趴趴GMAT长难句1
【尚友资料】ShareWithU GMAT 语法精解
知识点讲解 .............................................................. 81 作业 .................................................................... 82 后记 ................................................................... 92
语法方法：
在 ShareWithU 的论坛上，有很多尚友的用户都分享他们自己的语法方法，这之中最为有名 的包括：白勇语法，曼哈顿语法，Knewton 语法，羽凌版主的语法每日一题。有很多的朋友 们问我，到底哪个语法做题方法最好呢？到底什么样的 GMAT 语法做题方法才是“官方” 的语法做题方法？什么样的方法才能在考场上攻无不克呢？ 等等„但其实我要说的是，这 些方法也许都不适合你，也许都不能让你在考场上战无不胜，你要做的，是参考他们，然后 找出，更准确的说是总结出自己的语法方法。
b. 学习 GMAT 语法的重要性
① GMAT 语法在考试中的比率非常高，41 道里面很可能遇到 14-17 题。GMAT 语法 题目做的好坏能直接影响到你 GMAT 考试的成绩。 ② GMAT 语法是学好 GMAT 逻辑和 GMAT 阅读的基础。 只有对规范英语字词句的掌 握。达到深刻理解句义目的后。那么在看阅读和逻辑就有很大帮助了。
ShareWithU GMAT 语法精解
1
前 言
关于语法能力：
GMAT 语法是 GMAT 中的考试核心内容。 GMAT 语法题目的数量不仅是在 GMAT 考试占有 了最多的题目数量（一套差不多在 14-17 题） ，而且在对 GMAT 阅读和逻辑文章的理解中都 扮演了非常重要的角色。话大家都是这么说，但是究竟怎样才能提升自己的 GMAT 语法能 力呢？其实这样的问题是没有一个答案的，或者说，除了练和读，没有捷径。我在认识和学 习 GMAT 的两年中并没有发现一本系统的可以很好解释 GMAT 语法做题思路的语法教材。 这也是我编写这本书的动力的源泉。本书的大部分例句出自于 GMAT 考试真题和模拟题里 面的例句。
考研英语长难句解析100句（精典）
1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
【GMAT长难句读法】例句分析
第二章深入篇看了上一章，相信你已经知道怎样可以读懂一个难句了，但是难句有很多种，不同的难句要有不同的读法，这样才能在最短的时间内，最快速，最准确的读懂一个很难的句子。
笔者认为读难句有三种境界：一. 认识，所以知道；二. 不认识，但是知道；三. 认识，但是不知道。
下面我们就一起来进入读难句的三个境界。
一．认识句子中的单词，所以知道句子的意思。
认识句子中的单词，所以知道句子的意思，这是读句子的第一个境界。
这种句子可能是我们平时生活中常见的，或者句子是讲某一专业的方面，但句子中的单词并没有达到某种深度，所以我们可以大概认识句子中的所有单词。
句子的结构也不是特别复杂，所以认识句子的单词基本可以知道句子的意思。
读这种难句，相对来讲是比较容易的，只要按照我们前面介绍过的方法读句子就可以了，注意忘记语法，不理会复杂的句子形式，只看句子的内容，也就是按英文顺序排列的中文即可。
下面例句有些人名地名仍然保留原样，因为对我们理解句子意思并不产生影响，这样的句子已经接近读句子的第二个境界了。
1．While Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of physical threats and verbal attacks was not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.#当Jackie Robinson 是一个Brooklyn Dodger时，他的勇气面对身体上的威胁和语言上的攻击，并不像Rosa Parks的那样，Rosa Parks拒绝移动到一辆汽车的后面在Montgomery, Alabama。
2．A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors have elected to retire early rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance.# 一个最近的研究发现，在过去的几年里，很多医生选择早点退休，而不是面临威胁/被起诉的和越来越多的费用/用于不当处置的保险的。
gre考试长难句
gre考试长难句今天长难句怎么读之尚方宝剑的完结篇。
之前我们已经相对系统地分析过句子拉长、倒装和省略ETS常用的三大法宝。
什么你忘记了？啥你根本没看过？对于国内受过高中语法洗礼的童鞋来说，如果一个英语句子缺了一只胳膊少了一条腿，基本上一眼就能看出来。
但如果省略隐藏在一个长句里，那就比我们想象的要难了。
我们来看看这个之前分析过的句子，比如。
That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants (that) an individual will have and hence (maximizes) the number of gene copies transmitted.That和maximizes就被省略了。
那到底为什么可以被省略了，我们为你总结如下几种情况。
（1）定语从句引导词的省略。
比如上面那个句子中的that ，之所以被省略是因为被定语从句修饰的成分在从句中做宾语。
上句中，the number of descendants在后面的从句中做will have的宾语。
（2）前后重复的省略。
一般来说，这种省略多出现在and, or, not only……but also……等平行结构中。
在平行结构后面出现的与前面重复的内容，常常会被省略。
我们来看下面这句话。
Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the ings and goings of these divergentimpulses and （derived） from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.不难看出，and这个平行结构中，动词derived就被省略了。
杨鹏GRE&GMAT长难句 全书英文句子整理打印版
1, that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.2, Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.3,Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an as pect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.4, as she put it in The Common Reader, “it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”5,with the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.6, alt hough Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.7, Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of – and so was crucial in sustaining – the black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.8, this preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.9, His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the US, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially – based negative prejudgements against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competit ion,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.10, such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.11, it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed insteadto influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.12, although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system.13, other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.14, although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.15, in large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.16, if one begin by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek description of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact – real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society.17, thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field – theoretical equations.18, the physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumption.19, however, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.20, as my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.21, although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, it authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.22, is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?23, in addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toome r’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; dose this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are potted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?24, Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.25, although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into the space.26, the role those anthropologist ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constrains –ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situation in any culture.27,which of the following most probably p rovides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constrains” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?28, a low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.29, perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that over-looked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.30, studies by Hargrave and Green estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.31, in the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient – poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.32, the hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.33, only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within in with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.34, the historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the US since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier – that is, the depletion of available new land need35, in the early 1950’s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large number, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.36, historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes towards crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.37, it can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?38, my point is that its central consciousness – its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives – owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary cities.39, even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.40, but achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non – living matter require knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other – an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.41, Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law – notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned – that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.42, Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform that Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Treatment is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codification of Jewish law in the diaspora.43, Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islam law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.44, one such novel idea is that of interesting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution: specially, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the intensified research on legumes.45, it is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrog en gas.46, unless they succeed, they yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible.47, its subject (to use Maynard Mack’s categories) is “life – as –spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic lliad, however, presents “life – as –experience” : readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.48, most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.49, A critique of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and radical prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.50, The best evidence for the layered mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic racks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid ocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists, is the upper mantle. 51, some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.52,fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-B’s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.53, the very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselveson all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.54, but those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.55, now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.56, it is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s) of the peptide hormone s. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will contain these mRNA’s. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.57, the molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.58, nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.59, this succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and event not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposit.60, there have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.61, many critics of Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic” reading receives more confir mation.62, Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts.63, this is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an-encom-passing interpretation.64, the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.65, more probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.66, A long-term view of the history of the English colonies that became the US has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.67, it is not known rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. n. 同源捕虏体68, even the “radical” critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.69, they are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles, whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way, and which can be detected.70, open knowledge of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the US in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that change in wome n’s economic condition, though insufficient by itself, “remains the basic factor” in improving women’s situation, was particularly unacceptable.71, other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision w ith another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.72, however, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 73, Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern – acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural model – was not only more typicallyEnglish than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire.74, Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg country, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.75, a very specialized feeling adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut – sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton.76, these historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.77, apparently most massive starts manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.78, this is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.79, An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth – intersecting orbit is even lesspr obable than such an event on the moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.80, Nor only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor – specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently.81, As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.82, while the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that is was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.83, the methods that a community devise to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.84, traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.85, because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuring loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.86, for example, the spiral arrangement of scale – bract complexes on ovule – bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces, thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next.87, FE, however, predicted that women would be liberated from “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.88, it was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of “dead –end” jobs, thenceforth considered “women’s work”.89, The increase in the number of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.90, for one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density – independent factors all the time.91, in order to understand the n ature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the density – dependent effects on growth parameters as the “signal” ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density – independent effects act to produce “noise” in population dynamics.92, but the play’s complex view of Black self –esteem and human solidity as compatible is no more “contradictory” than Du Bois’ famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self –awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles.93, in which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’s to Raisin in the sun?94, Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth – century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward argument that deserve evaluation.95, Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed.96, Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.97, it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?98, she wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.99, although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.100, with regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eight-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth – century England readily shifted from home – brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.101, The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by them.102, such philosophical concerns as the mind – body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human question whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.103, the idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy” distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, close examination, to be of quite recent origin.。
GMAT阅读长难句之插入语和省略句
GMAT阅读备考的一大难点就是长难句，并且在众多的难句结构中，最常见的要数插入语和省略句，考生要想顺利攻克GMAT阅读就要先过这两关。
接下来小编为大家带来GMAT阅读长难句之插入语和省略句，希望对大家的备考有帮助。
GMAT阅读长难句之插入语1. 插入语，顾名思义就是在句子中加安插的一个成分，主要起解释、说明、总结、或者表示态度、转移话题、承上启下等作用。
一般将其去掉之后，句子结构仍然完整。
在英语语法中，常见的插入语主要有8种形式：分句、形容词及短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、副词、不定式、现在分词短语、用标点符号引导插入语。
这些插入语通常会对考生迅速找出句子主干产生一定的迷惑作用，影响考生的做题速度。
因此，攻克插入语是备考GMAT阅读难句过程中一项艰巨的任务。
2. 如何分析GMAT阅读中的插入语插入语其实很容易识别，考生在句子汇总碰到插入语可以先将其忽略，对句子的主体结构进行分析和理解，然后再把插入语放入整个句子中分析其具体的作用。
下面为大家举例说明：During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, th ough producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.”翻译：在19世纪，她说，对家庭经济有贡献的“有用小孩“的观念逐渐向现如今的”无用小孩“的观念让路，尽管他们不会给家里带来收入，甚至还有大量花销，但在感情上，还是极其无价的。
胡敏长难句69句
1693胡敏长难句69句★1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同）译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
难句类型：倒装、省略<a > 本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。
所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。
<b > 在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。
第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。
意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)（这是一种）译文：照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。
GRE阅读制胜法则：长难句解析(3)
GRE阅读制胜法则：长难句解析(3)导读：本文GRE阅读制胜法则：长难句解析(3)，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
1、The physicist rightly dreads precise argument,since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (5+)物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用;而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设(underlying assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
难句类型：复杂修饰解释：本句在文章中就是一个自然段，虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达10行的例子，但是难度绝不在那句话之下。
本句堪称句子的大杂烩，连主句带从句居然一共有八个。
从大往小说，由whereas连接了两个大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主语an augument之后又跟了一个定语从句that is convincing though imprecise, 修饰augument.whereas前面共有六个句子，由the physicist作主语的主句;由since引导的原因状语从句，修饰since从句中主语an augument的由that引导的定语从句，此定语从句中的条件状语从句only if it is precise; since从句中的条件状语从句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语assumptions的定语从句on which it isbased一共八个句子，从句套从句，实在令人叹为观止。
北京申友GMAT-数学里的所有词汇跟句式
北京申友GMAT--数学里所有的词汇跟句式，都在这儿了！我们分析了为什么同学们拿不到GMAT 700的原因，其中关于数学，虽然大部分同学都能够拿到50/51分，但是还是有部分同学想要拿到这样的成绩是比较困难的。
除了知识点以外，更多时候是同学们没有正确理解到题目的意思，下面小编给大家盘点了GMAT 数学题目里那些重要的词汇以及长难句句式，赶快掏出小本本记下来吧！一、GMAT数学词汇之Arithmetic算术词汇算术类题目中，整数概念、百分比和描述统计这三类GMAT数学题目所占比例稳居前三并在数值上远超其他类型的题目。
1. 整数概念▼2、分数和小数▼实数：real numbers▼数的幂和根：powers and roots of numbersx n意味着the nth power of x。
例如：64 is the 6th power of 2。
2 is a 6th root of 64。
立方根是指cube root。
2. 百分比描述（1）比率与比例：ratio and proportion一个比率ratio可以表示成许多方式，例如：the ratio of 2 to 3可以被表达为2 to 3，2：3，或者2/3。
注意比率中的中项的顺序是重要的，即2 to 3和3 to 2不同。
A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal。
例如：2/3=8/12是一个proportion。
（2）百分比：percentPercent means per hundred or number out of 100。
在考题中经常会问到从某一数量到另一数量百分比的增加或减少。
首先算出增加或减少的量，然后除以原来的那个量，即“from”或“than”后面的量。
3. 统计概念词汇（1）平均数(average or arithmetic mean)（2）中数(median)（3）众数(mode)（4）值域(range)（5）标准差(standard deviation)（6）期望(expectation)二、Elementary Algebra基本代数词汇（1）数学运算▼（2）集合union 并集、proper subset 真子集、solution set 解集（3）代数式、方程和不等式▼（4）基本数学概念▼（5）数列arithmetic progression(sequence) 等差数列geometric progression(sequence) 等比数列（6）单位类▼（7）有关文字叙述题，主要是有关商业▼（8）其它▼三、一般的几何词汇（1）所有的角▼（2）所有的三角形▼（3）有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外▼（4）其它平面图形▼（5）有关立体图形▼（6）有关图形上的附属物▼（7）有关坐标▼（8）其它▼部分长难句句式汇总1. Measured to the nearest centimeter （四舍五入到厘米）2. the least possible value （最小值）3. Is equidistant from （到……距离相等）4. What’s the units digit of （个位是）5. A is divisible by B （A 可以被B 整除）6. The least common multiple （最小公倍数）7. Only when （只有……的时候）8. whenever （无论……情况）9. Consecutive integers （连续数）10. In the repeating pattern （以……的方式重复）11. A is the multiple of B（A 是B 的倍数）12. A is subtracted from B （B 减去A）13. A is divided by B, the remainder is C （A 除以B，余C）14. The decimal point （小数点）15. the first nonzero digit to the right of the decimal point （小数点右侧第一位非零数位）16. By approximately what percent did the radio of royalties to sales decrease from the first …to …（注意问的是percent 比的是radio 也就是radio 的变化的百分比所以最后还要除以一个数）17. A discount of 20 percent 打8 折；an additional 25 percent were deducted from …（再减去25%的费用，相当于再打一个75 折）18. In fourths （四等分）19. X percent more A than B A=（1+x%）B than （后面的做的是单位一）20. Terminating decimal （有限小数）21. 500 is the multiple of 100 that is closest to X 100 （的倍数当中最接近X 的是100）22. Not either …or …（全部否定）both …and …（全部肯定）注意条件二当中多了一个who 定语从句使得50%修饰的成分发生变化23. Randomly selected from （随机选择）24. Each team plays each of the other teams exactly once （每一队只与其他队打一次比赛，问组合的常用句式）25. A certain characteristic in a large population has a distribution that is symmetric about themean m （数据分布关于平均数m 成对称分布注意联系正态分布图）26. An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term after the first is equal to the sumof the preceding term and a constant （给出等差数列的定义如果以后看到arithmetic sequence的字眼可以直接用等差数列的公式）27. Be defined by （被定义为函数常用句式）28. Be directly proportional to （成正比）29. The rectangular coordinate system （平面直角坐标系）30. the perpendicular bisector （垂直平分线）31. Compounded semiannually （半年复利计息）32. The sum of the reciprocals of x and y （x 的倒数和y 的倒数的和）33. 12 more （再拥有12 个）以上，就是小编给大家整理的关于数学词汇跟句式，其实对于大多数中国考生来说，数学部分只要正确理解了题目的意思，其实问题都是不大的。
考研英语常考长难句与典型作文范文例句含译文翻译版straight
考研英语常考长难句与典型作文范文例句含译文翻译版1、Never bend your head. Always hold it high. Look the world straight in the eye.–Helen Keller, Lecturer永远不要垂着头，要高昂着头。
直视这世界。
2、I can’t change the direction of the wind, but I can adjust my sails to always reach my destination.–Jimmy Dean, Singer我无法改变风向，但我可以调整风帆，让我最终到达目的地。
3、Beautiful is the bloom of youth，but it does not last．青春的花朵是美丽的，但它不能持久。
4、No matter whether the world treats you gently or not, please keep smiling!无论世界待你温柔与否，请保持微笑。
5、No matter how you feel ，get up,dress up,show up and never give up.无论你遭遇了什么，请振作起来，精心打扮自己，展露你的才华，永不言弃。
6、It doesn't matter how slow you are, as long as you're determined to get there, you'll get there.不管你有多慢，都没关系，只要你下定决心，你最终会到达想去的地方。
7、Write it on your heart that every day is the best day in the year.请铭记于心：每天都是一年中最好的一天。
8、The art of being wise is the art of knowing what to overlook.掌握智慧的重点在于学会选择性地忽视。
GMAT阅读长难句解析(3,69)
GMAT阅读长难句解析（3/69）杨鹏长难句最大的好处就是它不仅仅有翻译，还有句子类型分类，详细的句子分析和意群训练。
所以前期在做题的时候最好严格按照老师教的方法，循序渐进，千万不要为了追求速度而囫囵吞枣，不求甚解，接下来小编就GMAT阅读长难句解析为大家介绍下，希望考生能够掌握，顺利备考GMAT 阅读考试。
003The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strong referee to give them some position in the 'race, a regulative hand to calm manic speculation ; an authority that can call things to a halt, begin things again from compensatorily staggered “starting lines. ”难句类型：复杂修饰+省略难度：3标志：The nonstarters were considered the ones ( who wanted ^ stability wanted a strong referee to give them some position in the race, ^ivho wanted a regulative hand to calm manic speculation; %ho wanted an authority that can call things to a halt, begin things again /from compensatorily staggered “starting lines”/).译文：落伍者被认为是那些(需要稳定的人，需要一个强有力的仲裁者来在竞赛中给他们一个位置;一只调节性的手来制止住狂热的投机;一个权威来让事情停止，/ 从一个补偿性错开的“起跑线”上/重新开始)。
(完整版)gmatgre长难句打印版
也不知道杨鹏先生是否同意（应该不会反对，呵呵，一样么？），我将其《GRE&GMAT 阅读难句教程》中的G部分全部摘录下来，希望能够对大家有所帮助，不过在摘录的过程中，发现电子版的好像跟正规出版的差几个句子，也罢，全部原封不动了！真的很感谢杨先生，我的阅读水平显著提高了，就在这个5、1长假，而且我还玩了好长时间，呵呵不过路漫漫，不知何时是尽头，我准备7月份考G，8月份考T，呵呵，年底申请，最好是能够申请Marketing了，与同道中人一起努力了，呵呵！感谢ECUST 的Miss Hu提供的资料。
我在berrain抄录所有难句的基础上加了杨鹏的解释和意群训练，这样此文档基本已涵盖全书的内容，希望它对各位G友的阅读能力能有所帮助。
GRE难句解读——提高GRE阅读必须要过的第一关作者：杨鹏读者学习指导：大原则：以实战的要求为目的。
难句子不仅出现在阅读中，还出现在句子填空、逻辑但体中，因此，对难句子得攻克变得相当重要。
原则一：迅速读懂原则二：利用语法、不靠语法即在Gre中，考生永远也不需要再考场上分析一句话的语法成分，也不要想这句话有没有语法错误，考生的唯一任务就是现场迅速的读懂文章。
然而在初期可以少量的运用语法，目的有二：一为初学者如果看不懂句子得结构，往往会感到心情沮丧，或大脑混乱，根本就读不尽文章，因此引入语法能够给读者以信心；二为运用语法，可以了解文章的语法结构，并最终完全熟悉各种类型的句子，达到一遍就可以读懂句子得效果。
原则三：学练结合，以连为主训练的类别：1、难句阅读训练；2、阅读理解力训练；即“懂”3、阅读速度与阅读习惯训练，即“迅速”。
实际上，对于英语语法得学习，包括对英文单词的中文释意的记忆和对英语句子得中文翻译，都只是我们学习英语的辅助工具；我们最终的目的，是为了提高对英语的实际使用能力。
具体到Gre的考试的应用上，就是看到英语句子时，正确的做法不应该是现场分析出其余法结构，再背出每个单词的中文释意，再把这些中文单词串成句子，最后才根据翻译出来的中文来想这句话的意思是什么，而是读到每个单词、每一句话的时候，大脑中的第一反映是其意思而不是中文释意。
gmat长难句训练
gmat长难句训练1. 定义与释义1.1 词性：名词1.2 释义：GMAT 考试中用于训练理解长难句能力的句子1.3 英文解释：Sentences used in the GMAT exam to train the ability to understand long and difficult sentences.1.4 相关词汇：GMAT sentence training2. 起源与背景2.1 词源：GMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）是研究生管理科学入学考试的简称2.2 趣闻：GMAT 长难句训练对于提升考生的语言理解能力非常重要3. 常用搭配与短语3.1 GMAT long sentence：GMAT 长句例句：The GMAT long sentence in the passage confused many test-takers.翻译：文章中的 GMAT 长句让很多考生感到困惑。
3.2 difficult sentence in GMAT：GMAT 中的难句例句：Understanding the difficult sentence in GMAT is crucial for getting a high score.翻译：理解 GMAT 中的难句对于获得高分至关重要。
4. 实用片段（1）. "I was really struggling with the GMAT long difficult sentences during my preparation. Some of them were so complex that I had to read them several times to understand the meaning."翻译：“在准备过程中，我真的在努力应对 GMAT 中的长难句。
考研英语长难句100句
考研英语长难句100句1.Looking beyond the 10-year period，the botanists estimate that some 3，000 native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than 10 percent of the approximately 25，000 species of plants in the United States.在展望10年后的情况时植物学家们估计，在未来可预见到的时间内，3 000种本地植物——占美国近25 000种植物的10%——将可能灭绝。
2.The annual migrations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration，because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.野生禽类和许多其他动物每年的迁徙，当然不能被看做是一种探险行为，因为，这些迁徙活动实际上只是从一个栖息地转移到另一个栖息地，以躲避气候的季节性变化。
3.Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits：it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics;can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn’t traditionally have;can improve the nutritional value of products;and can produce cheaper and more environmentally friendly fertilizers.转基因食物的倡导者指出，用生物技术生产食物有很多益处：它能加速作物和牲畜的生长速度，并使它们具有所要求的特点;它可以给食物增添以往不具备的特征;可以改进食物的营养价值;可以生产出廉价、环保效果更好的肥料。
GRE&GMAT阅读难句教程
TOEFL 群：243745114；GRE 群：243745709；GMAT ：243745864GRE&GMAT 阅读难句教程
使用方法STEP ONE
了解长难句（阅读并思考杨鹏难句1-3章）
STEP TWO
初期接触长难句第四章GRE 部分前20句话好好看仔细看按照one 中体会到得去做并且好好看好杨鹏给的解释
至于语法除非自己有很大的兴趣我不推荐读我们要练习的是一个熟练度一个感觉一个惯性一个对高信息密度灌输的承受力而且那本书除了句子选取之外具体的分析意义不大!把这20句话透透彻彻让难句的融入我们大脑的阅读习惯中
STEP THREE
重新读1-3章继续体会
STEP FOUR
快速扫过剩下的109句以每天20-30句的速度不用细分析只要满足看懂，能体会到里面的调调就行
还有GMAT 部分的69句也这样做
STEP FIVE
重新读1-3章继续体会
STEP SIX
自此之后每天背完一个LIST 就10句早起和睡前也都是10句平时上没用的课的时候也把难句拿出来一句句看（熟练了的话基本上一节课就可以翻一遍）
日复一日
STEP SEVEN
每过一遍都要看1-3章一次
STEP EIGHT
if<>step nine
then go to step six:
else do step nine
STEP NINE
直到有一天你的书废了（前提是你不能折磨那本书）或者你已经烂记于心、倒背如流把看那些句子变成看起来自然而然很习惯的时候
就可以停了。
toefl长难句200例精讲与精练
Toefl长难句200例精讲与精练导言托福（T OE FL）考试中，长难句是阅读和听力部分常见的难点之一。
掌握长难句的解读和运用对于备考者来说至关重要。
本文将提供200个精选的长难句例题，并进行深入解析和练习，帮助考生更好地掌握托福长难句。
第一部分：例题解析1.1长难句例题1高考英语试卷中，“I t is+被强调部分+th a t/wh o+其他部分”的句型非常常见。
请分析下面这个例句：>I ti st he sh ee rs cal e of th eI nt er ne t's i nf lu en ce th at mak e si ts or e ma rk ab le.这个句子的主干是“t he sh ee rs ca le of t he In te rn et's inf l ue nc e”，而主语是整个句子的强调部分。
1.2长难句例题2在阅读中，遇到由一个“主语从句”和一个“宾语从句”组成的句子结构时，要注意从属连词的引导和从句中的主谓一致。
请分析下面这个例句：>I ti si mp or ta nt tha t st ud en ts un de rst a nd th ei mp or ta nce o ft im em a na ge me nt if th eyw a nt to su cc ee d.这个句子的主句是“I t is im po rt an t”，从句是“t ha ts tu de nt su nd e rs ta nd th ei mp ort a nc eo ft im em an age m en ti ft he y wa nt to su cc ee d”，注意从句中的主谓一致现象。
1.3长难句例题3有时候，长难句会通过添加让步状语从句来增加句子的复杂度和意义。
请分析下面这个例句：>D es pi te be in gt ire d,I de ci de dt og ofo r ar un.这个句子中，“D esp i t e be in gt ir ed”是一个让步状语从句，它表达了尽管疲倦，但我还是决定去跑步的意思。
胡敏长难句69句第一部分（一）
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同） 译⽂：那种性别⽐例能在程度上增加⼀个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在程度上增加所传递到后代⾝上去的基因复制品的数量。
难句类型：倒装、省略 在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第⼀处在maximize的第⼀个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中， an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。
第⼆处省略是在第⼆个the number of 之前，省略了与前⾯⼀样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表⽰后⾯的成分作为前⾯“化⼀个个体的后代的数⽬的”结果。
意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .（5++）（这是⼀种） 译⽂：照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后⾯的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为⼀个兼任⼩说加和科学家的⼈想要去准确并具体的记录下⼀朵花的结构和⽂理的那种意义上的欲望。
gre和gmat阅读难句教程
gre和gmat阅读难句教程在GRE和GMAT考试的阅读部分，难句是考生常遇到的挑战之一。
这些复杂的句子通常包含大量的修饰语和嵌套从句，需要考生具备一定的技巧来理解和分析。
下面将介绍一些针对GRE和GMAT阅读难句的教程，帮助考生提高阅读能力。
首先，理解句子结构是解读难句的关键。
在阅读过程中，考生应该学会识别主谓宾结构和修饰语的用法。
这可以通过注意句子的标点符号以及逻辑关系来实现。
当遇到一个复杂的句子时，可以先找出主谓宾结构，然后再分析修饰语的作用。
这有助于考生更好地理解句子的整体含义。
其次，学会使用上下文线索来解读难句。
有时候，一个句子的含义可能并不明显，但上下文中的其他句子和段落可以提供线索。
因此，考生应该善于运用上下文信息来推断句子的含义。
可以通过查找词汇和语法指示词，例如转折词、因果词和条件词，来理解句子之间的逻辑关系。
此外，注意句子中的关键词和关键短语也是解读难句的关键。
这些关键词通常提供了句子的中心思想或关键信息。
考生应该学会识别并理解这些关键词的含义。
可以通过对关键词进行标注或圈出来帮助记忆和理解。
最后，多进行模拟练习也是提高阅读难句理解能力的有效方法。
选择GRE和GMAT官方指南中的阅读部分题目进行练习，并注重练习那些涉及到难句的题目。
通过反复练习，考生可以加深对难句理解方法的熟悉程度，提高阅读速度和准确性。
总而言之，解读GRE和GMAT阅读部分的难句需要技巧和经验。
通过学习句子结构、运用上下文线索、研究关键词和进行模拟练习，考生可以有效地提高对难句的理解能力，从而在考试中取得更好的成绩。
新GRE阅读长难句解析新GRE阅读长难句解析
新GRE阅读长难句解析新GRE阅读长难句解析新GRE阅读长难句解析1. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer s Cane, verges on e_pressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide acounterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Blackheroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes ofe_pression ? (5)不仅如此,有些黑人小说(比如JT的甘蔗)的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义;这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢?这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运,这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题.难句类型:复杂修饰.插入语解释:在本句中有三个词需要先解释一番:vergeon这个词组是接近于.濒于的意思,hero在文学作品中是主人公的意思,pit作动词时,除了挖坑.窖藏之外,还有使竞争.使斗争的意思,其英文释义为:to setas gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into opposition orrivalry usually used with against.在此用的是后一种语义的被动语态fate againt which Black herosare pitted.如果用主动语态则是:pit black heros againt fate.另外本句的结构复杂,分号之后是一个一般疑问句,但是由于修饰成分过多,过长,使得读者看不清楚这个句子在问什么.其实如果没有最后的那个prevalenttheme的同位语a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes ofe_pression,本句会易懂得多.意群训练:In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer s Cane,verges on e_pressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide acounterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Blackheroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes ofe_pression?2. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attentionin the process some fascinating and little-known works like JamesWeldon Johnson s Autobiography of an E_- Colored Man. (4)注意:bring A to B——〉bring to B A《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说,在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品,如詹姆斯.韦尔登.约翰逊(James WeldonJohnson)的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》(Autobiography of an E_-Colored Man).难句类型:倒装解释:在以bringing开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装,bring A to B被倒装为bring to BA,其倒装的原因仍是为了避免头重脚轻,正常的语序应该如下:bringing some fascinating and little-known workslike James Weldon johnson s Autobiography of an E_-Colored Man to our attentionin the process.意群训练:Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to ourattention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like JamesWeldon Johnson s Autobiography of an E_-Colored Man.新GRE阅读长难句解析1. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, wheremost of the energy of sunlight is concentrated,to pass through,they absorb someof the longer-wavelength,infrared emissions radiated from the Earth ssurface,radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) 虽然这些分子允许可见波长(visiblewavelength)的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透,但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer-wavelength),亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射(infraredemission),这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空.难句类型:复杂修饰.抽象词解释:前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语,但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配allow something to dosomthing中间,将allow和to分得很远,所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服.后面的分句中的最后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back intospace是其前面的infrared emissions的同位语.其中的otherwise是副词作状语,表示如果后面的分句所说的they absorb someof the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions不发生时的后果.意群训练:Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, wheremost of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorbsome of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth ssurface,radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.2. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not ofdictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—waysof feeling,thinking,and acting that come naturally in archetypal situations inany culture. (4)这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用,不是规定人类行为的种.种细节,而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会〝自然表露〞的情感.思维.以及行动方式.难句类型:复杂修饰.省略解释:尽管我们很熟悉the role of something的这种表达,但本句中the roleof被作者胜利很活.首先,在role后面有一个省略了引导词that的定语从句(因为role在从句中作ascribe的宾语),这样就把role和系动词is隔得很远.其次,but前面的句子的主要结构Therole is not of doing something其实是The role is not the role of doingsomething的省略形式,因为后面的the role与前面的完全重复,如果不把它省略掉,谁看到都要觉得啰嗦.因为同样的道理,but之后的one ofimposing constraints实际上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式.意群训练:The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictatingthe details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints— ways of feeling,thinking,and acting that come naturally in archetypal situations in anyculture.1. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy fromhuman morphology for the details versus constraints distinction made in thepassage in relation to human behavior? (5)以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的〝人类行为细节〞相对〝人类所受限制〞之间的差异,从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比?难句类型:复杂修饰.抽象词解释:本句子在所有GRE或GMAT阅读题的题干中是最难读懂的题干之一.本句不但结构复杂,而且用词抽象,使得读者如果想根据语义来搞清楚谁修饰谁,也变得极为困难.分析如下:本句的主干是Whichof the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraintsdistinction?Versus是一个介词,等于against,即体育比赛中的VS.其他的所有成分均是一些修饰成分.其中一个对答题最重要的限制条件是from humanmorphology, 说明这种类比的比较双方所比的必须是人类形态上的特征.意群训练:Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogyfrom human morphology for the details versus constraints distinction made inthe passage in relation to human behavior?2. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazerssuggested,but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.(3+)在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊,这暗示出——但没能证明——食草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻.难句类型:插入语解释:本句主语很长,而且谓语suggested与that引导的宾语从句间被插入语but did notprove隔开,造成阅读障碍.当suggest与but did notprove连在一起使用的时候,其意思不是建议,而是指一种基于主观臆测的推理,中文翻译成〝暗示〞.其英文释义为:to call to mind by thoughor association the e_plosion suggested sabotage.GRE.GMAT及LSAT文章中,常用suggest,butdo not prove来描述一种没有真凭实据.可能有问题的理论,然后在后面的叙述中把它否定掉.意群训练:A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazerssuggested,but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.3. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of asize that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice thatoverlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazersare most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers insubsequent research. (5)可能这样一个事实,那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的水藻,这样一个忽视了更小的浮游生物(而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物)的做法,导致了在接下来的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低.难句类型:复杂修饰.插入语解释:句子的结构繁杂.句子的主语令人吃惊地长,在最后一个逗号后的led以前,全是主语!其实句子的主干简单,就是the fact led to ade-emphasis of the role of grazers.但是本句的主语thefact后面的修饰成分长得吓人,先是个定语从句;定语从句中又套了一个定语从句.然后逗号后面的apractice引导的部分是前面的主语的同位语兼任插入语,practice后面的修饰它的一大堆东西又是定语从句套着定语从句.本句是典型的层层修饰结构.意群训练:Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algaeof a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a pratice thatoverlooked the smaller that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, ledto a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.新GRE阅读长难句解析1. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates bymeasuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory andthen computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the knownpopulation density of grazers. (5)由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所进行的研究,对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计,其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率,然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度,计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率.难句类型:复杂修饰解释:本句对阅读者的阅读能力提出了更高的要求,不但要求读者读清楚句子的复杂的结构,而且对读者的词汇能力也提出了更高的要求.By以前结构无需解释,by以后有两个作介词宾语短语的动名词结构,measuring和后面表示并列和顺接的andthen之后的computing,说的是计算方法;前一个measuring说的是先算出实验室中浮游动物品种的单位捕食速率,后面的computing前其实省略了一个by,而且在这个动名词结构中还包括一个分词结构usingthe known population density ofgrazers,用已知的捕食者的种群密度计算出其野外的群体捕食速率.整个的by以后的计算过程简单了就是:实验室单位速率_野外密度=野外群体速率另外本句中的词汇也颇有迷惑性;虽然没有太难的单词,但是很多单词都是同义词和反义词,容易让人读混(斜线分隔同义词,冒号分隔反义词).estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers;natureal/field; laboratory community; individuall意群训练:Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing ratesby measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratoryand then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the knownpopulation density of grazers.2. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance,that is,in the late springand in the summer,Haney recorded ma_imum daily community grazing rates,fornutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes,respectively,of 6.6 percent and _4 percent ofdaily phytoplankton production. (3+)在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期,亦即在春季后期以及夏季,哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率,对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言,分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和_4%.难句类型:插入语解释:句中有两组插入语,每组两个插入语,尤其是第二组,把rate of从中间劈开.不过因为句义尚好理解,所以本句只是有一点别扭,但不算太难.意群训练:In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance,that is,in the late springand in the summer,Haney recorded ma_imum daily community grazing rates,fornutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes,respectively,of 6.6 percent and _4 percent ofdaily phytoplankton production.新GRE阅读长难句解析1. The hydrologic cycle,a major topic in this science,is the complete cycleof phenomena through which water passes,beginning as atmospheric watervapor,passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation,thence along and intothe ground surface,and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric watervapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. (4)水文循环(hydrologiccycle),作为该学科中的一个主要课题,指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程,开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气,转而作为雨.雪.露.雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态,由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面,最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态.难句类型:复杂修饰.插入语.省略水文循环(hydrologiccycle),作为该学科中的一个主要课题,指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程,开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气,转而作为雨.雪.露.雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态,由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面,最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态.解释:beginning开始的一系列分词都是修饰主语The hydrologiccycle的,分别是beginning/passing/passing/returning.值得注意的是,thence along and into thegrund surfacee 是thence passing along and entering into the groundsurfacee的省略形式,但是看上去意思却很清楚.类似这样的省略,是出题者合理地利用了省略来达到改编学术论文时压缩文章篇幅的目的.意群训练:The hydrologic cycle,a major topic in this science,is the complete cycleof phenomena through which water passes,beginning as atmospheric watervapor,passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation,thence along and intothe ground surface,and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric watervapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.2. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries thatassociate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire systemproperly be termed hydrogeologic.(4)只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候,才有可能把整个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质学有关.难句类型:复杂修饰.倒装解释:only放在句首时,主句的情态动词may倒装,这是我们高中就已经学过的东西.然而句首的only与倒装的may距离如此之远,这在以前却没有见过,所以读上去让人不习惯.另外一个难点在于,前面的由when所引导的时间状语从句中,宾语boundaries后面跟了一个定语从句,thatassociate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle,而且从句中的associatewith又被water within it所分开,读者还要分神去考虑it所指的是什么,所以读到后面倒装的may的时候,难免不知所云.意群训练:Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries thatassociate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire systemproperly be termed hydrogeologic.新GRE阅读长难句解析。
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4. Between the early 1840s and the 1860s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets.
2. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles’ wet weight.
23. Ancient Greek descriptions of those societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact—real Amazonian societies—but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society.
11. The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen of the presumed disappearance of the American frontier obscured the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.
10. Anthropologist David Mandelbaum makes a distinction between lifepassage studies and life-history studies which emerged primarily out of research concerning Native Americans.
15. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones.
18. Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.
5. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view.
7. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.
9. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth.
GMAT ⻓长难句句
简单句句只有一一个单独的主谓宾（svo）。
⻓长难句句本质上是一一连串串句句子子的嵌套；不不管句句子子的⻓长度有多⻓长，我们都可 以把⻓长难句句简化到最简单的主谓宾结构；
在整个句句子子的整体架构中，我们通常可以从句句子子结构和语义方方向两个 方方面面来分析句句子子的⻓长难句句。
这些逻辑关系，从大大的方方向上来划分的话，我们可以分为同向关系，或 者反向关系。同向关系意味着句句子子内部，或者句句子子与句句子子之间语义的等 价或者改写。反向关系意味着，前面面的句句子子和后面面的句句子子语义取反。
对比比结构
22. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
16. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 17. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
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特殊结构 12. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of—and so was crucial in sustaining—the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
21. Unfortunately, in most cases a distant observer cannot see the singularity; outgoing light rays are dragged back by gravity so forcefully that even if they could start out within a few kilometers of the singularity, they would end up in the singularity itself.
并列结构 20. In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped or deformed by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people’s lives, and how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates.
8. Assumptions regarding the inherent limitation of the mature central nervous system (CNS) in replacing lost neurons have given way to a perspective that focuses upon the local cellular and molecular microenvironment as the primary impediment to neural repair.
同向关系包括：平行行行关系/并列列关系、序列列关系，以及总分关系。
反向关系主要是我们读句句子子的时候经常会遇到的让步转折。
多层修饰：NP1介词NP2介词NP3介词NP4；4321 1. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal.