2015年中国科学院自动研究所考博真题算法设计与分析

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2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试计算机专业基础综合真题及答案解析

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试计算机专业基础综合真题及答案解析

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试计算机学科专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题:140小题,每小题2分,共80分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1.已知程序如下:int s(int n){ return (n<=0) ? 0 : s(n-1) +n; }void main(){ cout<< s(1); }程序运行时使用栈来保存调用过程的信息,自栈底到栈顶保存的信息一次对应的是A.main()->S(1)->S(0) B.S(0)->S(1)->main()C.m ain()->S(0)->S(1) D.S(1)->S(0)->main()2.先序序列为a,b,c,d的不同二叉树的个数是A.13 B.14 C.15 D.163.下列选项给出的是从根分别到达两个叶节点路径上的权值序列,能属于同一棵哈夫曼树的是A.24,10,5和24,10,7 B.24,10,5和24,12,7C.24,10,10和24,14,11 D.24,10,5和24,14,64.现在有一颗无重复关键字的平衡二叉树(A VL树),对其进行中序遍历可得到一个降序序列。

下列关于该平衡二叉树的叙述中,正确的是A.根节点的度一定为2 B.树中最小元素一定是叶节点C.最后插入的元素一定是叶节点D.树中最大元素一定是无左子树5.设有向图G=(V,E),顶点集V={V0,V1,V2,V3},边集E={<v0,v1>,<v0,v2>,<v0,v3>,<v1,v3>},若从顶点V0 开始对图进行深度优先遍历,则可能得到的不同遍历序列个数是A.2 B.3 C.4 D.56.求下面带权图的最小(代价)生成树时,可能是克鲁斯卡(kruskal)算法第二次选中但不是普里姆(Prim)算法(从V4开始)第2次选中的边是A.(V1,V3) B.(V1,V4) C.(V2,V3) D.(V3,V4)7.下列选项中,不能构成折半查找中关键字比较序列的是A.500,200,450,180 B.500,450,200,180C.180,500,200,450 D.180,200,500,4508.已知字符串S为“abaabaabacacaabaabcc”. 模式串t为“abaabc”, 采用KMP算法进行匹配,第一次出现“失配”(s[i] != t[i]) 时,i=j=5,则下次开始匹配时,i和j的值分别是A.i=1,j=0 B.i=5,j=0 C.i=5,j=2 D.i=6,j=29.下列排序算法中元素的移动次数和关键字的初始排列次序无关的是A.直接插入排序B.起泡排序C.基数排序D.快速排序10.已知小根堆为8,15,10,21,34,16,12,删除关键字8之后需重建堆,在此过程中,关键字之间的比较数是A.1 B.2 C.3 D.411.希尔排序的组内排序采用的是()A.直接插入排序B.折半插入排序 C.快速排序D.归并排序12.计算机硬件能够直接执行的是()Ⅰ.机器语言程序Ⅱ.汇编语言程序Ⅲ.硬件描述语言程序A.仅ⅠB.仅ⅠⅡC.仅ⅠⅢD.ⅠⅡⅢ13.由3个“1”和5个“0”组成的8位二进制补码,能表示的最小整数是()A.-126 B.-125 C.-32 D.-314.下列有关浮点数加减运算的叙述中,正确的是()Ⅰ. 对阶操作不会引起阶码上溢或下溢Ⅱ. 右规和尾数舍入都可能引起阶码上溢Ⅲ. 左规时可能引起阶码下溢Ⅳ. 尾数溢出时结果不一定溢出A.仅ⅡⅢB.仅ⅠⅡⅣC.仅ⅠⅢⅣD.ⅠⅡⅢⅣ15.假定主存地址为32位,按字节编址,主存和Cache之间采用直接映射方式,主存块大小为4个字,每字32位,采用回写(Write Back)方式,则能存放4K字数据的Cache 的总容量的位数至少是()A.146k B.147K C.148K D.158K16.假定编译器将赋值语句“x=x+3;”转换为指令”add xaddt, 3”,其中xaddt是x 对应的存储单元地址,若执行该指令的计算机采用页式虚拟存储管理方式,并配有相应的TLB,且Cache使用直写(Write Through)方式,则完成该指令功能需要访问主存的次数至少是()A.0 B.1 C.2 D.317.下列存储器中,在工作期间需要周期性刷新的是()A.SRAM B.SDRAM C.ROM D.FLASH18.某计算机使用4体交叉存储器,假定在存储器总线上出现的主存地址(十进制)序列为8005,8006,8007,8008,8001,8002,8003,8004,8000,则可能发生发生缓存冲突的地址对是()A.8004、8008 B.8002、8007 C.8001、8008 D.8000、800419.下列有关总线定时的叙述中,错误的是()A.异步通信方式中,全互锁协议最慢B.异步通信方式中,非互锁协议的可靠性最差C.同步通信方式中,同步时钟信号可由多设备提供D.半同步通信方式中,握手信号的采样由同步时钟控制20.若磁盘转速为7200转/分,平均寻道时间为8ms,每个磁道包含1000个扇区,则访问一个扇区的平均存取时间大约是( )A.8.1ms B.12.2ms C.16.3ms D.20.5ms21.在采用中断I/O方式控制打印输出的情况下,CPU和打印控制接口中的I/O端口之间交换的信息不可能是( )A.打印字符B.主存地址C.设备状态D.控制命令22.内部异常(内中断)可分为故障(fault)、陷阱(trap)和终止(abort)三类。

15年 考研 中科院 计算机综合 真题

15年 考研 中科院 计算机综合 真题

中国科学院大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称:计算机学科综合(专业)考生须知:1.本试卷满分为150分,全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2.所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。

一、单项选择题:第1~40小题,每小题2分,共80分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项最符合试题要求。

1.下列数据结构中,()是非线性数据结构。

A.栈 B.队列 C.二叉树 D.堆2.在非空双向循环链表中q所指的结点后插入一个由p所指的链结点的过程依次为:rlink(p)<-rlink(q); rlink(q)<-p; llink(p)<-q; ( )A. rlink(q)<-pB. rlink(llink(p))<-pC. llink(rlink(p))<-pD. rlink(rlink(p))<-p3. 若一个栈以向量V[1…n]存储,初始栈顶指针top为n+1,则下面x入栈的正确操作是()。

A.top=top+1; V[top]=x B. V[top]=x; top=top+1C. top=top-1; V[top]=xD. V[top]=x; top=top-14. 若6行5列的数组以行序为主序顺序存储,基地址为1000,每个元素占2个存储单元,则第3行第4列的元素(假定无第0行第0列)的地址是()。

A. 1040B. 1042C. 1026D. 以上答案都不对5.A[N,N]是对称矩阵,将下三角(包括对角线)以行序存储到一维数组T[N(N+1)/2]中,则对任一上三角元素a[i][j]对应T[k]的下标k是()。

A. i(i-1)/2+jB. j(j-1)/2+iC. i(j-i)/2+1D. j(i-1)/2+16. 一棵二叉树的前序遍历序列为ABCDEFG,它的中序遍历序列可能是()。

A.CABDEFG B. ABCDEFG C. DACEFBG D. ADCFEGB7. 有n(n>0)个分支结点的满二叉树的深度是()。

2017-2018年中国科学院自动化研究所考博试题 模式识别

2017-2018年中国科学院自动化研究所考博试题 模式识别

第1页 共2页
6. (20 分) 在一个模式识别问题中,有下列 8 个样本,每个样本为一个二维特征向量: (4, 1),(2, 1),(4, 1),(2, 1),(4,1),(2, 1),(4, 1),(2, 1)。其中,括号内的第 一个数据表示该样本点的第一个特征,括号内的第二个数据表示该样本点的第二个特 征。 (1) 现在考虑对这 8 个样本进行聚类。采用 C 均值聚类算法,并假定聚类中心的个数为 2,两个初始聚类点分别为(-5,0)和(5,0)。根据上述初始条件,请写出 C 均值聚类算 法的计算步骤,并给出最后的聚类中心;(10 分) (2) 对上述 8 个样本,假设前 4 个样本属于第一类,后 4 个样本属于第二类,现在要求 只使用一个特征达到这样的分类目的。请给出一种特征选择方法,并给出计算过程 和结果。(10 分)
x6=(5, 3)T 。请完成如下任务: (1)、写出线性支持向量机需要求解的原问题和对偶问题(不要求进行求解);(10 分) (2)、当软间隔惩罚参数 C 取值很大时,定性地画出所得到的分类决策面,并解释原因;
(提示:先将 6 个样本点在答题纸上画出,然后画出分类决策面)(3 分) (3)、当软间隔惩罚参数 C 取值很小时,定性地画出所得到的分类决策面,并解释原因。
科目名称:模式识别
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中国科学院自动化研究所
2018 年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试卷 科目名称:模式识别
考生须知:
1. 本试卷满分为 100 分,全部考试时间总计 180 分钟。 2. 所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
1. (10 分 ). 对 于 c 类 分 类 问 题 , 假 定 各 类 条 件 概 率 密 度 函 数 均 为 多 元 正 态 分 布 p(x | i ) ~ N(μi , Σi ), i 1, 2, , c ,其中,xRd 表示数据的特征向量,i 和i 分别为第 i 类的均值向量和协方差矩阵,i 代表第 i 个类别。在最小错误率贝叶斯决策的框架下,请完

计算机算法设计与分析-中国科学院大学

计算机算法设计与分析-中国科学院大学

中国科学院大学硕士研究生入学考试《计算机算法设计与分析》考试大纲一、考试科目基本要求及适用范围概述本计算机算法设计与分析考试大纲适用于中国科学院大学工业工程专业硕士研究生入学考试。

计算机算法设计与分析是工业工程专业方向,特别是信息技术相关领域的重要基础课程,为使用计算机分析、解决工程实际问题提供基础数学理论和方法的支持。

本科目的考试内容主要包括基础数据结构、计算机算法分析的一般性理论和数学方法、算法设计的常用方法及其分析方法等,要求考生对算法相关的基本概念有较深入、系统的理解,掌握算法设计与分析所涉及的基本理论和方法,并具有综合运用所学知识分析问题和解决问题的能力。

二、考试形式考试采用闭卷笔试形式,考试时间为180分钟,试卷满分150分。

试卷结构:计算分析题、算法设计题。

三、考试内容:(一)基础数据结构(熟练掌握)1.数据结构的基本概念、逻辑结构和存储结构;2.线性表、栈与队列;3.数组与广义表;4.树、二叉树与图。

(二)算法分析基础(灵活运用)1.函数的渐进阶,基于渐进阶的函数分类;2.递归和数学归纳法,递推方程求解,主定理;3.算法分析的目的和意义,算法的正确性概念,算法的时间复杂度和空间复杂度;4.最坏情况时间复杂度和平均时间复杂度的定义和基本计算方法。

(三)分治法与排序算法(灵活运用)1.分治法的基本原理、设计方法和适用条件;2.排序算法的设计与分析:插入排序、快速排序、归并排序、堆排序;3.以比较为基本操作的排序算法时间复杂度下界分析。

(四)选择与检索(掌握)1.选择算法设计,对手论证法;2.动态集合(并查集),并查集上的合并查找程序;3.分摊时间分析方法。

(五)高级算法设计与分析技术(熟练掌握)1.贪心算法设计及分析;2.动态规划算法设计及分析;3.字符串匹配算法(KMP算法、BM算法、近似匹配算法)。

(六)图算法(熟练掌握)1.图的表示和数据结构;2.图的搜索与遍历(有向图的深度和广度优先搜索、有向无环图的拓扑排序、有向图的强连通分量、无向图的深度优先搜索);3.最小生成树(Prim算法、Kruskal算法);4.单源最短路径(Dijkstra算法)。

2015考博真题

2015考博真题

一、单选1×50
上下尖牙区别
monson球面的半径
下颌神经前支中的感觉神经
前牙切割运动的杠杆运动形式
单囊性成釉细胞瘤处理方式
腺淋巴瘤病理特点
舌下腺结构
放射性骨髓炎病理表现
翼下颌间隙内容
下颌运动特点
下颌体骨化中心
颞下颌关节手术时切口方式
牙受垂直向力时牙龈主纤维中不受力的是
(以后想起来再补充)
二、名解2×10
近唇线角
pterygoid process
Terra dentition index
mento-cervical angle
taste threshold
alveolar bone proper
candidiasis
chronic gingivitis
branchial cleft cyst
lymphoepithelial carcinoma
三、简答5×6
解剖
1.根管系统在根部侧面开口的系统名称,并从解剖角度解释牙周病和牙髓病的相互影响。

2.口颌系统肌链的组成与功能?
3.临床上面神经的解剖方法,面神经主干的解剖标志点?
病理
1.口腔黏膜鳞癌有很多亚型,请举3例口腔黏膜鳞癌亚型,并叙述其镜下特点及生物学行为?
2.根据牙骨质组织结构学特性,叙述牙骨质龋特点?
3.肌上皮细胞来源的唾液腺良恶性肿瘤各举两例,及其镜下鉴别要点。

2015年中国科学院自动研究所考博真题 数学

2015年中国科学院自动研究所考博真题 数学

X , Y 在区域 D 上服从均匀分布, X 的边缘分布在 x 2 处的值为______。
3. 设 X ~ N , 4 ,样本容量 n 9 ,均值 X 4.2 ,则未知参数 的置信度 0.95 的置信区间为______(查表 Z0.025 1.96 )。 4. 设 随 机 变 量 X 与 Y 相 互 独 立 , X ~ N 1, 2 , Y ~ N 0,1 , 则 随 机 变 量
1. 求 A
2015

tA
(7 分)
2. 求矩阵函数 e 。
(8 分) (10 分)
三. 任选下面一个矩阵,求其 Moore-Penrose 逆:
1 0 1 A , 2 1
(10 分)
1 0 1 四.试求矩阵 A 的奇异值分解。 0 1 1
中国科学院自动化研究所 2015 年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试卷 科目名称:数学
考生须知:
1.本试卷满分为 100 分,全部考试时间总计 180 分钟。 2.所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题纸或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、设矩阵 A R33 的特征值为 a bi, a bi, c ,其中 a, b, c R , b 0, i 是虚数单位。
科目名称:数学
第 2 页
共2页
D( X ) _______ 。
六.设 X1 , X 2, X n 为来自某总体 X 的独立同分布样本,总体 X 的密度函数
x 1 , 0 x 1 f x , 0 其他 0,
试求参数 的矩估计和极大似然估计。 (10 分)
七.一台包装机包装面盐,其每包袋装面盐重是一个随机变量,它服从正态分布, 当机器正常时,其均值为 0.5 公斤,标准差为 0.015 公斤。某日开工后,为检验包 装机是否正常,随机独立地抽取所包装面盐 9 袋。经测量与计算得 X =0.511 ,取 0.05 ,问机器是否正常。 (10 分)

2012-2015中科院经济学原理考博试题

2012-2015中科院经济学原理考博试题

2012-2015中科院经济学原理考博试题2015年考博经济学原理真题回顾一、名词解释边际技术替代率适应性预期经济周期需求的收入弹性货币拜物教二、简答1、试述市场供给线左右移动的原因2、试述社会必要劳动时间如何决定商品价值量三、论述题(二选一)1、试论经济增长与经济结构调整的联系2、试论一路一带战略与马歇尔计划的区别2014年考博经济学原理真题回顾一、名词解释(30 字以上)需求价格弹性边际收益递减广义货币M2布雷顿森林体系绝对剩余价值二、简答(500 字以上)1、垄断竞争市场的性质和特征2、马克思主义经济危机理论三、论述(二选一,1000 字以上)1、通货紧缩的产生与治理2、提高居民在国民收入分配比重,缩小收入差距的意义2013年社科院考博经济学原理一、名词解释(每题5分,共30分,不少于30字)1.囚徒困境(博弈论)2.边际技术替代率(MRTS)3.绝对地租4.寡头垄断5.社会扣除6.商品拜物教(选自资本论)二、简答(每题15分,共30分,不少于600字)1.论述总需求、总供给管理的机制及异同。

(供给经济学派)2.论述对劳动是商品价值唯一源泉的理解。

三、论述(共40分,二选一,不少于1500字)1.试用政治经济学和现代经济学比较生产率理论说明我国收入分配现状,贫富差距拉大原因及解决措施。

2.提供了很多资料、信息,试用经济增长模型说明内生增长对于我国经济结构调整的重要性,并借用全要素生产率这一理论框架进一步解释说明。

2012年社科院考博经济学原理一、名词解释1、生产函数2、菲利普斯曲线3、供给的价格弹性4、汇率5、级差地租二、简答(500字以上)1、列宁关于“垄断天生停滞与腐朽”,“阻碍技术进步”的论断对我国的现实意义。

2、说明边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向的联系和变化关系。

三、论述(二选一,1500字以上)1、财政政策的自动稳定器对我国经济调控的现实意义。

2、论述外延式经济增长和内涵式经济增长的联系和区别以及外延式经济增长向内涵式经济增长的转变。

中科院计算机算法分析与设计_习题1-2_答案

中科院计算机算法分析与设计_习题1-2_答案

2)证明:除结点v外,只有当结点w满足s[w]=0时才被压入栈中,因此每 个结点至多有一次被压入栈中,搜索不会出现重叠和死循环现象,对于每
template<class T> bool MinMax(T a[], int n, int& Min, int& Max) { if(n<1) return false; Min=Max=0; //初始化 for(int i=1; i<n; i++){ if(a[Min]>a[i]) Min=i; if(a[Max]<a[i]) Max=i; } return true; } 最好,最坏,平均比较次数都是 2*(n-1)
2-连通
割点
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C
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7
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(E,A), {(G,E),(F,G), (E,F)} (B,C), (A,B) {(E,A),(B,C),(A,B)}
3.设G是具有n个顶点和m条边的无向图,如果G是连通的,而且满足m = n-1,
证明G是树。 4.假设用一个n×n的数组来描述一个有向图的n×n邻接矩阵,完成下面工作

1)编写一个函数以确定顶点的出度,函数的复杂性应为 2)编写一个函数以确定图中边的数目,函数的复杂性应为 3)编写一个函数删除边(i,j),并确定代码的复杂性。 5.实现图的D-搜索算法。要求用ALGEN语言写出算法的伪代码, 或者用一种计算机高级语言写出程序。 ; (n)

中科院博士考试样卷附答案

中科院博士考试样卷附答案

中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。

试卷一包括:听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。

试卷二为书面表达部分。

时间总长共150分钟,满分100分。

试卷一(75分)第一部分:听力(20分)本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力,由A、B两节组成。

A节:共10题,每题1分。

要求考生根据所听到的10段对话,从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。

每题有12-15秒答题时间。

每段对话的录音只播放一遍。

B节:共10题,每题1分。

要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。

问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。

录音材料只播放一遍。

本部分大约需要25分钟。

第二部分:英语知识运用与阅读理解(55分)本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力,由A、B和C三节组成。

A节:共15题,每题1分。

在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白,要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项,使补足后的短文意义通顺,前后连贯,结构完整。

其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式,3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。

本节大约需要20分钟。

B节:共20题,每题1.5分,共30分。

考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。

要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章(平均每篇约400词)的内容,从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。

本节大约需要35分钟。

C节:共10题,每题1分。

考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。

要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章(平均每篇约400词)的内容,在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。

本节大约需要20分钟。

本部分总需时间约75分钟。

试卷二(25分)本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力,由A、B两节组成。

A节:共1题,10分。

要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要(约占原文的1/4-1/3)。

中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总

中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总

6.在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用?如果有,其可能的生
七、酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)的基本原理是什么?如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原
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(完整版)中科院考博真题2015植物生理学

(完整版)中科院考博真题2015植物生理学

中国科学院大学
2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题
科目名称:植物生理学
考生须知:
1.本试卷满分为100分,全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2.所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。

一、名词解释(请选择其中10题作答,多答不加分。

每小题3分,共30分)
1、光补偿点
2、逆境蛋白
3、冻害与冷害
4、春化作用
5、极性运输
6、层积处理
7、根压
8、离子拮抗
9、平衡溶液10、PQ穿梭11、质外体12、生理碱性盐13、反应中心色素
二、简答题(请选择其中4题作答,多答不加分。

每小题10分,共40分)
1、固氮酶有哪些特性?简述生物固氮机理。

2、简述生长、分化与发育三者之间的区别与关系。

3、简述气孔开闭机理的假说。

4、试比较“伤流”与“吐水”的异同。

5、为什么膜脂中不饱和脂肪酸含量高的植物抗寒性强?
三、论述题(每小题15分,共30分)
1、根据光合作用碳素同化途径的不同,可以将高等植物分为哪三个类群?温室效应会分别对这三类群植物施加哪些影响?
2、根据所学的植物生理学知识,论述植物引种驯化中需要注意的主要问题。

科目名称:植物生理学第1页共1页。

2015年中国科学院自动研究所考博真题模式识别

2015年中国科学院自动研究所考博真题模式识别

, xn } R m ,
进一步假定这些样本属于两个不同的类别。(1) 基于这些样本,请简述采用 Boosting 方 法学习一个两类分类器的步骤,并指出其中拟采用的弱分类器 (4 分 ); (2) 基于两类 Boosting 方法,请设计一个针对多类分类问题的分类器学习框架 (4 分)。 4. (8 分 ) 关于聚类。 (1) 请给出 ISODATA 方法的主要计算步骤 (4 分 ) ; (2)请指出 ISODATA 方法和 C 均值算法的不同点 (4 分)。 5. (8 分) 关于主成分分析。 (1)请简述主成分分析方法的原理 (4 分); (2)采用核技巧, 可以将主成分分析方法发展为核主成分分析方法,请结合核主成分分析方法解释核技巧 的工作原理 (4 分)。 6. (14 分) 关于神经网络。 (1)针对多层前馈神经网络,请给出反向传播算法的工作原理 和训练步骤 (10 分); (2)请分析“在前馈神经网络中,隐含层数越多对分类预测可能 产生的影响” (4 分)。
其中 tr () 表示矩阵求迹运算, Sb 表示类间散度矩阵, S w 表示总类内散度矩阵。 8. (10 分) 现有一个二维空间中的两类分类问题。 记两个类分别为 1 和 2 。 假定 1 和 2 出现的先验概率均相等,且 1 和 2 的类条件概率密度均为正态分布。其中,1 的类条 件概率密度的均值为 1 [1,0] ,协方差矩阵为 1
中国科学院自动化研究所 2015 年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试卷 科目名称:模式识别
考生须知:
1. 本试卷满分为 100 分,全部考试时间总计 180 分钟。 2. 所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
1. (5 分) 关于 ROC 曲线。 (1) “ROC”代表三个英文单词的首字母,请顺序写出这三个 单词的全称 (3 分); (2)针对两类分类问题,请描述“ROC”曲线的绘制步骤 (2 分)。 2. (15 分) 关于线性分类器。 (1)请给出 Fisher 线性判别分析的主要计算步骤和分类决策 规则(10 分) ; (2)请给出线性不可分情形下支持向量机学习模型 (5 分)。 3. (8 分) 关于 Boosting 方法。假定有 n 个 m 维空间中的训练样本 {x1 , x2 ,

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10.One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating,if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。

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6. 约定多边形的顶点按逆时针序列表示,即 P={v0, v1, …, vn-1} 表示一个多边形 有 n 条边:v0v1, v1v2, …, vn-1vn。其中,v0=vn。如果 vi 和 vj 是多边形上不相邻的 两个顶点,则线段 vivj 称为该多边形的一条弦。下面图 5 中的(a)和(b)是一个凸 7 边形的两种不同的三角剖分(各弦互不相交) 。在一个有 n 个顶点的凸多边 形的三角剖分中,恰好有 n-3 条弦和 n-2 个三角形。 给定一凸边形 P={v0, v1, …, vn-1}以及定义在由凸边形的边和弦组成的三角 形上的权值函数 w。请设计算法:确定该凸边形的一个三角剖分,使得该三角 剖分中所有三角形上权值之和为最小,并给出三条边权值之和最小的三角形。 (本题满分 1二叉树,请给出按后序周游该树的结点序列,并画出该二叉树 的中序穿线二叉树存储表示。 (本小题满分 7 分)
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(5) 以下算法实现从二叉排序树中删除结点,并重新连接它的左右子树。请在 4 个空缺处填上适当的内容,使该算法完整。请把答案写在答卷纸上,注 明空缺处的编号和其对应的内容。另外,下面的图 3 为一二叉排序树,请 画出删除结点 P 之后的情况。 Status Delete(BiTree &p) { if (!p -> rchild) { q = p; p = p-> lchild; } else if(!p -> lchild) { q = p; p = p-> rchild; } else{ q = p; s = p -> lchild; while (s -> rchild) { p -> data = s-> data; if (q != p) ③ else ④ delete s; } return TRUE; // Delete
请用表达式描述该多项式的广义表表示, 并设计该多项式的广义表存储结构。 (本小题满分 7 分) (3) 图 1 是一个有向图。请分别画出从顶点 V1 出发其深度优先搜索和广度优 先搜索的生成森林。
V1 V2 V3 V5 V6 V7 V8 B V4 D E F C
(本小题满分 6 分)
A
G
H
I
图 1. 有向图
中国科学院自动化研究所 2015 年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试题
考试科目: 算法设计与分析
(共 4 页,6 个大题,满分 100 分,时间为 3 个小时) 说明:算法设计可以用类程序语言描述。 1. 完成下列各题 (本题包括 6 个小题,满分 40 分) : (1) 希尔排序(Shell’s Sort)又称缩小增量排序。现有如下 10 个关键字: 49,38,65,97,76,13,27,49,55,4 请写出每一趟希尔排序的结果,并说明希尔排序算法的时间复杂度。 (本小题满分 7 分) (2) 有如下三元多项式:
C L W
……
……
A H
……
I
O
A
E O $
$
$
$
N G $
N $
图 4. 姓氏“CAI, CAO, CHANG, CHAO, CHEN” 的键树示意图 5. 请设计一个模式匹配算法, 其中模板 Pattern 含有通配符“?”和“*”。字符 “?”可以和任意字符匹配,而字符“*”可以和任意长度的字串匹配。该算 法可搜索字符串 AnyString,找出 AnyString 中匹配模板 Pattern 的一个子串。 例如, 模板 Pattern 为: I?C*S 可以搜索出字符串 AnyString 中的 ISCAS, IECAS, ILCASS 等子串。 (本题满分 13 分)
v0 v1 v2 v6 v2 v5 v3 v4 v3 v4 v0 v1 v6
v5
(a)
(b)
图 5. 一个凸 7 边形的两种不同的三角剖分
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2. 请写出非递归的归并排序算法。要求:不用堆栈,也不用队列。 (本题满分 10 分) 3. 请设计一个算法,对于输入的任意一个图(有向图或者无向图)G=(V, E)以及 一对顶点 Vi, VjV,可输出如下结果:如果从 Vi 到 Vj 存在简单路径,则输出 从 Vi 到 Vj 的所有简单路径,否则,输出为空。 (本题满分 10 分) 4. 键树又称为数字查找树(Digital Search Trees) 。为了查找和插入方便,我们约 定键树是有序树,即同一层中兄弟结点之间所含符号自左向右有序,并约定 结束符$小于任何字符,如图 4 所示。假设采用双链树存储结构,用于存储 N (N2)个人名,请写出该键树的构造算法。假设这些人名都可以用 26 个英文 字母和空格表示。 (本题满分 12 分)
free(q);
free(q);
F
① ② ; ;
; }
C
P
PR
Q
CL QL
S
}
SL
(本小题满分 7 分)
图 3. 二叉排序树
(6) 下面是对顺序表 L 做折半插入排序的算法。 请在 4 个空缺处填上适当的内 容,使该算法完整。请把答案写在答卷纸上,注明空缺处的编号和其对应 的内容。另外请写出折半插入排序算法的时间复杂度。 void BInsertSort (SqList &L) { for (i =2; i<= L.length; ++i) { L.r[0] = L.r[i]; lx = 1; hx = i -1; while (lx <= hx) { m = (lx + hx)/2; if (LT(L.r[0].key, L.r[m].key)) else ② ; } // while for ( j = i – 1; j >= hx + 1; --j) ④ ; } // for } // BInsertSort (本小题满分 6 分)
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