会计学07 清华大学课件
会计学课本第7章ppt
流动资产盘盈盘亏的处理
1. 流动资产盘盈的处理 （1）发生流动资产盘盈时 借：原材料（按重置价等） 库存商品（等账户） 贷：待处理财产损溢 ——待处理流动资产损溢
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（2）流动资产盘盈经批准转销时 借：待处理财产损溢 ——待处理流动资产损溢 贷：管理费用（正常情况下） 其他应付款（等）
2. 流动资产盘亏的处理 （1）发生流动资产盘亏时 借：待处理财产损溢 ——待处理流动资产损溢 贷：原材料 库存商品（等）
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（2）流动资产盘亏经批准转销时 借：营业外支出（非常损失）
其他应收款（由保管人或保险公司赔偿） 管理费用（正常损耗） 贷：待处理财产损溢
——待处理流动资产损溢
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财产盘盈实例
例1. 某企业在财产清查中，发现材料盘盈6 000元。
在经有关部门审批前，根据清查结果报告表编制会 计凭证，登记有关账簿。会计分录为:
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3. 未达账项 （1）含义：企业与银行间由于记账时间不一 致引起的一方已经登记入账另一方尚未入账 的经济事项 （2）未达账项的情形 ➢ 银行已收，企业未收 ➢ 银行已付，企业未付 ➢ 企业已收，银行未收 ➢ 企业已付，银行未付
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（3）未达账项的调整 通过编制银行存款余额调节表进行调节
基础会计-清华大学出版社07
会计(清华大学)
（三）历史成本原则
历史成本：是取得或制造某项财产物资时所 实际支付的现金及其他等价物。 历史成本原则：是指企业的各项资产应当按 其取得或构建时的实际成本进行核算。 有利于会计记录的检查与控制。 促使会计核算与会计信息真实可靠。
真实性：是指会计信息应与其所反映的实际经 济事项一致，不允许弄虚作假、隐瞒谎报。 可验证性：是指同一经济事项由不同的会计人 员加以计量能得出相同的结果，而且有可靠 的凭证可据以复查数据的来源及信息的提供 过程。 中立性：是指会计信息不应偏向某一类使用者 的需要而损害其他使用者的利益，不带有主 观成份，应为所有信息使用者所依赖
（一）权责发生制原则
权责发生制是指在确认本期收入和费用时， 应当以收入的实现和费用的实际发生为确认 的标准，而不以款项的实际收付为标准。凡 当期已实现的收入和当期已发生或应由当期 承担的费用，无论款项是否收付，都应作为 当期的收入和费用核算。凡是不属于本期的 收入和费用……。例：见教材第33页
（二）配比原则
二、会计职能
现代会计具有以下五大职能： 1.反映经济活动 2.控制经济活动 3.评价经济业绩 4.参与经济决策 5.预测经济前景 注意： 财务会计职能与会计职能的区别 目标与职能的关系
第五节 会计要素
会计要素是对会计对象的基本分类 资产 = 负债 + 所有者权益 收入 - 费用 = 利润
第六节 会计的基本程序与方法
（二）可比性原则 企业的会计核算应当按照规定的会 计处理方法进行，会计指标应当口径 一致、相互可比。
（三）一贯性原则 会计主体采用的会计程序与会计处理 方法应该在前后各个会计期间保持一致， 除非存在充足的理由，否则，企业不得 随便变更。 意义 披露 改变的理由 与可比性原则的区别
清华大学会计学课件
股东、债权人
Receive a portion of the company’s earnings in cash (dividends).
固定 资产
对外投资 厂房设备
长 期
资产负债表 费用 利润表 产成品
资金 原材料
货币 资金 存货
营业 成本
营业 收入
应收账款
ACCT101
Financial Statements and Business Decisions
Creditors
Investors buy ownership in the company in the form of stock. Investors
ACCT101
1-3
Understanding the Business
1-15
1-16
The Balance Sheet
4,895 5,714 8,517 7,154 981 $ 27,261
Basic Accounting Equation Balance Sheet Equation
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity Economic Resources
1-5
1-6
The Accounting System
The Accounting System
Accounting System
Collects and processes financial information
Reports information to decision makers
Managers (internal decision makers)
英文版-清华大学-会计学基础-Chapter07
.00 1,680.00 1,450.00 1,180.00
2,250 1,200 1,050
$ 12,210.00 ? ?
Cost of Goods Sold
7-10
Specific Identification-个别认定法
When units are sold, the specific cost of the unit sold is added to cost of goods sold.
To identify the amounts that should be included in inventory (存货) and to determine COGS(销 售成本).
7-3
Costs Included in Inventory Purchases
The cost principle requires that inventory be recorded at the price paid or the consideration given.
1,050 Units $ 5,515 Cost
Now, we have allocated the cost to all 1,050 units sold.
7-18
First-In, First-Out
Date Beginning Inventory Purchases: Jan. 3 June 20 Sept. 15 Nov. 29 Goods Available for Sale Ending Inventory Cost of Goods Sold Computers, Inc. Mouse Pad Inventory Units $/Unit 1,000 500 300 250 200 $ 5.25 5.30 5.60 5.80 5.90 $ Total 5,250.00 2,650.00 1,680.00 1,450.00 1,180.00
会计学清华
编号
名
称
其他应付款 应付职工薪酬 应交税费 应付利润 其他应交款
固定资产清理
24
25 26 27 28 29
在建工程
无形资产 长期待摊费用 待处理财产损溢 二负债类 短期借款 应付票据
39 40
41 42
预计负债 长期借款
应付债券 长期应付款
30
31
应付账款
预收账款
续上表 顺序号 43 44 编号 名 长期应付款 其他应付款 52 53 54 55 56 称 顺序号 编号 名 五、损益类 主营业务收入 主营业务成本 营业费用 营业税金及附加 其他业务收入 称
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现 金 流 量 表 结 构
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《会计学》PPT课件
4 .阅读最近相关证券、会计等刊物上有关
会计监督方面的案例、文章，分析会计监督
职能为什么得不到实现？你能提出有效的对Βιβλιοθήκη 策吗？.7
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8
基本知识和基本技能， 为以后各章的学习打下
第二节会计信息生成
一个坚实的基础。本章 系统[6.5]
的难点和重点是要搞清 楚会计核算的前提、一
第三节会计信息加工
般原则。重点掌握会计 利用系统[0.5]
的六大要素的基本含义、
主要要素项目、以及各
个要素之间的联系。
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第二节 会计信息生成系统
• 一、会计信息的用户及其需要 • 二、会计信息生成的前提条件 三、会计信息生成的内容 四、会计信息生成的过程
五、 会计信息生成的一般原则
六、会计信息生成的方法
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5
•第三节 会计信息加工利用系统 •一、 会计信息加工利用的意义 •二、 会计信息的一般加工利用 •三、 会计信息的综合加工利用
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6
讨论：
1.谈谈你对会计的看法;
2.一个合格的会计人员应该具备哪些基本 的职业道德？
3 .阅读最近相关证券、会计等刊物上有关 会计信息失真的案例、文章，分析会计信息 失真的危害、原因以及治理对策；
《会计学》课件
制作：XX
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•一、 学习会计学这 •门课程的意义
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•二、怎样学好 这门课程？
•三、 本教材的结 构、章节的逻辑关 系
•本教材共十三章内 容，总体结构分为 三大板块。
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第一章 会计系统
本章是《会计学》入门
的基础，主要介绍会计 第一节会计系统的一
系数的一些基本理论、 般描述[1]
会计学(清华版) 全套课件共301页
第三节 会计的目标
二、会计目标要明确的问题 1. 会计信息使用者 (1) 投资者 (2) 债权人 (3) 政府及其有关部门 (4) 企业内部管理当局及其员工
第三节 会计的目标
二、会计目标要明确的问题 2. 会计信息的主要内容
第一节 会计的本质
2. 监督职能 会计的监督职能是指会计在客观上能够按照一定的目的
和要求，利用会计信息系统所提供的信息，对会计主 体的经济活动实行有效的控制，以达到预期的目标。 会计监督有以下主要特点： (1) 会计监督主要是通过对货币计量的价值指标的监督 来实现对经济活动的监督 (2) 会计监督包括事前监督、事中监督和事后监督 (3) 会计监督具有强制性和严肃性
(1) 反映财务状况的信息，即企业的资产、负债和所 有者权益构成情况的会计信息。
(2) 反映经营成果的信息，即企业的收入、成本费用 发生情况和利润(亏损)实现情况的会计信息。
(3) 反映现金流量的信息，即企业的现金和现金等价 物的流入、流出及其增减变动情况的会计信息。
第三节 会计的目标
二、会计目标要明确的问题 3. 会计信息的表现形式
第三节 会计的目标
一、会计目标概述
◆会计目标是指在一定的环境下，人们通过会计实践活 动所期望达到的最终目的。
◆我国《企业会计准则——基本准则》明确指出“财务 会计报告的目标是向财务会计报告使用者提供与企业 财务状况、经营成果和现金流量等有关的会计信息， 反映企业管理层受托责任履行情况，有助于财务会计 报告使用者作出经济决策” 。
二、会计程序 2、会计程序：包括确认、计量、报告等环节。
（1）确认 确认是将符合资产、负债、所有者权益、收入、费用等某一要
(本科)会计学基础NO7ppt课件
三、会计 两栏式账簿 2. 三栏式账簿 3. 多栏式账簿 4. 数量金额式账簿
一、会计账簿的基本内容
1. 封面
2. 扉页
3. 账页
一、会计账簿的使用规则
1 账簿启用与交接的规则 2 会计账簿的登账规则 3 会计账簿的更换与保管规则
一、日记账的使用与登记方法
二、红色更正法
（1）记账后，发现记账凭证中应借应贷会计科目和记账方向有 错误，致使账簿记录错误，应采用先冲后补法。
（2）记账后，如果发现记账凭证中所记金额大于应记金额，导 致账簿记录发生同样的错误，而应借、应贷会计科目和方向 都没有错时，应采用用红字冲减多填金额法。
三、补充登记法
补充登记也称蓝字补记法。在记账后，如果发现记账凭 证上应借、应贷的会计科目和记账方向并无错误，只是 所记金额小于应记金额，致使账簿记录也发生同样的差 错，则可采用补充登记法。
二、结账
（二）结账的内容和方法
（1） 结账前，查明本期所发生的经济业务是否已 经全部登记入账，特别是预提、待摊、预（应）收、 预（应）付等业务，是否按照权责发生制原则进行 账务处理并登记入账。若发现漏账、错账，应及时 补记、更正。 （2） 结账时，应当根据不同的账户记录，分别采 用不同的方法。
一、画线更正法
（本科）会计学基础NO7电子课件
正版可修改PPT课件
学习 目标
学习目标掌握会计账簿的概念及种类 熟悉会计账簿的使用规则 了解不同种类账簿的使用与登记方法 熟悉对账和结账的内容 掌握错账的三种更正方法
一、会计账簿概述
（一）会计账簿的概念
会计账簿是由具有专门格式的 账页组成的，以审核无误的会计凭 证为依据，用以全面、连续、系统 地记载各种经济业务的簿籍。会计 账簿简称账簿。
清华经管会计学原理chap07
7-1D Company has the following information available as of Dec. 31, 2010: 1-30 31-60 61-90 Over 90 Total AR Days Days Days Days $60,000 $46,500 $7,400 $3,700 $2,400 Total credit sales for the year ended Dec. 31, 2010, were $825,000. The balance in the Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts at Dec. 31, 2010, is a $500 debit. The estimated bad debts percentages are as follows: as a percentage of credit sales 1% as a percentage of ending accounts receivable 10% as a percentage of aging accounts receivable: 1-30 days 3% 31-60 days 15% 61-90 days 35% Over 90 days 75% Prepare the journal entry on Dec. 31, 2010 to estimate bad debts: a. percentage of credit sales method b. percentage of ending accounts receivable method 7-1 c. aging of accounts receivable methoda. Bad Debts Expense Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts b. Bad Debts Expense Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts c. Bad Debts Expense Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts* ($825,000 X .01)= $8,250 ** ($60,000 X .10) = $6,000 ($6,000 + $500) = $6,5008,250* 8,250 6,500** 6,500 6,100*** 6,100***($46,500 X .03) + ($7,400 X .15) + ($3,700 X .35) + ($2,400 X .75) = $5,600 ($5,600 + $500) = $6,1007-2Lecture OutlineChapterRelation between inventory and COGS7Inventories and Costs of Goods SoldThe items included in inventory Accounting for inventory COGS Valuation Specific identification LIFO FIFO Weighted average Other valuation methods and analysis Lower-of-cost-or-market method Effect of inventory errors Evaluate related ratios7-4Perpetual Periodic7-3What is Inventory(存货)? Goods that are either manufactured or purchased for resale in the normal course of business. Merchandising• Items purchased to be resoldDetermining Inventory ItemsInventory includes all goods that a company owns and holds for sale, regardless of where the goods are located when inventory is counted counted.Items requiring special attention include:Goods in Transit (在途存货) Goods on Consignment (委托代销) Goods Damaged or Obsolete(毁损 或过期)7-6 Manufacturing• Raw materials(原材料) • Work-in-process(在产品) • Finished goods(产成品)7-57-2Goods in TransitFOB Shipping Point Public Carrier Seller Ownership passes to the buyer here. Public Carrier Seller FOB Destination Point Buyer7-7Goods on ConsignmentMerchandise is included in the inventory of the consignor, the owner of the inventory.BuyerThanks for selling my inventory i t in i your store.Consignee代销方Consignor委托方7-8Goods Damaged or ObsoleteDamaged or obsolete goods are not counted in inventory.Determining Inventory CostsInclude all expenditures necessary to bring an item to a salable condition and location.+ Duties + Freight In (Transportation In)- PurchaseInvoice In oice CostDi Discounts t - Purchase Returns and Allowances+ AssemblingCost should be reduced to net realizable value(可实现净值).7-9+ Warehouse and Insurance?7 - 10What’s the effect if we record transportation cost as inventory/period cost? 把运输费用记为存货/期间费用，分别对会计 报表产生什么样的影响？Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold When the products are sold, the cost of the inventory becomes COGS in the IS COGS: the expenses incurred to purchase or manufacture the merchandise sold during a period. Net Sales – COGS= Gross Profit (Gross Margin)7 - 117 - 127-3The Allocation of Inventory Cost between COGS and Ending Inventory- MerchandisingBeginning Inventory Net Cost of PurchaseThe Allocation of Inventory Cost between COGS and Ending Inventory__ T-accountInventory Beg. Bal. Purchase $ 1,000 $ 3,000 COGS End. Bal. $ 2,000 $2,000Cost of Goods Available For SaleCost of Goods Available for Sale = Inventory (Beg) + PurchaseCost of Goods Sold (IS)Ending Inventory (BS)7 - 13Cost of Goods Available for Sale = Inventory (End) + COGS7 - 14Class Discussion: Daniel Dobbins Distillery Daniel Dobbins• High quality products:“Old Trailridge” Bourbon Whiskey(波本威士忌) • Iron-free spring water, fire-charred white oak barrelDaniel Dobbins Distillery Production Process Volume• During 1980s, production volume ≈ sales volume • Baby boom may drive the market demand from year 1991 • Increase production level by 50% since 19887 - 15Mix混合Heat 加热（淀粉—糖）Ferment 发酵(糖－酒精)Aging (4 year) 陈化（至少四年）Mix 勾兑（石灰石泉水）Distillation 蒸馏7 - 16Daniel Dobbins Distillery Production costs• Cost of oak barrel: average $60/barrel• Oak barrel will be disposed after 4 years’ productionDaniel Dobbins Distillery Year 1988,increase oak barrel by 50%• Sales 40,000 barrels, Sales revenue $ 40 mill (= $1000×40,000) • Federal excise tax $ 30 mill • COGS (= $50×40,000) 2 mill • Production 60,000 barrels, oak barrel 3.6 mill (= $60×60,000) • Other expenses 4.6 mill • NI -$ 0.2 mill• Other production costs: average cost $50/barrel Year 1987 and before before, production and sales level=40,000barrels• • • • • • Price $1000/barrel, Sales revenue $ 40 mill Federal excise tax $ 30 mill COGS (= $50×40,000) 2 mill Oak barrel (= $60×40,000) 2.4 mill Other expenses 4.6 mill NI $ 1 mill7 - 177 - 187-4Lecture OutlineDaniel Dobbins Distillery Should the cost of oak barrel be charged to the current accounting period? If oak barrel is added to inventory cost, how about the NI in 1987 and 1988? NI for 1987 is the same 1988, COGS=$4.4mill[= $(50+60)×40,000]; NI $1mill Where is the cost of the newly added oak barrel? When the cost of oak barrel impact NI?7 - 19Relation between inventory and COGS The items included in inventory Accounting for inventory COGS Valuation Specific identification LIFO FIFO Weighted average Other valuation methods and analysis Lower-of-cost-or-market method Effect of inventory errors Evaluate related ratios7 - 20Perpetual PeriodicShould I keep Inventory Accounts Updated for each Sale? Discount Appliance Superstore• Sell washers, dryers, refrigerators, microwaves, and dishwashers, etc. • 50 salespersons work independently. • Sales loss is huge in the case of inventory shortage. shortageInventory systemIs inventory account updated when each sale and purchase is made? Yes Æ Perpetual, No Æ PeriodicPerpetual Records are updated when a purchase h or sale l is i made. d Records reflect total items in inventory or sold at any given time. Most often used when each item has a relatively high value, or the cost of running out of or overstocking an item is expensive.Periodic Records are not updated p when a purchase or a sale is made. Only the dollar amount of the sale is recorded. Used when inventory is composed of a large number of diverse items, each with a relatively low value.7 - 22 Newsstand• Sales concentrate during the morning and evening rush hours. • Sell newspapers, magazines, pens, snacks, and other odds and ends. • Lose customers if they wait for a long time.7 - 21Transactions involve inventoriesPurchases Transportation costs Purchase returns Purchase discounts Sales Sales returns Closing entries for COGS7 - 23Example: Accounting for Inventory Purchases and SalesHarper’s Hats recorded the following transactions for 2010: Jan 1 Mar 1 Mar 1 Mar 1 May 2 May 2 Jun 30 Jul 3 Beginning inventory Purchase Purchase returns Freight in Purchase Purchase discount Sales Sales return Ending inventory 10 @ $10 15 @ $15 3 @ $15 $10 10 @ $20 2/10, n/30 20 1 137 - 24=$100 =$225 =$45 =$10 =$200 =$87-5Example: Journal Entries for PurchasesHarper purchased 15 hats at $15 each on March 1. Record the entries for both the perpetual and the periodic systems. Perpetual: March 1 Dr Inventory … … … … … … … … … … … … Dr.Cr. Accounts Payable … … … … … … … … … 225 225Example: Journal Entries for Transportation CostHarper hired a trucking company to deliver its March 1 purchase of 15 hats. The trucking company charged $10. Record the entries for both the perpetual and the periodic systems.Perpetual: March 1 Dr. Inventory … … … … … … … … … … … … Cr. Cash ……………………… 10 10Purchase 15 hat @$15.Periodic: March 1 Dr. Purchases … … … … … … … … … … … …Cr. Accounts Payable … … … … … … … … … 225 225Delivery charge on 15 hats.Periodic: March 1 Dr. Freight in … … … … … … … … … … … … Cr. Cash ……………………… 10 107 - 26Purchase 15 hat @$15.7 - 25Delivery charge on 15 hats.Example: Journal Entries for Purchase ReturnsOf the 15 hats delivered on March 1, three were defective and Harper returned them the same day. Record the entries for both the perpetual and the periodic inventory systems. Perpetual: March 1Dr. Accounts Payable (Cash) … … … … … Cr. Inventory … … … … … … … … … 45 45Example: Journal Entries for Purchase DiscountsOn May 2, Harper purchased 10 hats at $20 each, pay cash immediately. The supplier offered terms of 2/10, n/30. Record the entries for both the perpetual and the periodic inventory systems. Perpetual: p May y2 Dr. Inventory … … … … … 200 Cr. Accounts Payable … … … … … … … … … 200Return 3 hats @ $15.Periodic: March 1 Dr. Accounts Payable (Cash) … … … … … … … 45Cr. Purchase return … … … … … … … … … 457 - 27Periodic: May 2 Dr. Purchase … … … … … Cr. 200 Accounts Payable … … … … … … … … … 2007 - 28Return 3 hats @ $15.Example: Journal Entries for Purchase Discountscontinue Perpetual: May 2 Dr. Accounts Payable … … … … … 200 Cr. Cr. Inventory … … … … … … … … … Cash ……………………… 4 196Summary: difference between perpetualand periodic in purchasePurchases Transportation costs Purchase returns Purchase discountsPerpetualAll adjustments are entered directly in the Inventory account.PeriodicAll adjustments are accumulated in an array of temporary holding accounts: Purchases Freight In Purchase Returns Purchase DiscountsRecord purchase discounts on 10 hats.Periodic: May 2 Dr. Accounts Payable … … … … … 200 Cr. Purchase Discounts… … … … … … … … … 4 Cr. Cash … … … … … … … … … 196Record purchase discounts on 10 hats.The difference in journal entries: one with and one without temporary accounts7 - 297 - 307-6Example:Journal Entries for SalesIn June, Harper’s Hats sold 20 hats for $25 each (selling the old ones first). Record the entries for both the perpetual and the periodic systems.Perpetual: June Dr. Accounts Receivable … … … … … … … Cr. Cr. Dr. COGS … … … … … … … … … Inventories (10@$10, 10@$15) … … … 500 500 250 250 Sales Revenue … … … … … … … … … …Example:Journal Entries for Sales ReturnsOn July 3, one hat was returned from a late June purchase. Record the entries for both the perpetual and the periodic inventory systems. Perpetual: June 3 Dr. Sales Returns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Cr. Accounts Receivable. . . . . . .1 hat returned from June purchase.25 15Dr. Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Cr. Cost of Goods sold . . . . . . . . Periodic: June 3 Dr. Sales Returns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Cr. Accounts Receivable. . . . . . .Placed returned hat back into inventory.Sell 20 hats for $25 each.Periodic: June Dr. Accounts Receivable … … … … … 500 Cr. Sales Revenue … … … … … … … … … …Sell 20 hats for $25 each.5007 - 311 hat returned from June purchase.No entry for COGS.257 - 32Example: Accounting for InventoryPurchases and SalesHarper’s Hats recorded the following transactions for 2010: Jan 1 Mar 1 Mar 1 Mar 1 May 2 May 2 Jun 30 Jul 3 Beginning inventory Purchase Purchase returns Freight in Purchase Purchase discount Sales Sales return Ending inventory 10 @ $10 15 @ $15 3 @ $15 $10 10 @ $20 2/10, n/30 20 1 137 - 33Example:Closing Entries for COGS_ perpetualAt the end of the period, the accounting system generates an ending inventory balance, $251 and a COGS number, $235. NO ENTRY!Inventory (1/1) (3/1) (3/1) (5/2) (7/3) Bal. 100 225 10 200 (6/30) 15 2517 - 34=$100 =$225 =$45 =$10 =$200 =$8COGS (6/30) 250 (7/3) Bal. 235 15(3/1) (5/2)45 4 250Example:Closing Entries for COGS_ periodic1, the purchase, freight-in, purchase discounts, and purchase returns, are closed to COGS accountsDec 31 Dr. COGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dr. Purchase Returns. . . . . . . . . . . . Dr. Purchase Discounts. . . . . . . . . . Cr. Freight In. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cr. Purchases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Example:Closing Entries for COGS_ periodic2, Beginning inventory is closed to COGS: Dec 31 Dr. COGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cr. Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100100To close beginning inventory to COGS.386 45 4 3, With a periodic system, a physical count is the only way to get the information about ending inventory, so as to compute COGS: 10 425 Dec 31 Dr. Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cr. COGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 - 35To close temporary accounts to COGS.2512517 - 36To update ending inventory accounts and COGS.7-7Example:Closing Entries for COGS_ periodicWith a periodic system, a physical count is the only way to get the information necessary to compute COGS:Example:Closing Entries for COGS_ periodicSuppose a physical account indicates that the firm has 13 units of inventory with a cost of $251. 100 ( Beginning Inventory, Jan 1, 2010) 386 ( Purchases for the year) 486 ( C Cost t of f goods d available il bl for f sale l during d i 2010) 251 ( Ending Inventory, December 31, 2010) Inventory 235 ( Cost of Goods Sold for 2010)COGS Pur. 386 End. Inv. 251 Beg. Beg. Inv. 100 End.7 - 37+ = – =Beginning Inventory, Inventory January 1 1, 2010 Purchases for the year Cost of goods available for sale during 2010 Ending Inventory, December 31, 2010 Cost of Goods Sold for 2010+ = – =Inventory 100 COGS 100CountCOGS 251 End. 2512357 - 38Perpetual & PeriodicJournal Entries_Closing entriesPerpetualAll journal entries are posted to the ledger. Results in new balances for Inventory and COGS. Numbers are verified by physical count.Physical Count of InventoryEssential to maintaining reliable inventory accounting records, both perpetual and periodic.PeriodicTemporary holding accounts are accumulated and added to COGS. Beginning balance of Inventory account is transferred to COGS Ending balance of Inventory is based on Count.P Perpetual lPhysical count either confirms records are accurate or highlights shortages and clerical errors.P i di PeriodicQuantity count is the only way to get information necessary to compute ending inventory: Inventory costing (assigning a unit cost to each type of merchandise). Ending inventory = quantity of each type x its unit cost.7 - 407 - 39Perpetual vs. PeriodicCOGS Computation Perpetual The accounting records yield the COGS for the period as well as the amount of inventory that should be found with a physical count. count The difference between the records and actual count = inventory lost, stolen, or spoiled. Dr. Inventory Shrinkage Expense Cr. InventoryPerpetual & PeriodicSummarizing Example Perpetual System – at each saleCost of Goods Sold (COGS) Merchandise Inventory 870 870Periodic Company does not know what ending inventory should be. Physical count is the only way to get information about ending di i inventory t Assumes COGS is the difference between cost of goods available for sale and ending inventory. Cannot tell whether goods were sold, lost, stolen, or spoiled.7 - 41• • • • •Beginning balance 100 Purchases + 910 Available for sale 1,010 Cost of goods sold –870 Ending balance 140 (Derived)__________________________________________________________________• Ending inventory count identifies spoilage, theft, etc. 7 - 427-8Perpetual & PeriodicSummarizing Example Periodic System – at each saleNo entry is made so at year-end, do not have an up to date inventory count or COGS. Must conduct an ending inventory count.Cost of Merchandise Acquired_DetailedGross Profit Calculation• • • • •Beginning balance 100 Purchases +910 Available for sale 1,010 Ending Balance – 140 Cost of Goods Sold 870 (Derived)7 - 43 7 - 44________________________________________________________________• Spoilage/theft, etc. buried in COGSLecture OutlineRelation between inventory and COGS The items included in inventory Accounting for inventory COGS Valuation Specific identification LIFO FIFO Weighted average Other valuation methods and analysis Lower-of-cost-or-market method Effect of inventory errors Evaluate related ratios7 - 45Inventory Valuation MethodsPerpetual Periodic If inventory prices were not changing, all methods would produce the same COGS and ending inventory amounts. Since prices do change, which are assigned to COGS and ending inventory? Four methods are generally accepted:• • • • Specific identification - U.S. and IFRS acceptable First-in, first-out (FIFO) - U.S. and IFRS acceptable Weighted-average - U.S. and IFRS acceptable Last-in, first out (LIFO) - U.S. only acceptable7 - 46Specific Identification Cost Flow· Specifically identify the cost of each unitOther Inventory Cost FlowsKernel King buys and sells corn and had the following transactions for 1999: June 10 Purchased 10 tons at $6 per ton. July 28 Purchased 10 tons at $9 per ton. October 10 Sold 10 tons at $11 per ton. ton How much profit did Kernel King make ? Case #1 Sold Old Corn $110 60 $ 50 Case #2 Sold New Corn $110 90 $ 20 Case #3 Sold Mixed Corn $110 75 $ 357 - 48sold.· The individual cost of each unit is chargedagainst revenue as COGS.· To compute COGS and ending inventory, afirm must know each unit sold and its cost.· Example: Airplane, ship.Sales ($11 x 10 tons) COGS (10 tons) Gross margin7 - 477-9Inventory Cost Flow Methods:FIFO, LIFO, and Weighted AverageInventory Method Choice:Conceptual comparison between LIFO and FIFO Assumption Costs of more recent purchased inventories are more closed to true value of the inventories.FIFOLIFOAverage Cost¶ The oldestunits are sold and the newest units remain in inventory.¶ The newestunits are sold and a d the t eo oldest dest units remain in inventory. most recent units purchased is transferred to COGS.¶ An average cost iscomputed for all inventory e to y a available a ab e for sale during the period. by multiplying the number of units sold by the average cost per unit.7 - 49LIFO Costs of more recent purchased inventories go to COGS. Gives a better reflection of COGS in the IS. Gives a better measure of income.¶ The cost of theoldest units purchased is transferred to COGS¶ The cost of the ¶ COGS is computedFIFO Costs of more recent purchased inventories go to inventory account. Gives a better measure of inventory value on the BS.7 - 50Inventory Method Choice:when there is inflation for the inventory priceCase #1 Sold Old Corn $110 60 $ 50 Case #2 Sold New Corn $110 90 $ 20 Case #3 Sold Mixed Corn $110 75 $ 35Inventory Method Choice:when there is inflation for the inventory priceFIFO COGS INCOME Ending Inventory Total Assets Low High High HighLIFO High Low Low LowSales ($11 x 10 tons) COGS (10 tons) Gross margin1. 2. 3. 4.Suppose the income tax rate is 30%. How much taxes does the firm send to the government when the firm uses FIFO? How much taxes does the firm send to the government if the firm uses LIFO? Which inventory method would a firm use if he wants to minimize taxes?7 - 517 - 52Class Discussion What is the relationship between FIFO/LIFO choice and Perpetual/Period choice? Why not LIFO?The LIFO method of accounting for inventory is primarily a U.S. invention. Many countries around the world will not allow LIFO to be used and other countries discourage its use. The IASC calls LIFO an undesirable but “allowable” method. Inflation and tax effect Timing of purchase7 - 53Class ProblemStocks, Inc. inventory records unit Beg. Bal. Purchase 16/01 Sale, Jan. 25 ($45 per set) Purchase 16/02 Sale, Feb. 27 ($40 per set) Purchase 10/03 Sale, Mar. 30 ($50 per set) 460 110 216 105 307 350 190 28 9,800 36 3,780 cost 30 32 Total costs $13,800 3,520 ,Assuming Stocks, Inc. use periodic inventory system, calculate the COGS under LIFO and FIFO inventory cost flow assumption.7 - 547-10Class ProblemTotal sales are 216 + 307 + 190 = 713 units FIFO unit Beg. Bal. Purchase 16/01 Purchase 16/02 Purchase 10/03 Total COGS 460 110 105 350 cost 30 32 36 28 unit 460 110 105 38 713 cost 30 32 36 28 22,164 unit 148 110 105 350 713 LIFO cost 30 32 36 28 21,540Class Problem (alternative approach)Inv. (beg.) + Purchase – COGS = Inv. (end.) COGS = Inv.(beg.) – Inv.(end.) + Purchase Inv. (beg.) = 460 × $30 = $13,800 Total purchase in dollar: 110 × $32 + 105 × $36 + 350 × $28 = $17,100 How much is the ending inventory? How many units of inventories left. 460 + 110 + 105 +350 – (216 + 307 +190) = 312 units When FIFO is used. Inv (end.) is the inventories most recently purchased, the 312 units are assumed to be from the inventories from purchase on Mar 10. Inv. (end.) = 312 × $28 =$8,736 COGS = $13,800 – $ 8,736 + 17,100 = $22,164 When LIFO is used. Inv (end.) is the inventories least recently purchased, the 312 units are assumed to be from the beginning inventories on Jan 1. Inv. (end.) = 312 × $30 =$9,360 COGS = $13,800 – $ 9,360 + 17,100 = $21,540 7 - 55 7 - 56Class Problem(what if perpetual inventory is used?)The COGS for the 1st sale on Jan. 25.Before sale balance unit Jan. 1 Purchase Jan. 16 460 110 cost 30 32 Inventory sold unit 106 110 216 The COSG for Jan. 25 sale is 106×30 + 110×32 = $6,720 cost 30 32 After sale balance unit 354 0 354 cost 30Class Problem(what if perpetual inventory is used?)The COGS for the 2nd sale on Feb. 27.Before sale balance unit Jan. 1 Purchase Feb. 16 354 105 cost 30 36 Inventory sold unit 202 105 307 The COSG for Feb. 27 sale is 105×36 + 202×30 = $9,840 cost 30 36 After sale balance unit 152 0 152 cost 307 - 577 - 58Class Problem(what if perpetual inventory is used?)The COGS for the 3rd sale on Mar. 30.Before sale balance unit Jan. 1 Purchase Mar.10 152 350 cost 30 28 Inventory sold unit 0 190 190 The COSG for Mar. 30 sale is 190×28 = $5,320 28 cost After sale balance unit 152 160 312 cost 30 28Lecture OutlineRelation between inventory and COGS The items included in inventory Accounting for inventory COGS Valuation Specific identification LIFO FIFO Weighted average Other valuation methods and analysis7 - 59Perpetual PeriodicThus, the total COGS is $6,720 + 9,840 +5,320 =$21,880Lower-of-cost-or-market method Effect of inventory errors Evaluate related ratios7 - 607-11Lower of Cost or Market Ending inventory should be valued at the lower of its cost ($45) or market value ($43) (Rarely record holding gains – conservatism) Market value• Input market – replacement cost (i.e. LIFO cost) • Output market – net realizable value (NRV) or NRV less a normal profit margin • Market value – middle of those three numbersLoss on write-down of inventory(or COGS) Merchandise Inventory 2 27 - 61Valuation of Inventory at Lower-of-Cost-or-Market (存货计价的成本与市价孰低法)Inventory Item Quantity A B C DTotalUnit Cost Price $10.25 22.50 8.00 14.00Unit Market Price $ 9.50 24.10 7.75 14.75Total Cost $ 4,100 2,700 4,800 3,920$15,520Total Market $ 3,800 2,892 4,650 4,130$15,472Lower C or M$ 3,800 2 700 2,700 4,650 3,920 $15,070400 120 600 280The market decline based on individual items ($15,520 – $15,070) = $4507 - 62Inventory Errors Revenue – recognized in the period when earned, realized, realizable Expenses – recognized in the period when they helped to produce revenues Types of Errors• Accidental (wrong amounts, accounts, GAAP, etc.) • Intentional – Profit pressures may cause managers to• Delay the recording of purchases/expenses • Accelerate incomplete sales orders7 - 63Inventory Errors7 - 64Inventory ErrorsInventory Errors An undiscovered inventory error usually affects• All future periods if left undetected • Two reporting periods if detected and correctly counted by the end of the second year• The error will cause misstated amounts in the period in which the error occurred, but the effects will then be counterbalanced by identical offsetting amounts in the following period • If ending inventory is understated, retained earnings is understated • If ending inventory is overstated, retained earnings is overstated7 - 65 7 - 667-12Effects of Inventory Errors on Current Year’s IncomeUnderstate end inventory Overstate end inventory -Understate begin inventory -Overstate begin inventory --The Effect of an Error in Ending Inventory on Income(1)An error in inventory results in COGS being overstated or understated. (2)The ending (2)Th di inventory i error has h the h opposite i effect on gross margin and net income. (3)Any uncorrected error will affect the financial statements for two years. (ending inventory = beginning inventory of next year)7 - 68Sales ( ) COGS (–) COGS: Begin Inventory (+) Purchase (–) End Inventory = COGS Gross Margin Other Operating Expense Net Income----Low High Low -Low--High Low High -HighLow --Low High -HighHigh --High Low -Low7 - 67Inventory Gross Profit and Turnover Gross profit – Sales Revenue less COGS• Expressed in dollar or percentage terms• Sales Revenue $100,000,000 100% • COGS $60 000 000 60% $60,000,000 • Gross Profit Margin $40,000,000 40%Inventory Gross Profit and Turnover Can also be used to save time counting ending inventory, assuming GPM is a constant 40%• Sales Revenue $100 $100 • Cost of Goods Sold ? $60 • Gross Profit Margin (40% x $100) --------------------------------------------------------• Beginning Inventory $50 • Purchases +$70 • Ending Inventory – ?? = $60 • Cost of Goods Sold $60$40• Varies significantly by industry, wholesaler (lower due to volume) versus retailer (higher), presence of R&D, etc.7 - 697 - 70Inventory Gross Profit and Turnover Gross profit percentage can be used to check the accuracy of the accounting records• Unusually lower percentage may mean the company has tried to avoid taxes by failing to record all salesInventory Gross Profit and Turnover Inventory turnoverCost of goods sold Average Inventory 100,000 20,000 + 30,000 = 4 2 Some other factors that may cause a decline in the percentage are• Price wars that reduce selling prices • Shifting of the product mix sold • Increase in shoplifting or embezzlement7 - 71• On average inventory is being stocked/sold four times per year • Higher turnover is associated with greater efficiency (lower costs associated with stocking/handling inventory) • Effective in assessing companies in the same industry Days in inventory365 days / 4 = 91.25• On average inventory is held 91.25 days before it is sold7 - 72。
会计讲义(清华大学 夏东林)共246页
讲授
成绩评定
作业 30% 考试 70%
2020/1/17
会计学讲义/清华大学经济管理学院夏冬林 教授
2
学生信息
学生可以选择是否做作业。
– 如果不做作业，直接按考试成绩作为最终成 绩。
– 选择做作业的，将作业于每月5日通过邮局 寄出，以邮戳为准，凡迟交者，视为未交作 业。
– 作业直接交给助教。
– 作业答案将在学生交作业后在远程教育的公 告栏中公布.
2020/1/17
会计学讲义/清华大学经济管理学院夏冬林 教授
3
教材与参考书
教材
– 《怎样阅读会计报表》(修订版)，杨纪琬、 夏冬林，中国经济科学出版社，2019年版
– 《财务会计计》，张荟、瞿卫菁等，清华大 学出版社
参考书
– 《中国股份有限公司会计》，夏冬林、秦玉 熙，中国经济科学出版社，2019年版
预习第12 章1,2,3 节. P390 习题一(简答题)6, P391 习题二,P393 习题六 预习第13 章。P428,习题七, P429, 习题八 预习第3 章。P119, 习题二, P120,习题四, P121,习题六, P122,习题八 预习第4 章。P153,习题二, 习题三P154,习题四,习题五 预习第5 章。P182-183,习题二,三, 四,P184,习题八 预习第6,7 章。P214,习题五,习题六,P229,习题二,习题七 预习第8,9 章。P262,习题四,习题七;P293,习题二 预习第10 章。P321,习题四, P322,习题六
12
主要会计报表
资产负债表 损益表 资产负债表与损益表的关系 现金流量表
返回
2020/1/17
会计学讲义/清华大学经济管理学院夏冬林 教授
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Balance per Depositor + Deposits by Bank (credit memos) - Service Charge - NSF Checks ?Book Errors = Adjusted Balance
Not a current asset
揜 estricted?Ca sh
Listed as an investment
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Reporting Cash in the Balance Sheet
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
+ Deposits in Transit
- Outstanding Checks
?Bank Errors = Adjusted Balance
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Reconciling the Bank Statement
Receivables
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
How Much Cash Should a Business Have?
Collections from customers Accounts receivable 揈 xcess?cash is invested temporarily. Marketable securities (short-term investments)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
How Much Cash Should a Business Have?
Financial Assets
Cash Short-term Investments
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
Reconciling the Bank Statement
Balance per Bank Balance per Depositor + Deposits by Bank (credit memos) - Service Charge - NSF Checks ?Book Errors = Adjusted Balance
Chapter 7
Financial Assets
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
How Much Cash Should a Business Have?
Every business needs enough cash to pay its bills!
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
Reconciling the Bank Statement
Example
Prepare a July 31 bank reconciliation statement and the resulting journal entries for the Simmons Company. The July 31 bank statement indicated a cash balance of $9,610, while the cash ledger account on that date shows a balance of $7,430. Additional information necessary for the reconciliation is shown on the next page.
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Cash Management
Accurately account for cash. Prevent theft and fraud. Assure the availability of adequate amounts of cash. Avoid unnecessarily large amounts of idle cash.
Cash Equivalents Stable market values
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Reporting Cash in the Balance Sheet
Not available for paying current liabilities
Travelers?checks
Checks
Money orders
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Reporting Cash in the Balance Sheet
Combined with cash on balance sheet Liquid shortterm investments Matures within 90 days of acquisition
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
Outstanding checks totaled $2,417. A $500 check mailed to the bank for deposit
had not reached the bank at the statement date. The bank returned a customer抯 NSF check for 抯 $225 received as payment of an account receivable. The bank statement showed $30 interest earned on the bank balance for the month of July. Check 781 for supplies cleared the bank for $268 but was erroneously recorded in our books as $240. A $486 deposit by Acme Company was erroneously credited to our account by the bank. ?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
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Cash (and cash equivalents)
Cash payments
Investments are sold as cash is needed.
The Valuation of Financial Assets
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Bank Statements
Shows the beginning bank balance, deposits made, checks paid, other debits and credits in the month, and the ending bank balance.
Estimated collectible amount
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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Cash
Coins and paper money
Bank credit card sales
Cash is defined as any deposit banks will accept.
Irwin/McG Companies, Inc., 1999
Internal Control Over Cash
Segregate authorization, custody and recording of cash. Prepare a cash budget. Prepare a control listing of cash receipts. Require daily deposits. Make all payments by check. Verify every expenditure before payment. Promptly reconcile bank statements.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
Cash Over and Short
On May 5, XBAR, Inc.抯 cash drawer was 抯 counted and found to be $10 over.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Bank Statement
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
?The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999
Reconciling the Bank Statement
Explains the difference between cash reported on bank statement and cash balance in depositor抯 accounting 抯 records. Provides information for reconciling journal entries.