王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(第2单元 威廉
王守仁《英国文学选读》笔记和课后习题详解-约翰
第21单元约翰•福尔斯21.1复习笔记John Fowles(1926-2005)(约翰·福尔斯)1.Life(生平)John Fowles was born in Leigh-on-Sea,a small town in London suburbs.After briefly attending the University of Edinburgh,Fowles began compulsory military service in1945.World War II ended shortly after his training began,so Fowles never came near combat.Fowles then spent four years at Oxford,where he discovered the writings of the French existentialists,especially Camus and Sarte, whose ideas corresponding with his own about conformity and the will of the individual.He received a degree in French in1950.During his tenure in France and later in Greece,he began to write poetry and to overcome a long-time repression about writing.The critical acclaim and commercial success of The Collector allowed Fowles to devote all of his time to writing.His most commercially successful novel, The French Lieutenant’s Woman,appeared in1969.In the1970s,he also published essays,poetry,translations and reviews.Fowles died on November5,2005after a long illness.约翰·福尔斯出生于伦敦郊外的小镇莱昂西。
王守仁英国文学选读课后答案
1. Heroic Couplet:A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or antithesis within a line, or between the two lines.2. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.（是一种诗的写作形式，是使一个角色在一些特殊的决定性时刻作为可辨认的但沉默的观众，由此无意的显示他或她的基本脾性。
）3. Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters. It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century.4. Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.5. Sonnet（十四行诗）: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第3版)课后习题详解(第2单元 威廉
第2单元威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1.Why sleep is so frightening,according to Hamlet,since it can“end”“the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Key:Death means the end of life.If he dies,he may go to an unknown world and can never come back.In this sense,Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father,failing to realize his will.Though“sleep”can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks,it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all.He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long“dream”.He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep,may be good may be evil.2.Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them,according to Hamlet?Key:According to Hamlet,because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world,maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3.What,after all,makes people lose their determination to take action?Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key:It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action.Hamlet doesn’tknow what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself,so he is hesitated. However,Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view.The main reason lies in his concern for his nation.Hamlet is a true man.He wants to change the dark existing world,but it is beyond his ability,so he has no idea what he should do.He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society.So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark.His revenge is not everything for him.And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country.Thus he is confused about his action.Romeo and Juliet1.What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection? Key:Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2.What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet? Key:They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other, they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3.What does Romeo mean when he says“Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key:It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love canprotect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families.Sonnet181.How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key:The poet thinks that he should not“compare thee to a summer’s day”, because“Thou art more lovely and more temperate”.And,in the following part, he gives his reasons.2.What makes the poet think that“thou”can be more beautiful(fair)than summer and immortal?Key:Because the poet thinks that“thy eternal summer shall not fade”for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.。
王守仁《英国文学选读》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解（第2单元威廉
王守仁《英国文学选读》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解（第2单元威廉第2单元威廉?莎士比亚2.1复习笔记William Shakespeare（1564-1616）（威廉·莎士比亚）1.Life（生平）Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet.He was born on April 26,1564in Stratford-upon-Avon.At the age of7,Shakespeare was sent to the local grammar school where he was taught reading,writing,Latin and Greek.He was a schoolmaster in the country and became well acquainted with theatrical performances.At18he married a farmer’s daughter who was eight years older than him.After he moved to London around1586,he once worked as an actor,a playwright,and a part owner of a theater company.In1612,he went back home and bought a house called New Palace.He died on April23,the anniversary of his birth,in1616and was buried in Stratford Church.The other famous contemporary writer Ben Jonson praised that“He is not for an age,but for all times!”,indicating the prominent position of Shakespeare in world civilization and literature history.莎士比亚是世界最著名的剧作家和诗人。
王守仁英国文学选读课后答案
Geoffrey ChaucerThe Canterbury Tales1. How is the setting of the tales described? With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales?Early spring. General tone: happy, easy, lively, humorous.2. Character of the Knight?The knight displays many traits which make him seem almost too good to be true, and a true gentleman that rarely exists in reality. The knight holds four main admirable traits, making him the most liked traveler in "The Canterbury Tales," and also amplying the doubt of his realism. From the characters impressive introduction, it is clear that this man is the most valued and honorable traveler among the group. This perfect gentleman holds a love of ideals that are often not displayed by people. First and foremost, he believes in the ideals of chivalry, and always stays true to its principles. He also feels that one should be honest, truthful and faithful, which many people are not all of these ideals. The knight thinks one should only do what is right, and what will gain him honor and reputation. This character also believes in freedom and generosity towards all, and displays this ideal repeatedly throughout the novel. And lastly, the knight also strongly feels that any proper person should display courtesy and elegance at all times.Another aspect of this character's life which makes him seem too prestigious to be truthful is his impressive military career. He fought in the holy war, The knight obviously held a very respectable reputation, and was treated with much honor and respect. He was a perfect gentleman, showing kindness and understanding to everyone he came in contact with. The knight was extremely well-mannered, always being on his best behavior. His appearance was the "finishing touch," adding honor and integrity to his courageous and gentle spirit. This main character was clothed still in his armor, wearing a tunic of harsh cloth and his coat of mail is rust-stained, clearly showing remaining signs of past battles.Shakespeare Hamlet P81. Why is sleep so fright ening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep. Death means the end of life, you may go to or unknown world and you can’t comeback,. If he dies, Hamlet's can't realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind. Hamlet didn’t know at all. He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He can’t predict what will happen in th e sleep, may be good may be evil.2. Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet? Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferi ngs, great pains, heartbreaking stories…Because people hold the same idea "to grunt and sweat under a weary life, but that the dread of something after death-the undiscover’d country, form whose bourn no traveler returns-puzzle the will, and make us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of?” People also are frightened by the myths in another world after death.3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain inrelation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Conscience and over-considerations. He wants to revenge, but doesn’t know how. He wants to kill his uncle, but finds it too risky. He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide. However, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great dilemma. They don’t know the result after their taking the action. Such as Hamlet, he doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself . So Hamlet was hesitated.Sonnet 18 P131. How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? (Page 14)The poet opens with a question that is addressed to the beloved, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" This question is comparing “thee” to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally considered as an enjoyable time during the year. The following eleven lines in the poem are also dedicated to similar comparisons between the beloved and summer days. In lines 2 and 3, the speaker explains what mainly separates the young woman from the summer's day: she is "more lovely and more temperate." (Line 2) Summer days are sometimes shaken by "rough winds" (line3) which happens and is not always as welcoming as the woman. However in line 4, the poet gives the feeling again that the summer months are often too short by saying, "And summer lease hath too short a date." In the summer days, the sun, "the eye of heaven" (line 5), often shines "too hot," or too dim, "his gold complexion dimmed" (line 6) as "every fair from fair sometime declines." (Line 7) The final portion of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in various aspects. Her beauty will be one that lasts forever, "Thy eternal summer shall not fade." (Line 9), and never end or die.At last two lines, the poet explains how the beloved's beauty will accomplish this everlasting life unlike summer days. And it is because her beauty is kept alive in this poem, which will last forever. It will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see." (Line 13) the poem is outwardly a simple statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman and perhaps summer to the speaker is sometimes too unpleasant with the extremes of windiness and heat that go along with it. However, the beloved in the poem is always mild and temperate by her nature and nothing at all like the summer.At last, the poet starts to praise that the beloved is so great and awing that she is to live forever in this sonnet. The beloved is so great that the speaker will even go as far as to say that, "So long as men breathe, or eyes can see, so long lives this and this gives life to thee.”(line 13、14) that the beloved is deserving to live on forever.2.What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal? At the very beginning, the poet puts forth a question: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” Then he gives an answer: “Thou art more lovely and more temperate.” On the one hand, “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer’s lease hath all too short a date;” on the other hand, “Sometime too hot the heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed.” So from the above two aspects the poet thinks that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer. In addition, “And every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance, or nature’s changing course untrimmed.” Compared with immortal, “But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade, when in eternal lines to times thou grow’st.” Therefore, the poet draws a conclusion: “So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, solon g lives this, and this gives life to thee.” In this poem, the poet makes “thou” more beautiful than summer and immortal because of his beautiful lines. So in this case, “thou” in the poem can be regarded as female because love can beauty eternal. Or “thou” can be referred to male, for friendship can make beauty everlasting. Even “thou” can be abstract “love” or “beauty” which will become eternal in the wonderful poem.Francis BaconOf Marriage and Single Life P171. Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?In the easy Of Marriage and Single life, Bacon prefers marriage to single life. He thinks “unmarried men are best friends; best masters; best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition”, “Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses”.I have to say his words can still be true today; I’m at his back, though many young people now choose to remain single no mater male or female. But since “3S ladies” or “overleft ladies” become the catch word, the female seems more terrible. Maybe because women are easier to get old but to men 30 is the gold ages of career development. For the main reasons of 3S ladies, some are high standard for husband; some are the further studying. For men, maybe they are fighting in business; maybe they are too bad to find a wife.Then we can see all the state of present marriage. Even though some say “marriage is the tomb of love”, I yet suppor t marriage. Marriage and family make people more responsible and loving, make deeper love between spouses and make life more colorful.The ability to love and be loved is the most precious of gifts given to man, which should be highly treasured. Family let a man learn to care the whole unit. He has to take good care of his wife and son, love them, be responsible for them, all of which are the same to women. All these qualities are vital to anyone’s career. When you work back home, wife or husband is al ways the listener to you, son the warm heart to you. Spouses help each other and support each other; family is the harbor for soul. Thus it is help to one’s career development.2.Certainly, wife and children are “a kind of discipline of humanity”。
王守仁《英国文学选读》笔记和课后习题详解-现代剧作家【圣才出品】
第13单元现代剧作家13.1复习笔记Oscar Wilde(1854-1900)(奥斯卡·王尔德)1.Life(生平)Oscar Wilde,a dramatist,poet,novelist and essayist,was born in Dublin, Ireland.After majoring in classical studies at Trinity College,Dublin,he won a scholarship to Oxford,where he proved a brilliant student and became a disciple of Walter Pater.In1879,he settled in London,and soon won a reputation both as a writer and as a spokesman for the school of"art for art’s sake".He soon became the leader of the“aesthetic movement”.Wilde is a witty conversationalist and dandy.In1895,he was charged of a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas;Wilde recklessly sued for libel,but lost the case and was arrested and sent to prison for two years.As a result,the public strongly detested him and the aesthetic movement suffered a severe setback.After leaving the jail,Wilde was divorced and declared bankrupt.As a ruined man,he immigrated to France and lived out his last three years under a pseudo name with the financial support from his friends.He was buried in Paris in the same cemetery as the poet Charles Baudelaire.奥斯卡·王尔德是个戏剧家、诗人、小说家和散文家。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(杰弗里 乔叟)【圣才出品】
第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.1 复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer （杰弗里·乔叟）（1340-1400）1. Life （生平）Geoffrey Chaucer, born in 1343 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets’ Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。
他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。
他后来担任过侍臣和审计官。
乔叟知识渊博。
他精通拉丁语、法语和意大利语。
他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第3版)课后习题详解【圣才出品】
第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.How is the setting of the tales described?With such a setting,could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?Key:(1)Chaucer sets the tales in the spring,describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth,and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter.Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively(欢快的)and fresh(清新的),since he speaks of budding flowers,growing crops and singing birds.(2)According to such a setting,we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light,sprightly(活泼的、愉快的)and humorous.2.In your own words,summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.Key:According to the excerpt,we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth,honor,freedom and courtesy. He had fought many battles for the faith of people.He is a brave,wise,modest and“truly perfect gentle-knight”.3.Without comparison with the translated version,are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?Key:Yes,there are many words can be recognized.Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words.What’s more,sometimes,we can recognize the words by guess or by the sense-group.第2单元威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1.Why sleep is so frightening,according to Hamlet,since it can“end”“the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”? Key:Death means the end of life.If he dies,he may go to an unknown world and can never come back.In this sense, Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father,failing to realize his will.Though“sleep”can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks,it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all.He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long“dream”.He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep,may be good may be evil.2.Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them,according to Hamlet?Key:According to Hamlet,because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world, maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3.What,after all,makes people lose their determination to take action?Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key:It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action.Hamlet doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself,so he is hesitated.However,Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view.The main reason lies in his concern for his nation.Hamlet is a true man.He wants to change the dark existing world,but it is beyond his ability, so he has no idea what he should do.He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society.So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark.His revenge is not everything for him.And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country.Thus he is confused about his action. Romeo and Juliet1.What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?Key:Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2.What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?Key:They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other,they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3.What does Romeo mean when he says“Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key:It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love can protect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families.Sonnet181.How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key:The poet thinks that he should not“compare thee to a summer’s day”,because“Thou art more lovely and more temperate”.And,in the following part,he gives his reasons.2.What makes the poet think that“thou”can be more beautiful(fair)than summer and immortal?Key:Because the poet thinks that“thy eternal summer shall not fade”for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.第3单元弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1.Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key:Sometimes,marriage can be an impediment,and sometimes,it can help one develop his or her career as well, because it depends on the quality of the marriage.As the saying goes“A peaceful family will prosper”,so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages,while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides.In a good marriage,husband and wife will be happier,and they will help and encourage each other,which will be good for their careers.On the contrary,in an unhappy marriage,husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2.In what sense are wife and children“a kind of discipline of humanity”?Key:A single man has no others to think about,so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself. What’s more,he tends to take any risk if he wants to,for he does not need to be responsible for anyone.However,a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please,because he has wife and children,and he must be responsible for them. Furthermore,he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation.He becomes a loving man,who not only loves his wife and children,but also loves others.A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent.In this sense,we can say that wife and children are“a kind of discipline of humanity”.3.Bacon prefers marriage to single life.Do you find his arguments convincing?Key:Yes,I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing.He proves his points by comparison.He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage.For instance,a single person only cares about himself,and does not pay attention to the future;a married man tends to become responsible,tender,enthusiastic and warm-hearted. As the sentence goes“wives are young men’s mistresses,companions for middle age,and old men’s nurses”which means that when a man is young,his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family;when he comes to middle age,wife always stays with him as a companion;when he becomes old,wife will take care of him till the end of life.Even though a woman marries a bad husband,marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves. These points all are reasonable,which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing.Of Study1.We are now living in the age of“information explosion”.What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s“Of Studies”in our access to information?Key:According to Bacon’s opinion:“studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience”.We should combine theory and practice together.That is,practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that“some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.”also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book.When we face information,we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all.More importantly,we should have an independent mind.2.In what sense does reading make a full man?Key:As Bacon says“Histories make men wise,poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral, grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend”,we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people.Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes;some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty;some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man.In this sense,reading makes a full man.第4单元17世纪英国诗人The Flea1.Why does the poet say that"this cannot be said a sin,or shame,or loss of maidenhead"?Key:Because it is the flea that sucked their blood and made them mingled together,they are not sinful or shameful, and the man’s beloved does not loss her maidenhead.The flea has joined them together in a way that“alas,is more than we would do”.2.What do you think is the addressee’s parents’attitude toward the poet’s wooing?Key:The addressee’s parents’attitude is against the poet’s wooing.3.What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea"thou"are actually killing three lives?Key:The poet compares the killing of the flea to murder.He thinks that if his beloved kills the flea,he and she would be killed within the flea.He even states that the act of killing the flea would be“sacrilege”.If the lover denies the fact that their blood and therefore their lives are contained within the flea,it is similar to committing an irreligious act. This would seem to acknowledge that their closeness within the flea is allowable.The importunate lover wishes his mistress to understand that she should accept his wooing because there is nothing wrong with the unity of two people. Holy Sonnet101.Why does the poet say that death is the“slave to fate,chance,kings and desperate men”?Key:Because for the most part,fate,chance,kings and desperate men can threaten some people with Death when they like to,and by this way,Death is exploited and may be forced to do what it does not want to.In this sense,death is a slave.2.What does the poet mean when he says“we wake eternally”after one short sleep?Key:The poet was a priest and he believed that the soul of men would never die.After death,men would enter another world and lived forever.In this sense,after death,men“wake eternally”.John Milton1.Where are the serpent(“the”in line51)and his followers condemned after their defeat?Key:The serpent and his followers are condemned into the hell by God.2.What are the God’s punishments for those rebellious angels as described by Milton in lines59-74?Key:Those rebellious angels are sent into the horrible dungeon filled with flames,darkness,floods and whirlwinds,in which there is no peace,rest or hope,but full of sorrow and torture.3.What is considered by Satan as“ignominy”and“shame”(line ll5)?Key:Satan considers that“To bow and sue for grace/With suppliant knee,and deify his power/Who from the terror of this arm so late/Doubted his empire-that were low indeed”is“ignominy and shame”.That is,he thinks that it is shameful to bow to God to ask for grace and forgiveness.4.What is Satan advising the serpent and his followers to do in this part of Paradise Lost?Key:Satan advices the serpent and his followers to fight against God.第5单元冒险小说作家Daniel Defoe1.Do you find the description of Crusoe’s setting up the tent convincing?Could you think of better ways to build a shelter in his situation?Key:Yes,I think it is convincing.Crusoe takes everything into his consideration and makes sure his shelter is comfortable and safe.He takes advantage of the natural resources.Perhaps,there is no way to build a better one than his.2.What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time?Why is it important for him to keep track of time?Key:I think it’s a good way.The reason is that Crusoe is a civilized man and time is very valuable to him.In fact,he represents the hard-working middle class,and has the sense of working hard and cherishing time.3.From this excerpt,what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Key:From this excerpt,we can find many admirable characteristics in Robinson Crusoe.He is adventurous,practical, thoughtful,hard-working,brave,shrewd,energetic,optimistic,strong-minded and kind-hearted…Under the special circumstance,Crusoe shows many good and valuable qualities of human beings.Jonathan Swift1.In what ways are Yahoos comparable to human beings in Gulliver’s Travels?Comment on the Houyhnhnms’attitude toward human beings.Key:Both human beings and Yahoos are warlike,greedy,jealous,gluttonous and filthy…What’s more,they eat everything that they can find no matter the food is good or bad for them;they would be sick because of nastiness and greediness;they would suffer from depression because of their idleness;the female Yahoos have nasty qualities,such as lewdness,coquetry,censure and scandal.Yahoos and human beings have many features in common.The Houyhnhnms’attitude toward human beings is critical,malicious and objective.They are not slandering,for human beings indeed have all the defects that the Houyhnhnms have mentioned.It seems that they know about human beings clearly and they compare Yahoos and humankind in a very elaborative way.Their points of view are very convincing.2.What are the symbolic meanings of Yahoos and Houyhnhnms?Key:Yahoos and Houyhnhnms represent the evil human nature and good qualities of humankind respectively.第6单元浪漫主义诗人（1）William BlakeThe Lamb1.Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb?What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?Key:The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb by which shows the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb.The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God.It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God.So,the poem not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praise the mysterious power which creates the lamb.In this sense,God,Jesus and the lamb combine together.2.What does the Lamb stand for?Key:The Lamb stands for Jesus Christ,who was offered by God as the final sacrifice for the sins of humankind.The Lamb and Jesus have virtues in common:gentleness,tenderness,kindness and compassion.So,the Lamb also stands for these good attributes.The Tiger1.Why does the poet mention the Lamb?Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other?Key:The Tiger is corresponding to The Lamb.Both the poems show the poet’s exploration,understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation.In this poem,the poet implies that the Tiger as well as the Lamb are both created by God. So the Tiger and the Lamb share the same creator and have some kind of relationship.Yes,I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other.The lamb represents the kind and gentle humanities,but it lacks the motivation to make progress.While the tiger will cause the social misery,unrest or even disruption,but it can stimulate people’s creativity.So the tiger becomes the symbol of strength and courage.In this sense,the Tiger and the Lamb can illuminate each other.2.What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger?What idea does the poet want to express?Key:The tiger symbolizes the God’s power in creation and it becomes the embodiment of beauty,strength,vitality and complexity.The poet’s idea is that God not only create the kind lamb but also create the tough tiger.So God is mysterious and complicated and nobody can indeed know about God.The Sick Rose1.In what sense do you think the rose is“sick”?Key:On a superficial and literal level,the rose is invaded by the worm and become sick.On a deeper level,the“sick”rose has several symbolic meanings:a)the rose symbolizes young girls,and the worm refers to impure love of men, which defiles the girls’chastity.Thus,the girls are destroyed.b)The rose symbolizes the toiling masses that are under the exploitation and oppression of the capitalism represented by the worm.It means that there is something wrong with the whole social system.c)The rose symbolizes the soul and spirit of man,while the worm symbolizes the ugly and evil aspects of humanity.The rose is“sick”,because that innocence is replaced by experience,and the virtues are replaced by the evil as well.2.Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm?If so,what meanings would you suggest? Key:Yes,there are some symbolic meanings for the night and the storm.Based on the symbolic meanings of the rose and the worm,we can find that the night and the storm symbolize the deceit and impure love of men,the progress of capitalism and the process of gaining experience.Robert Burns。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(爱德华 摩根 福斯特)【圣才出品】
第18单元爱德华•摩根•福斯特18.1 复习笔记E.M. Forster （1879-1970）（爱德华·摩根·福斯特）1. Life （生平）Edward Morgan Forster, novelist, essayist, critic, was born in a middle-class family of London. His father was an architect and died when he was only a boy. He was brought up by his aunts. Forster studied at Cambridge University, where he enjoyed a sense of liberation. On leaving Cambridge, Forster decided to devote his life to writing. He traveled in Europe, lived in Italy and Egypt, and spent a few years in India.爱德华·摩根·福斯特是小说家，散文家和评论家。
他出生于伦敦中产家庭。
父亲是一位建筑师，福斯特还小时就离世。
福斯特由姑姑养大。
他先在一所公立学校接受教育，后进入剑桥。
离开剑桥后他决定投身写作事业。
他游历了欧洲，在意大利和埃及居住过，并在印度度过几年时光。
2. Major Works of Forster （福斯特主要作品）Where Angels Fear to Tread （1905）《天使不敢涉足的地方》The Longest Journey （1907）《最长的旅行》A Room with a View（1908）《一间看得见风景的房间》Howards End （1910）《霍华兹别墅》A Passage to India （1924）《印度之行》Aspects of the Novel（1927）《小说面面观》3. Selected works （选读作品）◆The Road from Colonus《离开科罗诺斯之路》Mr. Lucas, an old Englishman, he always dreamt of visiting Greece. As in declining health, he decided to go there with his daughter. Occasionally, Mr. Lucas found a mysterious great old hollow tree. He decides not to leave, and says he plans to stay at an inn near the old tree, but the others are horrified, and force him to leave with them. Back in England, sometime later, Ethel is now about to be married. Mr. Lucas has become a perpetually disgruntled old man, complaining about everything. Then a gift arrives from a friend in Greece, wrapped in a Greek newspaper. In it Ethel reads the news that on the night they left, the old tree was blown down, and fell on the family who kept the inn nearby, killing them all. Ethel is upset, and says how lucky it was that they hadn’t stayed there that night, calling it a “marvellous deliverance,” but Mr. Lucas dismisses the story without interest. He no longer cares.The Road from Colonus reveals the relationships between different generations and has a vivid description of the loneliness and helplessness of the old people.故事主人公卢卡斯先生与女儿埃塞尔去希腊路行途中，偶然在科罗诺斯发现一处树穴，让他领悟到前所未有的生活真谛，因此他很想在大树附近的小旅店住下，不肯与其他英国游客一起离开。
王守仁《英国文学选读》笔记和课后习题详解-现代主义小说家(2)【圣才出品】
第17单元现代主义小说家(2)17.1复习笔记wrence(1885-1930)(D.H.劳伦斯)1.Life(生平)Born in Eastwood Nottinghamshire,David Herbert Lawrence was a prolific writer.His output includes poems,stories,novelettes,novels,plays,literary criticism, essays and travel books.His father was a coal-miner.His mother was a middle-class woman and a school teacher,who had a deep influence upon his life.He studied for two years at Nottingham University College,where he acquired his teacher’s certificate in1908.From1908to1912,he taught in a school.In1914,Lawrence married Frieda von Richthofen,a German noblewoman and the ex-wife of a professor at Nottingham University.During the World WarⅠ,Frieda’s German origin and Lawrence’s objection to the war cause them trouble with the authorities. Frustrated,Lawrence sought refuge in many wrence died of tuberculosis in France,at44.戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯是个多产的作家。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(第13单元 现代剧作家)【圣才出品】
第13单元现代剧作家13.1复习笔记1.Oscar Wilde（1854-1900）（奥斯卡·王尔德）(1)Life（生平）Oscar Wilde,a dramatist,poet,novelist and essayist,was born in Dublin, Ireland.His father was an eminent surgeon and his mother was a clever woman with intellectual pretentions.He proved a brilliant student at Trinity College,Oxford, where he became a disciple of Walter Pater.In1879,he settled in London,and soon won a reputation both as a writer and as a spokesman for the school of“art for art’s sake”.He soon became the leader of the Aesthetic movement.奥斯卡·王尔德是个戏剧家、诗人、小说家和散文家。
他出生在爱尔兰的都柏林。
他的父亲十一位出色的外科医生，他的母亲也是个聪明的人。
他是牛津大学一名优秀的学生，师从沃特·佩特。
1879年他定居伦敦。
并成为一名有名的作家和“为艺术而艺术”学派的代言人，紧接着成为美学运动的领导者。
(2)Major Works（主要作品）The Picture of Dorian Gray（1891）《道林·格雷的画像》Lady Windermere’s Fan（1892）《温德米尔夫人的扇子》A Woman of No Importance（1893）《一个无足轻重的女人》An Ideal Husband（1895）《理想的丈夫》The Importance of Being Earnest（1895）《认真的重要性》(3)Selected Works（选读作品）◆The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》Jack Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff both pretend to be called Ernest in order to secure the affections of Gwendolen Fairfax and Cecily Cardew.The girls are led to think first that they are engaged to the same man and then that neither is really Ernest.The ensuing confusions are resolved when it is discovered that Jack was indeed so named.The play derives force from a brilliant fabric of epigram and paradox.In the last scene,Jake said“I’ve now realised for the first time in my life the Vital Importance of Being Earnest”.两个花花公子杰克和阿尔杰农都化名“欧内斯特”向各自喜欢的女孩求爱。
王守仁《英国文学选读》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解（第10单元查尔斯
王守仁《英国⽂学选读》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解（第10单元查尔斯第10单元查尔斯?狄更斯10.1复习笔记Charles Dickens（1812-1870）（查尔斯·狄更斯）1.Life（⽣平）Charles Dickens was the greatest representative of English critical realism.In 1812,he was born into a clerk family in Portmouth,Hampshire.When he was11, the family was put in prison for reason of debt.Dickens was forced to work ten-hour days at Warren’s Blacking Warehouse.The suffering childhood has provided writing materials for his works.In1896,his first book,Sketches by Boz, was published.In the same year,Pickwick Papers appeared in front of the readers. This novel brought him great fame.The rest of his life was a succession of works without rest.查尔斯·狄更斯是英国批评现实主义最杰出的代表。
查尔斯·狄更斯1812年出⽣于朴茨茅斯的⼀个⼩职员家庭。
11岁时，由于⽗亲⽋债，⼀家⼈都被关进了债务监狱。
⽽狄更斯也不得不在⼀家⽪鞋油作坊做童⼯，每天⼯作⼗个⼩时。
童年的苦难⽣活为他以后的创作提供了素材。
1896年，他的第⼀部书《博兹随笔》出版，同年《匹克威克外传》⾯世。
王守仁《英国文学选读》笔记和课后习题详解-V. S. 奈保尔【圣才出品】
第24单元V.S.奈保尔24.1复习笔记Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul(1932-)(V.S.奈保尔)1.Life(生平)Naipaul was born in Chaguanas,Trinidad and Tobago,to parents of Indian descent.He was educated at Queen’s Royal College,Trinidad.In1950,he won a government scholarship to University College,Oxford to study literature.After graduation,he worked briefly for the BBC as an editor for the“Caribbean Voices”program.His first three books are comic portraits of Trinidadian society.The Mystic Masseur won the Mail on Sunday/John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in1958.His Miguel Street,a collection of short stories,won a Somerset Maugham Award.Subsequent novels developed more political themes and he began to write about colonial and post-colonial societies in the process of decolonization.In1989,he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth.Naipaul won Nobel Prize for Literature in2001“for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories”.奈保尔出生于岛国特里尼达和多巴哥的查瓜那斯，是印度婆罗门的后裔。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(20世纪英国诗人(1))【圣才出品】
第15单元20世纪英国诗人（1）15.1 复习笔记1. T. S. Eliot （1888-1965）（T. S. 艾略特）(1) Life （生平）Thomas Stearns Eliot, poet, dramatist and critic, was born in Saint Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. He studied at Harvard. He went to Europe and studied at Oxford and the Sorbonne in Paris, where he made himself familiar with the Symbolist poets. During his studies, he mastered French, Italian and English literatures, as well as the ancient India philosophy and literature. After settling in England, Eliot worked as a school teacher, and then as a bank clerk. He associated with Yeats and Ezra Pound, who encouraged him to write poetry. In 1927 he became a British subject and joined the Church of England.托马斯·史登斯·艾略特，诗人、剧作家兼评论家，出生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯，就学于哈弗大学。
后去欧洲，先后在牛津大学和巴黎大学深造，结交了象征主义诗人。
学习期间，研读了法国、意大利和英国文学以及古印度哲学与文学。
定居英国后，他当过教师和银行职员，同时与叶芝和庞德交往，他们鼓励艾略特进行诗歌创作。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(第11单元 维多利亚时代的诗人)【圣才出品】
第11单元维多利亚时代的诗人11.1复习笔记1.Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892）（阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生）(1)Life（生平）Alfred Tennyson,the most important poet of the Victorian Age,was born in 1809,the fourth son of a clergyman.The boy showed an early interest and talent in poetic composition.In1827he went to Cambridge.He and his brother published Poems by Two Brothers,which attracted the attention of“apostles”,a group of undergraduate literary club led by Arthur Henry Hallam,who later became Tennyson’s closest friend.His Poems in1842won Tennyson first critical success.In 1850,with the publication of In Memoriam A.H.H.,which is a tribute to Hallam,he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth and remained in this position until he died at83years old.In1884he was awarded a baronetcy.In1892 he died and was buried in Westminster Abbey.阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生是维多利亚时期最重要的诗人。
王守仁《英国文学选读》笔记和课后习题详解-格雷厄姆
第25单元格雷厄姆•斯维夫特25.1复习笔记Graham Swift(1949-)(格雷厄姆·斯维夫特)1.Life(生平)Graham Swift,a prominent English writer,was born in London.He has studied in Queen’s College Cambridge,obtaining BA and MA.After graduated from college in1975,he taught English in several schools in London,and wrote in spare time.In1980,he published his first novel The Sweet Shop Owner.His acclaimed novel Waterland,which won the Guardian Fiction Prize and the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize,established him as one of the finest fiction writers of his generation. In1983,he was nominated as one of the20“Best of Young British Novelists”in the Book Marketing Council’s promotion.In1996,his Last Orders won the Booker Prize for Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize(for fiction).At present,Graham Swift is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and he lives in London.格雷厄姆·斯维夫特出生于伦敦，是英国当代杰出的小说家。
(NEW)王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)课后习题详解
目 录第1单元 杰弗里•乔叟第2单元 威廉•莎士比亚第3单元 弗朗西斯•培根第4单元 17世纪英国诗人第5单元 冒险小说作家第6单元 浪漫主义诗人（1）第7单元 简•奥斯汀第8单元 浪漫主义诗人（2）第9单元 夏洛蒂•勃朗特第10单元 查尔斯•狄更斯第11单元 维多利亚时代的诗人第12单元 托马斯•哈代第13单元 现代剧作家第14单元 约瑟夫•康拉德第15单元 20世纪英国诗人（1）第16单元 现代主义小说家（1）第17单元 现代主义小说家（2）第18单元 爱德华•摩根•福斯特第19单元 威廉•戈尔丁第20单元 多丽丝•莱辛第21单元 约翰•福尔斯第22单元 20世纪英国诗人（2）第23单元 A.S.拜厄特第24单元 V.S.奈保尔第25单元 格雷厄姆•斯威夫特第1单元 杰弗里•乔叟1How is the setting of the tales described? With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?Key: (1) Chaucer sets the tales in the spring, describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth, and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter. Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively (欢快的) and fresh (清新的), since he speaks of budding flowers, growing crops and singing birds.(2) According to such a setting, we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light, sprightly (活泼、愉快的) and humorous.2In your own words, summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.Key: According to the excerpt, we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth, honor, freedom and courtesy. He had fought many battles for the faith of people. He is a brave, wise, modest and “truly perfect gentle-knight”.3Without comparison with the translated version, are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?Key: Yes, there are many words can be recognized. Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words. What’s more, sometimes, we can recognize the words by guess or by the sense-group.第2单元 威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” “the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Key: Death means the end of life. If he dies, he may go to an unknown world and can never come back. In this sense, Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father, failing to realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all. He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep, may be good may be evil.2Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?Key: According to Hamlet, because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world, maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key: It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action. Hamlet doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself, so he is hesitated. However, Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view. The main reason lies in his concern for his nation. Hamlet is a true man. He wants to change the dark existing world, but it is beyond his ability, so he has no idea what he should do. He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society. So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark. His revenge is not everything for him. And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country. Thus he is confused about his action.Romeo and Juliet1What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?Key: Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?Key: They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other, they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key: It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love can protect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families. Sonnet 181How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key: The poet thinks that he should not “compare thee to a summer’s day”, because “Thou art more lovely and more temperate”. And, in the following part, he gives his reasons.2What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful (fair) than summer and immortal?Key: Because the poet thinks that “thy eternal summer shall not fade” for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.第3单元 弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key: Sometimes, marriage can be an impediment, and sometimes, it can help one develop his or her career as well, because it depends on the quality of the marriage. As the saying goes “A peaceful family will prosper”, so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages, while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides. In a good marriage, husband and wife will be happier, and they will help and encourage each other, which will be good for their careers. On the contrary, in an unhappy marriage, husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2In what sense are wife and children “a kind of discipline of humanity”? Key: A single man has no others to think about, so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself. What’s more, he tends to take any risks if he wants to, for he does not need to be responsible for anyone. However, a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please, because he has wife and children, and he must be responsible for them. Furthermore, he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation. He becomes a loving man, who not only loves his wife and children, but also loves others. A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent. Who make this? Of course, wife and children make it. In this sense, we can say that wife and children are “a kind of discipline of humanity”.3Bacon prefers marriage to single life. Do you find his arguments convincing?Key: Yes, I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing. He proves his points by comparison. He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage. For instance, a single person only cares about himself, and does not pay attention to the future; a married man tends to become responsible, tender, enthusiastic and warm-hearted. As the sentencegoes “wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men’s nurses” which means that when a man is young, his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family; when he comes to middle age, wife always stays with him as a companion; when he becomes old, wife will take care of him till the end of life. Even though a woman marries a bad husband, marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves. These points all are reasonable, which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing. Of Study1We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s “Of Studies” in our access to information?Key: According to Bacon’s opinion: “studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience”. We should combine theory and practice together. That is, practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that “some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.” also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book. When we face information, we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all. More importantly, we should have an independent mind.2In what sense does reading make a full man?Key: As Bacon says “Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend”, we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people. Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes; some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty; some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man. In this sense, reading makes a full man.第4单元 17世纪英国诗人The Flea1Why does the poet say that “this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead”?Key: Because it is the flea that sucked their blood and made them mingled together, they are not sinful or shameful, and the man’s beloved does not loss her maidenhead. The flea has joined them together in a way that “alas, is more than we would do”.2What do you think is the addressee’s parents’ attitude toward the poet’s wooing?Key: The addressee’s parents’ attitude is against the poet’s wooing.3What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea "thou" are actually killing three lives?Key: The poet compares the killing of the flea to murder. He thinks that if his beloved kills the flea, he and she would be killed within the flea. He even states that the act of killing the flea would be “sacrilege”. If the lover denies the fact that their blood and therefore their lives are contained within the flea, it is similar to committing an irreligious act. This would seem to acknowledge that their closeness within the flea is allowable. The importunate lover wishes his mistress to understand that she should accept his wooing because there is nothing wrong with the unity of two people.Holy Sonnet 101Why does the poet say that death is the “slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men”?Key: Because for the most part, fate, chance, kings and desperate men can threaten some people with Death when they like to, and by this way, Death is exploited and may be forced to do what it does not want to. In this sense, death is a slave.2What does the poet mean when he says “we wake eternally” after one short sleep?Key: The poet was a priest and he believed that the soul of men would never die. After death, men would enter another world and lived forever. In this sense, after death, men “wake eternally”.John Milton1Where are the serpent (“the” in line 51) and his followers condemned after their defeat?Key: The serpent and his followers are condemned into the hell by God.2What are the God’s punishments for those rebellious angels as described by Milton in lines 59—74?Key: Those rebellious angels are sent into the horrible dungeon filled with flames, darkness, floods and whirlwinds, in which there is no peace, rest or hope, but full of sorrow and torture.3What is considered by Satan as “ignominy” and “shame” (line ll5)?Key: Satan considers that “To bow and sue for grace/ With suppliant knee, and deify his power/ Who from the terror of this arm so late/ Doubted his empire—that were low indeed” is “ignominy and shame”. That is, he thinks that it is shameful to bow to God to ask for grace and forgiveness.4What is Satan advising the serpent and his followers to do in this part of Paradise Lost?Key: Satan advices the serpent and his followers to fight against God.第5单元 冒险小说作家Daniel Defoe1Do you find the description of Crusoe’s setting up the tent convincing? Could you think of better ways to build a shelter in his situation?Key: Yes, I think it is convincing. Crusoe takes everything into his consideration and makes sure his shelter is comfortable and safe. He takes advantage of the natural resources. Perhaps, there is no way to build a better one than his.2What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time? Why is it important for him to keep track of time?Key: I think it’s a good way.The reason is that Crusoe is a civilized man and time is very valuable to him. In fact, he represents the hard-working middle class, and has the sense of working hard and cherishing time.3From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Key: From this excerpt, we can find many admirable characteristics in Robinson Crusoe. He is adventurous, practical, thoughtful, hard-working, brave, shrewd, energetic, optimistic, strong-minded and kind-hearted…Under the special circumstance, Crusoe shows many good and valuable qualities of human beings.Jonathan Swift1In what ways are Yahoos comparable to human beings in Gulliiver’s Travels? Comment on the Houyhnhnms’ attitude toward human beings. Key: Both human beings and Yahoos are warlike, greedy, jealous, gluttonous and filthy… What’s more, they eat everything that they can find no matter the food is good or bad for them; they would be sick because of nastiness and greediness; they would suffer from depression because of their idleness; thefemale Yahoos have nasty qualities, such as lewdness, coquetry, censure and scandal. Yahoos and human beings have many features in common.The Houyhnhnms’ attitude toward human beings is critical, malicious and objective. They are not slandering, for human beings indeed have all the defects that the Houyhnhnms have mentioned. It seems that they know about human beings clearly and they compare Yahoos and humankind in a very elaborative way. Their points of view are very convincing.2What are the symbolic meanings of Yahoos and Houyhnhnms?Key: Yahoos and Houyhnhnms represent the evil human nature and good qualities of humankind respectively.第6单元 浪漫主义诗人（1）William BlakeThe Lamb1Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb? What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?Key: The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb by which shows the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb.The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God. It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God. So, the poem not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praise the mysterious power which creates the lamb. In this sense, God, Jesus and the lamb combine together.2What does the Lamb stand for?Key: The Lamb stands for Jesus Christ, who was offered by God as the final sacrifice for the sins of humankind. The Lamb and Jesus have virtues in common: gentleness, tenderness, kindness and compassion. So, the Lamb also stands for these good attributes.The Tiger1Why does the poet mention the Lamb? Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other?Key: The Tiger is corresponding to The Lamb. Both the poems show the poet’s exploration, understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation. In this poem, the poet implies that the Tiger as well as the Lamb are both created by God. So the Tiger and the Lamb share the same creator and have some kind of relationship.Yes, I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other. The lamb represents the kind and gentle humanities, but it lacks the motivation to makeprogress. While the tiger will cause the social misery, unrest or even disruption, but it can stimulate people’s creativity. So, the tiger becomes the symbol of strength and courage. In this sense, the Tiger and the Lamb can illuminate each other.2What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger? What idea does the poet want to express?Key: The tiger symbolizes the God’s power in creation and it becomes the embodiment of beauty, strength, vitality and complexity.The poet’s idea is that God not only create the kind lamb but also create the tough tiger. So God is mysterious and complicated and nobody can indeed know about God.The Sick Rose1In what sense do you think the rose is “sick”?Key: On a superficial and literal level, the rose is invaded by the worm and becomes sick. On a deeper level, the “sick” rose has several symbolic meanings: a) the rose symbolizes young girls, and the worm refers to impure love of men, which defiles the girls’ chastity. Thus, the girls are destroyed. b) The rose symbolizes the toiling masses that are under the exploitation and oppression of the capitalism represented by the worm. It means that there is something wrong with the whole social system. c) The rose symbolizes the soul and spirit of man, while the worm symbolizes the ugly and evil aspects of humanity. The rose is “sick”, because that innocence is replaced by experience, and the virtues are replaced by the evil as well.2Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm? If so, what meanings would you suggest?Key: Yes, there are some symbolic meanings for the night and the storm. Based on the symbolic meanings of the rose and the worm, we can find that the night and the storm symbolize the deceit and impure love of men, the progress of capitalism and the process of gaining experience.Robert BurnsA Red, Red Rose1How does the narrator in the poem express his love?Key: The narrator uses rhetoric devices in this poem to express his love, such as simile and exaggeration. At first, the poet compares his lover to a red rose and beautiful melody, which are very lovely and attractive to himself and arouse the love in his heart. And then, the poet say that he will not change his love for his lover even though “the seas gang dry” and “the rocks melt wi’ the sun” as well as “the sands o’life shall run”. What’s more, the narrator directly speaks out his love as well—“So deep in luve am I / And I will luve thee still, my dear”.2Why is this poem so touching to the readers?Key: Because this poem shows a kind of true love and real feelings of the poet toward his lover, which is always touching to people. In the poem, the poet expresses his ardent and steadfast love in a very powerful and efficient way, and it really can arouse the love feelings in the readers’ hearts.Auld Lang Syne1What does “cup o’kindness” imply?Key: The poem is a narrative poem praising friendship. After reading the whole poem we can find that “cup o’kindness” implies the friendship between the narrator and his friends.2How do you know the people in the poem used to be friends and are now old?Key: “Cup o’kindness” is mentioned twice in this poem—in the second and the last sections—which refer to their reunion. The people in the poem used to be friends and now they are old. After the first “cup o’kindness”, the author begins to recall their joyful life; they have run in the brae, picked up the fine gowans, and wandered a long and weary journey, paddled in thestream all the day. But all the nice memory has been the history “Sun’ auld lang syne”. Then comes to the present gathering, there is one more “cupo’kindness” to imply that how much the author really cherishes the friendship and wish it to last forever.William Wordsworth1What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem? Key: The beauty of the nature can make the poet happy and joyful, make his mind pure with little thought, and offer him consolation and serenity.2Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?Key: Yes, I think that nature can have healing effect on mind. Nature is free from pressure and worries. It is full of beauty and attractions. While human beings have to deal with many troubles, and every now and then they need to have a good rest and get rid of their troubles from their minds. Throwing oneself into the bosom of nature is an effective way to relax and enjoy the true pleasure and beauty. When you are in nature, you will forget about those annoying matter that troubles you and your soul will be purified.Samuel Taylor Coleridge1Coleridge claimed that the poem was “composed in a sort of reverie brought on by two grains of opium”. Could you find similar cases in the Chinese literary history?Key: Yes, Li Bai liked drinking and sometimes he wrote poems in a trance state.2Can we say this poem has no coherent meaning and is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic? Give your opinions.Key: Yes, we can. The poet wrote this poem after he took the opium, and his thoughts were fragmental. He just wrote down what occurred to him. Thus, there were only pieces of meaning rather than coherent meaning.At the same time, the poem is wrapped up in an atmosphere of thesupernatural and the fantastic. The poet mentioned “Alph, the sacred river”,“a waning moon was haunted / By woman wailing for her demon-lover”, and “His flashing eyes, his floating hair! / Weave a circle round him thrice”… —these give people a sense of the supernatural and fantastic.第7单元 简•奥斯汀1Do you agree with the statement “it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”? What is the relationship between money and marriage?Key: Yes, I agree. It is reasonable that when a man is mature enough he wants to get married and raise a family. That is a necessary part of his success and accomplishment. More importantly, he has to earn enough money to support his family. So, when he possesses such kind of fortune, he wants to achieve this purpose.Money is not the only criteria of a happy marriage, but a happy marriage cannot achieve without enough money. Without money, we also can get married with our lovers, and we can earn money by working hard together. As time goes on, if we can get enough money to support our families, we will feel satisfied and live happily. However, if we cannot earn a good fortune, but live a poor life, we will encounter many practical problems, and our pride and confidence will be ruined, thus it is difficult to be happy. Money does have something to do with marriage, but is not crucial. What really matters in marriage is love and affection between the couple.2What do you think of Mrs. Bennet? How can you characterize her?Key: I think Mrs. Bennet is very typical of middle-aged woman. She is worried about her daughters’ marriage, and is eager to marry them off. She is somewhat a gossip; she is easy to get nervous; she likes to make a fuss about everything.3What makes Elizabeth feel so grateful to Darcy? How does Darcy respond to her?Key: Elizabeth’s sister Lydia has always been frivolous. Later in the novel, she elopes with Wickham, who is poor and hypocritical, and lives with him out of wedlock. This behavior is not recognized at that time and destroys the Bennets’ reputation. Although Lydia has the plan to marry Wickham, who as a playboy, considers everything as a game. Elizabeth is so worried with hersister, so she decides to leave her hometown to find her sister. Fortunately, Darcy gives a helping hand. He finds them and tries his best to convince Lydia to come back. Faced with’s Wickham’s greedy, he doesn’t flinch. He pays the debts for Wickham and gives Lydia a large amount of money. In order to help them, he also buys an office post for Wickham . Besides, Darcy is also very gentle; he does not expose Wickham so as to protect the whole family’s reputation. He does everything for Elizabeth, and he doesn’t want her to be harmed. Darcy is very proud at the beginning, which makes Elizabeth hate him so much, but after he has done so many things, Elizabeth’s prejudice is eliminated and she feels so grateful to Darcy. Darcy feels sorry at the beginning. He is also surprised and excited. At first, he doesn’t want Elizabeth to know everything. However, he is delighted that Elizabeth is not as indifferent to him as before. He has never wanted to get her gratitude, but this time he feels hopeful. He tells Elizabeth that all his done was for her only, because it’s only her in his heart. He shows his affections to her again which makes Elizabeth so embarrassed. Darcy also apologizes for his pride in the past time. Now, they have cleared up the misunderstanding. It’s a turning point of their emotional journey.第8单元 浪漫主义诗人（2）George Gordon ByronShe Walks in Beauty1What is the colour of the lady’s dress? How do you know?Key: The lady’s dress is black. Because “She walks in beauty, like the night / Of cloudless climes and starry skies”. We can see that she is dressed in black and looks like the dark night.2What does “their dwelling place” refer to in the last line of the second stanza?Key: It refers to the lady’s face. “Or softly lightens o’er her face; / Where thoughts serenely sweet express / How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.”From these lines, we can know that “their” refers to “thoughts’”.3Where are the lady’s winning smiles? How do they appear to the poet? Key: The winning smiles are on the lady’s face and over her brow.The poet observes the woman’s tints on the face, so he figures out the smile on it.When a Man Hath No Freedom to Fight for at Home1What should a man fight for according to the poet?Key: According to the poet, a man should fight for glories and freedom. “Let him think of the glories of Greece and of Rome”, “Then battle for freedom wherever you can”.2What is the difference between this man in Byron’s poem and a hero in your mind?Key: In my mind, a hero should only think about others and forget about hisown life and glories. However, in this poem, the man is seeking for rewards and is thinking about being knighted if he can live through the war. “And is always as nobly requited”, “And, if not shot or hang’d, you’ll get knighted”.Percy Bysshe Shelly1In what way is the West Wind both a destroyer and a preserver?Key: The poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea, and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind, and his wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among humankind. The west wind is the destroyer as it is turbulent and strong and destroys the wide spread vegetation. It drives the last signs of life from the trees. It is the preserver as it brings life to the dead atmosphere, and it scatters the seeds which will come to life in the spring. The west wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide.2What is the relationship between the West Wind and the poet?Key: The poet admires and envies the West Wind very much. He admires the West Wind because it is very powerful, and he envies the West Wind because it is free from any restriction. The poet wants to be like the West Wind, which becomes the symbol of power and freedom. What’s more, the poet appeals to the West Wind to infuse him with a new spirit and a new power to spread his ideas.3As “the trumpet of prophecy,” what does the West Wind predict in physical reality? How do you understand it symbolically?Key: The West Wind predicts that the cold winter is coming.The West Wind symbolizes a kind of revolutionary power and spirit. It destroys the old and builds up the new. It predicts the winter is nearby, thus the spring is not far behind. In a deeper sense, it predicts that the bright future is not far away.John Keats1Describe, in your own words, the scenes on the Grecian urn. Who are they in the pictures? And what are they doing?Key: There are two scenes on the Grecian urn. The first scene describes the fair youth under the tree tying to kiss his lover, but he cannot. The second scene is that people are coming to the sacrifice on the morning of a special day.2Who is the speaker of the last two lines in the ode?Key: I think the speaker is the urn. However, it clearly conveys the poet’s ides of beauty and truth.3Comment on the epigram "beauty is truth, truth beauty".Key: I agree that truth is beauty, but I cannot agree that beauty is truth. Truth is always real, charming and beautiful, so, we can say that truth is beauty. However, beauty is not always true, especially with the development of technology, some artificial beauty emerges, such as artificial flowers, artificial plants, and even artificial noses and eyes… they are also beautiful, but they are not real.。
王守仁《英国文学选读》笔记和课后习题详解(1-5章)【圣才出品】
第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.1复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔叟)(1343-1400)1.Life(生平)Geoffrey Chaucer,born in1343in London,is the founder of English poetry.He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court.He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope.He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian.He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life,and knew well the whole life of his time,which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in1400and was buried in Westminster Abbey,thus founding the Poets’Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。
他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。
他后来担任过侍臣和审计官。
乔叟知识渊博。
他精通拉丁语、法语和意大利语。
他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。
这尤其有益于他在作品中对英国社会的刻画。
英国文学选读课后答案 (2)
The Tiger P501.Why does the poet mention the Lamb? Do you think both the Lamb and the Ti ger canilluminate each other?The Tyger is corresponding to The Lamb. Both the poems show the poet ’s exploration, understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation. In this poem, the author implies that the Tiger is created by God as well as the Lamb. S o either the Tiger or the Lamb is essential to God. I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other. Although the Lamb can represent the kind “innocent society”, it will be lack of enough motivation to make progress. While the Tiger will caus e social misery, unrest or even disruption, but it can make people release their creativity. So the poet believes that the Tiger is the symbol of strength and courage. And he also praises its passion, desire and all the lofty beauty.2.What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger? What idea does the poet want to express?The symbol of the Tyger is one of the two central mysteries of the poem (the other being the Tyger ’s creator). It is unclear what it exactly symbolizes, but scholars have hypothesized that the Tyger could be inspiration, the divine, artistic creation, history, the sublime (the big, mysterious, powerful and sometimes scary. Read more on this in the "Themes and Quotes" section), or vision itself. Really, the list is almost infinite. The point is, the Tyger is important, and Blake’s poem barely limits the possibilities The tiger is the embodiment of God's power in creation: the animal is terrifying in its beauty, strength, complexity and vitality. The poem is divided into six parts. In the first part, the author imagined that he met a terrible tiger on a dark night and was frightened by its awful eyesight. There are creations and creators. How great the creator is that he could create such an awful creation like tiger! In the second part, the author continues to ask, where comes the eyesight like fire, sea or sky? The following two parts, the author describes the creator as a smith. He creates the tiger. What behind the questions is the frightening and respect of the author to the creator. In the fif th part, the author changes his tone and asks when the stars throw down their spears, why they are not happy? The last part is as same as the first part, the creator is too mysterious to understand. The tiger shows its outstanding energy. It’s the vitality which the author thinks highly of. The key sentence of the poem is "Did he who made the Lamb make thee?" It challenges the one-track religious views of the 18 ’s century. The view only concluded that god create the lame, he is so kind a father. But it didn ’t know god also create the tough tiger. He can also be very serious. The god is someone who can’t be truly understood by human beings.Ode to the West Wind P83西风颂第一节哦，狂暴的西风，秋之生命的呼吸！你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫，有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避：黄的，黑的，灰的，红得像患肺痨，呵，重染疫疠的一群：西风呵，是你以车驾把有翼的种子催送到黑暗的冬床上，它们就躺在那里，像是墓中的死穴，冰冷，深藏，低贱，直等到春天，你碧空的姊妹吹起她的喇叭，在沉睡的大地上响遍，唤出嫩芽，像羊群一样，觅食空中）将色和香充满了山峰和平原。
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第2单元威廉•莎士比亚2.1复习笔记William Shakespeare（1564-1616）（威廉·莎士比亚）1.Life（生平）Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet.He was born on April 26,1564in Stratford-upon-Avon.At the age of7,Shakespeare was sent to the local grammar school where he was taught reading,writing,Latin and Greek.He was a schoolmaster in the country and became well acquainted with theatrical performances.At18he married a farmer’s daughter who was eight years older than him.After he moved to London around1586,he once worked as an actor,a playwright,and a part owner of a theater company.In1612,he went back home and bought a house called New Palace.He died on April23,the anniversary of his birth,in1616and was buried in Stratford Church.The other famous contemporary writer Ben Jonson praised that“He is not for an age,but for all times!”,indicating the prominent position of Shakespeare in world civilization and literature history.莎士比亚是世界最著名的剧作家和诗人。
他出生于1564年4月26日英格兰埃文河畔的斯特拉福德。
7岁时上当地的文法学校，学习阅读、写作、拉丁语和希腊语。
他成了当地的教师，并且渐渐熟知戏剧表演。
莎士比亚18岁就和一位农夫的女儿结婚，她比莎士比亚年长8岁。
1586年前后他搬到伦敦，之后做过演员、剧作家和剧院股东。
1612年，他回到家乡，买了一幢名为新宫的房子。
他逝于1616年4月23日他生日的那一天，安葬在斯特拉福德教堂。
莎士比亚同时代的另一著名作家本·琼森称赞“他不属于一个时代，而是属于永远”，表达了数百年来莎士比亚在世界文明和文学史上的重要地位。
2.A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays（莎士比亚戏剧目录）Thirty seven of Shakespeare’s plays have come down to us.But it is often difficult to date a given play precisely.Scholars worked out the chronological order of his plays,based on three kinds of evidence:external evidence(records of performance and publication,or references in contemporary works);internal evidence(allusions in the plays to contemporary events,or quotations from contemporary works);stylistic evidence(changes and developments in Shakespeare’s use of blank verse,rhyme and prose).莎士比亚的37部戏剧流传至今。
但是戏剧时间难以确定，学者们根据三类证据将其编年：外部证据（表演和出版记录，或参考同时期作品）；内部证据（作品中引用的同时代事件，或者同时代作品引语）；文体证据（莎士比亚使用无韵体、韵律和散文技术的变化）。
1590HenryⅥ,PartⅡ《亨利六世，第二部》HenryⅥ,PartⅢ《亨利六世，第三部》1591HenryⅥ,PartⅠ《亨利六世，第一部》1592RichardⅢ《理查德三世》The Comedy of Errors《错中错》1593Titus Andronicus《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》Love’s Labour’s Lost《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》1595RichardⅡ《理查德二世》A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》1596King John《约翰王》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》1597HenryⅣ,PartⅠ《亨利四世，第一部》HenryⅣ,PartⅡ《亨利四世，第二部》1598Much Ado about Nothing《无事生非》HenryⅤ《亨利五世》The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘们》1599Julius Caesar《朱利尤斯·凯撒》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》1600Twelfth Night《第十二夜》1601Hamlet《哈姆雷特》1602Troilus and Cressida《特洛伊罗斯与克莱西达》1603All’s Well That Ends Well《终成眷属》1604Measure for Measure《一报还一报》Othello《奥赛罗》1605King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》1606Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克里奥佩特拉》1607Coriolanus《科利奥兰纳斯》Timon of Athens《雅典的泰门》1608Pericles《佩力克尔斯》1609Cymbeline《辛白林》1610The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》1611The Tempest《暴风雨》1612HenryⅧ《亨利八世》3.Periods of Shakespeare’s Plays（莎士比亚戏剧分期）a.Histories and comedies before1600,such as Henry VI,Love’s Labour’s Lost, Richard III,A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Merchant of Venice,The Merry Wives of Windsor.(Romeo and Juliet of this period is exceptionally tragic).This period is a period of“great comedies”.The comedies are chiefly concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment.b.Tragedies from1600to1608including Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and Macbeth (even the comedies written in this period like All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure are touched with sadness).This is the period of“great tragedies”and“dark comedies”.c.Tragicomedies and romances from1608to1612such as The Winter’s Tale,TheTempest.a.1600年以前的历史剧和喜剧，如《亨利六世》，《爱的徒劳》，《理查德三世》，《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《温莎的风流娘们》（《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是这一时期的悲剧）。
这一时期产生了“伟大喜剧”。
这些喜剧主要是关于年轻人之间的爱情，充满浪漫气息。
b.1600—1608年的悲剧，包括《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》和《麦克白》（这一时期的戏剧如《终成眷属》，《一报还一报》也渲染了悲伤气息）。
这是“伟大悲剧”和“阴郁喜剧”的时期。
c.1608-1612年的悲喜剧和传奇，如《冬天的童话》，《暴风雨》。
4.Selected Works（选读作品）◆Hamlet《哈姆雷特》(1)Main plot（主要情节）The protagonist is the prince of Denmark,and a student at the University of Wittenberg,Hamlet.At the beginning of the play,Hamlet’s father,King Hamlet, has recently died,and his mother,Queen Gertrude,has married the new king, Hamlet’s uncle Claudius.Hamlet is melancholy,bitter,cynical and full of hatred for his uncle and disgust at his mother for marrying him.When the ghost of Hamlet’s father appears and claims to have been murdered by Claudius,Hamlet becomes obsessed with avenging his father’s death.Mistakenly,he kills Polonius,father of Ophelia.Ophelia,lover of Hamlet,goes mad because of her father’s death and then is drowned in a stream.This leads to Ophelia’s brother—Laertes’hatred forHamlet.In the duel between Laertes and Hamlet,Laertes wounds Hamlet but is himself struck with the same poisoned weapon,which is made by Claudius.Before his death,Hamlet stabs Claudius while the queen has drunk a poisoned cup of wine intended for Hamlet.该剧主人公哈姆雷特是丹麦王子，威登堡大学生。