网上购物系统外文翻译
网络购物系统简介(英文)
System of Shopping OnlineSummary:Along with Internet and computer’s fast development, in data bank technology network application more and more widespread, moreover more and more good service has been provided for the people by the network. This article has studied one kind of the shopping system on network based on the data association rule, compared with some methods used nowadays network, it has the merits ,such as more simple for user to use, the contact surface are more direct-viewing and so on. On the net the shopping just started in our country, but developed very quickly. Along with the more popularity of our country Internet and the shopping net hastening maturely, it will have more and more big consuming community, the market potential can be put to the full use.Key words: Electronic commerce, system analysis, system designForewordThe electronic commerce source in English ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, the simple form is EC. As the name suggests, its content contains two aspects, the first is the electronic way, and the second is business trade activity. Electronic commerce refers is the use simple, is quick, the low cost electronic communication way, business both sides does not seek a meeting carries on each kind of business trade activity.Designing a electronic commerce website to need to consider to each aspect question, it has needed the information of the client, the information of the merchant, and that needs to deliver the supplier――logistics company aspect the information, and so on. These all designs of the information which a shopping website must understand, only then it had understood this information can have a quite comprehensive understanding to the website design; that can design a quite comprehensive website. Now let’s understand the electronic shopping website the analysis and the design.1. System analysis(1). demands analysesOn the net the shopping, is an electronic commerce concrete manifestation actually, must realize this system, first needs is the commodity information detailed material, thus can realize the commercial activity, next is the user information, only then had the user information commerce activity only then to be able to develop, finally was the order form information, moved after the commerce successfully carries on needs the seller and the buyer achieves the mutual recognition, signed the order form, as well as both sides paid money, commercial activity conclusion. These data items and construction of data as follows:●User information:ID (automatic serial number), user ID, password, name, sex, E-mail address, telephone, address, zip code and registration date and so on.●Commodity information:The commodity number (automatic serial number), commodity ID, business commodity name, respective is big kind, the respective minor sort, the commodity introduced, the commodity price, the member price, stock merchandise the time and the browsing number of times and so on.●Order form information:Order form ID, user ID, name, zip code, telephone, and address and payment method and so on.(2).System overall analysisOn the net the shopping system divides into the front stage management and the backstage management, the front stage management including function and so on browsing commodity, inquiry commodity, fixed purchase commodity, shopping cart, user information maintenance. Backstage management modules include the announcement management, the commodity management, the order form management, the suit management and the user management, and so on.●Website front stage page link structure:After the user enters the system, can carry on a series of operate us to be called on the net the shopping system front stage, it provides the buyer operation a platform. But the backstage buyer is cannot go in, the petroleum manager can carry on the operation to the backstage.RankNew commodity recommendationSale commodityUser managementService center2. System designIn the shopping system analysis, it is not difficult for us to see that each process needs the careful design, but each function module design here seems suitable important.(1) Function module partitionWhen doing function module partition, it can be partitioned into three modules in whole, the distinction:●the front stage module is:●the backend module is:● user administration moduleIn this system, user administration module following chart; When system initialization, some defaults "the system administrator" user Admin, is from our manual increase to the database in. The Admin user may create other administrator information; the average consumer then may modify oneself registers the information and the password.(2) System flow designThis system divides into the front end shopping flow and the backend order form processing flow ● Front stage shopping flow chart:Landing usershopping car Pay moneySubmit the order form● Backstage shopping flow chart:When the user fills in the order form, the manager carries on the order form processing, carries on the final examination to the shopping, in other words must finish in electronic commerce all operations, met down is must carry on the material object the operation. The manager carries on is the background processing work.●Registration function flow chart:When the new user just logged on, by carrying on the user registration, he could enter the shopping activity, how this flow chart carries on the user registration on the extremely explicit introduction user. In the electronic commerce activity, needs the information which the user fills in all is generally the request extremely strict, because once the manager is carrying on the order form to confirm the operation was had discovered the question, could the information paper which filled in through the user come and the user relation, therefore the request user's information was extremely real. But very is all difficult this request to the present to realize, some users can use the vacation the information to cheat the seller.●Commodity search flow chart:The commodity information search is in terms of the database examination, it can reflect the quality of a good electronic commerce website, because the commodity information renewal is this website core, only then promptly deletes the expired commodity information from the database changes into the new commodity the information, can guarantee the electronic commerce website the movement.The user landing chart:The user lands is each website all has, also is necessary, because the present commercial website all is needs the fixed subscriber the support, once lost the user, merchant's commodity very has been difficult to sell. On the other hand, only then registers the user can purchase the thing in this website, mainly is advantageous for the commodity transmission, if the user does not land, 11,000 order forms or the commodity had the problem in the processing process on to be very difficult to inform to buy the buyer.●Order form management flow chart:The order form management is extremely important, we go shopping generally all must first under the order form, produces business only then to be able to deliver goods to us, here also is same, only it also may be advantageous for the product management, at the same time also is the transaction both sides transaction contract, is a certificate.●Commodity control flow chartThe commodity management just like is to the database renewal, must to not have the value the information to carry on the deletion as necessary, the renewal more valuable commodity information, is helpful in the commodity sale and the website operation.●Shopping car flow chart"The shopping car" was in fact we usually when the supermarket shopping uses a shopping car hypothesized realization, it may let the user see has purchased any commodity to oneself, may choose the commodity which oneself wants to purchase whether purchases the commodity which complete or exchanged already chooses.(3). Database structure and designThis system definition database has encompassed 7 tables:Board, Goods Type, Goods, Basket, Complain, Users, and Admin.●Board●Goods Type●Goods●Basket●Complain●Users●AdminUses for to preserve the user the basic information, the structure as follows shows:3. Concluding remarkThrough the analysis design of this system, I realized the basic flows of the electronic commerce system, had the further understanding of the electronic commerce. Along with the electronic commerce development, enterprise's sales ways also change along with the transformation, more and more many enterprises joins to the net on sells, said regarding the small and medium-sized enterprise, for own survival and the development, they always in seeks the opportunity to become on the more transactions chain the link, can have the connection with the different chain host between. Along with the net on the transaction development and the popularization, the small and medium-sized enterprise in under the market competition pressure, could urgently need the electronic commerce platform which set up by the third party, on the net the transaction market has been catering to this kind of demand. It may change in the traditional trade a pair or pair of many patterns, turned has been many to the multi- patterns, and the creation multitudinously bought and sold the on-line transaction space which the merchant gathered. Business both sides not only may seek to the more trades partner, increases the more commercial opportunity, but also can enjoy more conveniences and the standardized commercial service, obtains a good commercial environment.On the net the shopping system has provided a fast development opportunity for all enterprises, moreover also promoted the thing flowing industry development, because regardless of when in the electronic commerce only ison one kind of hypothesized net the transaction activity, must face the customer truly between the actual commodity and the customer relations, therefore electronic commerce not only may impel the modern expense pattern the development, moreover also impelled the new industrial appearance, therefore said electronic commerce is the present society development inevitable product.Reference material:●Sa Shixuan, Wang Shan, "Database System Introduction" (third edition), Beijing: Higher education publishinghouse, 2000.2●Zhang Haifan, "Software engineering Introductory remarks", Beijing: Qing Hua University publishinghouse,2002.7。
网络购物行为分析中英文对照外文翻译文献
网络购物行为分析中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The network shopping behavior analysisAbstractThe thesis analyzes the current situation of online shopping in China. It offers a further analysis to its advantages, and disadvantages, gives solutions to the problems, gives a deep analysis of the benefits it brings to both producer and consumer and make people be more confident with the promising prospect of online shopping in china. It systematically illustrates the exiting problems of online shopping in china from a different view attached with exactly figures and vivid examples. At the same time, it gives relevant resolutions to the existing problems. It includes personal information safety, online payment, logistics, and a series of relevant law problems. The thesis chooses the authentic English materials which gave me a valuable guide and instruction; meanwhile, it has also been attached with specific figures so that people can understand them easily.Key words: Online shopping marketing research logistics service online payment distribution1. IntroductionWith the rapid development of Internet, online shopping has gradually entered the lives of ordinary people. And with the rapid development of Internet in China, more and more Chinese begin to favor online shopping for its convenience, quick delivery and benefit. According to the latest statistics released by China Internet Network Information Centre (CNNIC), the number of netizen in China has hit 87 million, and 7.3 percent said they had the experience of online shopping. Meanwhile, the statistics also showed that 58 percent of netizen in China would try the online shopping next year.Online shopping, in a narrow sense, can be understood as getting online information and inking online deals. In a broad sense, however, once one section of shopping is finished online, it can be regarded as online shopping. In that way, traditional or burgeoning online enterprises may seek a combination, mingling two modes' advantages.The percentage of online shopping in China is growing year on year. According to the experts' prediction, the total volume of China's online shopping is expected to reach 28 billion Yuan in years to come.2. Advantages of the online shopping2.1 Benefits to consumers2.1.1 Saving time and convenienceOnline shopping is becoming popularity ,not only because the great convenience ,but also you can find a shop with so many goods that you may favor. And it also saves your a great some of time ! You can just typing-in the key word of what you want to find , the target will appear on the screen quickly .The online shopping industry has grown a lot in the recent year, and millions of people prefer to buy from the large variety from the online stores than to waste time at the long lines from supermarkets. Furthermore, the online shopping industry keeps growing, and more and more products are made available online. You can now find everything from CD to fruits and books, and you can purchase the items you want just with a few clicks.After you've done some online shopping you'll see how easy it is and you'll quickly get used to it. Soon you will know what the best shopping websites are and you will be able to buy the things you need very easy and fast, saving a lot of time and trouble. Online shopping is the most practical, economical and fun method of shopping, that is perfect for everyone."Online payment provides a more convenient way for consumers who don't carry cash."Beijing resident Ding Xin(丁欣)in her late 20s bought a bottle of perfume online last month."I often browse the websites of online shops because the goods have more attractive prices," she said.With the fast development of the society, the rhythm of life is accelerated progressively, the traffic jam changes crowd gradually, people are unwilling to spend much time to go shopping, and network marketing is accepted by consumers for it’s convenient characteristic Consumers can select the goods at home without going out , with the help of strong database, the shopping course is simplified to an action of " click ", consumers can finish doing shopping at any time, with the appointment of a place to deliver goods.About 41.8 per cent of all online shopping payments are handled over the Internet, the survey shows. And 43.2 per cent of online shopping payments are handled via money remittance personnel and 34.7 per cent are completed in person, the survey shows.2.1.2 Customization and personalizationOnline shopping can provide mass customization and personalization with moderate cost. Point cast, for example, delivers customized news and financial data toevery single customer based on his or her specific needs. displays specific recommendations based on the customer’s previous purchases. These kinds of services are very expensive in traditional marketing .The web providing online shopping can move from providing general products or services customized to a customer’s needs, tastes, and preferences.2.1.3 Access to more informationOne important consumer benefit associated with marketing on the web is the access to greater amounts of dynamic information to support queries for consumer decision-making. Furthermore, the interactive nature of the web and the hypertext environment allow deep, non-liner searches initiated and controlled by customers. Hence marketing communication on the web is more consumer-driven than those provided by traditional media. In addition, recreational uses of the medium manifested in the form of non-directed search behavior are such an important benefit to consumers that they are intrinsically motivated to use the medium.2.1.4 Easier market research and comparisonThe ability of the web to access, analyze and control large quantities of specialized data can enable comparison shopping and spread the process of finding line which may stimulate purchase. There is also the potential of wider availability of hard-to- find products and wider selection of items due to the width and efficiency of the channel.2.2 Benefits to the firms2.2.1 Lower costs and pricesIncreased competition in procurement as more suppliers are able to compete in an electronically open market place causes a greater competition, which naturallylowers prices and costs. This increase in competition leads to better quality and variety of goods through expanded markets and the ability to produce customized goods. One of the reasons to lower cost is that they haven’t traditional warehouses and retail shops in the retailing business of the great majority in the commercial city online. Generally speaking, the network does not have a traditional retail channel to sell. For example like , the online retailing bookshop with no stock of books, places an order with bookseller and sends to consumers directly which aims to realize real " zero stock " to lower cost.2.2.2 Better distributionFirm benefits arise partly from the use of the web as a distribution channel. First, the web potentially offers certain classes of providers and opportunity of participating in a market in which distribution costs or cost-of-sales shrink to zero. This is most likely for product categories. For example, digital products can be delivered immediately and hence such businesses may encounter massive disintermediation or even the eventually elimination of middleman. Moreover buyers and sellers can access and contact each other directly, potentially eliminating some of the marketing cost and constraints imposed by such interactions in the terrestrial world. This may also have the effect of shrinking the channel and making distribution much more efficient (mainly due to reduced overhead costs through such outcomes as uniformity, automation and large-scale integration of management processes). Time to complete business transaction may be reduced as well, translating into additional efficiencies for the firm. However, such potential efficiencies must be tempered with market realities.2.2.3 Marketing communicationWeb sites are available on demand to consumers 24 hours a day. The interactive nature of the medium can be used by marketers to hold the attention of the consumer by engaging the consumer in an asynchronous “dialogue” that occurs at both parties’ convenience. This capability of the medium offers unprecedented opportunities to tailor communications precisely to individual customers, allowing individual consumers to request as much information as desired.Further, it allows the marketer to obtain relevant information from customers for the purpose of serving them more effectively in the future. The simplestimplementations involve engaging customers through the use of the E-mail buttons located strategically on the site. More sophisticated implementations may involve fill-out forms and other incentives designed to engage customers in ongoing relationships with the firm. The objective of such continuous relationship building is dual- pronged: to give consumers information about the firm and its offers and to receive information from consumers about their needs with respect to such offerings.3. Limitations of online shoppingDespite the prospects is optimistic, a shortage in types of online payment, lagging logistics and lack of relevant laws are just some of the problems which continue to hinder the development of online shopping.3.1 Online paymentOnline payment plays a key role in e-commerce, and a safe, convenient, and efficient online payment system is essential. However, safety authentication, one of the main factors of online payment system, is inadequate in China.Online shopping is information technology ---based business , which makes the trade between consumers and firms online through the internet . The two sides from time and space limitation , thus not only greatly expand its network of consumers and firms online on the opportunities of commodities trading , but also greatly reduce the cost of commodities trading. However there are still a number of factors influence the development of online shopping in China .1.Security .Security issues is the biggest problem that have hindered the development of online shopping . Although the existing methods Alipay online shopping played a good role, but it is only a substitute in the period of electronic payments . It has obvious defects on security of electronic payments and real-time of financial flows , which can not fully meet the financial electronic requirements.2.Taxation .With the rapid development of online shopping and online shopping as paperless, no site-based, intangible, unbounded, virtual and electronic payments, etc. to make the work difficult to carry out effectively, there has been a series of loopholesin tax administration led to the draining away of tax chargeable caused enormous economic losses to the state. As for the traditional legal system and tax collection management , it is difficult to resolve tax and related issues online shopping . However there is no clear policy for online shopping recently in China .3.Protection of the interests of consumers .In online shopping activities, there is a shortage of face to face communication , the transaction has a large uncertainty. The buyer gets the goods information through the network. Some unscrupulous Internet companies know consumers can not see the real goods and they can’t see each other , in order to reap huge profits, manufacturing counterfeit products. Therefore, the public generally feel online shopping is not intuitive, secure, they don’t believe the network's "rhetoric". The result is caused to the development of online shopping has a large obstacle . Online shopping is also a vacuum of after-sale security, some problem often arise that customers don’t know who to look for . Thus, in recent years online trading complaints are significant increase. In addition, the delivery time is not accurate . The development of shopping depends on a strong logistics system. But in our country, so far still lack a systematic national freight distribution business. Inadequate logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics services developed slowly, that all hampered the development of online shopping.Although many banks have already set up their own financial authentication center, there lacks a notified and authoritative nationwide authentication center, leading to many cases of cross authentication, repeated authentication and a waste of resources.3.2 Logistics serviceSecond is the limitation in the logistics system. Present from the perspective of the development of the logistics, the logistics of electronic commerce have following problems: the weak link at logistics infrastructure, it has n’t high ly specialization, the third party logistics ineffective work , limited services, that all impact the logistics, logistics have a flavor of planned economy color, from the perspective of logistics activities, our main problems is the development of immature distribution center, a small range of logistics activities, logistics alliance is not high, the low level oflogistics technology, information system applications still closed .Among the corporations providing logistic services for online shopping in China, some 1,000 are traditional ones and their service quality is not good enough; therefore, the need to provide a speedy transaction and delivery regardless of space and distance can hardly be fulfilled.3.3 Legal problems and public-social policiesThe laws and regulations are imperfect. Online shopping, as a new commercial activity, brings unavoidable a series of legal problems, such as the electronic contract, the legal effect question of signing in figure, an economic dispute question of the online trade, computer crime question, etc.There are a number of questions concerning marketing through the web: validity of an electronic signature, legality of an electronic contract, risk, trademarks, loss of right to trade secrets and liabilit y. There are also government’s rules, regulations, economic policies and censorship.Besides, due to the lack of legal protection in this field, arbitration and liability cognizance are difficult when disputes arise. In addition, the efficiency of online payment in China is still low: payment validation from the bank takes a long time (about 10 days), the charge is too high (5 per cent service fee of credit cards transaction), and there are too many restrictions. All these hinder the development of e-commerce in China.4. Solutions to the problems4.1 Establishing a good payment mechanismConsistent with Phoneme Institute's other Privacy Trust studies, the biggest fear consumers have is identity theft (82%), followed by unauthorized access to their bank accounts and telemarketing abuse. Eighty percent of respondents said that the privacy of their personal information is very important or important to them.Based on these findings, banks should concentrate strength on solving the security encryption of the online shopping system, authentication, key technology problem on payment, etc., technically, banks should not only prevent mischief anddestruction to the network of computer by virus and hacker, but also guarantee national benefit and commercial rights and interests and secret of enterprises .At the same time the bank should make breakthrough in trade account settlement and cash allocation between different banks or different regions in order to meet the development demand of network marketingAt the same time, banks should address the online security of their Web sites and provide information about the measures customers can take to protect their financial assets. Banks should clearly communicate their commitment to protecting the privacy of their customers and provide information on how consumers can contact the bank with questions or concerns.Respondents were also asked to suggest actions their bank could take to increase confidence in its ability to protect personal information. The most important issue with online consumers is setting limits on the sharing of personal information with third parties. This finding is also consistent with the results of our 2005 Online Consumer Permissions Study. According to that study, consumers want control over their online experience.The rewards from listening to and respecting the concerns of online consumers can lead to greater trust. And, in the world of online banking, trust is positively related to consumer acceptance and greater use of online banking services.4.2 Improving the lagging logisticsLogistics is defined as a business planning framework for the management of material, service, information, and capital flows .It includes the increasingly complex information, communication and control systems required in today’s business environment.The allocate-and-deliver system of logistics should be perfected. The network marketing has offered internal motive force and external demand to the variety and dispersiveness of the allocate-and-deliver demand and the reform of resources in logistic enterprises. It is urgent to establish a nationwide allocate-and-deliver system, which covers both the urban and rural areas to be accorded to the demand of allocate-and-deliver system of network marketing. Logistic enterprise should not only deliver goods, but also become the service supplier to customer finally to help enterprises to finish the after-sales service, to offer more appreciated service contents,for example, to follow the products order, to offer selling statistics and report form, etc., to further increase the kernel service value of enterprises. In addition, they can develop the third-party-logistics, unify manufacturer service thus to optimize the logistics deliver network, and then the cost of allocate-and-deliver service will be reduced.4.3 Making relevant lawsThe research and formulation of strengthening the laws and regulations to offer the favorable external environment for development of marketing of the network, in order to protect the development of network marketing, developing relevant network management by centering the marketing of the networks, the information safety, settle account in finance, such problems as intellectual property protection, etc., at the same time they should accelerate the modification paces of the current laws and regulations , make and issue the new trade regulation at the same timeThey need not only make the relevant laws, but also strengthen the government’s management the management of government except making the relevant laws.Facing the opportunities and challenges in global development of online shopping, the Chinese government has placed online shopping high on the agenda in its basic economic construction.The key task at present is to establish a unified application and service platform with Chinese characteristics. Upon its completion, currently complicated online shopping can be turned into a simple platform operation, and an advanced service mechanism and infrastructure can be set up, which will facilitate the establishment of a new economic model for e-commerce in traditional enterprises.The government should take an active role in encouraging and supporting the Internationalization of traditional corporations. Besides, it also emphasized the business nature of online shopping, and warned that online shopping activities cannot be done by simply building networks.5. ConclusionThe main advantage of online shopping is that it allows people to browse through many items and categories without leaving their house, to compare the prices of as many shops as they want, and also to order as many items as they can afford without having to worry about how they will transport them, because the online shopping websites also deliver the things to the buyer's home. Furthermore, the Internet is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, so you don't have to hurry or worry about finding a parking spot.A new survey shows Internet shopping is increasing thanks to improvements of online payment systems and delivery services. The China Internet Network Information Centre survey reveals 17.9 per cent of consumers shop online often.Among those who have never purchased online, 63.7 per cent said they would convert to online shopping in the future, which means the existence of greater potential market.Online shopping has very bright prospect in china. By the end of 2004, the netizen of Chinese Internet users is 94 million. It is estimated by 2007, Chinese Internet user will reach 140 million. The one faster than this speed is the development of user's number of China's online shopping. It is that 5,630,000 will use users in 2004. It is estimated by 2007, this figure will be up to 16 million, online shopping users will be 3 times those of 2004 in 2007, 28 times those of 2001. In addition, the market scale of online shopping increase by 160% in 2004, the turnover rises to 4,500 million RMB by a wide margin. In 2007 this figure is hopeful to be up to 29,600 million RMB, 6 times those of 2004. In the face of more and more users, in the face of such a big market, I think nobody dares to neglect this market; nobody bets and speaks NO to this market.References1.Hu Chunlan (Hu, Chunlan). New economic English [M]. Tsinghua university press, 20042.Zhang Qingying (Zhang Qingying). Logistics engineering English [M]. Chemical industry press, 20033.ZhuangPeiJun (Zhuang Peijun). Logistics professional English [M]. Electronic industry press, 20034. The fourth one (Ding Mingyi.) enterprise electronic commerce foundation [M]. Electronic industry press, 20025. NiJin (Ni Jin). The wto English [M]. Southeast university press, 2001网络购物行为分析摘要此文从对我国目前网上购物的现实状况入手，深入的分析了网上购物的优，缺点，以及解决的方法等一系列的问题，深入的分析了网上购物给商家和消费者双方带来的利益，使人们对网上购物在中国的发展充满信心。
基于J2EE在线购物系统外文翻译
东南大学成贤学院毕业设计外文翻译[刘振雷]-网上购物系统设计与实现
对美元的汇率都极为不利。因此，从美国公司那里购买专用 Web 服务器会消耗掉项目的 大部分前期资金。
但是，使用 servlet 和 JSP，他们能够从免费的服务器开始：Apache Tomcat。项 目取得成功之后，他们可以转移到性能更高、管理更容易，但需要付费的服务器。他们 的 servelt 和 jsp 不需要重写编写。如果他们的项目变得更庞大，他们或许希望转移到 分布式环境。没有问题：他们可以转而使用 Macromedia JRun Professional，该服务器 支持分布式应用。同样，他们的 servelt 和 jsp 没有任何部分需要重写。如果项目变得 极为庞大，错综复杂，他们或许希望使用 Enterprise JavaBeans 来封装他们的商业逻 辑。因此，他们可以切换到 BEA WebLogic 或 Oracle9i AS。同样，不需要对 servlet 和 jsp 做出更改。最后，如果他们的项目变得更庞大，他们或许将他从 Linux 转移到运 行 IBM WebSphere 的 IBM 大型机上。他们还是不需要做出任何更改。
东南大学成贤学院毕业设计外文翻译[刘振雷]-网上购物系统设计与实现
东南大学成贤学院
毕业设计（论文）
文献综述和外文翻译
所在系别： 专 业： 年 级： 姓 名： 指导教师： 完成日期：
计算机工程 软件工程 2008 级 刘振雷 郑浩鸣 2012 年 2 月 29 日
东南大学成贤学院毕业设计外文翻译[刘振雷]-网上购物系统设计与实现
文献综述
摘要：Servlet 程序在服务器端运行，动态地生成 Web 页面与传统的 CGI 和许多其他类 似 CGI 的技术相比，Java Servlet 具有更高的效率，更容易使用，功能更强大，具有更 好的可移植性，更节省投资。 关键字：JSP 技术，Servlet，HTTP 服务 1.1Servlet 的功能
商城购物系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
商城购物系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献Abstract: Servlet programs run on the server side, ___ CGI-like technologies, Java Servlet has higher efficiency, easier to use, more powerful ns, better portability, and more cost savings.Keywords: ___, Servlet, HTTP service1.1 n of ServletServlets are Java programs that run on web or n servers. It is a middleware that connects requests from web browsers or other HTTP client programs and databases or ns on HTTP servers. The work of the servlet is to perform the tasks of the Simeon, as shown in Figure 1.1.Figure 1.1 The role of web middleware(1) Read explicit data ______ by end users in HTML forms on the page. However, data may also come from applets or custom HTTP client programs. (2) Read implicit request data sent by the browserFigure 1.1 shows a single arrow from the client to the web server, but in fact, there are two types of data transmitted from the client to the web server, which are explicit data entered by the user in the form and background HTTP n. Both types of data are important. HTTP n includes cookies, media types recognized by browsers, ___.(3) Generate resultsThis process may require accessing a database, performing RMI or EJB calls, calling web services, or directly calculating the corresponding response. The actual data may be stored in a nal database. The database may not understand HTTP or may not be able to return results in HTML form, so web browsers ___ with the database. Even if it can do this, for security reasons, we do not want it to do so. Similar ___, we need the web middleware to extract input data from the HTTP stream, communicate with the n, and embed the results into the document.(4) ___) to usersThis document can be sent in us formats, including text (HTML or XML), binary (GIF graphics), ___ underlying formats, such as gzip. However, HTML is the most commonly used formatso far, so one of the important tasks of Servlet and JSP is to wrap the results in HTML.(5) Send implicit HTTP response data to users总之，动态构建网页可以根据具体情况灵活地生成页面，从而满足客户的需求。
电子商务退货系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Electricity return system1.Title of the SystemReturn system is an essential part of all e-commerce sites, consumers are all want to buy goods or services on the Internet is guaranteed, no return of the system, it means that the consumers as long as it is paid out, the product must be consumer, no matter whether to buy the goods consumers need, have to bear the risk alone, this is not fair for the consumer, not strictly, perfect return system, e-business cannot be long-term survival.Return system, is online shopping platform, according to some consumption agreement can not only guarantee the safety of the consumer, also make merchants also tend to reduce consumer pays to encounter unscrupulous merchants and probability, and reduce themerchants have unreasonable the probability of the customer.Enable e-commerce platform to better survive longer.So, any e-commerce platform from the return of the platform system.2.Objectives of the SystemThis system is a typical electricity company manager to handle all sorts of the best choice for return requirements.The system development is the purpose of through the provision of computer system, to improve the rationality of the return, manage the interests of consumers and businesses, make full use of personnel's ability, in order to realize the company's goals.It provides a platform for the electricity order information list and returned the details is easy to use solution.The project achieve the following goals:It is a powerful management system, provide for the general electric business platform for return of the interface.Unlike other systems, it is stable, fast, safe and can use maintainable software.The system provides the details of the return in the form of effective information and order information.It will be to provide the return of details to generate various reports and statistical data.3.Input to the SystemThe input data of this system, mainly through the form input.The system provides the end user has a good interface provides a simple.Input is the process from consumers and businesses online, there is no we can substitute.The following methods of input from the user depend on thefunction and enter the expected effect.(1)Login.javaSystem allows a valid user name and password to access the home er and password in order to verify the system is safe.(2)WriteReturnMessage.javaIn this approach, consumers can fill in a refund reason and refund amount, and can upload the return of the need to use the images, the refund details including the refund of reason, leave a message to businesses, companies need a refund amount, etc.(3)UpdateInformation.javaThis approach allows consumers and businesses for their personal information details.The detailed information including contact phone number, shipping address, etc.Businesses and consumers can be modified by changing the button and deposit in the database.4.Output of the System(1)MyselfInformation.javaIn the upper right corner of the system, you can see there is a button, click on the following would be the MyselfInformation. In Java, and then based on the storage of login id, can be consumer or business name, contact phone number, shipping address such as shown.(2)Orderlist.javaThis approach allows consumers to check all order details.System in order for every order generates a unique identification number.Order information including order number, order time, purchase quantity, order status, customer accounts, order the total price, article number, commodity picture, commodity price and name of commodity, etc.(3)ReturnList.javaThis approach allows consumers and businesses to check the detailed information list all returned.System in order for every single back to generate a unique identification number.Return a single information including a refund number, order number, customer accounts, total price order, refund amount, refund time, refund status, merchant accounts, etc.5.Process LogicThis system mainly divided into three functional modules: administrator user function module, user function module of consumers and business users function module.Consumers can through the menu bar "query information", "personal information", "query all orders", "query already delivery orders", "query is not shipment order", "query have been receiving orders", "orders" of the query returns the function such as options.Among them, the query all orders can be opposite has delivery, did not deliver goods, have been receiving orders for queries, simplify the operation of consumers, and save time.Quickly solve the problem of return for consumer laid a good foundation.For businesses, the return of the system to protect the interests of businesses also appears as important.Through the electronic return system can conveniently query merchants received consumer's application for refund.Through the login system also can query to run the store sales, consumers return the cause and the refund amount, etc., establish a call between businesses and consumers.Merchants "to check the return reason" function allows merchants timely grasp the consumers return reason, better improve their stores, in order to improve the benefit of theirstores.6.Limitations of the Project(1)the interface design is relatively simple, the lack of dynamic effects, as well as a friendly reminder.(2)the personnel of the service when handling return dispute algorithm is lack of convincing.7.Tools/Platforms, Language usedThis system at the front desk mainly using JSP technology.The background using the servlet technology, combined with spring MVC thought to carry on the design and implementation.Database using Mysql relational database.Development is the eclipse development tools used, tomcat as a test server.JSP technology, JSP full name for the Java Server Pages, Chinese named Java Server Pages, the root is a simplified design of Servlet, JSP technology is similar to the ASP technology, it is in a traditional web page HTML files (scriptlets) and insert the Java program in JSP tags (tag), thus forming a JSP file, the suffix called (*. JSP).Use JSP development of Web application is cross-platform, can run under Linux, can also run on other operating systems.Java Servlet is JSP technology base, and a large Web application development requires Java Servlet and JSP to cooperate to complete.JSP with Java technology is simple and easy to use, fully object-oriented, with platform neutrality and safe and reliable, and for all the characteristics of the Internet.8.Are you doing the system for industry /client?Not, I do is, browser/server system is applied to the browser9.Scope of Future ApplicationE-commerce platform10.Backgroud of the SystemSocial development faster and faster, people pursue the higher and higher living standards, the accelerating rhythm of life, people's shopping habits are slowly changing.Street shopping, for the people of the gens going to work is a very extravagant thing, rest time, store of rising prices, make people more and more tends to online shopping.The continuous improvement of the Internet, e-commerce has been the rise of the network is virtual, people can see goods only by pictures and video to determine whether to buy, "dirty" businessman to benefit by means of shoddy, make consumer rights are threatened, greater impact at the same time, the development of the economy will slow development.So, what can solve the problem of the Internet is not the same as the physical objects and pictures?Along with the rapid development of network and information technology in all walks of life, the development of online shopping with digital, e-commerce return system emerged.The rapid development of computer technology and logistics delivery service's existence, for the development of electronic commerce laid a strong material base.电商退货系统1.系统摘要退货系统是所有电子商务网站都必不可少的，消费者都是希望自己在网上所买的物品或者服务是得到保证的，没有退货系统，那意味着消费者只要是付完款，产品就必定是消费者的，不管所买到的商品是否是消费者所需要的，都将要独自承担这一风险，这对消费者是不公平的，没有严格，完善的退货系统，电子商务是无法长久生存的。
电子商务 中英对照E-commerce Chapter11
Learning Objectives
• How electronic wallets work
• 电子钱包是如何工作的
• The use of stored-value cards in electronic commerce
• 电子商务储值卡的使用
• Internet technologies and the banking industry
• 哪个支付方式同时对公司和用户都有利
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Four different payment technologies
• 4种不同的支付方式: 1. Payment card 2. Electronic cash 3. Software wallets
–现金、支票、信用卡、借记卡 • 90% of all United States consumer payments
• 90%的美国消费者使用的支付方式
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Electronic transfer: small but growing
segment
Payment Cards 支付卡
• Single-use cards 一次性卡 –Cards with disposable numbers –有一次性号码的卡 • Addresses concern of giving online vendors payment card numbers • 适合担心给供应商卡号的用户 • Valid for one transaction only • 有效期为一项交易
Payment Cards 支付卡
电子商务外文资料翻译-- 如何使用网上交易平台
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：经济管理学院专业：信息管理与信息系统姓名：学号： 0802010105外文出处：Electronic Commerce: Second International Workshop 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文如何使用网上交易平台网络交易平台，是从事外汇交易，目前最流行的方式。
您节省了不少麻烦，并通过开放的网上外汇经纪商之一帐户，开始网上交易，从你的家，。
基于网络的交易平台，促进具有许多功能，所以你实际上可以做，甚至没有一个单一的新闻纸张或任何其他材料的网上外汇交易平台提供的信息以外的整个业务。
你需要找到一个良好的网络培训平台，然后才开始使用一个。
选择网上外汇作为paltforms没有选项将满足您的需求时，你需要考虑很多事情。
大多数的网上外汇经纪公司提供一个模拟账户或试用帐户，让你了解他们的网络交易平台的想法，这样你就可以有虚拟货币交易，以了解网上外汇交易平台的优势和弱点。
如果你喜欢你所看到的，它是很容易的转换到一个新的帐户和您的模拟账户，开始真正的游戏。
情况下，如果你不满意，只需关闭一个平台模拟账户转移到另一个。
当您使用一个Web交易平台，分析和趋势图是最重要的指标。
这些图表显示了货币市场的行为。
您可以选择您看到的信息的粒度。
有时，有必要给你看当天的看法，有时一个月的看法。
趋势图通常表明你的货币的行为，当您计划买入或卖出某一特定货币。
根据货币是否正赶上或失去价值，可以使交易决策。
自动化是网上交易平台推出宽松的商人忙碌的生活的最佳功能之一。
几乎每一个网络交易平台提供此功能，无需支付额外费用。
使用此功能时，您可以轻松地定义了一套自动化您的交易规则和阈值。
这样，你的身体存在是不是强制性的贸易在货币市场上，自交易客户端软件将采取的贸易业务代表你照顾。
虽然许多网上平台用户喜欢此功能，此功能的不正确使用可能会损坏您的外汇投资组合。
网上购物系统介绍
“网上商城管理软件”的主要功能模块
1，网上购物系统---商品功能
无限商品类别 可复制商品类别 可为一件商品设置多个所属类别 可针对不同级别会员设置不同的会员价格 可设置商品积分 可同时显示市场价和本店价 可为商品设置属性配件（如不同颜色、尺码、主机配置），根据选取的不同配件自动生成价格 商品批量编辑 商品批量上传 自动库存管理 商品到货发邮件通知用户 商品品牌功能 支持实体商品、数字商品、虚拟点卡销售 商品图片水印设置 会员可发表商品评论 可在前台显示最新商品、热卖商品，推荐商品等 功能强大的购物车功能 提供所见即所得的编辑器，方便地编辑丰富的商品信息呈现方式
可对会员分级 支持会员预付款 可向会员发送会刊、广告等邮件
4，网上购物系统---支付和配送功能
支持几十种支付方式，如支付宝、Paypal 支持多种配送方式、配送地区，可自定义配送价格，并有独创的运费公式，支持所有的运费价格方式 整合运费计算接口
5，网上购物系统---模板功能
编辑本段网上购物系统的好处
那么网上开店(网上购物系统)对传统零售企业，具体有什么好处呢？ 1、你有零售店铺实体，说明货源和渠道都没问题了。网店(网上购物系统)可以是实体的很好补充。 2、24小时营业时间。网上商城延长了商店的营业时间，一天24小时、一年365天不停地运作，都可照常营业。对于所有的商家来说，时间永远都是金钱。网上商城则节省了人力方面的投资，同时，营业时间不受限制，消费者可以在任何时间登陆、购物。交易时间上的全天性和全年性，使得交易成功的机会大大提高。 3、网店(网上购物系统)可以很好的做到免费宣传实体店的效果。 4、网店(网上购物系统)还可以帮实体，完善更好客户群。有的外地客户想购买你的东西，就没有地域界限。 5、网店(网上购物系统)还是你实体的免费市场调查。点击和成交都是自动统计的。你可以通过网络点击和成交量把握商品库存的尺度和市场的趋势。并且通过沟通可以得到更多有助你实体发展的信息。 6、最优秀的配合，就是实体和网络的配合，这是传统与高科技的完美集合！
基于Struts框架的在线购物系统设计与实现-毕业论文外文文献翻译
附录Design and Implementation of Online Shopping SystemBased on the Struts FrameworkAbstract: Struts is currently a prevalent Web application development framework based on MVC. It has prominence in the open, large and extensible J2EE-based Web application development. Through combining the actual operation process of E-commerce enterprise with the developed requirement, this paper categorically analyses MVC actual implementation technology, analyses and describes the Struts framework. Finally it gives a demonstrative example of Category management module, which explains in detail technical implementation to E-Online Shopping System based Struts framework and presents function description of correlative constitution section. By practical application, it shows the system improves platform’s security and stability.1.INTRODUCTION With the development of internet technology, network service plays an increasingly important role in people’s daily life. People expect that they can get the satisfied service or goods in a convenient way and in very short time. Hence, the electronic commerce system at this moment plays a very critical part. On one hand, it is very convenient for people to look at the goods online and it also shortens people’s time period for shopping. On the other hand, for the enterprise, it shortens intermediate links, and it can reduce the geographic restrictions and decreases the merchandise inventory pressure, therefore, it can greatly save business operating cost. However, this system also faces problems that the form of ecommerce is very changeable; as a result, the inner structural can be complex and varied. Then, how to deal with that? Based on the development model of Struts [1], it can effectively deal with these varied requirements. It completely changes the previous traditional J2EE development mode that is the coupling of display, control and business which makes software reuse difficult, cooperation and division of the team difficult, development time long and cost high. Therefore, this article based on the integrated development environment of MyEclipse and using MySQL as the backend database, the MVC OF Struts designed a crossplatform, extensible B/S electronic commerce system. This system is runs on the internet where users can browse the goods and buy them freely, they can even choose the payment method. Thissystem innovates the traditional shopping, which can make people buy what they want at home. The computational results of the system states that the system operates well and that its security and expandability are also high.2. INTRODUCTION OF STRUTSStruts [2] is an exceptional MVC frame. It combines features of Servelet and JSP and inherits various features of MVC, and it changes and extends according to the J2EE’S characteristic. There are three main parts of Struts: The controller is responsible for the Action that is processed by a specific operation; JSP page (view); that applies business logic packaging. The master controller of Struts (ActionServlet) receives the request from client and according to the allocated route of the system (Struts-config. xml) HTTP requests the objects to the other Action. In these action objects, it will make business operation and after operation, it will transfer from ActionServlet to JSP, and the processed results will be returned to clients. The packaging data through Action Form can be mutual used in Model and View. The working principle of Struts is showing in Fig. (1).3. THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SYSTEM3.1. The Demand Analisis and Case Design of the SystemThe aim of this electronic commerce system is realizedby the construction of this system. The most important thing is to attract customers to know the main product of the website, for instance an e-commerce website which mainly sells children’s shoes or children’s clothes and so on. For transactions, it has to build B to C sales model which are consumer facing, and it has to realize the integration of products, online payment, and logistic services. Moreover, it needs to make a customized search engine and data analysis system to find the potential and key customers. It also needs to analyze the market trend to build a scientific decision system [3].Therefore, the system requirement description is as following:electronic commerce system includes two subsystems; one is for the front desk sale and display. When clients log in, they can freely look over and search their favorite products (for example: off-price goods, new arrivals). Meanwhile, customers can put the products they like in a “shopping cart” and which they can later modify, (add or delete), then they can submit the order form to service counter to pay. The other subsystem is in the backstage management system. Merchants canmanage the relevant information published, typed-in and alteration. It can also manage the search of the order and manage the registered clients of on-line sales system. Meanwhile, it can analyze consumer behavior, which can provide evidence for better scientific decision for the corporation. Fig. (2) is the use case of this eshopping system.3.2. The E-R Design of Online Shopping SystemPowerDesigner [3, 4] is the CASE tool set of Sybase, it can make data flowchart, concept data model, physical data model and can also control the generated data model. This system uses PowerDesigner to set up data and induct E-R model to MySQL, and generate physical data sheets. Therefore, according to the above description, combined with the need and description of 2.1, the design of E-R can be finished. However, there are numerous system database sheets, only some important database sheets are listed here. The relationship among them will be explained here. The specific design of E-R is in (Fig. 3).3.3. Structure Design of Online Shopping System In this article, the system uses Struts based on MVC, which makes great convenience for the developer to make modularization exploitation. It greatly increased code’s reusability and maintainability, and it also takes the crossplatform of this system into consideration. Fig. (4) shows the design model of this online shopping system.① View is responsible for the systems visual theme and realization, and View is composed by JSP and Action Form bean. JSP contains static HTML, CSS, Div and Struts label database. Action Form bean is responsible for the data transmission between JSP and Model.① Controller is composed by Action Servlet. Its task are:first, it has to finish all the initialized work, that is to read the information in Struts-config. xml and intercept the matching map of URL by Action Servlet; second, according to the intercepting request initiate Action Form bean; last, to find the corresponding Action subclass in Action Mapping: if there are no corresponding Action, then transmit the request to JSP; if there are corresponding Action, then initiate ActionForm bean and use HTTP to fill the data and its property, and save these results in request for other Action or JSP to use.① in the Model [4], the specific business logic operationis finished by Action. In order to reduce the coupling relationshipbetween business logic and database manipulation,the DAO is used to separate business logic and data access.It can increase the flexibility and maintainability of systemfor that DAO model Action [5] and provides abstract data access port. Therefore, Model doesn’t need to care about selection, insertion, deletion, and updating, hence, it avoids mixed call statement in service code, so the business practice can be much clearer and on the other hand, because of the separation of data access port and data access, which can make the developer concentrate on business logic code rather than data’s selection, insertion, deletion, and check.4. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SYSTEM BASED ON STRUTSStruts applied MVC design model, which separated page display, data control and business operation makes the exploitation and maintenance more convenient and reasonable. For online shopping electronic commerce system [6, 7], the construction methods of all modules are basically same. Next set commodity management module [8] as an example to explain the develop process of online shopping electronic commerce system based on Struts.4.1. Design of View ModuleThe main function of View is to display data to users, and in this system, View is composed by Struts, Div, CSS, HTML, JSP and formbean. The advantage of this is that it can avoid the coupling of Java source code and HTML statement in JSP, and it also can enhance reusability of View. It can simplify the page development, and is good for test and maintenance.. First, use Dreamweaver to establish JSP: 1), add and modify Category page addCategory.jsp；2), delete some category page delCategory.jsp；3), search category page searchCategory.jsp; 4), maintain category information page categoryInfoMaint.jsp. It can display all the products information and it can add, delete, modify and edit the selected products. Lastly, to define and describe the CategoryFormbean. It inherited the org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm in Struts. The main function of this class is to collect and display data. The goal of data collection is to provide a business model for Model module. And display data is to show the conducted data to users. The specific steps are:First: introduce ActionForm to Struts;Second. write down the specific codes as followingpublic class MerForm extends ValidatorForm { // 1.define products manufacturer\ private String manufacturer; // 2. define products price private Double sprice;// 3.define products discount private Integer special; …………… //omit other property，meanwhile，//generate corresponding Getter/Setter }4.2. Implementation and Design of ControllerController is the core of all operations, whenever, ActionServlet of controller deals with all the things, it decides all the flow relation of every module in this system. Then how to finish these works? Firstly, it is necessary to register ActionServlet and Struts-config.xml in Web.xml. Web.xml is the place where Controller’s modules ActionServlet and struts-config.xml are described and among these, *.do stands for requesting mapping, the specific allocations are:<servlet><servlet-name>action</servlet-name><servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class><init-param><param-name>config</param-name><param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value></init-param></servlet><servlet-mapping><servlet-name>action</servlet-name><url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern></servlet-mapping><servlet>基于Struts框架的在线购物系统设计与实现摘要：Struts目前是一个基于MVC的流行的Web应用开发框架。
网上购物英语作文带翻译
网上购物英语作文带翻译With the advent of the internet, online shopping has become a prevalent part of our lives. It offers a level of convenience that traditional brick-and-mortar stores cannot match. Here's a look at the benefits and the process of shopping online, followed by a translation into Chinese.Online Shopping: A New Era of ConvenienceThe internet has revolutionized the way we shop. With just a few clicks, we can browse through thousands of products from the comfort of our homes. Online shopping provides a platform where you can compare prices, read reviews, and make an informed decision without the pressure of salespeople.The Process of Online Shopping1. Research: Start by researching the product you want to buy. Look for online stores that sell it, and compare prices and customer feedback.2. Account Creation: Most online stores require you to create an account. This is usually a straightforward processinvolving an email address and a password.3. Product Selection: Once you've found the product, selectthe specifications such as size, color, or model number that you want.4. Checkout: After adding the product to your cart, proceedto checkout. Here, you'll enter your shipping information and select a payment method.5. Payment: Online stores offer various payment options, including credit cards, debit cards, and online payment services like PayPal.6. Confirmation: After payment, you'll receive a confirmation email with the details of your order and an estimateddelivery date.7. Delivery: Sit back and wait for your product to bedelivered to your doorstep.Advantages of Online Shopping- Convenience: You can shop anytime, anywhere.- Variety: A wider range of products is available online.- Competitive Pricing: Online stores often offer better deals. - Reviews: Customer reviews help in making better choices.Disadvantages- Lack of Physical Interaction: You can't touch or try onitems before buying.- Shipping Costs: Sometimes, high shipping costs can offsetthe savings.- Risk of Fraud: There's a risk of providing financial information online.In conclusion, online shopping is a convenient and efficient way to purchase goods. It saves time and often money, makingit a popular choice for many consumers.网上购物：便利性新时代互联网已经彻底改变了我们的购物方式。
英文作文之网上购物附中文翻译
英文写作之网上购物附中文翻译Online shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years. It offers convenience, a wide variety of choices, and the ability to compare prices and reviews. In this essay, I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of shopping online.One of the main benefits of shopping online is the convenience it provides. With just a few clicks, we can browse through numerous online stores and make purchases without leaving the comfort of our homes. This saves time and effort compared to traditional shopping where we have to physically visit multiple stores.Furthermore, online shopping offers a vast range of products and brands. We can find almost anything we need with a quick search, regardless of its availability in local stores. This allows us to explore different options and choose products that best suit our preferences and budget.Another advantage of online shopping is the ability to compare prices easily. We can visit multiple websites and compare prices for the same product, enabling us to find the best deals and save money. Additionally, most online stores provide customer reviews, which can help us make informed decisions based on the experiences of others.However, online shopping also has its drawbacks. One major concern is the risk of fraud and scams. There are dishonest sellers and websites that may deceive customers by selling counterfeit or poor-quality products. To mitigate this risk, it is important to shop from reputable and secure websites, read customer reviews, and be cautious when providing personal and financial information.Another drawback is the inability to physically inspect and try on products before purchasing. This can be a disadvantage, especially when it comes to clothing, shoes, or other items that require proper fitting or assessment of quality. However, some online stores offer flexible return or exchange policies, which can help alleviate this concern.Lastly, there is the issue of delivery time and shipping costs. Depending on the location and the online store's policies, it may take several days or even weeks for the purchased items to arrive. Additionally, shipping fees can add to the overall cost of the purchase. It is important to consider these factors when making online purchases, especially if time sensitivity or budget constraints are a concern.In conclusion, online shopping offers convenience, variety, and competitive prices. It allows us to shop from the comfortof our homes and explore a wide range of products. However, it is important to be cautious of potential fraud, consider the inability to physically inspect products, and take into account delivery time and costs. By being mindful and making informed decisions, online shopping can be a beneficial and enjoyable experience.中文翻译：网上购物在近年来越来越受欢迎。
网上商城系统毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班级：学号：姓名：学院：专业：指导教师：1 Struts Framework Based on MVCIn the traditional Web application, Java Server Pages(JSP) pages are responsible for handling all things, for example, receiving requests, executing business logics, choosingthe next page. These complicated things may lead to chaos of JSP pages’ codes and be harmful for the extension and maintenance of pages. The Model-View-Controller (MVC) mode separates the programming codes into three different areas, which has solved the above problem. MVC can realize J2EE application system's stratification and the loose coupling of three layers or multilayer, and it is a realization way of orienting dynamic content. The MVC mode divides application into three core components of Model, View and Controller.Struts is a realization of MVC. It is an open source Web application framework and uses Servlet and JSP marks that belong to the J2EE norm as a part of the realization. Struts inherits MVC characteristics and realizes some corresponding changes and extension according to J2EE traits. Struts separates Java codes of JSP by Java Bean and Action class to be the MVC mode, transmits data among the three partitions of Model, View and Controller, demonstrates the connection between various classes and JSP pages by configuration files finally and it intends to realize the separation of presentation layer, business layer and data layer. The Struts structure is shown in Figure 1.The Model contains the business logic that exchanges data with a persistence layer. The View is in charge of producing what is directly visible to the user, . web pages. The Controller is the layer that receives requests from clients, determines what business logic takes place and where to go next. In the Struts framework, the Model uses Java classes for the business logic. The View can be implemented with JSP and the Tag lib of Struts. The Controller is a J2EE component known as Servlet, more specifically an ActionServlet object, which determines what or when logic gets executed and where the control should get directed.2 Hibernate Framework Based on ORMWorking with both the object-oriented software and the relational database is a complicated task with Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) because there is mismatch between how data is represented in objects versus relational database. So with JDBC, developers have to write pure the Structured Query Languag (SQL) statements to map an object model's data representation to a relational data model and its corresponding database schema.Introduction of HibernateHibernate is a flexible and powerful Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) solution to map Java classes to database tables. It is a powerful, high performance object-relational persistence and query service. Hibernate allows developers to express queries in its own portable SQL extension (Hibernate Query Language (HQL))[3], as well as in native SQL, or with an object-oriented criteria and example Application Programming Interface(API). Hibernate itself takes care of this mapping using XML files so developers don’t need to write code for this.Hibernate is an open source and it is free to use for both development and production deployments, which is a bridge between Java application and relational database and takes charge of mapping between Java objects and relational data. The inside of Hibernate packs the operation of accessing database by JDBC, which provides API of object-oriented database access to upper layer application. So developers can use the object programming thought to operate database sufficiently, caring for the bottom database structure unnecessarily.Hibernate relieves the developer from 95 percent of common data persistence related programming tasks, compared to manual coding with SQL and the JDBC API[4]. And it can integrate various Web server or application server, and nearly support all popular databases server.Principle of HibernateAs shown in figure , Hibernate lies in the middle layer that is between applicationand database .In the provided persistent service, Hibernate maps class to rows of datasheet by properties and mapping files of class itself. Application interacts with database by Persitstent Object (PO) to handle data directly.ApplicationPersistent ObjectsHibernateHibernate.properties XML.MappingDatabaseFigure Hibernate systematic structure3 The Integration of Struts and HibernateIn the open source frameworks, for the presentation part, Tapestry has the powerful and natural combination of pages, its document is too conceptional to benefit programming. And its learning curve was too steep and so on. For the logic part, Spring has a good integration function, but there is a lack of public controller. And EJB depends on the EJB containers, at the same time, it is realized complicatedly. While Struts has been applied extensively because of its advantages.At present, most of systems apply the relational databases mainly, while Java is an object-oriented language essentially. In Model part of Struts framework application, using SQL and JDBC to operate databases when storing and fetching objects reduces programming efficiency and the systematic maintainability. Traditional J2EE-based application applies heavyweight framework based on EJB that adapts to the large enterprise development, while development and debugging by EJB container need to consume a plenty of time and high price. EJB3 improves the disadvantages of original EJB, but its application is not mature yet.Hibernate can substitute Container-Managed Persistence (CMP) to accomplish heavy responsibility of permanence in J2EE framework of applying a word, Hibernate can resolve the difficulties coming from using traditional CMP, JDBC and Data Access Object(DAO) in a technological development. For reducing the coupling of code and raising systematic development efficiency, this paper suggests J2EE application development tactics based on Struts and Hibernate.The Struts design shows the MVC framework sufficiently, which all control flows need a configuration file to manage, and which is convenient to maintain. The integration of Struts and Hibernate is that Hibernate solves the model layer of Struts, which makes developers operate Java objects instead of database. The integration shows the object-oriented thought sufficiently and solves some problems of the database operation in traditional J2EE well.Flow of FrameworkThe flow of integration framework based on Struts and Hibernate is shown in Figure 3. At first, users send Http requests by Browser, then Http requests are accepted by ActionServlet of the control component in business layer, then gave to RequestProcessor which gets corresponding Action from ActionMapping by request URL[3]. Besides, ActionForm packs JSP pages, which can make a checking to data of datasheet if it is needed, send back ActionErrors to visual pages if there are mistakes and transfer the data of pages to Action if it passes validation.Request Processor transfers the “execute” method of Action and the method transfers the business logic module. Hibernate accomplishes interaction of databases and JavaBean. The operation of processing business logic interacts with database by data permanence layer and field object layer. The “execute” method of Action will return ActionForward objects that are accepted by ActionServlet after executing.Systematic Structure of the Integration FrameworkThe EIS layer of the multi-layer J2EE systematic structure can be partitioned into the data permanence layer and the data resource layer. It means a system can be divided into five layers as a whole.Client Layer: This layer runs in the Browser of users’ machin es and handles interaction with users, transmits and shows messages to users. J2EE platform supports different type users including HTML users, Java Applets, Java application, etc.Presentation Layer: This layer works in J2EE Web container, produces the systematic representation logic, handles users’ requests and makes the responses. The entire Web is built on Struts framework, in which the View component is composed of JSP/HTML pages whose data is expressed by ActionForm Bean, the Controller component is composed of ActionServlet united and Action Classes, and the Model component is realized by business logic Logic Layer: This layer accomplishes the required business of system, provides the required business method to presentation layer. It can receive data from client programs and save them to the storage equipment after proper disposal, read data from the data storage equipment, then send them out to client programs.1 基于MVC的Struts框架在传统的Web应用程序，Java服务器页面（JSP）页面负责处理所有的事情，例如，接收请求，执行业务逻辑，选择下一个页面。
电子商务网上购物外文翻译
SHOPPING ONLINE FOR FREEDOM,CONTROL AND FUNThe number of consumer buying online, and the amount being spent by online buyers has been on the rise; Forrester Research has estimated internet sales in 1999 to be more than double that of 1998,$20 billion .In comparison,overall retail sales in the U.S. totaled $13 trillion in 1999. thus,e-commerce sale currently account for only about 1% of retail sales, and experts and scholars have argued over the possible upper limit to the percentage of consumer online spending. Will the upper limit of online spending exceed that of other direct marketing at 15%? Or will it be as much as one third of purchases in many retail product categories by 2010 as recently suggested by Forester Research?Ultimately, the degree to which online shopping fulfills goal-oriented and experiential consumer needs will impact the amount of shopping dollars that consumers will choose to spending each environment. While many writers are touting the unique capabilities of the online medium to provide interactivity and personalized experiences, for instance, few have focused systematically on what online shoppers really desire, and why they are shopping online in the first place. Clearly understanding what online shoppers really desire, and why they are shopping online can and should inform strategy. Technology and marketing decisions as well as website design. So ,what motivates online shopping? In the offline environment, marketers recognize that consumers shop differently depending on whether their motivations for searching are primarily experiential (for fun) or goal directed (for efficiency). Our research of online customers suggests that these two motivations generalize to the online environment as well.Experiential behavior is especially likely in categories where shoppers have an ongoing, hobby-type interest. Collectors and hobbyists enjoy the “thrill of the hunt”as much as the acquisition of items for the collection. As well, having time available and desiring stimulation results in more experiential shopping behavior. Scholars have also discovered that the higher playfulness associated with experiential behavior results in a more positive mood, greater shopping satisfaction and a higer likelihood of impulse purchasing compared to goal-focused shopping.Goal-oriented or utilitarian shopping has been described by various marketing scholars as task-oriented, efficient, rational, and deliberate. Thus, goal-focused shoppers are transaction-oriented and desire to purchase what they want quickly and without distraction. Retailing consumers describe utilitarian shopping as "work" and evaluate the results of their effort by terms commonly associated with work performance, such as "success" and "accomplishment."Importantly, marketing research firms have found that two-thirds to four-fifths of Internet buyers engage in narrowly defined searches for specific products online.* In an online survey we recently conducted with 1013 members of the Harris Interactive online panel, 71% of shoppers said their most recent online purchase had been previously planned, while 29% said they had been browsing.when they made their purchase. Thus, online shopping is more likely to be goal focused rather than experiential. Click stream analysis of major e-commerce sites also suggests that online consumers tend to be goal-focused. For example, duration time spent in a store or at a site, termed "stickiness" by e-commerce insiders, is strongly correlated with motivation, as experiential shoppers "stick"around longer than do transaction-oriented consumers. Currently, weekly data provided by Nielsen-Net Ratings regularly show that the "stickiness" of e-commerce web sites is quite limited, with the length of visits at top sites (with the significant exception of e-Bay) being largely 15 minutes or less. A typical weekly average time spent on Barnes and Noble, for instance, is 10 minutes, just about long enough to find a book and actually complete the transaction.Why are more e-tailing consumers expected to be goal-focused? One clue is the finding that time-starved consumers are especially likely to be online shoppers. Another clue is that early and heavy users of the Internet tend to have a strong internal locus of control and thus are goal-oriented personalities. Moreover, the online medium facilitates utilitarian behavior as search costs for product information are dramatically reduced.'" Our research with online shoppers suggests that goal-oriented shoppers are interested in e-tailing because of four specific attributes: convenience and accessibility; selection; availability of information; and lack of sociality. Importantly, shoppers frequently and explicitly associate these goal-oriented attributes with increased freedom and control.Despite the preponderance of utilitarian online shopping, there is evidence that some online shoppers engage in experiential shopping, or shopping for fun, a behavior desirable to marketers as fun-seekers tend to be impulsive and to make more purchases." Why are some online shoppers engaging in experiential behavior? Experiential shoppers tell us they enjoy: auctions;involvement with a hobby/product class; and bargain hunting. In sum, these shoppers focus on "the experience" or fun of online shopping as much as they do on product acquisition (see Table 1).Research MethodologyThis research was supported by the Center for Research on Information Technology in Organizations (CRITO) at the University of California, Irvine. The purpose of the project is to understand the attributes that contribute to consumers having a satisfying, high-quality online shopping experience. Our specific purpose in undertaking this research was to fully understand consumer motivations for online shopping, as these motivations will affect the web site attributes and experiences desired by shoppers. We undertook 9 focus groups of online buyers (64 consumers altogether). Three focus groups included MBA students and staff, a group likely to be technology "Fast Forwards"'^ and thus early adopters of online shopping. In addition, we conducted two offline focus groups in Southern California recruited from Harris Interactive's online panel. Finally, we worked with Harris Interactive to conduct four online focus groups (including participants from across the U.S. and Canada). Harris Interactive recruited both online and offline participants with the aim of creating groups who were diverse with respect to age, sex, online experience, and products purchased online. Our sample included participants aged 19 to 81; they purchased CDs, books, software, hardware, toys and travel, and engaged in online auctions, all common online buying categories. However, outside these major categories, a wide variety of purchases were made, including ammunition, lingerie, groceries, camping equipment, cars; one participant had even purchased his house online!Online qualitative research offers the advantage of obtaining individual as well as group reactions to concepts and research questions, while minimizing the opportunity for individuals in the group to dominate the group or persuade other respondents by the force of their personalities. The online focus group methodology evokes dialogues that are honest, direct, and somewhat less constrained by social conventions present in traditional focus groups. Online qualitative research is uniquely suited for engaging Internet savvy respondents. It is especially appealing to those for whom time is at a premium. In addition, online focus groups reach audiences not generally reached by traditional face-to-face focus groups, including those in outlying areas and respondents who are home bound. Individuals located in geographically diverse areas can participate in the same session. Respondents use their own computers and donot have to travel to a focus group facility."Based on existing literature on goal-focused and experiential motivations in offline shopping and speculations about these motivations applying to the online environment, our study asked participants if they shop for entertainment or for specific needs."* Also, we investigated the degree to which online buyers perform relatively narrow product searches as opposed to browsing online. We also asked focus group participants to compare online and offline shopping, which increased our understanding of the underlying determinants of online shopping. More specifically, our guide for the portion of focus group focusing on motivations contained the following questions:I want to start by talking about shopping. Just about everybody likes to shop, or has to shop.• Describe your typical online shopping experience. (Probe:)• Where do you usually shop from? At what time of day? How often? What types of things do you usually shop for online?• Do you go to a specific site to shop, or do you search for items first?• How often do you shop for entertainment vs. shop for a specific need?• In general, what differences come to mind when thinking about online shopping and offline (brick-and-mortar) shopping. (LIST ON EASEL)• Offline: What makes experience e njoyable? What are the headaches?• Online: What makes experience enjoyable? What are the headaches?• What are the factors that influence whether you shop in a store vs. online?• Are there items that you buy in one mode that you wouldn't buy in the other?While there was a protocol for the focus group questions, each focus group covered unique ground as participants' comments and answers would prompt follow-up into different areas; the offline protocol had to be adapted somewhat for the online focus groups. In the four online groups, a professional moderator ran the groups, while hoth researchers "lurked," being present without being visible to participants; researchers could communicate with the moderator behind-the-scenes, suggesting questions or probes. The online groups are held in real time in a "chat room" format. As part of the online group, selected web sites were "spawned" on participant computers, where they could respond to and interact with the web site.Offline focus groups were transcribed while online group transcriptions were automatically generated. We analyzed the transcripts by systematically categorizing and labeling attributes of online shopping." We undertook coding and development of theory together'* and ultimately developed four categories of goal-oriented motivations and three categories of experiential motivations. Table 2 shows how goal-oriented and experientialmotivations, characteristics, and attributes were contrasted and coded. In addition, we looked for connections or theoretical connections to goal-oriented and experiential motivations, a process called "iterative tacking."Rather than reporting specific tabulations, and in line with common managerial practice in analyzing focus group data, we have suggested a degree of consensus without necessarily claiming specific proportions or orders of magnitude, especially when such information might be useful to managers." However, quantitative market research data reported by major firms that dovetails with our findings is used to support our claims. Nevertheless, the preponderance of responses did not guide our analysis entirely. Idiosyncratic responses not only offered clues about the boundaries within which findings are relevant, but also surfaced issues not articulated as well by other study participants.Goal-Oriented ShoppingEspecially impressive is the frequency with which goal-oriented shoppers mentioned the increased freedom and control they experience while shopping online (see Table 3 for sample quotes). Thus, web customers are not passive recipients of marketing and selling and are instead central players who experience increased control in the online environment. Interestingly, online buyers often said they decided to go online to shop only when they had a specific purchase in mind, with the majority describing online buying as consisting largely of planned purchases. In fact, many online buyers told us that they did not necessarily think of buying on the net as "shopping." Rather, they think of it as "buying." We specifically asked online buyers if they are more impulsive while shopping online or offline and were overwhelmingly informed that shoppers are more impulsive offline (except at auction sites, where buying behavior is much more likely to be experiential). The general lack of impulsiveness during online shopping is due to the inahility to take possession of goods immediately, the ease of returning later to buy the goods after further thought, and the trouble of having to mail back unwanted items.。
电子商务网上购物外文翻译
SHOPPI NG ONLINE FOR FREEDOM,CONTROL AND FUNThe number of consum er buying online, and the amount beingspent by online bu y ers has been on the rise; Forres ter Resear ch has estima ted intern et salesin 1999 to be more than double that of 1998,$20 billio n .In compari son,overall retail salesin the U.S. totale d $13 trillion in 1999. thus,e-commer ce sale curren tly accoun t for only about 1% of retail sales,and expert s and schola rs have argued over the possib l e upperlimit to the percen tageof consum er online spendi ng. Will the upperlimit of online spendi ng exceed that of otherdirect marketing at 15%? Or will it be as much as one thirdof purchases in many retail produc t catego riesby 2010 as recently sugges ted by Forest er Resear ch?Ultima tely,the degree to whichonline shoppi ng fulfil ls goal-orient ed and experi en tia l consum er needswill impact the amount of shoppi ng dollar s that consum ers will choose to spendi ng each enviro nment. Whilemany writer s are toutin g the unique capabilitie s of the online medium to provid e intera ctivi ty and person alize d experi ences, for instan ce, few have focu se d system atically on what online shoppe rs really desire, and why they are shoppi ng online in the first place. Clearl y unders tandi ng what online shoppers really desire, and why they are shopping online can and should inform strate g y. Techno logyand marketing decisi ons as well as websit e design. So ,what motivates online shoppi ng? In the offlin e enviro nment, market ers recogn ize that consum ers shop differ ently depending on whether theirm otiva tions for searching are primarily experi entia l (for fun) or goal direct ed (for effici ency). Our resear ch of online custom ers sugges ts that thesetwo motiva tions genera lizeto the online enviro nment as well.Experi entia l behavi or is especi allylikely in catego rieswhereshoppe rs have an ongoin g, hobby-type intere st. Collec torsand hobbyi sts enjoythe “thrill of the hunt”as much as the acquis i tion of itemsf or the collection. As well, having time availa ble and desiri ng stimul ati on result s in more experi entia l shoppi ng behavi or. Schola rs have also discov eredthat the high er playfu lness associ atedwith experi entia l behavi or result s in a more positi ve mood, greate r shoppi ng satisf actio n and a higerlikeli hoodof impuls e purcha singcompar ed to goal-focu se d shoppi ng.Goal-orient ed or utilit arian shoppi ng has been descri bed by variou s marketing schola rs as task-orient ed, effici ent, ration al, and delibe rate.Thus, goal-focuse d shoppers are transa ction-orient ed and desire to purcha se what they want quickl y and withou t distra ction. Retailing consum ers descri be utilit arian shoppi ng as "work" and evaluate the result s of theireffort by termscommon ly associ atedwith work performance, such as "success" and "accomplishment."Import antly, marketing resear ch firmsh ave foundthat two-thirds to four-fifths of Internet buyers engage in narrowly define d search es for specif ic produc ts online.* In an online survey we recently conducted with 1013 member s of the Harris Intera ctive online panel, 71% of shoppers said theirm ost recent online purcha se had been previo u slyplanne d, while29% said they had been browsi ng.when they made theirpurcha se. Thus, online shoppi ng is more likely to be goal focu se d rather than experi entia l. Clickstream analysis of majore-commer ce sitesalso suggests that online consum ers tend to be goal-focuse d. For exampl e, durati on time spenti n a storeor at a site, termed"sticki ness"by e-commer ce inside rs, is strong ly correl atedwith motiva tion,as experi entia l shoppers "stick"around longer than do transa ction-orient ed consum ers. Curren tly, weekly data provid ed by Nielse n-Net Rating s regula rly show that the "sticki ness" of e-commerce web sitesi s quitelimite d, with the length of visits at top sites(with the signif icant exception of e-Bay) beinglargel y 15 minute s or less. A typical weekly averag e time spent on Barnes and Noble,for instan ce, is 10 minute s, just aboutl ong enough to find a book and actually comple te the transa ction.Why are more e-tailin g consum ers expect ed to be goal-focuse d? One clue is the findin g that time-starve d consum ers are especi allylikely to be online shoppe rs. Anothe r clue is that earlyand heavyusers of the Intern et tend to have a strong intern al locusof contro l and thus are goal-orient ed person aliti es. Moreov er, the online medium facili tates utilit arian behavi or as search costsf or produc t inform ation are dramaticall y reduce d.'" Our research with online shoppers sugges ts that goal-orient ed shoppers are intere stedin e-tailin g becaus e of four specific attrib u tes: conven ience and access i bili ty; selection; availa bility of inform ation; and lack of sociality. Import antly, shoppe rs frequen tlyand explic i tlyassoci ate theseg oal-orient ed attributeswith increased freedom and control.Despit e the prepon deran ce of utilit arian online shoppi ng, thereis eviden ce that someonline shoppe rs engage in experi entia l shoppi ng, or shoppi ng for fun, a behavi or desira ble to market ers as fun-seeker s tend to be impuls ive and to make more purcha ses." Why are some online shoppe rs engagi ng in experi entia l behavi or? Experi entia l shoppe rs tell us they enjoy: auctio ns;involv ement with a hobby/produc t class; and bargai n huntin g. In sum, theseshoppe rs focuson "the experi ence" or fun of online shoppi ng as much as they do on produc t acquis ition (see Table1).Resear ch Method ologyThis resear ch was suppor ted by the Center for Resear ch on Inform ation Techno logyin Organi zatio ns (CRITO) at the Univer sityof Califo rnia, Irvine. The purpos e of the projec t is to unders tandthe attrib utesthat contri buteto consum ers having a satisf ying,high-qualit y online shoppi ng experi ence. Our specif ic purpos e in undert aking this resear ch was to fullyunders tandconsum er motiva tions for online shoppi ng, as thesemotiva tions will affect the web site attrib utesand experi ences desire d by shoppe rs. We undert ook 9 focusgroups of online buyers (64 consum ers altoge ther). Threefocusgroups includ ed MBA studen ts and staff, a grouplikely to be techno logy"Fast Forwar ds"'^ and thus earlyadopte rs of online shoppi ng. In additi on, we conduc ted two offlin e focusgroups in Southe rn Califo rniarecrui ted from Harris Intera ctive's online panel.Finall y, we worked with Harris Intera ctive to conduc t four online focusgroups (includ ing partic ipant s from across the U.S. and Canada). Harris Intera ctive recrui ted both online and offlin e partic ipant s with the aim of creati ng groups who were divers e with respec t to age, sex, online experi ence,and produc ts purcha sed online. Our sample includ ed partic ipant s aged 19 to 81; they purcha sed CDs, books, softwa re, hardwa re, toys and travel, and engage d in online auctio ns, all common online buying catego ries.Howeve r, outsid e thesemajorcatego ries, a wide variet y of purcha ses were made, includ ing ammuni tion,linger ie, grocer ies, campin g equipm ent, cars; one partic ipant had even purcha sed his houseonline!Online qualit ative resear ch offers the advant age of obtain ing indivi dualas well as groupreacti ons to concep ts and resear ch questi ons, whileminimi zingthe opport unity for indivi duals in the groupto domina te the groupor persua de otherrespon dents by the forceof theirperson aliti es. The online focusgroupmethod ology evokes dialog ues that are honest, direct, and somewh at less constr ained by social conven tions presen t in tradit ional focusgroups. Online qualit ative resear ch is unique ly suited for engagi ng Intern et savvyrespon dents. It is especi allyappeal ing to thosefor whom time is at a premiu m. In additi on, online focusgroups reachaudien ces not genera lly reache d by tradit ional face-to-face focusgroups, includ ing thosein outlyi ng areasand respon dents who are home bound.Indivi duals locate d in geogra phica lly divers e areascan partic ipate in the same sessio n. Respon dents use theirown comput ers and do not have to travel to a focusgroupfacili ty."Basedon existi ng litera tureon goal-focuse d and experi entia l motiva tions in offlin e shoppi ng and specul ation s aboutthesemotiva tions applyi ng to the online enviro nment, our studyaskedpartic ipant s if they shop for entert ainme nt or for specif ic needs."* Also, we invest igate d the degree to whichonline buyers perfor m relati velynarrow produc t search es as oppose d to browsi ng online. We also askedfocusgrouppartic ipant s to compar e online and offlin e shoppi ng, whichincrea sed our unders tandi ng of the underl yingdeterm inant s of online shoppi ng. More specif icall y, our guidefor the portio n of focusgroupfocusi ng on motiva tions contai ned the follow ing questi ons:I want to startby talkin g aboutshoppi ng. Just abouteveryb ody likesto shop, or has to shop.•Descri be your typica l online shoppi ng experi ence. (Probe:)•Wheredo you usuall y shop from? At what time of day? How often?What typesof things do you usuall y shop for online?•Doyougotoaspecif ic site to shop, or do you search for itemsfirst?•Howoftendo you shop for entert ainme nt vs. shop for a specif ic need?•Ingenera l, what differ ences come to mind when thinki ng aboutonline shoppi ng and offlin e (brick-and-mortar) shoppi ng. (LIST ON EASEL)•Offlin e: What makesexperi enceenjoya ble? What are the headac hes?•Online: What makesexperi enceenjoya ble? What are the headac hes?•Whatarethef actor s that influe nce whethe r you shop in a storevs. online?•Arethereitemsthat you buy in one mode that you wouldn't buy in the other?Whiletherewas a protoc ol for the focusgroupquesti ons, each focusgroupcovere d unique ground as partic ipant s' commen ts and answer s wouldprompt follow-up into differ ent areas; the offlin e protoc ol had to be adapte d somewh at for the online focusgroups. In the four online groups, a profes siona l modera tor ran the groups, whilehoth resear chers"lurked," beingpresen t withou t beingvisibl e to partic ipant s; resear chers couldcommun icate with the modera tor behind-the-scenes, sugges tingquesti ons or probes. The online groups are held in real time in a "chat room" format. As part of the online group,select ed web siteswere "spawne d" on partic ipant comput ers, wherethey couldrespon d to and intera ct with the web site.Offlin e focusgroups were transc ribed whileonline grouptransc ripti ons were automa tical ly genera ted. We analyz ed the transc ripts by system atica lly catego rizin g and labeli ng attrib utesof online shoppi ng." We undert ook coding and develo pment of theory togeth er'* and ultima telydevelo ped four catego riesof goal-orient ed motiva tions and threecatego riesof experi entia l motiva tions. Table2 showshow goal-orient ed and experi entia l motiva tions, charac teris tics,and attrib uteswere contra stedand coded.In additi on, we lookedfor connec tions or theore tical connec tions to goal-orient ed and experi entia l motiva tions, a proces s called "iterat ive tackin g."Rather than reporting specif ic tabula tions, and in line with common manage rial practi ce in analyz ing focusg roupdata, we have sugges ted a degree of consen sus withou t necess arily claimi ng specif i c propor tions or orders of magnitu de, especi allywhen such inform ati on m i ghtbe useful to manage rs." However, quanti tativ e market resear ch data report ed by majorf i rmsthat doveta ils with our findin g s is used to support our claims. Neverth eless, the prepon deran ce of respon ses did not guideour analysis entire ly. Idiosy ncrati c respon ses not only offere d cl u esabout the bounda rieswithin whichfindin g s are relevan t, but also surfac ed issues not articulated as well by otherstudypartic i pants.Goal-Orient ed ShoppingEspeci allyimpres sivei s the frequen cy with whichg oal-orient ed shoppe rs mentio n ed the increa sed freedom and control they experi encewhileshoppi ng online (see Table 3 for sam ple quotes). Thus, web custom ers are not passiv e recipi entsof marketing and sellin g and are instead centra l player s who experi enceincrea sed control in the online enviro nment. Intere sting ly, online buyers oftensaid they decide d to go online to shop only when they had a specif ic purchase in mind, with the majori ty descri bingonline buying as consis tinglargel y of planne d purchases. In fact, many online buyers told us that they did not necess arily thinkof buying on the net as "shoppi ng." Rather, they thinkof it as "buying." We specif icall y askedonline buyers if they are more impuls ive whileshoppi ng online or offlin e and were overwh elmin gly inform ed that shoppe rs are more impuls i ve offlin e (except at auctio n sites,wherebuying behavi or is much more likely to be experi entia l). The genera l lack of impuls i vene ss during online shopping is due to the inahil ity to take posses sionof goodsimmedi ately, the ease of return ing l aterto buy the goodsafterf urthe r though t, and the troubl e of having to mail back unwant ed items.。
网购英语作文带翻译
网购英语作文带翻译Online Shopping。
With the development of the Internet, online shopping has become increasingly popular. It has brought great convenience to people's lives. Nowadays, people can buy almost everything they need online, from daily necessities to luxury goods. There are many reasons why online shopping is so popular.Firstly, online shopping saves time and energy. Instead of going to physical stores, people can simply sit at home and browse through various online shops. They can easily compare prices and products, and make purchases with just a few clicks. This saves a lot of time and energy compared to traditional shopping.Secondly, online shopping offers a wide range of choices. There are countless online shops selling different products, and consumers can easily find what they needwithout being limited by geographic location. This means that people can access a wider variety of products and brands, and can even buy goods from other countries without leaving their homes.Thirdly, online shopping often offers better prices and discounts. Many online shops offer lower prices compared to physical stores, and there are often discounts and promotions available. This makes online shopping more cost-effective and affordable for consumers.However, there are also some disadvantages to online shopping. For example, people cannot physically see or touch the products before purchasing, which may lead to dissatisfaction with the quality of the products. Additionally, there is the risk of online fraud and scams, which can be a concern for some consumers.In conclusion, online shopping has become an integral part of modern life. It offers convenience, a wide range of choices, and often better prices. However, consumers should also be cautious and aware of the potential risksassociated with online shopping. Overall, online shopping has revolutionized the way people shop and will continue to play a significant role in the future.随着互联网的发展，网购变得越来越受欢迎。
写网上购物的七年级下册水平英语作文配汉译
写网上购物的七年级下册水平英语作文配汉译Online shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years, particularly among young people. As a seventh grader, I have also started to explore the world of online shopping and have had both positive and negative experiences with it. In this essay, I will share my thoughts on online shopping and discuss some of the benefits and drawbacks of this modern shopping method.One of the biggest advantages of online shopping is convenience. With just a few clicks, I can browse through a wide variety of products and make a purchase without ever leaving my home. This is especially useful when I need to buy something that is not available in local stores or when I don't have the time to go out and shop. Online shopping also allows me to compare prices easily and find the best deals, saving me money in the long run.Another benefit of online shopping is the sheer number of options available. I can find virtually anything I want online, from clothing and electronics to books and groceries. This has made it easier for me to discover new products and brands that I might not have been able to find in traditional stores. Additionally,online shopping allows me to shop from international retailers, giving me access to products from around the world.However, online shopping also has its drawbacks. One of the biggest challenges I have faced is the issue of sizing. Without being able to try on clothes before purchasing them, I have often ended up with items that do not fit properly. This has led to the hassle of having to return or exchange items, which can be time-consuming and frustrating.Another downside of online shopping is the risk of security breaches. As a seventh grader, I am not always aware of the potential dangers of sharing my personal information online. I have heard stories of people falling victim to scams or identity theft while shopping online, which makes me wary of providing my credit card information to unfamiliar websites.In conclusion, online shopping offers many benefits, such as convenience, a wide selection of products, and competitive prices. However, there are also drawbacks, including sizing issues and security concerns. As a seventh grader, I have learned to be cautious while shopping online and to always make sure that I am purchasing from reputable websites. With the right precautions, online shopping can be a great way to find new products and save time and money.在过去的几年里，网上购物变得越来越流行，特别是在年轻人中间。
体验营销与网络购物网站亚马逊外文文献翻译2014年译文4400字
文献出处: Turban E. Experience Marketing and B2C Online Shopping Sites: The Case of Amazon [J] Electronic Commerce. Springer International Publishing, 2014, 23（31）: 15-26.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。
）原文Experience Marketing and B2C Online Shopping Sites: The Case of AmazonTurban E.AbstractThe rapid development of network shopping for B2C e-commerce to provide a good development opportunity, at the same time, in the era of experience economy, experience marketing as a kind of personalized shopping experience for consumers by more and more enterprises attach importance to marketing means.B2C e-commerce enterprise can use experiential marketing to consumers is not the same as the network shopping experience, thus the development of B2C e-commerce enterprise and brand construction has an important meaning, between various network mall of competitive price bidding, such as: amazon has been pay attention to consumer's shopping experience, and in the forefront of the domestic famous network shopping mall.Key words: Experience marketing; Network shopping; Aamazon1 Basic concept of experience marketing and backgroundExperience marketing has been accepted by many marketing professionals and applied to actual marketing operation, we briefly review the basic concept of experience marketing and its background.1.1the meaning of experienceAlthough in life we are familiar with the word "experience", but if you want to find out the meaning of the experience marketing, let's look at the meaning of experience. American scholar Bernd H. Schmitt to experience is defined like this: experience is the individual's response to some stimulus. Human life is dependent on the experience. Experience usually comes from direct observation and/or participate in some activities, whether these activities are real or virtual, dream. Visible, each person's life will experience a wide range of experience, and experience emphasizes the individual experience, different people to experience the feeling there is a difference of the same event.Famous American scholar James Joseph pine and Gilmore in ((experience economy "is put forward:" the so-called experience is refers to people with an essentially very humanized way through a period of time, and present in the process of obtaining a series of events can be recalled. "Simply put, experience is to make everyone involved in the incident in a personalized way. They emphasize in the era of experience economy is a new experience value source, they think: experience is the fourth kind of economy, it is separated from the service, like service once separated from the goods, but the experience is provided so far has not been widely recognized economic. `. So their understanding of experience has not only confined to the person's psychology experience level, while the rise in the experience economic driving force for the new era.1.2The meaning of experience marketingSince the experience as 4 kind of economy, the experience marketing inevitably arise due to economic development. As a kind of driven to experience new marketing methods, different scholars on the meaning also has a different point of view. As early as in 1998, the American scholar Joseph pine and James Gilmore of experience marketing is defined as: "from a consumer's sensory, emotional, thinking, action, associated with five aspects to redefine, design marketing concept." They experience marketing from the Angle of the marketing concept to analysis, but not limited to simple marketing tool. Bed H. Schmitt in the book "experiential marketing", points out that from the perspective of marketing, experience marketing. Standing in the consumer sensory, emotional, thinking, action, associated with five aspects, to define, design, marketing way of thinking. Consumers are not completely rational, according to the view of consumer at the same time be both rational and emotional, experience marketing is to create value for enterprises based on this point.Experience marketing essentially, the ultimate goal of enterprise to carry out the experience marketing is to sell products and services to consumers. Enterprise through understanding and the understanding of consumer demand, to create unique experience process, to create maximum value for the consumer, so as to achieve the business goal of a marketing concept.1.3Experience marketing backgroundWith the continuous development of world economy, the world entered the era of experience economy, the economy the era have entrusted to the whole world is not the same asthe consumption idea, the emergence of the experience marketing has become inevitable.1.3.1The arrival of the era of experience economyStrategic horizon consulting company in 1998, the United States, Ohio, co-founder of Joseph James Gilmore and pine, the Harvard business review, published in the United States of the context of the experience economy era to officially declare: experience economy era has come. According to different economic offerings, the economic development has experienced the agricultural economy, industrial economy, service economy and experience economy. In addition to the agricultural economy, every economic age has a corresponding marketing model, product marketing, service marketing and experience marketing. In the experience economy era, people's material life condition has been met, great changes have taken place in consumption idea. Different from that of commodity economy and service economy era, the era of experience economy consumers emphasize a way of life, they are no longer just value products and services themselves, began to pay attention to the whole process of consumption, particularly care about the psychological feelings of self in the process of consumption. Experience marketing to cater to the needs of the development of The Times, the design of the product development is based on experience, consumption process emphasizes good interaction with customers, business creation experience to attract consumers, improve the added value of its own products, eventually get consumer recognition, and thus improve product brand influence.1.3.2Consumer consumption concept changesAlong with the progress of the era, the global economy towards integration, social and cultural exchanges around the world more and more close, with the rapid development of global trade, consumer's consumption concept has also changed. The development of economy makes people income level enhances unceasingly, more and more high to the requirement of the quality of life, the consumer concept of life, life style and value standard to be diversified, customized consumption way. The famous American psychologist Maslow to man the psychological characteristics of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, according to the theory of people's needs are divided into physiological, safety, social, respect and self-realization of five layers. When economic development to a certain level, people in the front of the four levels are satisfied after, into the "self-realization" level. Nowadays, with the improving of the quality of living standards, many people's psychological needs are moving towards "self-realization" level, at the level ofconsumer pursue personalized consumption to achieve self, pure product function and service have not highlight the emotional needs of the consumer heart, consumer's consumption concept is more and more attention to enjoy in the process of consumption and entertainment, they are happy to participate in and experience, looking for fresh, interesting or exciting activities, all of these lay the foundation for the experience consumption.1.3.3 The development of science and technologyIn recent decades is the era of rapid development of science and technology, people come into contact with many of the new creative technology products, contact with these new product itself is a kind of novel experience process, whether it is television, mobile phones and computers, and other products, even in the network world of online games, online shopping, etc., these are the people from the development of science and technology to experience new things, changed many people's way of life. Many experiential consumption is guided by high-tech enterprises take the lead and demonstration. Before launched SONY Walkman, for example, consumers did not think of to listen to the concert so convenient; Before apple to create a personal computer, consumers never imagine a the machine is to be a part of yourself to live and work in the future. These companies use high-tech mining the consumers' mind not express potential demand, so that consumers new psychological touches. Especially the advent of the era of Internet, the network space is born with is a good place to provide experience, online dating, online shopping and online games are the favorites of modern people, especially young people love and these are regarded as a kind of fashion.2Network shopping are briefly introducedWith the popularity of the Internet and the rapid development of Internet technology, online shopping in the sights of the general public in recent years, more and more people through the network shopping to buy their favorite items.2.1 Definition and patternsSince the birth of the Internet, using the Internet business behavior is born with, e-commerce becomes an important term in economic development. What is electronic commerce? Electronic COMMERCE (e-commerce) : from a broad sense, refers to the electronic equipment as a medium for business activities; Said from the narrow sense, refers to the computer network to be conducted on the basis of the various business activities, includinggoods and services providers, advertisers, the sum of consumer behavior, intermediaries and other parties concerned. The development of e-commerce has been attention, in the social economy began to play an increasingly important role.Depending on the transaction object, the operation mode of e-commerce can be divided into the following three: B2B (Business to Business, business-to-business e-commerce mode), B2C (Business to Customer, business-to-consumer e-commerce mode) and C2C (Customer to the Customer, consumer to consumer e-commerce mode).Today, on the Internet, we can easily come into contact with the three kinds of patterns for e-business web site, such as have Alibaba B2B website;B2C website dingdong, dingdong mall and amazon, etc.;C2C websites such as eBay and clap nets.2.2 The advantages of online shopping2.2.1 Convenient and save timeIs one of the advantages of online shopping convenience to save time, the consumer is not restricted by time and space for network shopping, don't need to run to a crowded shopping mall, don't have to wait in line to buy goods, the entire process of the network shopping is to the click of a mouse in the home easy to complete, direct door-to-door delivery of goods. With the accelerating rhythm of life, for work at ordinary time’s busy consumers, online shopping is a good way of shopping. According to research investigation, to look for is the most convenient needs network consumers' main shopping motives. Visible, most consumers choose online shopping is to covet convenient, save time save trouble.2.2.2 Product varietyWith the gradual improvement of living conditions, a growing consumer demand for material, many consumers began to pursue some rich personalized products, these products are generally not easy to buy, convenient and with the aid of network information search, consumers can easily find their own personalized products. Online shopping as a result of the limitation of broken product sales region, they can sell products all over the country, and even help act as purchasing agency of foreign products to meet the needs of the part of consumers. Consumers can choose products is more and more, it also stimulated many consumers to join the network shopping.2.2.3 Pursuit of fashionWandered around along with the development of the network shopping, online shopping has become part of people's new hobby, like the daily shopping, online around this part of the group in order to pass the time already, also can buy the goods that oneself like, and can also meet a group of those who have the same interests and hobbies. Research analyzes believed that online stroll gradually become a new fashion, which on the one hand, shows that online shopping in Internet penetration deepening, on the other hand also for enterprises to further enhance the level of shopping platform service put forward higher request, this part around the user as a potential consumer groups, if be directed and cultivate, will be online growth momentum. The pursuit of fashion trend is intensifying.2.2.4 Network shopping itself is a kind of entertainmentInternet shopping is along with the computer network technology development, technology itself with many fresh, many consumers with curiosity and fashion attitude to experience the fun of online shopping. Modern people life rhythm speeding up, work hard, for everybody to want to seek the happy way of life. Online shopping has become a kind of relaxed lifestyle, consumers can log in different shopping website, browse the website commodity images, understand the details of all commodities, sometimes enjoy dazzling advertisements, also can buy the right product, and mental relaxation. These increased a lot of experience for consumers.3The experience marketing in the network shoppingIn the study of the traditional marketing strategy, we usually is around 4 p (products, price, channel and promotion) and 4 c (customer, cost, communication, and convenience) such classic framework. Due to the characteristics of the experience marketing and traditional marketing there is a big difference, and the characteristics of different industries also has remarkable, experience marketing must be combined with industry characteristics to take a targeted marketing strategy. Marketing strategy framework is composed of elements, select the reasonable factor is of great help to analysis the marketing strategy, so we must choose the right strategy elements to analyze the network shopping experience marketing.Experience marketing have been widely used in many industries, many scholars at home and abroad of experience marketing strategies are put forward its own views. American scholar Bodh. Schmitt put forward in "experiential marketing", "with the aid of these factors of experience marketing, facilities, products, services and interactive experience process, we can analyze theexperience research." Due to the same element to the effects of different industry contribution degree is different, so should choose the influential factors on the sector. Facilities for the network shopping environment for consumers, there is no contact or impact is not big, so we don't choose the elements as the experience marketing strategy. And online retail sales to consumers of tangible or intangible products, key elements of the product is definitely impress and attract consumers, is also the key elements of network shopping experience marketing. In addition to product and perfect service can bring high quality of the network shopping consumer experience, the network shopping also must have relevant supporting services to implement, how to make consumers feel the high quality service experience marketing is the key to success. And memorable experience always leave the consumer involvement, interactive activities to reduce the distance between consumers and businesses. Online shopping also requires incisively and vividly to businesses and consumers communication, and form good dependencies in the interaction. E-commerce enterprises due to the Internet as a medium, the interaction form and content is more diversified and also more easily acceptable to consumers. Through online and offline interaction can enhance customer satisfaction, interaction has become an integral part of perfecting the consumer shopping experience. Therefore, products, services and interaction are applicable to network shopping experience marketing essentials.译文体验营销与网络购物网站：亚马逊的案例研究图尔班摘要网络购物的迅猛发展给B2C电子商务提供一个良好的发展机遇，同时，在体验经济时代，体验营销作为一种为消费者带来个性化消费体验的营销手段受到越来越多企业的重视。
电子商务外文翻译
Information Security Problems in E-commerceⅠ. IntroductionE-commerce (E-Business) is in open networks, including between enterprises (B2B), business and consumers (B2C) commercial transactions, compared with the traditional business model, e-commerce with efficient, convenient, covered wide range of characteristics and benefits. However, e-commerce open this Internet-based data exchange is great its security vulnerabilities, security is a core e-commerce development constraints and key issues.In this paper, the basic ideas and principles of systems engineering, analyzes the current security threats facing e-commerce, in this based on security technology from the perspective of development trend of e-commerce.Ⅱ. E-commerce modelModern e-commerce technology has focused on the establishment and operation of the network of stores. Network in the department stores and real stores no distinction between structure and function, differences in their function and structure to achieve these methods and the way business operate.Web store from the front view is a special kind of WEB server. WEB site of modern multimedia support and a good interactive feature as the basis for the establishment of this virtual store, so customers can, as in a real supermarket pushing a shopping cart to select goods, and finally in the checkout check out. These online stores also constitute the three pillars of software: catalog, shopping cart and customer checkout. Customers use an electronic currency and transaction must store customers and stores are safe and reliable.Behind the store in the network, enterprises must first have a product storage warehouse and administration; second network to sell products by mail or other delivery channels to customers hands; Third, enterprises should also be responsible for product after-sales service, This service may be through networks, may not. Internet transactions are usually a first Pay the bill and getting goods shopping. For customers, convenience is that the goods purchased will be directly delivered to their home, but hard to feel assured that the goods can not be confirmed until the hands reach into their own hands, what it is.Therefore, the credibility of the store network and service quality is actually the key to the success of e-commerce.Ⅲ.the key to development of electronic commerceE-commerce in the telecommunications network to develop. Therefore, the advanced computer network infrastructure and telecommunications policy easing the development of electronic commerce has become a prerequisite. Currently, telecom services, high prices, limited bandwidth, the service is not timely or not reliable and so the development of e-commerce has become a constraint. Speed up the construction of telecommunications infrastructure, to break the telecommunications market monopoly, introduce competition mechanism to ensure fair competition in the telecommunications business, to promote networking, ensure to provide users with low-cost, high-speed, reliable communications services is a good construction targetnetwork environment, but also all of the world common task.E-commerce the most prominent problem is to solve the on-line shopping, trading and clearing of security issues, including the establishment of e-commerce trust between all the main issues, namely the establishment of safety certification system (CA) issues; choose safety standards (such as SET , SSL, PKI, etc.) problems; using encryption and decryption method and encryption strength problems. Establishment of security authentication system which is the key.Online trading and traditional face to face or written transactions in different ways, it is transmitted through the network business information and trade activities. The security of online transactions means:Validity: the validity of the contract to ensure online transactions, to prevent system failure, computer viruses, hacker attacks.Confidentiality: the content of the transaction, both transactions account, the password is not recognized by others and stealing.Integrity: to prevent the formation of unilateral transaction information and modify.Therefore, the e-commerce security system should include: secure and reliable communications network to ensure reliable data transmission integrity, prevent viruses, hackers; electronic signatures and other authentication systems; complete data encryption system and so on.Ⅳ.e-commerce security issues facingAs e-commerce network is the computer-based, it inevitably faces a number of security issues.(1) Information leakPerformance in e-commerce for the leakage of business secrets, including two aspects: the parties are dealing transactions by third parties to steal the contents; transaction to the other party to provide documents used illegal use by third parties.(2) AlteredE-commerce information for business performance in the authenticity and integrity issues. Electronic transaction information in the network transmission process may be others to illegally modify, delete or re-changed, so that information about its authenticity and integrity.(3) IdentificationWithout identification, third-party transactions is likely to fake the identity of parties to a deal breaker, damage the reputation of being counterfeit or stolen by one party to the transaction fake results and so on, for identification, the transaction between the two sides can prevent suspicion situation.(4) Computer virusesComputer virus appeared 10 years, a variety of new virus and its variants rapidly increasing, the emergence of the Internet for the spread of the virus has provided the best medium. Many new viruses directly using the network as its transmission, as well as many viruses spread faster through dried networks, frequently causing billions of dollars in economic losses.(5) HackerWith the spread of a variety of application tools, hackers have been popular, and are not in the past; non-computer expert can not be a hacker. Have kicked Yahoo's mafia boy did not receive any special training, only a few attacks to the users to download software and learn how to use the Internet on a big dry.Ⅴ.e-commerce security and safety factorsEnterprise application security is the most worried about e-commerce, and how to protect the security of e-commerce activities, will remain the core of e-commerce research. As a secure e-commerce system, we must first have a safe, reliable communication network, to ensure that transaction information secure and rapid transmission; second database server to ensure absolute security against hackers break into networks to steal information. E-commerce security technologies include encryption, authentication technology and e-commerce security protocols, firewall technology.(A), encryption technologyTo ensure the security of data and transactions to prevent fraud, to confirm the true identity of transaction parties, e-commerce to adopt encryption technology, encryption technology is through the use of code or password to protect data security. For encrypted data is called plaintext, specifically through the role of a encryption algorithm, the conversion into cipher text, we will express this change as the cipher text is called encryption, the cipher text by the decryption algorithm to form a clear role in the output of this a process known as decryption. Encryption algorithm known as the key parameters used. The longer the key, the key space is large, traverse the key space the more time spent, the less likely cracked.Encryption technology can be divided into two categories: symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption to the data encryption standard DES (Data Encryption Standard) algorithm is represented. Asymmetric encryption is usually RSA (Rivets Shamir Aleman) algorithm is represented.(B), authenticationCommonly used security authentication technologies: digital signatures, digital certificates, digital time stamp, CA security authentication technology.(C), hacker protection technologyCurrently, hackers have become the biggest e-commerce security threats, thus preventing hacking network security technology has become the main content, by governments and industry are highly valued. Hacking techniques include buffer overflow attacks, Trojans, port scans, IP fraud, network monitoring, password attacks, and denial of service Dos attacks. At present, people have made many effective anti-hacker technologies, including firewalls, intrusion detection, and network security evaluation techniques.Ⅵ.the future security of e-commerceIncreasingly severe security problems, are growing threat to national and global economic security, governments have been based on efforts in the following areas:(1) Strengthen the legislation, refer to the advanced countries have effective legislation, innovative, e-commerce and improve the protection of the laws againstcyber-crime security system.(2) Establishment of relevant institutions, to take practical measures to combat cyber crime. Development of the law, the implementing agencies should also be used for its relevant laws, which must establish an independent oversight body, such as the executing agency to implement the law.(3) Increase investment in network security technology; improve the level of network security technology. E-commerce security law is the prerequisite and basis for development and secure e-commerce security technology is a means of protection. There are many security issues are technical reasons, it should increase the technology resources, and continuously push forward the development of old technologies and developing new security technology.(4) To encourage enterprises to protect themselves against Internet crime against. To avoid attack, companies can not hold things to chance, must attach great importance to system vulnerabilities, in time to find security holes to install the operating system and server patches, and network security detection equipment should be used regularly scan the network monitoring, develop a set of complete security protection system to enable enterprises to form a system and combined with the comprehensive protection system.(5) To strengthen international cooperation to strengthen global efforts to combat cyber crime. As e-commerce knows no borders, no geographical, it is a completely open area, so the action against cyber crime e-commerce will also be global. This will require Governments to strengthen cooperation, can not have "the saying which goes, regardless of others, cream tile" misconception.(6) To strengthen the network of national safety education, pay attention to the cultivation of outstanding computer.Ⅶ. ConclusionE-commerce in China has developed rapidly in recent years, but the security has not yet established. This has an impact on the development of electronic commerce as a barrier.To this end, we must accelerate the construction of the e-commerce security systems. This will be a comprehensive, systematic project involving the whole society. Specifically, we want legal recognition of electronic communications records of the effectiveness of legal protection for electronic commerce; we should strengthen the research on electronic signatures, to protect e-commerce technology; we need to build e-commerce authentication system as soon as possible, to organize protection for electronic commerce. Moreover, for e-commerce features without borders, we should also strengthen international cooperation, so that e-commerce truly plays its role. Only in this way, we can adapt to the times Promoting China's economic development; also the only way we can in the economic globalization today, to participate in international competition, and thus gain a competitive advantage.REFERENCES：[1]Grover, V. et al., 2001, E-Commerce and the Information Market, Communications of the ACM, vol. 44, no. 4, April, 79-86.[2]EWT Ngai.Fuzzy decision support system for risk analysis in e-commerce development. 2005[3]DH McKnight.What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: an interdisciplinary conceptual typology .2001[4]W Wang.Interactive decision aids for consumer decision making in e-commerce: the influence of perceived strategy restrictiveness .2009[5]Lohse, L. G., Spiller, P., 1998, Electronic Shopping, Communications of the ACM, vol. 41, no. 7, July, 81- 88.[6]Lima, R. S. et al, 2000, Evaluating Web sites for an educational environment target for cardiology, The 3rd European Software Measurement Conference – FESMA-AEMES, Madrid, September.。
网上书店管理系统外文资料翻译中文版
毕业设计(论文）外文资料翻译系：信息工程学院专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：xxxxxx学号：xxxxxxxxx外文出处: Thinking.In.Java.4th。
Edition(用外文写)附件:1。
外文资料翻译译文；2。
外文原文。
指导教师评语：签名：2011年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文一切都是对象“如果我们说另一种不同的语言，那么我们就会发觉一个有些不同的世界”.—Ludwig Wittgenstein(1889-1951）“尽管以C++为基础，但Java是一种更纯粹的面向对象程序设计语言”。
无论C++还是Java都属于杂合语言。
但在Java中，设计者觉得这种杂合并不像在C++里那么重要。
杂合语言允许采用多种编程风格；之所以说C++是一种杂合语言，是因为它支持与C语言的向后兼容能力。
由于C++是C的一个超集,所以包含的许多特性都是后者不具备的，这些特性使C++在某些地方显得过于复杂。
Java语言首先便假定了我们只希望进行面向对象的程序设计。
也就是说,正式用它设计之前，必须先将自己的思想转入一个面向对象的世界（除非早已习惯了这个世界的思维方式).只有做好这个准备工作，与其他OOP语言相比，才能体会到Java的易学易用。
在本章，我们将探讨Java程序的基本组件,并体会为什么说Java乃至Java程序内的一切都是对象。
1.1 用句柄操纵对象每种编程语言都有自己的数据处理方式。
有些时候，程序员必须时刻留意准备处理的是什么类型。
您曾利用一些特殊语法直接操作过对象,或处理过一些间接表示的对象吗（C 或C++里的指针）？所有这些在Java里都得到了简化，任何东西都可看作对象，。
因此,我们可采用一种统一的语法,任何地方均可照搬不误.但要注意,尽管一切都“看作”对象，但操纵的标识符实际是指向一个对象的“句柄”(Handle）。
在其他Java参考书里，还可看到有的人将其称作一个“引用”，甚至一个“指针”。
可将这一情形想象成用遥控板（句柄）操纵电视机（对象)。
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（1）读取客户发送的显式数据。
最终用户一般在页面的HTML表单中输入这些数据。然而，数据还有可能来自applet或定制的HTTP客户程序。
（2）读取由浏览器发送的隐式请求数据。
图1.1中显示了一条从客户端到Web服务器的单箭头，但实际上从客户端传送到Web服务器的数据有两种，它们分别为用户在表单中输入的显式数据，以及后台的HTTP信息。两种数据都很重要。HTTP信息包括cookie、浏览器所能识别的媒体类型和压缩模式等。
3、强大
Servlet支持常规CGI难以实现或根本不能实现的几项功能。Servlet能够直接于Web服务器对话，而常规的CGI程序做不到这一点，至少在不使用服务器专有API的情况下是这样。例如，与Web服务器的通信使得讲相对URL转换成具体的路径名变得更为容易。多个servelt还可以共享数据，从而易于实现数据库连接共享和类似的资源共享优化。Servelt还能维护请求之间的信息，使得诸如会话跟踪和计算结果缓存等技术变得更为简单。
图1.1中显示了一条从Web中间层到客户端的单箭头。但是，实际发送的数据有两种：文档本身，以及后台的HTTP信息。同样，两种数据对开发来说都式至关重要的。HTTP响应数据的发送过程涉及告知浏览器或其他客户程序所返回文档的类型（如HTML），设置cookie和缓存参数，以及其他类似的任务。
1.2动态构建网页的原因
2、页面由频繁改变的数据导出。
如果页面需要根据每个具体的请求做出相应的改变，当然需要在请求发生时构建响应。但是，如果页面周期性地改变，我们可以用两种方式来处理它：周期性地在服务器上构建新的页面（和客户请求无关），或者仅仅在用户请求该页面时再构建。具体应该采用哪种方式要根据具体情况而定，但后一种方式常常更为方便，因为它只需简单地等待用户的请求。例如，天气预报或新闻网站可能会动态地构建页面，也有可能会返回之前构建的页面（如果它还是最新的话）。
1.3Servlet相对于“传统”CGI的优点
和传统CGI及许多类CGI技术相比，Java servelt效率更高、更易用、更强大、更容易移植、更安全、也更廉价。
1、效率
应用传统的CGI，针对每个HTTP请求都用启动一个新的进程。如果CGI程序自身相对比较简短，那么启动进程的开销会占用大部分执行时间。而使用servelt，Java虚拟机会一直运行，并用轻量级的Java线程处理每个请求，而非重量级的操作系统进程。类似地，应用传统的CGI技术，如果存在对同一CGI程序的N个请求，那么CGI程序的代码会载入内存N次。同样的情况，如果使用servlet则启动N个线程，单仅仅载入servlet类的单一副本。这种方式减少了服务器的内存需求，通过实例化更少的对象从而节省了时间。最后，当CGI程序结束对请求的处理之后，程序结束。这种方式难以缓存计算结果，保持数据库连接打开，或是执行依靠持续性数据的其他优化。然而，servelt会一直停留在内存中（即使请求处理完毕），因而可以直接存储客户请求之间的任意复杂数据。
重庆三峡学院
毕业设计（论文）
文献综述和外文翻译
设计(论文)题目网上购物系统设计与实现
学院：计算机科学与工程学院
专业：软件工程
年级：2008级
姓名：肖伟
指导教师：朱丙丽
完成日期：2011年12月29日
文献综述
摘要：Servlet程序在服务器端运行，动态地生成Web页面与传统的CGI和许多其他类似CGI的技术相比，Java Servlet具有更高的效率，更容易使用，功能更强大，具有更好的可移植性，更节省投资。
但是，使用servlet 和JSP，他们能够从免费的服务器开始：Apache Tomcat。项目取得成功之后，他们可以转移到性能更高、管理更容易，但需要付费的服务器。他们的servelt和jsp不需要重写编写。如果他们的项目变得更庞大，他们或许希望转移到分布式环境。没有问题：他们可以转而使用Macromedia JRun Professional，该服务器支持分布式应用。同样，他们的servelt和jsp没有任何部分需要重写。如果项目变得极为庞大，错综复杂，他们或许希望使用Enterprise JavaBeans来封装他们的商业逻辑。因此，他们可以切换到BEA WebLogic或Oracle9i AS。同样，不需要对servlet和jsp做出更改。最后，如果他们的项目变得更庞大，他们或许将他从Linux转移到运行IBM WebSphere的IBM大型机上。他们还是不需要做出任何更改。
（3）生成结果。
这个过程可能需要访问数据库、执行RMI或EJB调用、调用Web服务，或者直接计算得出对应的响应。实际的数据可能存储在关系型数据库中。该数据库可能不理解HTTP，或者不能返回HTML形式的结果，所有Web浏览器不能直接与数据库进行会话。即使它能够做到这一点，为了安全上的考虑，我们也不希望让它这么做。对应大多数其他应用程序，也存在类似的问题。因此，我们需要Web中间层从HTTP流中提取输入数据，与应用程序会话，并将结果嵌入到文档中。
Servelt不存在这些问题。即使servelt执行系统调用激活本地操作系统上的程序，它也不会用到外壳来完成这项任务。当然，数组边界的检查以及其他内存包含特性是ja很好的技术，但是，如果提供商助支持他们，或开发人员不知道如何使用这些技术，那么它们的优点又如何体现呢？servelt和jsp技术得到服务器提供商的广泛支持，包括Apache，Oracle，IBM，Sybase，BEA，Maromedia，Causho，Sun/iPlanet，New Atlanta，ATG，Fujitsu，Lutris，Silverstream，World Wide Web Consortinrm ，以及其他服务器。存在几种低廉的插件，通过应用这些插件，Microsoft IIS和Zeus也同样支持servlet和jsp技术，它们运行在Windows，Unix/Linus,MacOS,VMS，和IBM大型机操作系统之上。它们用在航空业、电子商务、在线银行、web搜索引擎、门户、大型金融网站、以及成百上千您日常光顾的其他网站。
2、便利
Servelt提供大量的基础构造，可以自动分析和解码HTML的表单数据，读取和设置HTTP报头，处理cookie，跟踪会话，以及其他次类高级功能。而在CGI中，大部分工作都需要我们资金完成。另外，如果您已经了解了Java编程语言，为什么还有学校Perl呢？您已经承认应用Java技术编写的代码要比Visual Basic，VBScript或C＋＋编写的代码更可靠，且更易重用，为什么还有倒退回去选择那些语言来开发服务器端的程序呢？
价格和可移植性在某种程度上是相互关联的。例如，Marty记录了所有通过电子邮件向他发送问题的读者的所在国。印度接近列表的顶端，可能仅次于美国。Marty曾在马尼拉讲授过jsp和servlet培训课程，那儿对servelt和jsp技术抱很大的兴趣。
那么，为什么印度和菲律宾都对这项技术着呢感兴趣呢？我们推测答案可能分两部分。首先，这两个国家都拥有大量训练有素的软件开发人员。其次，这两个国家的货币对美元的汇率都极为不利。因此，从美国公司那里购买专用Web服务器会消耗掉项目的大部分前期资金。
3、页面中使用了来自公司数据库或其他数据库断数据源的信息。
如果数据存储在数据库中，那么，即使客户端使用动态Web内容，比如applet，我们依旧需要执行服务器端处理。想象以下，如果一个搜索引擎网站完全使用applet，那么用户将会看到：“正在下载50TB的applet，请等待！”。显然，这样很愚蠢；这种情况下，我们需要与数据库进行会话。从客户端到Web层再到数据库（三层结构），要比从applet直接到数据库（二层结构）更灵活，也更安全，而性能上的损失很少甚至没有。毕竟数据库调用通常是对速度影响最大的步骤，因而，经过中间层可以执行高速缓存和连接共享。
预先建立的文档可以满足客户的许多请求，服务器无需调用servlet就可以处理这些请求。然而，许多情况下静态的结果不能满足要求，我们需要针对每个请求生成一个页面。实时构建页面的理由有很多种：
1、网页基于客户发送的数据。
例如，搜索引擎生成的页面，以及在线商店的订单确认页面，都要针对特定的用户请求而产生。在没有读取到用户提交的数据之前，我们不知道应该显示什么。要记住，用户提交两种类型的数据：显示（即HTML表单的数据）和隐式（即HTTP请求的报头）。两种输入都可用来构建输出页面。基于cookie值针对具体用户构建页面的情况尤其普遍。
4、可移植性
Servelt使用Java编程语言，并且遵循标准的API。所有主要的Web服务器。实际上都直接或通过插件支持servlet。因此。为Macromedia JRun编写的servlet，可以不经过任何修改地在Apache Tomcat，Microsoft Internet Information Server，IBM WebSphere 。iPlanet Enterprise Server。Oracle9i AS 或者StrNine WebStar上运行。他们是java2平台企业版的一部分，所以对servlet的支持越来越普遍。
当然，仅仅是流行并不能证明技术的优越性。很多泛美的例子。但我们的立场是：服务器端Java本非一项新的、为经证实的技术。
An Overview of Servlet and JSP Technology
Abstract:Servlet program running in the server-side, dynamically generated Web page with the traditional CGI and many other similar compared to CGI technology, Java Servlet with a more efficient, easier to use, more powerful and has better portability, more savings to invest.