病理学(英文)全套课件
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病理绪论(英文版)课件
Oxygen deprivation ( hypoxia, ischemia) Nutritional imbalances Physical agents Chemical agents and drugs Infectious agents Immunologic reactions Genetic derangements
1. Etiology
1. Etiology
Knowledge of etiology remains the backbone:
Disease diagnoses Understanding the nature of diseases Treatment of diseases.
While much still needs to be uncovered to link abnormal genes and the expression of disease, gone are the time when the mechanisms of most diseases were unknown? or obscure? or mysterious?
Depleted glycogen. Reduced intracellular pH: Lactic acid and
inorganic phosphate. Mitochondrial damage Clumping of nuclear chromatin.
Four biochemical themes
in cell and tissues. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES:
Functional consequences of the morphologic changes, as observed clinically (clinico-pathological correlation, CPC ).
1. Etiology
1. Etiology
Knowledge of etiology remains the backbone:
Disease diagnoses Understanding the nature of diseases Treatment of diseases.
While much still needs to be uncovered to link abnormal genes and the expression of disease, gone are the time when the mechanisms of most diseases were unknown? or obscure? or mysterious?
Depleted glycogen. Reduced intracellular pH: Lactic acid and
inorganic phosphate. Mitochondrial damage Clumping of nuclear chromatin.
Four biochemical themes
in cell and tissues. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES:
Functional consequences of the morphologic changes, as observed clinically (clinico-pathological correlation, CPC ).
病理学英文课件：Acute and Chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation is the immediate and early response to injury designed to deliver fluid and leukocytes to sites of injury Phases of acute inflammation Initiation Amplification Termination Core events in acute inflammation Vascular reaction Fluid and cellular exudation
Overview of Inflammation
Inflammation is divided into acute and chronic patterns
Acute inflammation is rapid in onset (seconds or minutes) and is of relatively short duration, lasting for minutes, several hours, or a few days; its main characteristics are the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and the emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils
-- pain, edema, cell injury
Erysipelas of the face Spreading acute inflammation of the dermis and subcutis due to infection by streptococcus pyogenes
Overview of Inflammation
Inflammation is divided into acute and chronic patterns
Acute inflammation is rapid in onset (seconds or minutes) and is of relatively short duration, lasting for minutes, several hours, or a few days; its main characteristics are the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and the emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils
-- pain, edema, cell injury
Erysipelas of the face Spreading acute inflammation of the dermis and subcutis due to infection by streptococcus pyogenes
《病理学》英文课件：09 Diseases of Immunity
4. Variant clinical manifestation: Acute or insidious onset that may involve virtually any organ in the body, affects principally the skin, kidneys, serosal membranes, joints, and heart
1. Transplant Rejection 2. Hyperactive immunity：
Diseases of Autoimmunity systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3. Immunodeficiency: Immunodeficiency syndrom acquired Immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS)
5. A fairly common disease, a strong (approximately 9 : 1) female preponderance, affecting 1 in 700 women of childbearing age.
Etiology and Pathogenesis
3. Immunologic Factors Intrinsic B-cell hyperactivity was considered a central feature of SLE pathogenesis.
Mostly type III hypersensitivity reaction
Morphology
Diseases of Immunity
（免疫性疾病）
朱荣
Office ：Rm. 207, East No.1 Building E-mail: zhurongss@
1. Transplant Rejection 2. Hyperactive immunity：
Diseases of Autoimmunity systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3. Immunodeficiency: Immunodeficiency syndrom acquired Immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS)
5. A fairly common disease, a strong (approximately 9 : 1) female preponderance, affecting 1 in 700 women of childbearing age.
Etiology and Pathogenesis
3. Immunologic Factors Intrinsic B-cell hyperactivity was considered a central feature of SLE pathogenesis.
Mostly type III hypersensitivity reaction
Morphology
Diseases of Immunity
（免疫性疾病）
朱荣
Office ：Rm. 207, East No.1 Building E-mail: zhurongss@
《病理学》英文课件13 Infectious diseases and parasitosis
centers
Tuberculoid leprosy
Skin lesions
LM: tuberculoid granuloma
enclose blood vessles , cutaneous appendages and nerves extend to the basal cells of epidermis
Tuberculoid leprosy
Peripheral neuropathy: rigid and swollen nerves
From small dermal nerves to nerve trunk N. auricularis magnus (耳大)， N. auricularis posterior(耳后)
low infectivity good prognosis
Tuberculoid leprosy
Granuloma similar to hard tubercles
1. epithelioid macrophages 2. giant cells 3. without caseous necrosis 4. Peripheral: CD4+ Th1 IL-2 and IFN-γ 5. few surviving mycobacteria
LM
Granulomatous inflammatory reactions
Fibrosis, absence of nerves
Tuberculoid leprosy
Clinical pathologic conference
Anesthesias, atrophy, contractures, paralysis, liable to trauma, autoamputation of fingers or toes,
病理学 英文版ppt课件
Reperfusion
Neutrophil activation
ROS
Inflammatory Injury of mediators Micro-vessels
Cell injury
; No-reflow phenome2n5 on
Structural and Functional Changes
? Balloon angioplasty tachycardia
;
9
Mechanisms of Reperfusion Injury
↑Free radicals ↑Ca2+i
Neutrophil activation and Others
;
10
Free radical
Any atom or molecule possessing unpaired electrons
O2
;
Uric acid
14
Endothelial cell
Mechanism 3
Ischemia
Pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. cytokines)
Reperfusion
O2
NO
O2-
ONOO-
;
15
(Respiration burst)
Biochemical Impacts of ROS
;
incubation medium4
;
5
Ischemic Injury of Neurons
0 hr
1 hr
6
Injury Windows
Ischemia
Injury Death
Time
Reperfusion
Neutrophil activation
ROS
Inflammatory Injury of mediators Micro-vessels
Cell injury
; No-reflow phenome2n5 on
Structural and Functional Changes
? Balloon angioplasty tachycardia
;
9
Mechanisms of Reperfusion Injury
↑Free radicals ↑Ca2+i
Neutrophil activation and Others
;
10
Free radical
Any atom or molecule possessing unpaired electrons
O2
;
Uric acid
14
Endothelial cell
Mechanism 3
Ischemia
Pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. cytokines)
Reperfusion
O2
NO
O2-
ONOO-
;
15
(Respiration burst)
Biochemical Impacts of ROS
;
incubation medium4
;
5
Ischemic Injury of Neurons
0 hr
1 hr
6
Injury Windows
Ischemia
Injury Death
Time
Reperfusion
病理学英文课件-血液循环
pathological changes
• Acute pulmonary congestion
– Alveolar capillaries filled with blood – Maybe associated septal edema / intra-alveolar
hemorrhage
Acute pulmonary congestion
Congestion and edema are commonly occur together.
Local increased volume of blood in a particular tissue
HYPEREMIA
CONGESTION
1 Due to arteriolar dilatation Due to impaired outflow
• e.g. skeletal muscle during exercise, in stomach replete with food, and inflammation.
Pathological changes
• Gross: The affected tissue are redder, warm,
Hyperemia
• Hyperemia is an active process resulting from augmented tissue inflow due to arteriolar dilation .
• It’s always a physiological state or is good for body.
Major organs affected
• Subcutaneous tissues • Organs
医学PPT课件：病理学(全套课件335页)
对细胞内部和 表面 超微结构的观察
４.组织化学和细胞化学观察: 特异性 能反映组织和细胞化学成分
各种蛋白质,酶类,核酸,糖原等 5.免疫组织化学和免疫细胞化学方法:
运用抗原抗体结合的原理.了解组织细胞的免疫 学性状 --- 病理学研究和诊断. 6.其他方法: • 形态测量(图像分析)技术(image analysis) • 流式细胞仪技术(flow cytometry), • PCR、原位杂交技术、基因芯片和组织芯片 • 激光扫描共聚焦显微术(laser scanning confocal microscope)等
2. 积累医学科研资料,为发展病理学作贡献 3. 协助公安部门破案,帮助解决医疗纠纷 4. 是医学生学习资料的重要来源
(二).活体组织检查 (biopsy)
概念: • 取活体病变组织进行病理检查 明确诊断
(diagnostic pathology) 方法: 局部切除 钳取 搔刮 摘除 优点: 组织新鲜 保持病变真相 诊断准确
•
病模型
（五）组织培养和细胞培养
•
(tissue and cell culture)
• 将某种组织或细胞用适宜的培养基在
• 体外进行培养
五．观察方法
１大体观察：肉眼 放大镜 量尺 • 病变的性状（大小.形状.色泽.重量 • 表面.切面状态.病灶特征及坚度等 2 光镜观察: • （１）组织切片 HE染色 • （２）细胞学涂片 ３电子显微镜观察：透射及描电子显微镜
二. 病理学的内容和任务
1. 总论: 普通病理学 (general pathology)
研究各种疾病的共同的基本规律 2. 各论: 系统病理学
(systemic pathology) 研究各个器官或系统疾病的特殊规律。
４.组织化学和细胞化学观察: 特异性 能反映组织和细胞化学成分
各种蛋白质,酶类,核酸,糖原等 5.免疫组织化学和免疫细胞化学方法:
运用抗原抗体结合的原理.了解组织细胞的免疫 学性状 --- 病理学研究和诊断. 6.其他方法: • 形态测量(图像分析)技术(image analysis) • 流式细胞仪技术(flow cytometry), • PCR、原位杂交技术、基因芯片和组织芯片 • 激光扫描共聚焦显微术(laser scanning confocal microscope)等
2. 积累医学科研资料,为发展病理学作贡献 3. 协助公安部门破案,帮助解决医疗纠纷 4. 是医学生学习资料的重要来源
(二).活体组织检查 (biopsy)
概念: • 取活体病变组织进行病理检查 明确诊断
(diagnostic pathology) 方法: 局部切除 钳取 搔刮 摘除 优点: 组织新鲜 保持病变真相 诊断准确
•
病模型
（五）组织培养和细胞培养
•
(tissue and cell culture)
• 将某种组织或细胞用适宜的培养基在
• 体外进行培养
五．观察方法
１大体观察：肉眼 放大镜 量尺 • 病变的性状（大小.形状.色泽.重量 • 表面.切面状态.病灶特征及坚度等 2 光镜观察: • （１）组织切片 HE染色 • （２）细胞学涂片 ３电子显微镜观察：透射及描电子显微镜
二. 病理学的内容和任务
1. 总论: 普通病理学 (general pathology)
研究各种疾病的共同的基本规律 2. 各论: 系统病理学
(systemic pathology) 研究各个器官或系统疾病的特殊规律。
《病理学》英文课件：02 Hemodynamic Disorders
Circulation • Local Disturbance 1. Abnormal blood volume and the
General (systemic)
velocity of blood flow: hyperemia and ischemia
2. Abnormality of vascular integrity
pressure – Lymphatic drainage
EDEMA
• Increased hydrostatic pressure ( cardiac
edema, etc.)
• Reduced plasma osmotic pressure
(nephrotic, hepatic, malnutrient edema, etc. )
temperature, increased volume, edema; ➢ decreased function
HYPEREMIA
• Types
Physiological: shy, exercise, taking meal Pathological: inflammatory, post-decompressed
HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION
A local increased volume of blood in a particular tissue 器官或局部组织的血管扩张，内含血量增多。
Arterial hyperemia (hyperemia，充血)
an augmented blood flow inducing arteriolar and capillary dilation
Hemodynamic Disorders
《病理学》英文课件：01 Introduction
北京协和医学院 1915年 胡正祥 广州中山大学医学院 1926年 梁伯强 国立上海医学院 1927年 谷镜汧
1922 德国海岱山大学,柏林大学 1925 北京协和 1927 上海医学院
1929 中华医学会第七次大会 胡正祥 心的先天性畸形一例报告 谷镜汧 中国人动脉之病理的研究
1951 主编<病理学总论><实用病理学提纲>
肝炎病毒
癌基因突变
肝癌
▪ 肝癌大体和镜下细胞改变
Category of Pathology
• Clinical Pathology
– Surgical pathology (biopsy and organ resection) – Autopsy – cytology – Molecular pathology
medical service qualities • Provide most definitive evidence of the
disease process
How to study well?
• Put a high value of pathological practice • Make connections between general and
• General Pathology
Study of Mechanisms of Disease
• Systemic (special organ system) Pathology
Study of Diseases by Organ System
Brief history 3 stages:
一. Organ pathology (器官病理学）
1954年12月 中华医学会病理学会成立
1922 德国海岱山大学,柏林大学 1925 北京协和 1927 上海医学院
1929 中华医学会第七次大会 胡正祥 心的先天性畸形一例报告 谷镜汧 中国人动脉之病理的研究
1951 主编<病理学总论><实用病理学提纲>
肝炎病毒
癌基因突变
肝癌
▪ 肝癌大体和镜下细胞改变
Category of Pathology
• Clinical Pathology
– Surgical pathology (biopsy and organ resection) – Autopsy – cytology – Molecular pathology
medical service qualities • Provide most definitive evidence of the
disease process
How to study well?
• Put a high value of pathological practice • Make connections between general and
• General Pathology
Study of Mechanisms of Disease
• Systemic (special organ system) Pathology
Study of Diseases by Organ System
Brief history 3 stages:
一. Organ pathology (器官病理学）
1954年12月 中华医学会病理学会成立
《病理学》英文课件 09 Genital System
Chronic Cervicitis
Chronic Cervicitis
疱疹病毒
乳酸杆菌
Squamous metaplasia at the transition zone. Mature squamous epithelium is seen to the right of the arrow, and squamous metaplasia is seen to the left. In squamous metaplasia, theቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱnuclei may be larger and more immature appearing and the cytoplasm more dense.
CINⅠ: Mild dysplasia CINⅡ: Moderate dysplasia CIN Ⅲ: Severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ
* begin as lower grade CIN and progress to higher-grade or begin as high-grade CIN * only a fraction of cases progress to invasive carcinoma
The diseases of Genital System
(生殖系统疾病）
曾文姣
Pathology Department, Basic Medical collage, Fudan University
2015 Jun
Female Genital System
Male Genital System
Normal cervix
Schematic of the development of the cervical transformation zone
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department of pathology
immunopathology—
the study of disease through analysis of immune function
department of pathology
total of to say, Pathology: • clinical pathology --diagnosis of disease • experimental pathology --animal models • molecular pathology --gene and gene product
department of pathology
Clinical pathology
department of pathology
The animal experiments
department of pathology
Pathology?
is the scientific study of disease
the metabolism the functional the morphological
changes
occur during the course of the disease
Pathology
（第六版教材-第四版课件）
课件目录
Introduction pathology
department of pathology
to
disease?
• disease can be define as any condition • that the presence of an abnormality of the body cause a loss of normal health
disease
Pathophysiology:
physiological method
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
Histopathology—
• the study of histological abnormalities of disease cells and tissues
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
Chemical pathology—
the study of biochemical abnormalities associated with disease
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
Haematology—
• the study of primary or secondary disease of the blood
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
department of pathology
Microbiology—
the study of infectious disease and organism that cause them
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
total of to say, Pathology:
• clinical pathology (human pathology) (surgical pathology)
department of pathology
clinical pathology
• the descriptions of specific
disease as they affect individual organs or systems
department of pathology
In china:
Pathology include:
Pathoanatomy:
anatomical method disease
department of pathology
general pathology (1~5 chapter)
• the mechanisms and characteristics of the principal types of disease process
systemic pathology (6~16 chapter)
immunopathology—
the study of disease through analysis of immune function
department of pathology
total of to say, Pathology: • clinical pathology --diagnosis of disease • experimental pathology --animal models • molecular pathology --gene and gene product
department of pathology
Clinical pathology
department of pathology
The animal experiments
department of pathology
Pathology?
is the scientific study of disease
the metabolism the functional the morphological
changes
occur during the course of the disease
Pathology
（第六版教材-第四版课件）
课件目录
Introduction pathology
department of pathology
to
disease?
• disease can be define as any condition • that the presence of an abnormality of the body cause a loss of normal health
disease
Pathophysiology:
physiological method
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
Histopathology—
• the study of histological abnormalities of disease cells and tissues
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
Chemical pathology—
the study of biochemical abnormalities associated with disease
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
Haematology—
• the study of primary or secondary disease of the blood
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
department of pathology
Microbiology—
the study of infectious disease and organism that cause them
department of pathology
In west:
Pathology include: 1. Histopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Microbiology 5. Immunopathology
department of pathology
total of to say, Pathology:
• clinical pathology (human pathology) (surgical pathology)
department of pathology
clinical pathology
• the descriptions of specific
disease as they affect individual organs or systems
department of pathology
In china:
Pathology include:
Pathoanatomy:
anatomical method disease
department of pathology
general pathology (1~5 chapter)
• the mechanisms and characteristics of the principal types of disease process
systemic pathology (6~16 chapter)