought that emphasized logic, rationality, and scientific methods It was one of the main competitors of Confucianism and Taoism in Anhui China
02
Chinese literature
Classic literature
Classic literature is a significant part of Chinese culture, which has a long history and profoundation It mainly includes works of poetry, rose, and drama created in different historical periods
Dragon Boat Festival: The Dragon Boat Festival is to commemorate the ancient patriotic poet Qu Yuan. People will race dragon boats and eat Zongzi, all of which are related to Qu Yuan.
中国文化--英文版 PPT
在理论上建立了中医学上的“阴阳五行学说”、“脉 象学说”“藏象学说”、“经络学说”、“病因学 说”“病机学说”、“病症”、“诊法”、论治及 “养生学”、“运气学”等学说。
反映了中国古代天人合一思想，确立了中医学独特的 理论体系， 成为中国医药学发展的理论基础和源泉。
Huangdi Neijing , also known as The Inner Canon（教 规） of Huangdi or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, is an ancient Chinese medical text that has been treated as the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine for more than two millennia.
The Shang Han Lun has 397 sections with 112 herbal prescriptions, organised into the
Six Divisions(六经辨证):
Tai yang (greater yang): a milder stage with external symptoms of chills, fevers, stiffness(僵硬), and headache. Therapy: sweating.
4 Classics
《黄帝内经》The Inner Canon of Huangdi 《难经》Classic on Medical Problems 《伤寒杂病论》Treatise on Febrile and
Miscellaneous Diseases 《神农本草经》Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic
反映了中国古代天人合一思想，确立了中医学独特的 理论体系， 成为中国医药学发展的理论基础和源泉。
Huangdi Neijing , also known as The Inner Canon（教 规） of Huangdi or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, is an ancient Chinese medical text that has been treated as the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine for more than two millennia.
The Shang Han Lun has 397 sections with 112 herbal prescriptions, organised into the
Six Divisions(六经辨证):
Tai yang (greater yang): a milder stage with external symptoms of chills, fevers, stiffness(僵硬), and headache. Therapy: sweating.
4 Classics
《黄帝内经》The Inner Canon of Huangdi 《难经》Classic on Medical Problems 《伤寒杂病论》Treatise on Febrile and
Miscellaneous Diseases 《神农本草经》Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic
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The Summer Palace:
Lead-in
Zhuozheng garden:
Text study
2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Winding Path to Places of Interest 2.3 Fascinating Stones 2.4 A Sense of Space
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
The Chinese attach great importance to the qualities of being reserved and subtle, and the construction of gardens dotting the hazy (雾蒙蒙的) landscape south of the lower Yangtze River well reflects this philosophy. The pavilions and buildings enshrouded (笼罩) in the misty moonlight produce an irresistible appeal.
Hale Waihona Puke A Winding Path to Places of Interest
What most frequently meets the eye are winding paths that seemingly lead to nowhere, as it would appear to new visitors. There, a path seems to end, but all of a sudden, a new world is rolled out before you: pavilions, rock formations, spring water—all combining to provide a pleasant surprise!
Introduction
• The private gardens south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River boast a unique ambience of their own.
• Scattered through Suzhou, Yangzhou and other places, the private gardens are mostly legacies from the Ming and Qing dynasties.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
• At the entrance to a Chinese garden there is usually a huge stone or wall to screen your view. This is to give you a pressed-in feeling, so as to later produce unforeseen delight when you turn around the hall to see the exotic rock formations, and an extensive lake of limpid (清澈的) rippling water right in front of you.
Introduction
• Chinese garden has a history of more than 2,000 years.
• Three styles: the imperial garden, the temple garden and the private garden.
• The most famous imperial garden extant today is the Summer Palace in Beijing.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
Fascinating Stones
• Rock formations play an important role in the construction of a Chinese-style garden. Without them, a garden could not be considered an authentic Chinese-style garden.
Unit 17
Gardens South of the Yangtze River
Content
Lead-in Text study Exercises
Lead-in
Enjoy the pictures of the two famous Chinese gardens and tell their difference in style.
• Rock formations are as important to a Chinesestyle garden as sculptures are to a Europeanstyle garden, and may signify even more.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
• Private gardens south of the Yangtze River are a world of curving lines.
• Zhuozheng Garden in Suzhou: 1. Corridors zigzag along a stream. 2. The upturned corners of the roofs are like flying birds with their wings widespread. 3. Even the trees are curving.
Lead-in
Zhuozheng garden:
Text study
2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Winding Path to Places of Interest 2.3 Fascinating Stones 2.4 A Sense of Space
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
The Chinese attach great importance to the qualities of being reserved and subtle, and the construction of gardens dotting the hazy (雾蒙蒙的) landscape south of the lower Yangtze River well reflects this philosophy. The pavilions and buildings enshrouded (笼罩) in the misty moonlight produce an irresistible appeal.
Hale Waihona Puke A Winding Path to Places of Interest
What most frequently meets the eye are winding paths that seemingly lead to nowhere, as it would appear to new visitors. There, a path seems to end, but all of a sudden, a new world is rolled out before you: pavilions, rock formations, spring water—all combining to provide a pleasant surprise!
Introduction
• The private gardens south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River boast a unique ambience of their own.
• Scattered through Suzhou, Yangzhou and other places, the private gardens are mostly legacies from the Ming and Qing dynasties.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
• At the entrance to a Chinese garden there is usually a huge stone or wall to screen your view. This is to give you a pressed-in feeling, so as to later produce unforeseen delight when you turn around the hall to see the exotic rock formations, and an extensive lake of limpid (清澈的) rippling water right in front of you.
Introduction
• Chinese garden has a history of more than 2,000 years.
• Three styles: the imperial garden, the temple garden and the private garden.
• The most famous imperial garden extant today is the Summer Palace in Beijing.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
Fascinating Stones
• Rock formations play an important role in the construction of a Chinese-style garden. Without them, a garden could not be considered an authentic Chinese-style garden.
Unit 17
Gardens South of the Yangtze River
Content
Lead-in Text study Exercises
Lead-in
Enjoy the pictures of the two famous Chinese gardens and tell their difference in style.
• Rock formations are as important to a Chinesestyle garden as sculptures are to a Europeanstyle garden, and may signify even more.
A Winding Path to Places of Interest
• Private gardens south of the Yangtze River are a world of curving lines.
• Zhuozheng Garden in Suzhou: 1. Corridors zigzag along a stream. 2. The upturned corners of the roofs are like flying birds with their wings widespread. 3. Even the trees are curving.