新GREissue_pool
新GREissue将题库分类的写作技巧(最新)
新GREissue将题库分类的写作技巧
下面为大家介绍一种新GRE issue写作技巧：题库的.十字坐标定位法。
对于任何一道新GRE写作issue题来说，都可以根据它的出题方式和题材进行分类。
而目前的issue题库，按出题方式分类不外乎五大类;按照题材分为七大类。
任何一道issue题，按照出题方式分类，可以帮助我们迅速破题，按照每种类型固定的破题思路对题目进行解构，这样一来，写作提纲就可以很快完成了;按照题材分类，可以帮助我们迅速在已有的素材库中选择合适的例子作为论据，对题目进行进一步阐释。
这就象在一个坐标轴上，横轴为出题方式分类，纵轴为题材分类，拿到任意一道题，只要我们迅速判断这道题属于哪种出题方式和题材，就可以在坐标轴上定位到一点。
只要找到了这一点，该题的写作提纲，以及写作素材便可以立刻得到。
那么，一篇issue作文也就只是把写作提纲和素材结合在一起的过程。
这样，写作也就变得相当容易了。
下面我们以一道题为例：
In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.
分析：这道题按出题方式分类属于建议类，按照题材分类属于教育类。
【新GREissue将题库分类的写作技巧】
1。
新GREIssue官方范文整理
新GREIssue官方范文整理今日给大家整理新GREIssue 官方范文，快来一起学习吧。
下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
新GREIssue 官方范文整理1Issue test 1As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.Essay Response — Score 6The statement linking technology negatively with free thinking plays on recent human experience over the past century. Surely there has been no time in history where the lived lives of people have changed more dramatically. A quick reflection on a typical day reveals how technology has revolutionized the world. Most people commute to work in an automobile that runs on an internal combustion engine. During the workday, chances are high that the employee will interact with a computer that processes information on silicon bridges that are .09 microns wide. Upon leaving home, family members will be reached through wireless networks that utilize satellites orbiting the earth. Each of these common occurrences could have been inconceivable at the turn of the 19th century.The statement attempts to bridge these dramatic changes to a reduction in the ability for humans to think for themselves. The assumption is that an increased reliance on technology negates the need for people to think creatively to solve previous quandaries. Looking back at the introduction, one could argue that without a car, computer, or mobile phone, the hypothetical worker would need to find alternate methods of transport, information processing and communication. Technology short circuits this thinking by making the problems obsolete.However, this reliance on technology does not necessarily preclude the creativity that marks the human species. The prior examples reveal that technology allows for convenience. The car, computer and phone all release additional time for people to live more efficiently. This efficiency does not preclude the need for humans to think for themselves. In fact, technology frees humanity to not only tackle new problems, but may itself create new issues that did not exist without technology. For example, the proliferation of automobiles has introduced a need for fuel conservation on a global scale. With increasing energy demands from emerging markets, global warming becomes a concern inconceivable to the horse-and-buggy generation. Likewise dependence on oil has created nation-states that are not dependent on taxation, allowing ruling parties to oppress minority groups such as women. Solutions to these complex problems require the unfettered imaginations of maverick scientists and politicians.In contrast to the statement, we can even see how technology frees the human imagination. Consider how the digital revolution and the advent of the internet has allowed for an unprecedented exchange of ideas. WebMD, a popular internet portal for medical information, permits patients to self research symptoms for a more informed doctor visit. This exercise opens pathways of thinking that were previously closed off to the medical layman. With increased interdisciplinary interactions, inspiration can arrive from the most surprising corners. Jeffrey Sachs, one of the architects of the UN Millenium Development Goals, based hisideas on emergency care triage techniques. The unlikely marriage of economics and medicine has healed tense, hyperinflation environments from South America to Eastern Europe.This last example provides the most hope in how technology actually provides hope to the future of humanity. By increasing our reliance on technology, impossible goals can now be achieved. Consider how the late 20th century witnessed the complete elimination of smallpox. This disease had ravaged the human race since prehistorical days, and yet with the technology of vaccines, free thinking humans dared to imagine a world free of smallpox. Using technology, battle plans were drawn out, and smallpox was systematically targeted and eradicated.Technology will always mark the human experience, from the discovery of fire to the implementation of nanotechnology. Given the history of the human race, there will be no limit to the number of problems, both new and old, for us to tackle. There is no need to retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things, but rather embrace a hopeful posture to the possibilities that technology provides for new avenues of human imagination.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 6The author of this essay stakes out a clear and insightful position on the issue and follows the specific instructions by presenting reasons to support that position. The essay cogently argues that technology does not decrease our ability to think for ourselves, but merely provides additional time for people to live more efficiently. In fact, the problems that have developed alongside the growth of technology (pollution, political unrest in oil-producing nations) actually call for more creative thinking, not less.In further examples, the essay shows how technology allows for the linking of ideas that may never have been connected in the past (like medicine and economic models), pushing people to think in new ways.Examples are persuasive and fully developed; reasoning is logically sound and well supported.Ideas in the essay are connected logically, with effective transitions used both between paragraphs (However or In contrast to the statement) and within paragraphs. Sentence structure is varied and complex and the essay clearly demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), with only minor errors appearing. Thus, this essay meets all the requirements for receiving a top score.新GREIssue 官方范文整理2Essay Response — Score 5Surely many of us have expressed the following sentiment, or some variation on it, during our daily commutes to work: People are getting so stupid these days! Surrounded as we are by striding and strident automatons with cell phones glued to their ears, PDAs gripped in their palms, and omniscient, omnipresent CNN gleaming in their eyeballs, its tempting to believe that technology has isolated and infantilized us, essentally transforming us into dependent, conformist morons best equipped to sideswip one another in our SUVs.Furthermore, hanging around with the younger, pre-commute generation, whom tech-savviness seems to have rendered lethal, is even less reassuring. With Teen People style trends shooting through the air from tiger-striped PDA to zebra-striped PDA, and with the latest starlet gossip zipping from juicy Blackberry to teeny, turbo-charged cell phone, technology seems to support young peoples worst tendencies to follow the crowd. Indeed, they have seemingly evolved into intergalactic conformity police. After all, todays tech-aided teens are, courtesy of authentic, hands-on video games, literally trained to kill; courtesy of chat and instant text messaging, they have their own language; they even havetiny cameras to efficiently photodocument your fashion blunders! Is this adolescence, or paparazzi terrorist training camp?With all this evidence, its easy to believe that tech trends and the incorporation of technological wizardry into our everyday lives have served mostly to enforce conformity, promote dependence, heighten comsumerism and materialism, and generally create a culture that values self-absorption and personal entitlement over cooperation and collaboration. However, I argue that we are merely in the inchoate stages of learning to live with technology while still loving one another. After all, even given the examples provided earlier in this essay, it seems clear that technology hasnt impaired our thinking and problem-solving capacities. Certainly it has incapacitated our behavior and manners; certainly our values have taken a severe blow. However, we are inarguably more efficient in our badness these days. Were effective worker bees of ineffectiveness!If T\technology has so increased our senses of self-efficacy that we can become veritable agents of the awful, virtual CEOs of selfishness, certainly it can be beneficial. Harnessed correctly, technology can improve our ability to think and act for ourselves. The first challenge is to figure out how to provide technology users with some direly-needed direction.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 5The language of this essay clearly illustrates both its strengths and weaknesses. The flowery and sometimes uncannily keen descriptions are often used to powerful effect, but at other times this descriptive language results in errors in syntax. See, for example, the problems of parallelism in the second-to-last sentence of paragraph 2 (After all, todays tech-aided teens ...).There is consistent evidence of facility with syntax and complexvocabulary (Surrounded as we are by striding and strident automatons with cell phones glued to their ears, PDAs gripped in their palms, and omniscient, omnipresent CNN gleaming in their eyeballs, its tempting to believe...). However, such lucid prose is often countered by anover-reliance on abstractions and tangential reasoning. For example, what does the fact that video games literally train [teens] to kill have to do with the use or deterioration of thinking abilities?Because this essay takes a complex approach to the issue (arguing, in effect, that technology neither enhances nor reduces our ability to think for ourselves, but can do one or the other, depending on the user) and because the author makes use of appropriate vocabulary and sentence variety, a score of 5 is appropriate.新GREIssue 官方范文整理3Essay Response — Score 4In all actuality, I think it is more probable that our bodies will surely deteriorate long before our minds do in any significant amount. Who cant say that technology has made us lazier, but thats the key word, lazy, not stupid. The ever increasing amount of technology that we incorporate into our daily lives makes people think and learn every day, possibly more than ever before. Our abilities to think, learn, philosophize, etc. may even reach limits never dreamed of before by average people. Using technology to solve problems will continue to help us realize our potential as a human race.If you think about it, using technology to solve more complicating problems gives humans a chance to expand their thinking and learning, opening up whole new worlds for many people. Many of these people are glad for the chance to expand their horizons by learning more, going to new places, and trying new things. If it wasnt for the invention of new technological devices, I wouldnt be sitting at this computer trying tophilosophize about technology. It would be extremely hard for children in much poorer countries to learn and think for themselves with out the invention of the internet. Think what an impact the printing press, a technologically superior mackine at the time, had on the ability of the human race to learn and think.Right now we are seeing a golden age of technology, using it all the time during our every day lives. When we get up theres instant coffee and the microwave and all these great things that help us get ready for our day. But we arent allowing our minds to deteriorate by using them, we are only making things easier for ourselves and saving time for other important things in our days. Going off to school or work in our cars instead of a horse and buggy. Think of the brain power and genius that was used to come up with that single invention that has changed the way we move across this globe.Using technology to solve our continually more complicated problems as a human race is definately a good thing. Our ability to think for ourselves isnt deteriorating, its continuing to grow, moving on to higher though functions and more ingenious ideas. The ability to use what technology we have is an exampleReader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 4This essay meets all the criteria of a level-4 essay. The writer develops a clear position (Using technology to solve our problems will continue to help us realize our potential as a human race). The position is then developed with relevant reasons (using technology to solve more complicat[ed] problems gives humans a chance to expand their thinking and learning and we are seeing a golden age of technology).Point 1, using technology, is supported with the simple but relevant notion that technology allows us access to information and abilities to which we would not normally have access. Similarly, point 2, the goldenage, is supported by the basic description of our technologically saturated social condition. Though the overall development and organization of the essay does suffer from an occasional misdirection (see paragraph 3s abrupt progression from coffee pots to the benefits of technology to cars), the essay as a whole flows smoothly and logically from one idea to the next.It is useful to compare this essay to the level-3 essay presented next. Though both essays entail some surface-level discussion and often fail to probe deeply into the issue, this writer does take the analysis a step further. In paragraph 2, the distinction between this essay and the next one (the level-3 response) can most clearly be seen. To support the notion that advances in technology actually help increase thinking ability, the writer draws a clever parallel between the promise of modern, sophisticated technology (computer) and the actual impact of equally promising and pervasive technologies of the past (printing press).Like the analysis, the language in this essay clearly meets the requirements for a score of 4. The writer displays sufficient control of language and the conventions of standard written English. The preponderance of mistakes are of a cosmetic nature (trying to solve more complicating problems.) There is a sentence fragment (Going off ...) along with a comma splice (Our ability ... isnt deteriorating, its continuing to grow ...) in paragraph 3. However, these errors are minor and do not interfere with the clarity of the ideas being presented.新GREIssue 官方范文整理4Essay Response — Score 3There is no current proof that advancing technology will deteriorate the ability of humans to think. On the contrary, advancements in technology had advanced our vast knowledge in many fields, opening opportunities for further understanding and achievement. For example,the problem of dibilitating illnesses and diseases such as alzheimers disease is slowing being solved by the technological advancements in stem cell research. The future ability of growing new brain cells and the possibility to reverse the onset of alzheimers is now becoming a reality. This shows our initiative as humans to better our health demonstrates greater ability of humans to think.One aspect where the ability of humans may initially be seen as an example of deteriorating minds is the use of internet and cell phones. In the past humans had to seek out information in many different enviroments and aspects of life. Now humans can sit in a chair and type anything into a computer and get an answer. Our reliance on this type of technology can be detrimental if not regulated and regularily substituted for other information sources such as human interactions and hands on learning. I think if humans understand that we should not have such a reliance on computer technology, that we as a species will advance further by utilizing the opportunity of computer technology as well as the other sources of information outside of a computer. Supplementing our knowledge with internet access is surely a way for technology to solve problems while continually advancing the human race.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 3This essay never moves beyond a superficial discussion of the issue. The writer attempts to develop two points: that advancements in technology have progressed our knowledge in many fields and that supplementing rather than relying on technology is surely a way for technology to solve problems while continually advancing the human race. Each point, then, is developed with relevant but insufficient evidence. In discussing the potential of technology to advance knowledge in many fields (a broad subject, rife with possible examples), the writer uses only one limited and very brief example from a specific field (medicine and stem-cell research).Development of the second point is hindered by a lack of specificity and organization. The writer creates what might be best described as an outline. The writer cites a need for regulation/supplementation and warns of the detriment of over-reliance upon technology. However, the explanation of both the problem and solution is vague and limited (Our reliance ... can be detrimental. If humans understand that we should not have such a reliance ... we will advance further). There is neither explanation of consequences nor clarification of what is meant by supplementing. This second paragraph is a series of generalizations that are loosely connected and lack a much-needed grounding.In the essay, there are some minor language errors and a few more serious flaws (e.g., The future ability of growing new brain cells or One aspect where the ability of humans may initially be seen as an example of deteriorating minds). Despite the accumulation of such flaws, the writers meaning is generally clear. Thus, this essay earns a score of 3.新GREIssue 官方范文整理5Essay Response — Score 2In recent centuries, humans have developed the technology very rapidly, and you may accept some merit of it, and you may see a distortion in society occured by it. To be lazy for human in some meaning is one of the fashion issues in thesedays. There are many symptoms and resons of it. However, I can not agree with the statement that the technology make humans to be reluctant to thinkng thoroughly.Of course, you can see the phenomena of human laziness along with developed technology in some place. However, they would happen in specific condition, not general. What makes human to be laze of thinking is not merely technology, but the the tendency of human that they treat them as a magic stick and a black box. Not understanding the aims and theory of them couses the disapproval problems.The most important thing to use the thechnology, regardless the new or old, is to comprehend the fundamental idea of them, and to adapt suit tech to tasks in need. Even if you recognize a method as a all-mighty and it is extremely over-spec to your needs, you can not see the result you want. In this procedure, humans have to consider as long as possible to acquire adequate functions. Therefore, humans can not escape from using their brain.In addition, the technology as it is do not vain automatically, the is created by humans. Thus, the more developed tech and the more you want a convenient life, the more you think and emmit your creativity to breakthrough some banal method sarcastically.Consequently, if you are not passive to the new tech, but offensive to it, you would not lose your ability to think deeply. Furthermore, you may improve the ability by adopting it.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 2The language of this essay is what most clearly links it to the score of 2. Amidst sporadic moments of clarity, this essay is marred by serious errors in grammar, usage and mechanics that often interfere with meaning. It is unclear what the writer means when he/she states, To be lazy for human in some meaning is one of the fashion issues in thesedays, or to adapt suit tech to tasks in need.Despite such severe flaws, the writer has made an obvious attempt to respond to the prompt (I can not agree with the statement that the technology make humans to be reluctant to thinking thoroughly) as well as an unclear attempt to support such an assertion (Not understanding the aims and theory of them [technology] couses the disapproval problems and The most important thing to use the thechnology ... is to comprehend the fundamental idea of them). On the whole, the essay displays aseriously flawed but not fundamentally deficient attempt to develop and support its claims.(Note: In this specific case, the analysis is tied directly to the language. As the language falters, so too does the analysis.)Essay Response — Score 1Humans have invented machines but they have forgot it and have started everything technically so clearly their thinking process is deterioating.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 1The essay is clearly on topic, as evidenced by the writers usage of the more significant terms from the prompt: technically (technologically), humans, thinking (think) and deteriorating (deteriorate). Such usage is the only clear evidence of understanding. Meaning aside, the brevity of the essay (one sentence) clearly indicates the writers inability to develop a response that follows the specific instructions given (Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement above and explain your reasoning for the position you take).The language, too, is clearly level 1, as the sentence fails to achieve coherence. The coherent phrases in this one-sentence response are those tied to the prompt: Humans have invented machines and their thinking process is deteriorating. Otherwise, the point being made is unclear新GREIssue 官方范文整理文章到此就结束了，欢迎大家下载使用并丰富，共享给更多有需要的人。
新 GRE _ ISSUE 题库 中文 翻译
新GRE作文ISSUE题目翻译+分类将新GRE写作Issue Pool 题库分类整理，更方便考生积累写作素材，熟悉分类Issue的套路，在考场上用短时间汇聚思路完成写作部分。
是大家提高新GRE写作能力的有效资料之一。
ETS官网公布的ISSUE新题库This page contains the Issue topics for the Analytical Writing section of the GRE? revised General Test. When you take the test, you will be presented with one Issue topic from this pool. Each Issue topic consists of an issue statement or statements followed by specific task instructions that tell you how to respond to the issue. The wording of some topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here. Also, because there may be multiple versions of some topics with similar or identical wording but with different task instructions, it is very important to read your test topic and its specific task directions carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test.1 As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.当人们越来越依赖技术去解决问题，人类独立思考能力却退化。
GREissue写作范文
GREissue写作范文我给大家整理了GRE issue写作范文，盼望大家可以借鉴里面的短语、句子或思路，给自己的写作找一些思路和灵感,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
GRE issue写作范文：冒险与方案题目：Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning.在生活的全部领域中，胜利往往更多的来自于把握机会或者冒险而不是通过认真谨慎的方案。
正文：The speaker asserts people are more likely to attain success when taking chances or risks than planning carefully and cautiously. However, after comparing the characteristics of careful planning and taking chances, I strongly hold that they are of the same importance in the pursuit of success.In competitive sports, while making appropriate training plans and effective competition strategies constitute necessary conditions of winning the matches, taking risks is almost inevitable when athletes or their coaches confront a sudden matter that might influence the course of a match and that has not been taken into consideration beforehand. In modern competitive sports, it is widely acknowledged that scientific and effective training contributes to athletes’ better performance during matches. Good competition strategies, on the other hand, resulting in the better allocation of physical force, better use of skills or the higher rate inscoring, also play a vital role.However, when the star players of a soccer team or a basketball team are off the game or fail to implement their chief coachs strategic intention, leaving the whole team in adverseness, the coach faces the choice whether to substitute he/she or not. No doubt substituting a star player with a bench player means taking risk because the bench player may not perform as good as the star player and may make matters worse. If this happens, the substitution will incur discontentment of the players and critique from the teams fans, media and the boss. The capability of the coach may then be suspected and he/she may even be fired. Nevertheless, if the coach dares not to take the risk to substitute a poorly performed star player, his/her team will probably lose the game. Taking chances and risks is reasonable when one is dealing with something that has not been taken into consideration previously. So, in competitive sports, planning and risking are both necessary.In academic fields, careful and cautious planning is required for large projects and application disciplines while revolutionary scientific breakthroughs are almost impossible without taking chances or risks. Before starting the research project on human genome, scientists had already made plans on the content and method of the research. They did not have to take any chances or risks because all they should do have already been carefully planned. There were no technical obstacles that had not been solved. Therefore, they just followed the plan step by step and accomplished the project in the end. As for significant scientific breakthroughs, they are the important discoveries and theories that disaccord, at least to some extent, with established principles or our intuitions, such as the Theory of Relativity and quantum mechanics. One has no choice but to take chances because established theories may not be applicable on the boundary of what is known and what is unknown. Only after being examined through experiments, practices and observations, can they be confirmed or belied. In a word, planning and taking chances or risks are different means for different levels of academic researches.In the business world, cautious planning contributes to the long-term development of a company and at the same time, risking is imperative for a company to survive, develop and thrive in the highly competitive society. Planning carefully on inquiring market, training stuff and manufacturing products ensure a companys long-term development by keeping its profit increasing or at least not declining. On the other hand, taking risks, such as incorporating with another company, involving in the market fields that have already been occupied by other enterprises or involving in the market fields that are not considered so profitable, is also necessary because these may save the company from the adversity or help to set foot in new businesses. Clearly,in the business field, planning and risking complement each other.To conclude, success in any realm of life comes equally from taking chances or risks and from careful and cautious planning. In most cases, they complement each other and pave the way towards success.GRE Issue写作优秀实例：达到目标的手段题目：If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.只要值得，不择手段达到目的是合理的。
新GREIssue官方范文整合
新GREIssue官方范文整合想要提高新GREIssue 的分数，多看官方范文是必须的，快来一起学习吧。
下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新GREIssue 官方范文1Issue test 4“A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.”Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree ordisagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position youtake. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not beadvantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.Essay Response – Score 6Nations should not require that all students study the same national curriculum. If every child were presented with the same material, it wouldassume that all children learn the same and that all teachers are capable of teaching the same material in the same way. In addition to neglecting differences in learning and teaching styles, it would also stifle creativityandcreate a generation of drones. The uniformity would also lend itself to governmental meddling in curriculum that could result in the destruction ofdemocracy. If every teacher is forced to teach a certain text, the governmentneed only change that text to misinform an entire generation. Lastly, a standardized curriculum would also adversely affect students who come from lowerincome families or families who have little education as they might not have asmany resources for learning outside of school.Children all learn in very different ways. If the curriculum is standardized completely, it leaves little room for exploratory learning. Onechild may learn how to spell from reading, another may learn from phonics. Ifthe curriculum is standardized, suppose one aspect is dropped, that may excludecertain children from learning adequately. This is not to say of course that there shouldn’t be requirements, but they should be general requirements, notsomething so specific as a curriculum. Especially at the high school level thiswould be detrimental to the variety of subjects that a student can learn. Standards and the “No Child Left Behind” act in America are already forcing thereduction in programs such as art and music that have a less defineable curriculum. Additionally, education systems are rarely funded well enough toachieve the general goal of educating children. If a national curriculum wereimplemented, would it come with a significant increase in financial support?History suggests that it would not.Teachers also have different methods of teaching; if say, the English curriculum of all high schools were standardized, then a book that one teacherteaches excellently and therefore inspires students to read more and learn ontheir own might be eliminated, and although that teacher ought to be capableenough to teach the curriculum books, his or her students will still be missingout on what might have been a great learning experience. It also limits how muchof the teacher’s unique knowledge he or she can bring to the classroom. It isthese inspirational books or experiences that allow teachers to reach students;if they are put in a mold, the quality of teaching and learning will go down.Learning should be enjoyable and children and adolescents should be taughtnot only the curriculum in school, but that the body of knowledge that exists inthe world today is enormous and that you can learn your whole life. Having anational curriculum implies that there is a set group of things worth learningfor every person. Maybe this is true, but for students, it sets up a world wherethere is a finite amount of knowledge to be acquired for the purpose of regurgitating it on a test. Teaching a standard curriculum doesn’t encourageinquiries; it doesn’t make students ask questions like, “Why?” and“How?”School’s real purpose is teaching people to learn, not just teaching them a setgroup of facts. By teaching them to learn, students can continue doing so, theycan extend skills from one area of knowledge to another. This type of learningfosters creativity that can be used not only in math or science or English, butin art or music or creative writing. Teaching a brain to go beyond being a filecabinet for facts is the best way to teach creativity. Creativity is too often assumed to be something only for the arts. It is creativity that results in innovation and it is innovation that has resulted in the greatest achievementsof humanity in the sciences and humanities alike.Finally, the education system of a country is designed to put all childrenon a level playing field. Though this is only an ideal, it is a noble ideal. If the school curriculum becomes standardized, children who have highly educatedparents, or more money to buy books outside of school, or more resourcesfortutors or private schools will immediately gain a foothold. Poorer students fromuneducated families in the current American school system are already at adisadvantage, but at least now there is hope through variety that something canreach out to them and inspire them. There is hope that they can find a classthat interests them. If the curriculum becomes rigid and standardized, it is these disadvantaged students who fall through the cracks.There are many reasons not to standardize the curriculum. The uniqueness ofstudents and teachers is the most obvious, but students from less educated backgrounds will suffer the most. The creativity of a nation as a whole wouldfall with a standardized curriculum. Most importantly though is the question ofwho and what? Who chooses the curriculum? What is important enough that it mustbe taught? These questions assume that there is some infallible committee thatcan foresee all and know what knowledge will be important in everyone’s lives.There is no person, no group, no comittee capable of deciding what knowledge isnecessary. Curriculum should have standards, not be standardized and educationshould be as much about knowledge as it about learning to learn.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 6This outstanding response develops an articulate and insightful positionrejecting the prompt’s recommendation of a national curriculum. The writerunderstands a national curriculum to mean both the material that is taught andthe way it is taught. The essay offers a wide-ranging discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of a national curriculum for students,for teachers, and for a nation. For example, the response argues that prescribing particular content and teaching methods might make it more difficultfor teachers to tailor lessons to students with different learning styles and might also force effective teachers to adopt teaching methods that are lesseffective for them and their students. Although the essay clearly rejects therecommendation for a national curriculum, the writer does concede that there isa need for educational standards that are flexible enough to allow for individual, socioeconomic, and regional differences.The response maintains a well-focused, wellorganized discussion, developingeach point fully and connecting ideas logically without relying on obvioustransitional phrases. The writing is fluent, despite minor errors in grammar andmechanics; sentence structure is varied and diction is effective. In sum, thisresponse meets all of the criteria for a score of 6.新GREIssue 官方范文2Essay Response – Score 5While it may be to the advantage of a nation that all its students learnthe same basic information, this can be accomplished without going to the lengths of having a national curriculum. By requiring that all students know acertain amount in basic areas of knowledge without specifying the details, anation can achieve the same benefits of a national curriculum without undulydenying the freedom of teachers to teach as they see fit. A system of simplenational standards is good enough. To go further and create a full-fledged national curriculum would gain nothing and impair the ability of teachers.It is important to ensure that all students learn the fundamentals of different subject areas. In order to graduate from high school, for example, allstudents should have a good understanding of algebra, of basic concepts inscience and history, and an ability to read critically. These are skills that will benefit people in all kinds of different careers. Even if you never manipulate an equation after graduating from high school, you will have a farbetter understanding of the world around you if you know simple facts of mathand science. Fields such as English and history are even more important, as theyare absolutely necessary to maintain an informed citizenry capable ofmakingimportant decisions that all citizens of a democracy are called upon to make. Inorder to achieve this, it is necessary to have national standards of education.Most teachers are very capable of imparting knowledge on students, and mostschool boards are similarly well-intentioned. Nevertheless, without nationalstandards, some students are bound to fall through the cracks, and some schoolboards, under pressure from groups of parents, may eliminate certain subjectmatter from schools, as has happened recently with the teaching of evolution inconservative areas of the United States. In order to ensure that all students learn all that they need to know as functioning adults, some kind of nationalstandards should be in place.These national standards, however, need not go so far as to constitute asingle national curriculum. No one knows a class of students better thanitsteachers, and no one else can shape a curriculum for their maximum benefit. Anational curriculum would necessarily mean a one-size-fits-all approach, andwhat is appropriate in one classroom may not be in another. Partly this is aresult of the intellectual levels of the students in question: some may be ableto learn far more about a particular subject than others. But it is also a question of student goals. The desire for specialization begins before college.A student who wants to become an auto mechanic should be able to take auto shopclasses, classes which would not be of interest to a future lawyer or scientist.This notion may sound unacceptably elitist in today’s climate in which a collegeeducation has become almost an automatic goal of education, but it does not needto be this way. Students with limited interest in higher education should beable to opt out, to follow another curriculum that is more likely to lead to happiness later in life. As a society, we should not discourage them, but ratherensure that there are enough highpaying jobs available for skilled laborers withhigh school diplomas.Everyone needs certain basic knowledge in order to function in societytoday. To this extent, we need national standards of instruction for students.But we do not need to cram every student into the same classes and force them tolearn what we think is best for them.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 5This strong response presents a generally thoughtful, well-developed analysis of the issue and conveys meaning clearly. The introductory paragraphclearly disagrees with the prompt’s recommendation: “By requiring that allstudents know a certain amount in basic areas of knowledge without specifyingthe details, a nation can achieve the same benefits of a nationalcurriculumwithout unduly denying the freedom of teachers to teach as they see fit.” Thewriter supports this position by first arguing for the necessity of national standards, citing the individual’s need for fundamental knowledge in core areas,and by asserting that such knowledge makes for an informed, thoughtful citizenry. The discussion furthers this argument by examining some of the disadvantages of a rigid national curriculum, namely the inability of a nationalcurriculum to accommodate students’individual needs and interests.The response develops its position with strong reasons and examples, thoughthese reasons and examples are not always fully developed. For example, theresponse asserts that kn owledge of English and history is “absolutely necessaryto maintain an informed citizenry” and that “in order to achieve this, it is necessary to have national standards of education,” but it never really explainshow or why national standards would result in better-informed citizens thanregional standards or a national curriculum would.The response maintains a clear focus and organization with clear and logical transitions. Although the response conveys ideas clearly and demonstrates facility with standard written English, it lacks the precision ofexpression necessary for the highest score. In sum, this response demonstratesall of the characteristics required to earn a score of 5.新GREIssue 官方范文3Essay Response – Score 4As an educator, this topic is quite controversial to me. By having one setcurriculum in the entire nation, students would be taught the same material.Students from the rural Texas will study the same thing as students in Brooklyn,NY and suburban Chicago. If they move from state to state, they will havecovered the same material and they would be able to participate in class rightaway. You could also say that all students should have learned the same material, for which they should all be equal and should have the sameopportunities. But it is unrealistic. I disagree with a national curriculum because all students are not the same, they have different interests, and thiscurriculum would not permit teachers to explore and teach to students interests.First, a curriculum that becomes nation wide is supposed to teach all students the same material and perhaps the same way. All seventh graders willhave to solve algebraic equations and then they will all be the same. But students are not the same. All children develop at different rates, they havedifferent abilities. One cannot expect a child from Uptown Manhattan to be doingthe same thing as the kids in southern Illinois. The conditions are different,they have different funding and quality of teachers. Parents involvement intheir childrens education is different and that would affect what the studentslearn.Besides having different abilities, the students have different interestsor necesities. In one part of the nation it may be important to learn trigonometry and calculus because it is a high tech area. They use many computers and there might be a big market for careers in that field, but in another part of the country it might be more important to learn about farmingand erosion. That the interest would be different. Teachers also need the freedom to teach what the students are interested in. If the kids want to knowabout the Chicano Movement, they should have the opportunity to learn about it,instead of learning about African American Civil Rights Movement. City kids areinterested in different things than kids rural areas, as well as kids from the East Coast and the West Coast.For these reasons I would have to disagree with a national curriculum.Children are different and they should have the right to learn about things theyare interested in. Teachers should have the freedom to teach what he/she thinksis more important or interesting to their students. Teachers should teach theirstudents, not a curriculum.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 4This response presents a competent analysis of the issue and conveys meaning with acceptable clarity. The writer begins by acknowledging some of theperceived strengths of a national curriculum but then disagrees with the prompt,arguing that “all students are not the same, they have different interests, andthis curriculum would not permit teachers to explore and teach to students interests.” The writer supports this position by suggesting tha t a standardizedapproach to education will fail to address the different types of students whomake up a nation’s youth; for instance, students in two different geographicalareas may be subject to different socioeconomic conditions as well as differentcultural attitudes toward the role of education. The writer continues exploringthe role of geography by pointing out that different areas naturally emphasizedifferent aspects of curriculum based upon regional concerns and that a nationalcurriculum would unfairly homogenize education.The response is adequately focused and organized, and although it containssome errors, it demonstrates sufficient control of language in order to expressits ideas.新GREIssue 官方范文4Essay Response – Score 3Until now, many countries have mandatory course for their students untilthey enter the college. It is beneficial to students to have same amout knowledge in their schools. Also, I agree this recommendation because thesereasons.Even if students have extraordinary abilities to study, it just will be some specific parts of academic fields. Generally, most ordiany students haveabilities to follow their study through their courses. For all students, if people want to be had same knowledge and same academic background, the nationalcurriculum is essential. Of course, some people don’t want to follow their mandatoyr courses so that someone takes privite classes in their house or takesa different class in other substituted schools. However, if students want to enter the college, they have to take a national test, for example, SAT. Like this test will require generalized knowledge until in the high school. For preparing this test, every students have to study requisited courses of SAT.Even though some students take privite courses, they also have to prepare theseclasses. Because of this, national curriculum is needed. If they do not need totake a test to enter the college, they won’t prepare these classes. However,until now, every college wants to accept to be experimented students so thatthey need standarized test for everybody. Recently, even though national curriculum is becoming a social issue to criticize its efficency, if governmentsdon’t change their policy about thier educational programs, it has to exist inthe education.However, the same national curriculum has some troubles. If one studentdoesn’t follow the same curriculum, this student will be fale to enter the college. The mandatory curriculum does not allow individual characteristics,some students who have surprisingly abilities for other fields, for example,playing chess, singing the classic song, and operating computer systems, willnot enter the college. So, we should consider this problem in the same nationalcurriculum.Nevertheless, the system of the education will not change to allow otherpossibilities, a nation has to require all of their students to study the same courses, until the college. It is related to educational systems so that it is difficult to decide whatever is right. However, while the current educaitonalsystem exist a nation, the country should require the same curriculum to itsstudents.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 3This response demonstrates some competence in analyzing the issue and inconveying meaning, but it is obviously flawed. The writer adopts a position ofagreement with the prompt, arguing that since higher education requires studentsto pass standardized exams, a curriculum which emphasized the same education forall students would be more conducive to passing college entrance exams and testssuch as the SAT. In the course of this argument, the writer does consider thatthe implementation of a national curriculum would remove the opportunity forstudents to explore areas of study outside their core coursework but argues thatthis loss can be made up during the students’university coursework.The response presents a clear position on the issue and develops that position with relevant reasons and examples, but it fails to convey ideas withacceptable clarity; it has problems in language and sentence structure that result in a lack of clarity. These frequent minor errors and occasionalmajorerrors in grammar, usage, and mechanics preclude the response from receiving anupper-half score. In order to merit a score of 4, this response would need todemonstrate better control of the conventions of standard written English.新GREIssue 官方范文5Essay Response – Score 2A nation should teach all it’s students the same national curriculum untilthey enter college so that can prepare for college. Allowing everyone to learnthe same curriculum will teach our society how to communicate with one another.This is a nation of equal opportunity and should be treated and taught equally.I believec that this would allows young individuals to get an better understanting of all different kinds of religions, culture,and society. All school teach the same history,but some may forcus more on what they feel isimportant then depending on where you are from.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 2After agreeing with the prompt’s recommendation, this brief essay presentsa series of unsupported claims about education and culture. The discussion failsto develop any of these claims with relevant reasons and/or examples or to makelogical connections between them; as a result, the discussion is disorganizedand unfocused. The final sentence states that all schools “teach the same history,but some may forcus more on what they feel is important then dependingon where you are from.” As a result of the response’s frequent errors in language and sentence structure, it isn’t at all clear whether this statement isintended as an observation of current practices or a recommendation that historycurricula should be flexible enough to account for regional interests.Though this response does contain frequent errors and lacks sentencevariety, these flaws serve more to impede clarity than to interfere significantly with meaning. The essay is scored a 2 primarily because it is “seriously limited in addressing the specific task directions and inpresentingor developing a position on the issue.”Essay Response – Score 1No i disagree with recommendation becaus it is not compulsary to student tostudy same national curriculum until they enter college.Each and every student is own idea and family dream so,could not say likethat student study the same nation curriculum until they enter college.we createa enviroment to all student are go and come in different country so we shareover idea and comfortably leave with each other.It is very necessary to colobrate with each other we develope owr nationand different technology. We take a example of “SUNITA VILLIUM” she is aAmerican scientist work in “NASA” basically she is a INDIAN.But she complitestudy in USA.So,it is not necessary to studay in own national Curriculum .but we devlopeenvironment to student study with different country and devlope nation name andover parents name.Also develope support position it is very advantageous for student.sometime what happen student is intelligent but he/she not able to study well wedevelope some kind of facillity to student study well and he/she devlope overcountry.To conclude “A nation should not require all of its student to study thesame national curriculum until they entre college.”Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 1Although this essay is obviously attempting to respond to the prompt’srecommendation, its severe problems in language and sentence structure and itspervasive grammar, usage, and mechanics errors make it impossible to discernwhether the writer understands the recommendation made in the prompt. In fact,the only clear phrases in the response are those that are borrowed from theprompt. These fundamental deficiencies in analytical writing warrant a score of1.新GREIssue 官方范文整合。
GREIssue思路解析
GREIssue思路解析GREIssue思路解析突破GRE考试难点：GRE Issue思路解析,我们来看看吧,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
突破GRE考试难点：GRE Issue思路解析科技类科技带来的好处与坏处，科学是否真正解决了人类问题，我们是否应当依靠科学1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.支持：1. It is no longer necessary for humans to rely on their own brain to deal with many problems as a result of advanced technology. Evidence: Complex calculation, word processing, information gathering, and etc.反对：2. Advanced technology renders possible many unthinkable tasks that require even more brainworkthan anything humans have engaged in before. Evidence: space exploration, genetics, quantum mechanics, you name it.3. Technology advancement itself requires genius innovative ideas. Evidence: from the first Apple desktop, to MacBook, to Tablet Computer, to Smart Phone…Each step requires the bravest vision and the perfect execution.4. Technology develops, sometimes before we know how to correctly use them, and thereby generates many problems that did not exist before. These problems all require us to come up with effective solution. Evidence: Pollution, energy crisis…突破GRE考试难点：GRE Issue思路解析科技类26. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or mightnot hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.1. People become too reliant on technology to solve problems on their own.2. A perfect material life has become the sole drive for many who no longer have an independent worldview. Evidence: just describe the toomany material guys and material girls we see nowadays. (参见翻译练习)3. Convenient life makes room for more challenging tasks that give rise to a new generation of brilliant minds.(可以借用第1题)突破GRE考试难点：GRE Issue思路解析科技类43. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or mightnot hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.分状况争论：1. 产生的问题，物理层面：健康，污染，能源2. 心理层面的各种心理问题，人际沟通的肤浅3. 解决的问题：(信息、交通的快捷，生产的快捷)沟通的便利物质生活的丰富每一个段内都是列举+对比古今突破GRE考试难点：GRE Issue思路解析科技类33 10933. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.三件事情可以完全同时存在Each scientific breakthrough sheds light on regions of the universe that used to evade our understanding and brings us closer to the truth. Evidence: the invention of telescope and later instruments used in astronomy solved many puzzling problems. (eclipse – moon devoured by a heavenly monster → relative position of moon, sun and earth → accurately predict the precise moment an eclipse takes place); the invention of microscope and later instruments used in microbiology and particle physics revealed the hidden truth that used to escape our observation (infection → caused by microorganisms → antibiotic)With our knowledge expanding, inevitably the system becomes bigger and more complex. Evidence: All kinds of new heavenly bodies discovered through telescopes (star, planet, comet → asteroid, neutron star, white dwarf, supernova, red giant, nebula, intergalactic substance, black hole, dark matter; The complex genetic codes, subatomic structures, 26 fundamental particles…)As knowledge grows, humans have set their minds on topics that were not even thinkable in the past, so of course many new problems are generated and will seem mysterious until solved one day. Evidence: How dark matters interact with the observables; How to unify the four major forces, are these fundamental particles really “fundamental”?突破GRE考试难点：GRE Issue思路解析科技类109. Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.GRE Issue思路解析文章到此就结束了，欢迎大家下载使用并丰富，共享给更多有需要的人。
gre issue 模板
gre issue 模板Introduction:The statement claims that in order to truly understand a society, one must examine the individuals who compose it. While I agree that individuals play a significant role in shaping a society, I believe that other factors such as culture, history, and institutions are equally important.Body Paragraph 1:To begin with, culture has a profound influence on a society. While individuals may contribute to the formation and evolution of culture, it is the collective beliefs, values, customs, and traditionsof a society that shape the behavior and mindset of its members. For example, in cultures that prioritize collectivism, individuals are likely to place great importance on group harmony and cooperation. On the other hand, in individualistic cultures, personal achievement and autonomy are emphasized. Therefore, to comprehend a society, one must consider the cultural norms and practices that influence individuals' thoughts and actions.Body Paragraph 2:Additionally, history plays a pivotal role in understanding a society. Historical events, such as wars, revolutions, and social movements, have long-lasting impacts on people's attitudes, social structures, and power dynamics within a society. These historical legacies shape the collective memories and identities of individuals, influencing their behavior and shaping the society as a whole. For instance, the American Revolutionary War not only resulted in political independence but also ingrained principles of freedom and democracy in its citizens, which continue to influence Americansociety today. Thus, examining historical context provides crucial insights into the understanding of a society.Body Paragraph 3:Furthermore, institutions have a significant impact on shaping a society. Institutions are formalized structures and organizations that establish rules, roles, and expectations for individuals within a society. They include educational systems, legal frameworks, political systems, and economic structures, among others. Institutions set the boundaries and provide the necessary frameworks for individuals to interact and function within society. For instance, a society with a strong educational institution may emphasize the importance of learning, knowledge, and intellectual development. Therefore, analyzing institutions is crucial in comprehending the overall functioning and dynamics of a society. Conclusion:While individuals do play a crucial role in shaping a society, culture, history, and institutions are equally important factors to consider. By examining the collective beliefs, historical events, and institutional structures, a deeper understanding of a society can be achieved. Therefore, to truly comprehend a society, a holistic approach that considers various aspects is necessary.。
GRE写作6分ISSUE范文
第一类题材StudyIssue 183"As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."Does knowledge render things more comprehensible, or more complex and mysterious? In my view the acquisition of knowledge brings about all three at the same time.This paradoxical result is aptly explained and illustrated by a number of advances in our scientific knowledge. Consider, for example, the sonar system on which blind bats rely to navigate and especially to seek prey. Researchers have learned that this system is startlingly sophisticated. By emitting audible sounds, then processing the returning echoes, a bat can determine in a nanosecond not only how far away its moving prey is but also the prey's speed, direction, size and even specie! This knowledge acquired helps explain, of course, how bats navigate and survive. Yet at the same time this knowledge points out the incredible complexity of the auditory and brain functions of certain animals, even of mere humans, and creates a certain mystery and wonder about how such systems ever evolved organically.Or consider our knowledge of the universe. Advances in telescope andspace-exploration technology seem to corroborate the theory of a continually expanding universe that began at the very beginning of time with a "big bang." On one level this knowledge, assuming it qualifies as such, helps us comprehend our place in the universe and our ultimate destiny. Yet on the other hand it adds yet another chapter to the mystery about what existed before time and the universe.Or consider the area of atomic physics. The naked human eye perceives very little, of course, of the complexity of matter. To our distant ancestors the physical world appeared simple--seemingly comprehensible by means of sight and touch. Then by way of scientific knowledge we learned that all matter is comprised of atoms, which are further comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Then we discovered an even more basic unit of matter called the quark. And now a new so-called "string" theory posits the existence of an even more fundamental, and universal, unit of matter. On the one hand, these discoveries have rendered things more comprehensible, by explaining and reconciling empirical observations of how matter behaves. The string theory also reconciles the discrepancy between the quantum and wave theories of physics. On the other hand, each discovery has in turn revealed that matter is more complex than previously thought. In fact, the string theory, which is theoretically sound, calls for seven more dimensions---in addition to the three we already know about! I'm hard-pressed to imagine anything more complex or mysterious.In sum, the statement overlooks a paradox about knowledge acquired, at least when it comes to understanding the physical world. When through knowledge a thing becomes more comprehensible and explainable we realize at the same time that it is more complex and mysterious than previously thought.第二类题材SocietyIssue 140"What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."I strongly agree that great achievements often lead to great discontent. In fact, I would assert more specifically that great individual achievements can cause discontent for the individual achiever or for the society impacted by the achievement, or both. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that whether a great achievement causes great discontent can depend on one's personal perspective, as well as the perspective of time.With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied and discontent with their accomplishments—no matter how great. Great athletes are compelled to try to better their record-breaking performances; great artists and musicians typically claim that their greatest work will be their next one--a sign of personal discontent. And many child prodigies, especially those who achieve some measure of fame early in life, later suffer psychological discontent for having "peaked" so early. Perhaps the paradigmatic modern example of a great achiever's discontent was Einstein, whose theoretical breakthroughs in physics only raised new theoretical conundrums which Einstein himself recognized and spent the last twenty years of his life struggling unsuccessfully to solve.Individual achievements can often result in discontent on a societal level. The great achievement of the individual scientists responsible for the success of the Manhattan Project resulted in worldwide anxiety over the threat of nuclear annihilation--a form of discontent with which the world's denizens will forever be forced to cope. Even individual achievements that at first glance would appear to have benefited society turn out to be causes of great discontent. Consider the invention of the automobile, along with the innovations in manufacturing processes and materials that made mass production possible. As a result we have become a society enslaved to our cars, relying on them as crutches not only for transportation but also for affording us a false sense of socioeconomic status. Moreover, the development of assembly-line manufacturing has served to alienate workers from their work, which many psychologists agree causes a great deal of personal discontent.Turning from individual achievements to societal, including political, achievements, the extent to which great achievements have caused great discontent often depends on one's perspective. Consider, for example, America's spirit of Manifest Destiny during the 19th Century, or British Imperialism over the span of several centuries. From the perspective of an Imperialist, conquering other lands and peoples might be viewed as an unqualified success. However, from the viewpoint of the indigenous peoples who suffer at the hands of Imperialists, these so-called "achievements" are the source of widespread oppression and misery, and in turn discontent, to which any observant Native American or South African native could attest.The extent to which great socio-political achievements have caused great discontent also depends on the perspective of time. For example, F.D.R.'s New Deal was and still is considered by many to be one of the greatest social achievements of the 20th Century. However, we are just now beginning to realize that the social-security system that was an integral part of F.D.R.'s social program will soon result in great discontent among those workers currently paying into the system but unlikely to see any benefits after they retire.To sum up, I agree that great achievements, both individual and socio-political, often result in great discontent. Moreover, great individual achievements can result in discontent for both the individual achiever and the society impacted by the achievement. Nevertheless, in measuring the extent of discontent, we must account for varying personal and political perspectives as well as different time perspectives. 第三类题材Science & TechnologyIssue 30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."The speaker contends that technology's primary goal should be to increase our efficiency for the purpose of affording us more leisure time. I concede that technology has enhanced our efficiency as we go about our everyday lives. Productivity software helps us plan and coordinate projects; intranets, the Internet, and satellite technology make us more efficient messengers; and technology even helps us prepare our food and access entertainment more efficiently. Beyond this concession, however, I find the speaker's contention indefensible from both an empirical and a normative standpoint.The chief reason for my disagreement lies in the empirical proof: with technological advancement comes diminished leisure time. In 1960 the average U.S. family included only one breadwinner, who worked just over 40 hours per week. Since then the average work week has increased steadily to nearly 60 hours today;and in most families there are now two breadwinners. What explains this decline in leisure despite increasing efficiency that new technologies have brought about? I contend that technology itself is the culprit behind the decline. We use the additional free time that technology affords us not for leisure but rather for work. As computer technology enables greater and greater office productivity it also raises our employers' expectations--or demands--for production. Further technological advances breed still greater efficiency and, in turn, expectations. Our spiraling work load is only exacerbated by the competitive business environment in which nearly all of us work today. Moreover, every technological advance demands our time and attention in order to learn how to use the new technology. Time devoted to keeping pace with technology depletes time for leisure activities.I disagree with the speaker for another reason as well:the suggestion that technology's chief goal should be to facilitate leisure is simply wrongheaded. There are far more vital concerns that technology can and should address. Advances in bio-technology can help cure and prevent diseases; advances in medical technology can allow for safer, less invasive diagnosis and treatment; advances in genetics can help prevent birth defects; advances in engineering and chemistry can improve the structural integrity of our buildings, roads, bridges and vehicles; information technology enables education while communication technology facilitates global participation in the democratic process. In short, health, safety, education, and freedom--and not leisure--are the proper final objectives of technology. Admittedly, advances in these areas sometimes involve improved efficiency; yet efficiency is merely a means to these more important ends.In sum, I find indefensible the speaker's suggestion that technology's value lies chiefly in the efficiency and resulting leisure time it can afford us. The suggestion runs contrary to the overwhelming evidence that technology diminishes leisure time, and it wrongly places leisure ahead of goals such as health, safety, education, and freedom as technology's ultimate aims.第四类题材PoliticsIssue 8"It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."I agree with the speaker that it is sometimes necessary, and even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. A contrary view would reveal a naivety about the inherent nature of public politics, and about the sorts of compromises on the part of well-intentioned political leaders necessary in order to further the public's ultimate interests. Nevertheless, we must not allow our political leaders undue freedom to withhold information, otherwise, we risk sanctioningdemagoguery and undermining the philosophical underpinnings of any democratic society.One reason for my fundamental agreement with the speaker is that in order to gain the opportunity for effective public leadership, a would-be leader must first gain and maintain political power. In the game of politics, complete forthrightness is a sign of vulnerability and naivety, neither of which earn a politician respect among his or her opponents, and which those opponents will use to every advantage to defeat the politician. In my observation some measure of pandering to the electorate is necessary to gain and maintain political leadership. For example, were all politicians to fully disclose every personal foibles, character flaw, and detail concerning personal life, few honest politicians would ever by elected. While this view might seem cynical, personal scandals have in fact proven the undoing of many a political career; thus I think this view is realistic.Another reason why I essentially agree with the speaker is that fully disclosing to the public certain types of information would threaten public safety and perhaps even national security. For example, if the President were to disclose the government's strategies for thwarting specific plans of an international terrorist or a drug trafficker, those strategies would surely fail, and the public's health and safety would be compromised as a result. Withholding information might also be necessary to avoid public panic. While such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally. For example, during the first few hours of the new millennium the U.S. Pentagon's missile defense system experienced a Y2K- related malfunction. This fact was withheld from the public until later in the day, once the problem had been solved; and legitimately so, since immediate disclosure would have served no useful purpose and might even have resulted in mass hysteria.Having recognized that withholding information from the public is often necessary to serve the interests of that public, legitimate political leadership nevertheless requires forthrightness with the citizenry as to the leader's motives and agenda. History informs us that would-be leaders who lack such forthrightness are the same ones who seize and maintain power either by brute force or by demagoguery--that is, by deceiving and manipulating the citizenry. Paragons such as Genghis Khan and Hitler, respectively, come immediately to mind. Any democratic society should of course abhor demagoguery, which operates against the democratic principle of government by the people. Consider also less egregious examples, such as President Nixon's withhold ing of information about his active role in the Watergate cover-up. His behavior demonstrated a concern for self- interest above the broader interests of the democratic system that granted his political authority in the first place.In sum, the game of politics calls for a certain amount of disingenuousness and lackof forthrightness that we might otherwise characterize as dishonesty. And suchbehavior is a necessary means to the final objective of effective political leadership. Nevertheless, in any democracy a leader who relies chiefly on deception and secrecy to preserve that leadership, to advance a private agenda, or to conceal selfish motives, betrays the democracy-and ends up forfeiting the political game.第五类题材MediaIssue 38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."The speaker contends that people learn just as much from watching television as by reading books, and therefore that reading books is not as important for learning as it once was. I strongly disagree. I concede that in a few respects television, including video, can be a more efficient and effective means of learning. In most respects, however, these newer media serve as poor substitutes for books when it comes to learning.Admittedly, television holds certain advantages over books for imparting certain types of knowledge. For the purpose of documenting and conveying temporal, spatial events and experiences, film and video generally provide a more accurate and convincing record than a book or other written account. For example, it is impossible for anyone, no matter how keen an observer and skilled a journalist, to recount in complete and objective detail such events as a Ballanchine ballet, or the scene at the intersection of Florence and Normandy streets during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.Besides, since the world is becoming an increasingly eventful place, with each passing day it becomes a more onerous task for journalists, authors, and book publishers to recount these events, and disseminate them in printed form. Producers of televised broadcasts and videos have an inherent advantage in this respect. Thus the speaker's claim has some merit when it comes to arts education and to learning about modern and current events.However, the speaker overlooks several respects in which books are inherently superior to television as a medium for learning. Watching television or a video is no indication that any significant learning is taking place; the comparatively passive nature of these media can render them ineffectual in the learning process. Also, books are far more portable than television sets. Moreover, books do not break, and they do not depend on electricity, batteries, or access to airwaves or cable connections, which may or may not be available in a given place. Finally, the effort required to read actively imparts a certain discipline which serves any person well throughout a lifetime of learning.The speaker also ignores the decided tendency on the part of owners and managers of television media to filter information in order to appeal to the widest viewing audience, and thereby maximize profit. And casting the widest possible net seems to involve focusing on the sensational---that is, an appeal to our emotions and baser instincts rather than our intellect and reasonableness. The end result is that viewers do not receive complete, unfiltered, and balanced information, and therefore cannot rely on television to develop informed and intelligent opinions about important social and political issues.Another compelling argument against the speaker's claim has to do with how well books and television serve their respective archival functions. Books readily enable readers to review and cross-reference material, while televised broadcasts do not. Even the selective review of videotape is far more trouble than it is worth, especially if a printed resource is also available. Moreover, the speaker's claim carries the implication that all printed works, fiction and non-fiction alike, not transferred to a medium capable of being televised, are less significance as a result. This implication serves to discredit the invaluable contributions of all the philosophers, scientists, poets, and others of the past, upon whose immense shoulders society stands today.A final argument that books are made no less useful by television has to do with the experience of perusing the stacks in a library, or even a bookstore. Switching television channels, or even scanning a video library, simply cannot duplicate this experience. Why not? Browsing among books allows for serendipity--unexpectedly coming across an interesting and informative book while searching for something else, or for nothing in particular. Moreover, browsing through a library or bookstore is a pleasurable sensory experience for many people--an experience that the speaker would have us forego forever.In sum, television and video can be more efficient than books as a means of staying abreast of current affairs, and for education in the arts that involve moving imagery. However, books facilitate learning in certain ways that television does not and cannot. In the final analysis, the optimal approach is to use both media side by side--television to keep us informed and to provide moving imagery, along with books to provide perspective and insight on that information and imagery.第六类题材InternationalIssue 13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."The speaker asserts that governments of countries where lesser-known languages are spoken should intervene to prevent these languages from becoming extinct. I agree insofar as a country's indigenous and distinct languages should not be abandoned and forgotten altogether. At some point, however, I think cultural identity should yield to the more practical considerations of day-to-day life in a global society.On the one hand, the indigenous language of any geographical region ispart-and-parcel of the cultural heritage of the region's natives. In my observation we humans have a basic psychological need for individual identity, which we define by way of our membership in distinct cultural groups. A culture defines itself in various ways--by its unique traditions, rituals, mores, attitudes and beliefs, but especially language. Therefore, when a people's language becomes extinct the result is a diminished sense of pride, dignity, and self- worth.One need look no further than continental Europe to observe how people cling tenaciously to their distinct languages, despite the fact that there is no practical need for them anymore. And on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, the French Canadians stubbornly insist on French as their official language, for the sole purpose of preserving their distinct cultural heritage. Even where no distinct language exists, people will invent one to gain a sense of cultural identity, as the emergence of the distinct Eboniccant among today's African Americans aptly illustrates. In short, people resist language assimilation because of a basic human need to be part of a distinct cultural group.Another important reason to prevent the extinction of a language is to preserve the distinct ideas that only that particular language can convey. Certain Native American and Oriental languages, for instance, contain words symbolizing spiritual and other abstract concepts that only these cultures embrace. Thus, in some cases to lose a language would be to abandon cherished beliefs and ideas that can be conveyed only through language.On the other hand, in today's high-tech world of satellite communications, global mobility, and especially the Internet, language barriers serve primarily to impede cross-cultural communication, which in turn impedes international commerce and trade. Moreover, language barriers naturally breed misunderstanding, a certain distrust and, as a result, discord and even war among nations. Moreover, in my view the extinction of all but a few major languages is inexorable--as supported by the fact that the Internet has adopted English as its official language. Thus by interven ing to preserve a dying language a government might be deploying its resources to fight a losing battle, rather than to combat more pressing social problems--such as hunger, homelessness, disease and ignorance--that plague nearly every society today.In sum, preserving indigenous languages is, admittedly, a worthy goal; maintaining its own distinct language affords a people a sense of pride, dignity and self-worth. Moreover, by preserving languages we honor a people's heritage, enhance our understanding of history, and preserve certain ideas that only some languages properly convey. Nevertheless, the economic and political drawbacks of language barriers outweigh the benefits of preserving a dying language. In the final analysis, government should devote its time and resources elsewhere, and leave it to the people themselves to take whatever steps are needed to preserve their own distinct languages.第七类题材HistoryIssue 103"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."The speaker claims that significant historical events and trends are made possible by groups of people rather than individuals, and that the study of history should emphasize the former instead of the latter. I tend to disagree with both aspects of this claim.To begin with, learning about key historical figures inspires us to achieve great things ourselves--far more so than learning about the contributions of groups of people. Moreover, history informs us that it is almost always a key individual who provide the necessary impetus for what otherwise might be a group effort, as discussed below.Admittedly, at times distinct groups of people have played a more pivotal role than key individuals in important historical developments. For example, history and art appreciate don courses that study the Middle Ages tend to focus on the artistic achievements of particular artists such as Fra Angelico, a Benedictine monk of that period. However, Western civilization owes its very existence not to a few famous painters but rather to a group of Benedictine nuns of that period. Just prior to and during the decline of the Roman Empire, many women fled to join Benedictine monasteries, bringing with them substantial dowries which they used to acquire artifacts, art works, and manuscripts. As a result, their monasteries became centers for the preservation of Western culture and knowledge which would otherwise have been lost forever with the fall of the Roman Empire.However, equally influential was Johannes Gutenberg, whose invention of the printing press several centuries later rendered Western knowledge and culture accessible to every class of people throughout the known world. Admittedly,Gutenberg was not single handedly responsible for the outcomes of his invention. Without the support of paper manufacturers, publishers, and distributors, and without a sufficient demand for printed books, Gutenberg would never have become one of the famous few. However, I think any historian would agree that studying the groups of people who rode the wave of Gutenberg's invention is secondary in understanding history to learning about the root historical cause of that wave.Generally speaking, then, undue attention to the efforts and contributions of various groups tends to obscure the cause-and-effect relationships with which the study of history is chiefly concerned. Gutenberg is just one example of an historical pattern in which it is individuals who have been ultimately responsible for the most significant developments in human history. Profound scientific inventions and discoveries of the past are nearly all attributable not to forgettable groups of people but to certain key individuals--for example, Copernicus, Newton, Edison, Einstein, Curie, and of course Gutenberg.Moreover, when it comes to seminal sociopolitical events, the speaker's claim finds even less support from the historical record. Admittedly, sweeping social changes and political reforms require the participation of large groups of people. However, I would be hard-pressed to identify any watershed sociopolitical event attributable to a leaderless group. History informs us that groups rally only when incited and inspired by key individuals.The speaker might claim that important long-term sociological trends are often instigated not by key individuals but rather by the masses. I concede that gradual shifts in demography, in cultural traditions and mores, and in societal attitudes and values can carry just as significant an historical impact as the words and deeds of "the famous few." Yet, it seems that key individuals almost invariably provide the initial spark for those trends. For instance, prevailing attitudes about sexual morality stem from the ideas of key religious leaders; and a culture's prevailing values concerning human life are often rooted in the policies and prejudices of political leaders.The speaker might also point out that history's greatest architectural and engineering feats--such as the Taj Mahal and the Great Wall--- came about only through the efforts of large groups of workers. However, it was the famousfew--monarchs in these cases whose whims and egos were the driving force behind these accomplishments.To sum up, with few historical exceptions, history is shaped by key individuals, not by nameless, faceless groups. It is the famous few that provide visions of the future, visions which groups then bring to fruition. Perhaps the speaker's claim will have more merit at the close of the next millennium since politics and science are being conducted increasingly by consortiums and committees. Yet, today it behooves us。
GRE-issue-pool
Issue 分类题库第一类：政治类（一）政府与人民的意见：97，45，79，202，105，142，170，8997 "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."97．尽管很不幸，但这是一个事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。
45 "Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."45．政府官员应该有自己的判断力，而不应该盲目地依从人民的意愿。
79 "Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."79．重大的政策决定应该留给那些政治家和政府专家们，他们比老百姓拥有更多的信息，因此具有更好的判断力和远见。
202 "Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise." 202．和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同，最有效力的政治领导者必须经常向公众舆论让步，有时为了折衷要放弃原则。
GREIssue优秀范文
GREIssue优秀范文GRE写作不仅考察考生的英语力量，还考察考生的规律与思维力量，我整理了一些GRE的范文，盼望可以关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
GRE Issue优秀范文Most cultures encourage individuals to sacrifice a large part of their own personalities in order to be like other people.Thus ,most people are afraid to think or behave differently because they do not want to be excluded.The speaker claims that most cultures encourage conformity at the expense of individuality, and as a result most people conform for fear of being excluded.While i find the second prong of this dual claim well support overall by empirical evidence,I take exception with the first prong;aside from the cultures created by certain oppressive political regimes,no culture need encourage its members to conform to prevailing ways of thought and behavior;in fact ,all the evidence shows that cultures attempt to do just the opposite.As a threshold matter ,it is necessary to distinguish between conformity that an oppressive ruling state imposes on its own culture and conformity in a free democratic society.In the former case , people are not only encouraged but actually coerced into suppressing individualpersonality; and indeed these people are afraid to think and behave differently-but not for fear of being excluded but rather for fear of punishment and persecution by the state.the modern Communist and Fascist regimes are fitting examples.With respect to free democratic societies, it might be tempting to dismiss the speakers dual claim out of hand .After all ,true democratic states are predicted on individual freedoms-of choice ,speech,expression,religion,and so forth.Ostensibly ,these freedoms serve to promote individuality,even non-conformity,in our personas,our lifestyles ,and our opinioons and attitudes.Yet,one look at any democratic society reveals a high degree of conformity among its members.Every society has its own bundle of values,customs ,and mores which most of its members share.Admittedly,within any culture springs up various subcultures which try to distinguish themselves by their own distinct values,customs, and mores.In the U.S,for instance, African-American have developed a distinct dialect,known as Ebonics,and a distinct body language and attitude which affords them a strong sub-cultural identity of their own.Yet , the undeniable fact is that humans,given the actual freedom to either conform or not conform, choose to think and behave in ways similar to most people in their social group-however we define that group.Nor is there much empirical evidence of any cultural agenda,either overt or covert, to encourage conformity in thought and behavior among the members of any culture.To the contrary,the predominant message in most cultures is that people should cultivate their individuality.Consider,for example,the enduring and nearly ubiquitous icon of the ragged individualist,who charts his or her own course,bucks the trend,and achieves notoriety through individual creativity,imagination, invention,or entrepreneurship.Even our systems of higher education seem to encourage individualism by promoting and cultivating critical and independent thought among its students.Yet,all the support for forging ones one unique persona,career,lifestyle,opinions ,and even belief system,turns out to be hype.In the final analysis,most people choose to conform. And understandably so ;after all ,it is human nature to distrust,and even shun,others who are too difference from us .Thus to embrace rugged individualism is to risk becoming an outcast,the natural consquence of which is to limit ones socioeconomic and career opportunities.This prospect suffices to quell our yearning to be different ;thus the speaker is correct that most of us resign ourselves to conformity for fear of being left behind by our peers.Admittedly ,few cultures are without rugged individualists-the exceptional aritsts ,inventors,explorers,social reformers,and entrepreneurs who embrace their autonomy of thoughtand behavior,then test their limits.And paradoxically,it is the achievements of these notable non-conformists that are responsible for most cultural evolution and progress.Yet such notables are few and far between in what is otherwise a world of insecure,even fearful,cultural conformists.To sum up,the speaker is correct that most people choose to conform rather than behave and think in ways that run contraty to their cultures norms,and that fear of being exduded lies at the heart of this choice.Yet, no culture need encourage conformity;most humans recognize that there is safety of numbers ,and as a result freely choose conformity over the risks,and potential rewards ,of non-conformity.GRE Issue优秀范文There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.According to this statement, each person has a duty to not only obey just laws but also disobey unjust ones. In my view this statement is too extreme, in two respects. First, it wrongly categorizes any law as either just or unjust; and secondly, it recommends an ineffective and potentially harmful means of legal reform.First, whether a law is just or unjust is rarely a straightforward issue. The fairness of any law depends on ones personal value system. This isespecially true when it comes to personal freedoms. Consider, for example, the controversial issue of abortion. Individuals with particular religious beliefs tend to view laws allowing mothers an abortion choice as unjust, while individuals with other value systems might view such laws as just.The fairness of a law also depends on ones personal interest, or stake, in the legal issue at hand. After all, in a democratic society the chief function of laws is to strike a balance among competing interests. Consider, for example, a law that regulates the toxic effluents a certain factory can emit into a nearby river. Such laws are designed chiefly to protect public health. But complying with the regulation might be costly for the company; the factory might be forced to lay off employees or shut down altogether, or increase the price of its products to compensate for the cost of compliance. At stake are the respective interests of the companys owners, employees, and customers, as well as the opposing interests of the regions residents whose health and safety are impacted. In short, the fairness of the law is subjective, depending largely on how ones personal interests are affected by it.The second fundamental problem with the statement is that disobeying unjust laws often has the opposite affect of what was intended or hoped for. Most anyone would argue, for instance,that our federal system of income taxation is unfair in one respect or another. Yetthe end result of widespread disobedience, in this case tax evasion, is to perpetuate the system. Free-riders only compel the government to maintain tax rates at high levels in order to ensure adequate revenue for the various programs in its budget. 14Yet another fundamental problem with the statement is that by justifying a violation of one sort of law we find ourselves on a slippery slope toward sanctioning all types of illegal behavior, including egregious criminal conduct. Returning to the abortion example mentioned above, a person strongly opposed to the freedom-of-choice position might maintain that the illegal blocking of access to an abortion clinic amounts to justifiable disobedience. However, it is a precariously short leap from this sort of civil disobedience to physical confrontations with clinic workers, then to the infliction of property damage, then to the bombing of the clinic and potential murder.In sum, because the inherent function of our laws is to balance competing interests, reasonable people with different priorities will always disagree about the fairness of specific laws. Accordingly, radical action such as resistance or disobedience is rarely justified merely by ones subjective viewpoint or personal interests. And in any event, disobedience is never justifiable when the legal rights or safety of innocent people are jeopardized as a result.GRE Issue优秀范文Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction---in other words, to make things as simple as possible.Whether making things simple requires greater effort and courage than making them bigger and more complex depends on the sort of effort and courage. Indisputably, the many complex technological marvels that are part-and-parcel of our Lives today are the result of the extraordinary cumulative efforts of our engineers, entrepreneurs, and others. And, such achievements always call for the courage to risk failing in a large way. Yet, humans seem naturally driven to make things bigger and more complex; thus refraining from doing so, or reversing this natural process, takes considerable effort and courage of a different sort, as discussed below.The statement brings immediately to mind the ever-growing and increasingly complex digital world. Todays high-tech firms seem compelled to boldly go to whatever effort is required to devise increasingly complex products, for the ostensible purpose of staying ahead of their competitors. Yet, the sort of effort and courage to which the statement refers is a different one--bred of vision, imagination, and a willingness to forego near term profits for the prospect of making lasting contributions. Surely, a number of entrepreneurs and engineers today are mustering that courage, and are making the effort to create farsimpler, yet more elegant, technologies and applications, which will truly make our lives simpler in sharp contrast to what computer technology has delivered to us so far.Lending even more credence to the statement is the so-called big government phenomenon. Human societies have a natural tendency to create unwieldy bureaucracies, a fitting example of which is the U.S. tax-law system. The Intemal Revenue Code and its accompanying Treasury Regulations have grown so voluminous and complex that many certified accountants and tax attorneys admit that they cannot begin to understand it all.Admittedly, this system has grown only through considerable effort on the part of all three branches of the federal government, not to mention the efforts of many special interest groups.Yet, therein lies the statements credibility. It requires great effort and courage on the part of a legislator to risk alienating special interest groups, thereby risking reelection prospects, by standing on principle for a simpler tax system that is less costly to administer and better serves the interests of most taxpayers.Adding further credibility to the statement is the tendency of most people to complicate their personal lives--a tendency that seems especially strong in todays age of technology and consumerism. The greater our mobility, the greater our number of destinations each day;the more time-saving gadgets we use, the more activities we try to pack into our day; and with readier access to information we try to assimilate more of it each day. I am hard-pressed to think of one person who has ever exclaimed to me how much effort and courage it has taken to complicate his or her life in these respects. In contrast, a certain self-restraint and courage of conviction are both required to eschew modern conveniences, to simplify onesdaily schedule, and to establish and adhere to a simple plan for the use of ones time and money.In sum, whether we are building computer networks, government agencies, or personal lifestyles, great effort and courage are required to make things simple, or to keep them that way. Moreover, because humans na~traUy tend to make things big and complex, it arguably requires more effort and courage to move in the opposite direction. In the final analysis, making things simple---or keeping them that way--takes a brand of effort born of reflection and restraint rather than sheer exertion, and a courage character and conviction rather than unbridled ambition.GRE Issue优秀范文Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any societys past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on the ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purpose. In such situation, modern development should be givenprecedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that comtemporary needs can be served;The speaker asserts that wherever a practical, utilitarian need for new buildings arises this need should take precedence over our conflictiong interest in preserving historic buildings as a record of our past. In my view, however, which interest should take precedence should be determined on a cast-by-cast basis-and should account not only for practical and historic consideration but also aethetic ones.In determing whether to raze an older building, planners should of course consider tht communitys current and anticipated utilitarain needs. For example, if an additional hospital is needed to adequately serve the health-care needs of a fast-growing community, this compelling interest might very well outweigh any interest in preserving a historic building that sits on the proposed site. Or if additional parking is needed to ensure the economic servival of a citys downtown district, this interest might take precedence over the historic value of an old structure that stands in the way of a parking structure. On the other hand, if the need is mainly for more office space, in some cases an architecturally appropriate add-on or annex to an older building might serve just as well as razing the old building to make way for a new one. Of course, an expensive retrofit might not be worthwhile if no amount of retrofitting would meet the need.Competing with a communitys utilitarian needs is an interest preserving the historical record. Again, the weight of this interest should be determined on a case-by-case basis. Perhaps an older building uniquely represents a bygone area, or once played a central role in the citys history as a municipal structure. Or perhaps the building once served as the home of a founding family or other significant historical figure, or as the location of an important historical event. Any of these scenarios might justify saving the building at the expense of the practical needs of the community. On the other hand, if several older buildings represent the same historical era just as effectively, or if the buildings history is an unremarkable one, then the historic value of the building might pale in comparison to the value of a new structure that meets a compelling practical need.Also competing with a communitys utilitarian needs is the aesthetic and architectural value of the building itself-apart from historical events with which it might be associated. A building might be one of only a few that represents a certain architectural style. Or it might be especially beautiful, perhaps as a result of the craftsmanship and materials employed in its construction-which might be cost-prohibitive to replicate today. Even retrofitting the building to accommodate current needs might undermine its aesthetic as well as historic value, by altering its appearance and architectural integrity. Of course it is planners shouldstrive to account for aesthetic value nonetheless.In sum, whether to raze an older building in order to construct a new one should never be determined indiscriminately. Instead, planners should make such decision on a case-by-case basis, weighing the communitys practical needs against the buildings historic and aesthetic value.。
GREissue写作技巧分享
GREissue写作技巧分享GRE考试可谓是“过五关斩六将”，过了数学有阅读，过了阅读有写作，层层把关，就等你了。
下面就和大家分享GRE issue 写作技巧分享，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。
GRE issue写作技巧分享1. 写作宗旨“老美是一个崇尚自由，个性，创造力，个人能力的国家，所以我们的立题最后也是偏向这一方面。
从的出题倾向中可以很明显的感觉到这种偏好。
对于很肯定的题目，不要脚踩两只船，要有自己鲜明的观点!(我觉得凭自己的水平是写不好两边都讨好的题目的，所以与其攻其十指，不如伤其一指。
)论点不要重复题目。
由于我有时候找不出什么论点了，会把题目的再重复一遍，所以也想提醒一下和自己有相同毛病的g 友，不要犯同样的错误。
其实有时候可以把题目再读一遍，你就会有新的发现。
”2. 如何审题“题目中的话说到绝对的，就diagree。
比如题目中有这些词，anything，everything，all，only，我们可以把它们的as long as作为一个论点进行攻击，这是很容易找到反例的。
我考试的时候，就遇到了这样的情况：题目是：Practicality is now our GREat idol which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not可以看到题目中obviously practical has little value in today s world.，一一反驳就是三个论有三处很绝对的地方(all，anything，little )点了。
题目对X.X不满，就agree。
这种题目一般很明显的可以察觉到出题者的意图，所以你就跟着他不满。
若有比较，就顺着agree。
题目中会出现诸如as...more...than...这样的词，看到了，你也可以顺着他的意思同意。
题目会很明显的提示你从哪些方面来写，比如说：In any，social，business， or political--the realm of life--whether academiconly way to succeed is to take a practical，，rather than an idealistic，whereaspoint of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival，more immediate idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpleroptions.你可以看到破折号里面的academic，social，business，，所以你就跟着他一个个举例子。
新GRE作文_issue模板
1.保证：assurance/guarantee一.作文重点题目➢社会与自然：Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.社会应该努力拯救濒危物种，只要这些物种的灭绝是人类活动的结果。
The speaker claims that society should make efforts to save endangered species only caused by human activities. I agree with the speaker insofar as saving endangered species is the responsibility of human beings. After all, human beings are the ruler of nature. But, in my perspective, merely focusing on saving those endangered species only caused by human activities is unilateral.1.The variety of plant and animal is important to practical utilization.1)Discovering the order of evolution;2)Valuable gene pool and raw material drug: traditional Chinese medicine.3)Technological imitation from the specious: sonar as a result of imitating dolphin.2.Human should do so even from a moral position.1)Plant and animal is the most important components of nature. When all ...die out, the daywill come soon.2)Human beings as the ruler of nature should take the responsibility to help other species.Let alone those endangered species because of human activities.3)Men have the responsibility to rescue: pollution, environments destroy, catching andkilling excessively causing the plant and animal to die out much faster. For example: tiger and whale;3.However, some kinds of1)"Survival of fittest": some animals do have their lethal shortages and would decline evenwithout humans, saving those species which are biological elimination is against the nature and of no help.2)When we save a kind of animal, we may do harm to another kind. Thus the proper way isthat human should try their best to keep the balance of nature as it is rather than change the nature as humans' purpose. Human and Nature should perform their own functions respectively.3)Instead of saving, the restrictions on human ourselves are more important: pollution,environmental destroy, catching and killing excessively.4)The extinction of species is the warning of the deterioration of the environment whichwould early or late threaten human beings.Conclusion:No matter from the position of practical utilization or morality, human both should ... However, it should be noticed that... Therefore, we should find out the real reason of dying out. Furthermore, we should pay more a...to➢教育目的：Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育机构应该积极鼓励学生选择那些为将来高收入工作铺路的研究领域。
新gre作文issue模板：一些经典的ISSUE作文开头
新gre作文issue模板:一些经典的ISSUE作文开头最让广大同学头疼的难题之一就是时间不够用。
而如果能有一个好的写作模板，无疑将为广大考生在考场上省下不少构思的时间，腾出更多时间来进行论证段的写作。
所以，为大家收集整理了一些经典的GRE ISSUE作文开头写作模板，希望考生们可以从中找到灵感，总结出适合自己的GRE写作模板。
接下来一起来看看今天店铺带来的新gre作文issue模板: 一些经典的 ISSUE作文开头。
新gre作文issue模板: 一些经典的 ISSUE作文开头新gre作文issue模板最让广大同学头疼的难题之一就是时间不够用。
而如果能有一个好的写作模板，无疑将为广大考生在考场上省下不少构思的时间，腾出更多时间来进行论证段的写作。
所以，小编为大家收集整理了一些经典的GRE ISSUE作文开头写作模板，希望考生们可以从中找到灵感，总结出适合自己的GRE写作模板。
GRE作文备考如何3天速成?选择好模板方法不重要GRE写作ISSUE作文开头段经典模板分享GRE ISSUE作文的开头方式比较常见的有这四种：直接陈述观点+概述理由;比较双方观点，阐明自己观点;背景开头+立场;提问+立场。
下面我们逐一来看一下四种方式的具体例子。
第一种：直接陈述观点+概述理由I agree with the speaker's broad assertion that money spent on research is generally well invested. However, the speaker unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to embrace research whose results are "controversial," while ignoring certain compelling reasons why some types of research might be unjustifiable. My points of contention with the speaker involve the fundamental objectives and nature of research, as discussed below.例文中先支持原文观点：把钱话在研究上是很好的投资;然后转折：结果有争议的研究可以不包含在投资范围的;最后，引出下文要论述的理由。
新GREIssue官方范文整理汇总
新GREIssue官方范文整理汇总为了让大家更好的备考新GREIssue ，给大家整理了新GREIssue官方范文，快来一起学习吧。
下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新GREIssue 官方范文整理1Issue test 2“The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership ingovernment, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.”Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree ordisagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure toaddress the most compelling reasons or examples that could be used to challengeyour position.Essay Response – Score 6Whenever people argue that history is a worthless subject or that there isnothing to be gained by just “memorizing a bunch of stupid names and dates,” Isimply hold my tongue and smile to myself. What I’m thinking is that, asclicheas it sounds, you do learn a great deal from history (and woe to those who failto learn those lessons). It is remarkable to think of the number of circumstances and situations in which even the most rudimentary knowledge ofhistory will turn out to be invaluable. Take, for example, the issue at hand here. Is it better for society to instill in future leaders a sense of competition or cooperation? Those who have not examined leaders throughout timeand across a number of fields might not have the ability to provide a thoroughand convincing answer to this question, in spite of the fact that it is crucialto the future functioning of our society. Looking closely at the question of leadership and how it has worked in the past, I would have to agree that thebest way to prepare young people for leadership roles is to instill in them asense of cooperation.Let us look first at those leaders who have defined themselves based ontheir competitiveness. Although at first glance it may appear that a leader musthave a competitive edge in order to gain and then maintain a leadership position, I will make two points on this subject. First, the desire to competeis an inherent part of human nature; that is, it is not something that needs tobe “instilled” in young people. Is there anyone who does not compete in some wayor another every single day? You try to do better than others in your schoolwork or at the office, or you just try to do better than yourself in some way,to push yourself. When societies instill competitiveness in their leaders, it only leads to trouble. The most blatant example in this case is Adolf Hitler,who took competition to the very extreme, trying to prove that his race and hiscountry were superior to all. We do not, however, need to look that far to fi ndless extreme examples (i.e., Hitler is not the extreme example that disprovesthe rule). The recent economic meltdown was caused in no large part by theleaders of American banks and financial institutions who were obsessed withcompeting for the almighty dollar. Tiger Woods, the ultimate competitor inrecent golfing history and in many ways a leader who brought the sport of golfto an entirely new level, destroyed his personal life (and perhaps his career--still yet to be determined) by his overreaching sense that he could accomplish anything, whether winning majors or sleeping with as many women aspossible. His history of competitiveness is well documented; his father pushedhim froma very early age to be the ultimate competitor. It served him well insome respects, but it also proved to be detrimental and ultimately quite destructive.Leaders who value cooperation, on the other ahnd, have historically beenless prone to these overreaching, destructive tendencies. A good case in pointwould be Abraham Lincoln. Now, I am sure at this point you are thinking thatLincoln, who served as President during the Civil War and who refused to compromise with the South or allow secession, could not possibly be my model ofcooperation! Think, however, of the way Lincoln structured his Cabinet. He didnot want a group of “yes men” who would agree with every word he said, butinstead he picked people who were more likely to disagree with his ideas. And herespected their input, which allowed him to keep the government together in theNorth during a very tumultuous period (to say the least). My point in choosingthe Lincoln example is that competitiveness and conflict may play better to themasses and be more likely to be recorded in the history books, but it was hiscooperative nature that allowed him to govern effectively. Imagine if 109the CEOof a large company were never able to compromise and insisted thatevery singlething be done in exactly her way. Very quickly she would lose the very peoplethat a company needs in order to survive, people with new ideas, people ready tomake great advances. Without the ability to work constructively with those whohave conflicting ideas, a leader will never be able to strike deals, reach consensus, or keep an enterprise on track. Even if you are the biggest fish inthe pond, it is difficult to force your will on others forever; eventually a bigger fish comes along (or the smaller finish team up against you!).In the end, it seems most critical for society to instill in young people asense of cooperation. In part this is true because we seem to come by our competitive side more naturally, but cooperation is more often something westruggle to learn (just think of kids on the playground). And although competitive victory is more showy, more often than not the real details of leadership come down to the ability to work with other people, to compromise andcooperate. Getting to be President of the United States or the managingdirectorof a corporation might require you to win some battles, but once you are thereyou will need diplomacy and people-skills. Those can be difficult to learn, butif you do not have them, you are likely to be a short-lived leader.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 6This outstanding response earns a score of 6 for presenting an insightfulposition on the issue and supporting its analysis with compelling reasons andpersuasive examples. The response takes the insight-ful position that competition, though necessary to some aspects of leadership, is less importantfor young people to learn because it is inherent in the human condition and canlead to dangerous excesses, where-as cooperation is more difficult to learn butmore essential. The response follows the task directions by using counterarguments in the development of its position. For example, the discussionof Lincoln explore s conflicting sides of his Presidency (the “competition”ofthe Civil War and the “cooperation” within his Cabinet). In fact, the responseskillfully explores the nuances of both cooperation and competition, buildingits position of agreement with the prompt by looking closely at many sides ofboth concepts. Additionally, the response demonstrates superior facility withlanguage. There are a few minor errors, mainly typos, but in general the response demonstrates excel-lent sentence variety and diction. This sentence istypical of the quality of the writing throughout the response: “My point in choosing the Lincoln example is that competitiveness and conflict may playbetter to the masses and be more likely to be recorded in the history books, butit was his cooperative nature that allowed him to govern effectively.” In thiscomplex sentence, the writer makes skillful use of parallel structure and subordination. Because of its fluent writing and insightful development, then,this response earns a score of 6.新GREIssue 官方范文整理2Essay Response – Score 5Cooperation, the act of working as a group to achieve a collective goal, isan important value for young children to learn. Another vital life lesson children can learn is how to be competitive, which is a mindset in which a person feels the need to accomplish more than another person. Both are necessaryto become well rounded individuals, but concerning preparing for a future ingovernment, industry or various other fields, a sense of cooperation is muchmore important. While not all children are overly competitive in nature, everyperson has some level of competitive drive inside them. This is a natural thingand is perfectly normal. Unfortunately, if this competitive nature is emphasized, the child will have problems relating socially to other children,and subsequently, will have issues interacting with adults later in life. A fierce competitive drive will blind an individual, causing them to not seesituations where group effort will be more greatly rewarded than an individualeffort. Take for instance the many teams of people working for NASA. If thepeople that make up these teams were all out to prove that they were superior toothers, our entire space program would be jeapordized. One needs to look beyondthe scope of what is best on an individual level and learn to look at what willmost benefit a broad group of people. This is where instilling a sense of cooperation in young children is vital. Cooperation is taught at an early ageand must be emphasized throughout life to fully embrace the concept.In the world of sports a competitive drive is vital; unfortunately, life isnot a sports game that simply leads to a winning or losing score. Life is farmore complex than this simple idea and there is no winner or loser designationto accompany it. We all have to work together to come to a conclusion that willassist 110not just ourselves, but others and future generations. In every scenario there will be individuals that have brilliant ideas, but those ideas require other people to build upon, perfect and impliment. Take for instanceBill Gates; Bill Gates is responsible for the Microsoft coorporation which heinvented in his garage. His competitive drive assisted in building his idea, butit was the collaborative effort of many people that helped propel his inventioninto the world known product it is today. Without the cooperation of others, hisgenius invention might never have made it out of his garage. It may be true thatan individual can change the world, but only so far as to say that an individualcan construct an idea that will inevitably change the world. Once an idea isformulated, it then takes a team of people working collectively towards a commongoal to make sure that the brillant, life-altering idea makes it to furtuition. Without the cooperation of many, an idea could simply remain as apicture on adrawing board. It is because of this possibility that instilling a cooperative demeanor in children is much more important than developing a competivieattitude. Competition is a natural thing that will develop with or without encouragement but the same cannot be said for a sense of cooperation.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 5Arguing that cooperation is less natural and more important for leadership,this response develops a thoughtful position on the issue and conveys meaningclearly and well. For these reasons it earns a score of 5. Note that it does notdevelop its reasons and examples as thoroughly as the sample 6 does, but itstill presents thoughtful analysis using well chosen examples. For example, thediscussion of Bill Gates is thoughtful, exploring the ways that both competition(the “competitive drive” that led him to found a company) and cooperation (the“collaborative effort of many people” is what made the company work)wereessential to his success as a leader. Throughout the response, then, counterarguments are used to create a nuanced position on the issue. The writerlooks at conflicting aspects of competition, which is vital but insufficient forlife because life is “more complex” than a sporting event, and cooperation,which is critical but more difficult to learn. In addition, the writer conveysmeaning clearly, demonstrating sentence variety and a facility with languagethat is more than adequate. There are a few minor errors, mainly typos andmisspelled words, but language control in this response is more than adequate(e.g., “One needs to look beyond the scope of what is best on an individuallevel and learn to look at what will most benefit a broad group of people.”).Because of its facility with language and its thoughtful position on the issue,this response earns a score of 5.新GREIssue 官方范文整理3Essay Response – Score 4When the generation of today matures, it is important for them to succeedand become the successful leaders in government, industry and other fields.There are many traits that leaders must possess, and cooperation is one of thesevery important characters. Nonetheless it is important for leaders to have asense of competition, so as to prevent themselves from be-ing complacent withtheir position.Cooperation is needed in order to be a functional person in society, whilestill adhering to social standards. Most leaders in society, did not start out as such. A person cannot isolate themselves from others with demeanor andattitude and expect to become an executive. While there may be leaders that havedeveloped this ill attitude towards others, they did not get there by beingthatway. A person who is able to effectively cooperate with others, will subsequently develop a nexus of supporters. Through collaboration, people areable to develop their studies further and better themselves. However, it is still important for there to be a sense of competition. Competition is the rootof motivation for most. It drives us to become stronger, smarter, and to wantmore. Nonetheless, the spirit of competition must also be reigned in, and not beallowed to run wild. Competitiveness can lead to abuse of power and distastefulactions, which is quite the opposite of someone who displays cooperativeness.Some may argue that competition is not needed. That those that are meant tobe leaders will not become complacent, because they have their own internaldrive to lead. If there was no competition, there would be no world records.Michael Phelps may not be a leader of government or industry, but he iscertainly educated on the technique of swimming, and leader in his field. Wouldhe be as good as he is today if there was not competition? Would the leaders ofMicrosoft have been motivated to create Bing if there was no Google? 111Cooperation helped many leaders get where they are today, and will continueto do so in the future. But leaders, as well as those that aspire to be one, allneed to have a sense of competition as well.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 4This adequate response presents a clear position on the issue in accordancewith the assigned task, arguing that both competition and cooperation are important for leaders. The response uses counterarguments both in the construction of its overall position (comparing the value of both competitionand cooperation) and in its discussion of the positive and negative aspects ofcompetition. However, the development of ideas in this response is not as thorough or as persuasive as one would expect to see in a response that earns ascore of 5 or 6. For instance, the example of Microsoft inventing Bing to compete with Google is certainly relevant, but it is not developed with anythoughtfulness. It is simply stated. Other examples are somewhat more fullydeveloped, but there is also some tangential material (e.g., even the writer seems to understand that Michael Phelps does not quite fit into a discussion ofleadership). In addition to its adequate development, this response displaysadequate control of language. This response does not have the sentence varietyor the skillful diction seen in a response that earns a higher score. There aresome minor errors present, but nothing that interferes with clarity. Becausethis response presents a clear position on the issue, expressing meaning withadequate clarity, it earns a score of 4.新GREIssue 官方范文整理4Essay Response – Score 3Leadership is a tough task to master.To be a leader means you mustbebetter than a bunch of folks and work with them to accomplise a greater goal.Leadership in any feild needs cooperarive effort and a leader must be ableto inspire and make the human resourse at hand to work better.In doing so thereis a far cry of an immense responsibility.I therefore stand by taking help frominmates to do the same.Like the say ‘when going gets tough the tough gets going’.So there is nopoint of getting bogged down rather plan more ways to get the work done and oneof the sureshot approach is by working together.I believe to the core of myheart that there can be nothing equal to cooperation and unity in a work field.As simple as it sounds if one can do a work in hermit atmosphere at certain efficiency, a number of brains working toghether can be more effi cient.An atmosphere where everyone works holding hands and when someone fallsthere are people to make him stand again makes a much better picture in my mindeverytime.Compitition is not a evil it can inspire some one to work better and looking to do better can be considered good.But am afraid what fear here is thatwhen you compete with someone you set you limits to that person.So once you dobetter than him/her you tend to be relaxed and that is where when the real evilcreeps in.With cooperation you have a goal and associated effort to work for thesame.Rather than individual petty and competition to be better placed than anfriend it would be far more appreciable to keep working for the common goal.Thatway even the goal gets more defined at some level.So lets all drop all this boundaries of indivisualism and keep working for a common goal,and if you wantto compete then compete with yourself and get better than what you were yesterday.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 3This response displays some competence in presenting a positionaccordingto the task directions, but it earns a score of 3 because frequent minor errorsdo interfere with clarity. The writer agrees with the prompt that cooperation ismore important, and it explores some counterarguments in its assertion thatcompe tition “can inspire some one to work better and looking to do better can beconsidered good.” How-ever, almost every sentence in this response has at leastone minor error. Some of the errors are typos or minor mechanical problems likemissing spaces after punctuation. But other errors have more impact on meaning.Missing words, incorrect sentence boundaries, and improper verb forms contributeto a lack of clarity throughout the response. This sentence is typical of the limited language control seen t hroughout this response: “So there is no point ofgetting bogged down rather plan more ways to get the work done and one of thesureshot approach is by working together.” Because of its limited clarity, then,this response earns a score of 3.新GREIssue 官方范文整理5Essay Response – Score 2Both a sense of cooperation and competition is needed to be a good leader.If one is focused on competition and ignores or refuse to work with others thenthere would be problems for that leader. A 112leader needs to be able to getalong, cooperate and know how to interact with others and allies. Treaties andallies require cooperation. Trade agreements and aid as well. A leader cannotachieve much alone. Competition is also needed to encourage people to be thebest. If no one does there best to obtain a goal how would a leader be chosen.What kind of leader would that make? The best way for a society to prepare itsyoung is to instill a sense of both competition and cooperation.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 2This response earns a score of 2 for its seriously limited development.There is a clear position on the issue, as the writer argues that the “best wayfor a society to prepare its young is to instill a sense of both competition andcooperation.” However, the writer provides few, if any, relevant reasons orexamples to support and develop this position. The discussion of cooperation issupported only by very generic assertions like the notion that “treaties andallies require cooperation.” And there is even less development in the discussion of competition. In order to receive a higher score, the response would need to provide more support for its position. Language control in thisresponse is adequate, but the response earns a score of 2 because of its seriously limited development.Essay Response – Score 1Best way for a socity to prepare it’s young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense ofcoopertion, not competition. This statement is very true, whether we meanleadership in government, industry, or any other fields. For leadership in government, industry, or other fields some people argue that the best way forsociety to prepare it’s young people is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation. Other people argue that the best way is through competition. It canbe diffi cult for many people to decide between these two choices. There aremany arguments that support both sides. I fully agree that the best way is toinstilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 1This response earns a score of 1 because it demonstrates little evidence ofthe ability to develop a position on the issue. Instead of developing a position, the response simply repeats the language of the prompt, adding somegeneric language that could be applied to any Issue prompt. For example, consider these sentences: “It can be difficult for many people to decide betweenthese two choices. There are many arguments that support both sides.” This is atotally generic analytical framework that has not been filled in with any specifi c exploration related to this prompt. The writer is clearly making anattempt to respond to the prompt, and the final sentence does seem to indicate aposition on the issue. So the response does not merit a score of 0. However, thevast majority of the response is simply repetition of language from the promptand/or generic material. Thus, it earns a score of 1.新GREIssue官方范文整理汇总。
新GREIssue官方范文
新GREIssue官方范文我给大家整理了新GREIssue官方范文，快来一起学习吧。
下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新GREIssue 官方范文整理1Issue test 3The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement above and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how those considerations shape your position.The following sample issue response received a score of 6: Passion is clearly necessary for a truly great idea to take hold among a people—passion either on the part of the original thinker, the audience, or ideally both. The claim that the most lucrative subject matter for inspiring great ideas is “commonplace things”may seem initially to be counterintuitive. After all, aren’t great ideas usually marked by their extraordinary character? While this is true, their extraordinary character is as often as not directly derivedfrom their insight into things that had theretofore gone unquestioned. While great ideas certainly can arise through seemingly pure innovation... say, for example, Big Bang cosmology, which developed nearly all of its own scientific and philosophical precepts through its own process of formation, it is nevertheless equally true that such groundbreaking thought was, and is, still largely a reevaluation of previous assumptions to a radical degree... after all, the question of the ultimate nature of the universe, and man’s place in it, has been central to human thought since the dawn of time. Commonplace things are, additionally, necessary as material for the generation of “the best ideas” since certainly the success among an audience must be considered in evaluating the significance and quality of an idea.The advent of Big Bang cosmology, which occured in rudimentary form almost immediately upon Edwin Hubble’s first observations at the Hooker telescope in California during the early 20th century, was the most significant advance in mankind’s understanding of the universe in over 400 years. The seemingly simple fact that everything in the universe, on the very large scale, is moving away from everything else in fact betrays nearly all of our scientific knowledge of the origins andmechanics of the universe. This slight, one might even say commonplace, distortion of tint on a handful of photographic plates carried with it the greatest challenge to Man’s general, often religiously reinforced, conception of the nature of the world to an extent not seen since the days of Galileo. Not even Charles Darwin’s theory, though it created more of a stir than Big Bang cosmology, had such shattering implications for our conceptions of the nature of our reality. Yet it is not significant because it introduced the question of the nature of what lies beyond Man’s grasp. A tremendous number of megalithic ruins, including the Pyramids both of Mexico and Egypt, Stonehenge, and others, indicate that this question has been foremost on humankind’s collective mind since time immemorial. Big Bang cosmology is so incredibly significant in this line of reasoning exactly because of the degree to which it changed the direction of this generally held, constantly pondered, and very ancient train of thought.Additionally, there is a diachronic significance to the advent of Big Bang cosmology, which is that, disregarding limitations such as the quality of optical devices available and the state of theoretical math, it could have happened at any point in time. That is to say, all evidence points to roughlythe same raw intellectual capacity for homo sapiens throughout our history, our progress has merely depended upon the degree of it that a person happens to inherit, a pace that has been increasing rapidly since the industrial revolution. Yet this discovery had to happen at a certain point in time or another —it cannot have been happening constantly or have never happened yet still be present—and this point in time does have its own significance. That significance is precisely the fact that the aforementioned advent must have occurred at precisely the point in time at which it truly could have occured—that is to say, it marks the point in our history when we had progressed sufficiently to begin examining, with remarkable substantiated acuity, the workings of the universe across distances that would take millions of human lifetimes to reach or to traverse. The point for the success of this advent must necessarily have been, additionally, the point at which the audience concerned was capable and prepared to accept such a radical line of reasoning.Both factors, a radical, passionate interpretation of the commonplace and the preparedness to accept such an interpretation, are necessary for the formulation of a truly great idea. If the passion is absent from an inquiry by thethinker or by the bulk of an audience, the idea will die out if it comes to fruition at all. If the material is not sufficiently commonplace to be considered by an informed audience of sufficient size, the same two hazards exist. Given these two factors, the idea must still be found palatable and interesting by the audience if it is to hope to gain a foothold and eventually establish itself in a significant fashion.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 6:This outstanding response presents a cogent, well-articulated analysis of the complexities of the issue by arguing that (1) great ideas develop from commonplace observations that are interpreted in a radical way; and (2) passion is required of both thinkers and the audience in order for great ideas to take hold.The argument is based on an extended example (Big Bang cosmology) and has two parts. The first part defines “commonplace things” as universal questions (i.e., the quest to understand the cosmos is commonplace, though complex, because it is an ancient and universal question) and places Big Bang cosmology in context with the scientific breakthroughs of Galileo and the Pyramids of ancient Mexico and Egypt.The second part explains Big Bang as the result of aconvergence of factors: both thinkers and the audience must be ready to reevaluate “previous assumptions”and accept “radical, passionate interpretations.”The argument’s careful line of reasoning is strengthened by appropriate transitions between paragraphs (“Additionally,”“Both factors, a radical, passionate interpretation of the commonplace and the preparedness to accept such an interpretation, are necessary for the formulation of a truly great idea,” etc.) and within paragraphs (“Not even Charles Darwin’s,”“Yet,”“that is to say,” etc.). Fluent and precise language—advent, rudimentary, diachronic, shattering implications, megalithic ruins—and effective sentence variety also characterize this response as outstanding. Finally, despite the presence of minor errors (overuse of comma and inconsistent use of ellipses in paragraph 1), this response demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English.新GREIssue 官方范文整理2The following sample issue response received a score of 5: The statement above comes from the perspective that the best thinkers, inventors, and innovators are the way that they are because they explore passionately the interesting thingsaround them. Yes, I would say that this is definitely true.I understand best the things that interest me, but it is only the things with which I am familiar with and understand in my surroundings. It would be difficult to take passionate interest in the things which I did not have available in my environment.For example, let’s consider some “idea” people in history. The person who invented the basketball hoop, or the game of volleyball, or ice skates, all had interest in those things before they had their brilliant ideas. I do know that the inventor of the basketball hoop used to coach a basketball team of young boys, and they would throw the ball into a fruit basket that was nailed to the wall. Obviously, a basket has a bottom to it, and they would have to fish it out after every successful throw. So he had the brilliant idea of cutting out the bottom of the basket. It seems so simple to us now, but nobody had ever played basketball like that in his day.The phrase, “commonplace things” can be rather misleading, I believe. I think every person has slightly different “commonplace things” in their environment depending on their interests, their financial status, and availability of items. What is commonplace for one person may never be known by another.I take passionate interest in things having to do with sewingusing patterns, fabrics and threads. However, my mother and grandmother are excellent seamstresses and I had the availability of learning from them. It was a “commonplace thing”for me. I have had some wonderful ideas come out of my passion for this kind of art.Orville and Wilbur Wright had a passionate interest in things having to do with flight, a rather ordinary thing for the sorts of birds who can fly with their wings, but certainly not people. If I had lived during the Wright brothers’ time, I would probably not have had the same passionate interest in figuring out how to make humans fly, because it is not something that I would have thought possible. But their dreams and visionary possibilities were much bigger than mine would have been at that time. They not only had a passionate interest but they were willing to experiment, to risk financial ruin and ridicule, and even put their lives on the line. So while it is true that the best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commplace things, there also has to be an element of daring to challenge “norms” and not being able to just accept things as they are. There has to be a desire to make things better and to improve on the present.There also has to be the element of not being afraid offailure. Most ideas do inevitably fail. Einstein is viewed today as being one of the most brilliant thinkers and “idea”people in all of history. But nobody really talks about how many times his ideas failed. The number is quite amazing. Many people are afraid of failure, so even though they make take a passionate interest in something commonplace, and have some great ideas, they may never carry them through because of uncertainty that they would work. We must be willing to try!So, yes, it is true that the best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things, because these are the things that we know, these are the things that we understand, and the things that we want to explore in even more depths. But there must be more elements involved than just taking interest in something. We must be willing to face risks of many kinds in order to separate the ideas that fail from the ones that will triumphantly succeed.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 5:This strong response presents a well- considered analysis of the complexities of the issue by arguing that great ideas come, not only from a passionate interest in the commonplace, but also from great imagination and a willingness to succeed.The logic of the response unfolds very smoothly: paragraph3 explores the term “commonplace” and offers support for the prompt’s position; paragraphs4 and5 discuss the related issues of imagination, willingness to experiment, and overcoming failure. The examples are well chosen and generally well developed.Paragraph 2 offers a relevant, though predictable, sports example (invention of basketball hoop) to examine how commonplace things/familiarity can spark great ideas. A personal example is used in paragraph 3 to further explore the definition of “commonplace” and illustrate how the term is relative to financial status and availability (though only the concept of availability is developed in this example). Paragraph 2 logically extends into paragraph 3, and the same connection is seen between paragraphs 4 and 5.In paragraph 4 the Wright brothers are used to argue that great ideas also come from imagination and a willingness to experiment. The final example, in which Einstein is offered to illustrate the necessity of overcoming failure, is not as fully developed as the others. The respondent does not explain what failures Einstein endured or how he overcame them, which makes the example less compelling. Overall, the analysis demonstrated in the examples is “perceptive and clear,” butnot “insightful and cogent” as required for a score of 6. While the response expresses ideas clearly, using appropriate vocabulary and sentence variety, it does not use language as fluently and precisely as would a typical 6. Occasional wordiness/ awkwardness could be avoided with more precise diction (e.g., “There also has to be the element of not being afraid of failure,” or “I have had some wonderful ideas come out of my passion for this kind of art”).新GREIssue 官方范文整理3The following sample issue response received a score of 4: In agreement with the statement, many great inventions have come from individuals interested in commonplace things. Out of simplicity arises great ideas, and I would consider commonplace things to be simplistic. However, it is hard to say that the “best”ideas arise from passion in commonplace things, because one could argue that the best ideas involve interest in remarkable things, which is what makes them the “best” ideas.If the statement is viewed from the standpoint of all ideas from the beginning of civilization, then the statement holds true. Examples of commonplace things are food and shelter. If a person had an abundance of food and needed to transport it, they may have the idea to weave a basket or make some sort oftote in order to load more at once. With that idea, eventually the people would think of things to make the first idea more useful, such as adding wheels to your carrying device. With shelter, first people (Cro-Magnon)may have kept out of weather and unsafe territory by using caves as shelter. From passionate interest in the common shelter a person may have come up with brilliant ideas about structures, architecture, and construction.In concern with the opposing view that the best ideas arise from remarkable things, one could argue that best ideas are medical breakthroughs and all other aspects of Science. Working with substances and molecules and creating ions and isotopes is not a commonplace thing. However, it is what the people who make the scientific breakthroughs have passionate interest in expanding.Looking at the big picture, I would say that if people did not have “passionate interest in commonplace things”, then the idea that led us to the remarkable things would have never occurred. If that is true then the statement holds true because the best ideas do arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. Though some older ideas may seem obsolete now, there was a time that without those ideas, we would stillbe in the dark ages.Overall, I agree with the statement. The best ideas do arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. Though I do not consider medical breakthroughs coming from interest in commonplace things, our species appears to be reaching the point in which cancer and AIDS could be considered a commonplace thing. If that is true, then when someone finds a cure for cancer or AIDS it will be one of the best ideas arising from a passionate interest in a commonplace thing. Once again reinforcing the truth of the statement.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 4:This response presents a competent analysis and conveys meaning adequately.Paragraph 2 offers appropriate and adequately developed examples from “the beginning of civilization” to illustrate how commonplace needs inspire innovation: the need to transport food led to the invention of woven baskets and, eventually, the invention of the wheel; similarly, the need for shelter that drove “Cro-Magnon”to the caves eventually inspired “brilliant ideas about structures, architecture, and construction.”Paragraph 3, which explores the “opposing view” (the bestideas arise from remarkable things), is less developed. The respondent claims that the best ideas are “medical breakthroughs and all other aspects of Science,”without explaining what is meant by “Science” or why these types of ideas are the “best.” Does “Science” include engineering, computer sciences, and the social sciences? Why are advances in science and medicine better than advances in religion the arts, or philosophy? The response also fails to acknowledge the commonplace interests (e.g., desire to improve quality of life) that drive medical/scientific research. While the response addresses two sides of the issue, it never delves into complexity the way a 5 or 6 would.In paragraph 4, the response comes to a new conclusion: without initial interest in commonplace things, interest in remarkable things would be impossible. This is an interesting position that, if developed and supported with well-chosen examples, could lead to complex analysis. However, the conclusion is merely stated, loosely supported with generalities, and then further confounded by shaky logic in paragraph 5.Ideas are expressed with reasonable clarity and the response generally demonstrates control of language. It is lackof complexity and logical development that keep this response from earning a higher score.新GREIssue 官方范文整理4The following sample issue response received a score of 3: How do new knowledge came into being? Sometimes it stemed from exsiting knowledge. Sometimes it was born all out of sudden. Both ways seem work well. As I see through this question, I believe that what plays a key role in creating new ideas is a passionate interest.Throughout history, a myriad of examples help prove the importance of interest. Edison, the greatest inventors in the world, possessed a sharp interest ever since his childhood. In his eyes, every common things were full of mysteries. It was his unique interest which helped him look into the machanism of things around therefore new iders came into his mind and, changed into conceret machines facilitating our lives. Another famous example is that of Newton. A riped apple from a tree fell onto his head one afternoon. For ordinary people, this kind of trivial instance would slip off their mind at once. However, Newton lost hisself in thought of the relation between objects. Finally he found gravitation and opened up a new era of physics.On the other hand, without interest, the opportunity ofgreat discoveries will pass by. Most people are experiencing ordinary lives everyday. Why don’t they come up with great ideas? Because interest is a state of skeptism, a state in which we do not stop to disclose the truth beneath a surface of commonplaces. Interest means the ability to explore the internal corelations. Therefore, with a passiontae interest, those commonplace things are no longer commonplace, and new ideas are created.From what have been discussed above, we can see that interest serves as force to propell the exploration of unknowns, to perfect the structure of human knowledge, and to move towards the ultimate truth.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 3:This limited response demonstrates some competence in its analysis and in conveying meaning but is obviously flawed.The response agrees with the prompt by arguing that a passionate interest allows people to see beyond the commonplace and create new ideas (paragraphs 1 and 3). However, the response is limited in presenting and developing this position.In paragraph 2 the response offers two relevant but underdeveloped examples to illustrate the importance of interest in generating ideas.The Edison example is not persuasive because its development is limited to generalities (“common things were full of mysteries...which helped him look into the machanism of things...therefore new iders came into his mind and, changed into conceret machines”). The response does not provide specific examples of the common “things” that interested Edison nor does it discuss any of Edison’s particular ideas. Thus, it does little to advance the response’s position. The Newton example is not penalized for historical inaccuracy. However, like the previous example, it is overly general and underdeveloped.The response also contains an accumulation of language errors (in usage, word choice, and sentence structure) that often result in a lack of clarity. For instance, the rhetorical device used in paragraph 1 contains frequent errors that render it ineffective. The imprecise language use in the Newton example is particularly unsettling: “Newton lost hisself in thought of the relation between objects. Finally he found gravitation and opened up a new era of physics.” While these errors do not generally interfere with meaning, they constitute a lack of language control that precludes a score of 4.新GREIssue 官方范文整理5The following sample issue response received a score of 2: The above statement reinforces my values and beliefs. I agree that the best ideas arises from a paasionate interest.I agree simply because a person must be able to personally relate to a thing in order to become passionate to the idea. The person behind the best ideas are passionate because the commonplace things have affected the person on a personally level or on a mutual level. The relationship between the commonplace thing and the best idea unites a passionate interest to the person who it has affected. A person must have a desire to build on their passion in order to follow through on his or her idea.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 2:This response presents a seriously flawed analysis of the issue.The response agrees with the prompt by arguing that a person must be able to relate to something in order to develop passion for it. (The connection between things one can “relate to”and “commonplace things” is implied.) The response also states that passion is necessary in order for a person to follow through on an idea. However, neither of these claims is supported with relevant reasons or examples.Furthermore, flawed word choice and other language control problems make the reasoning hard to follow (particularly in sentences 4 and 5: “The person behind the best ideas are passionate because the commonplace things have affected the person on a personally level or on a mutual level. The relationship between the commonplace thing and the best idea unites a passionate interest to the person who it has affected.”In those sentences the respondent attempts to analyze the relationship between commonplace things, passion, and ideas). Nevertheless, this response is not a 1: the respondent does provide evidence of the ability to understand the issue and attempts to present a position on it.The following sample issue response received a score of 1: This topic can be found to be true in many different areas. The best ideas that people have come up with are usually founded be improving commonplace things. For example in order to improve the effiecency of writing the typewriter was invented, then following that the computer was invented.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 1:This response presents a fundamentally deficient discussion of the issue.The first sentence consists of generic language that canbe applied to any prompt. Thus, it neither enhances nor detracts from the analysis. The remainder of the response consists of a statement in support of the prompt and a list of two examples (the typewriter and the computer). The examples offered are potentially relevant but completely undeveloped. Basic errors in usage and grammar are pervasive, but it is primarily the inability to develop an organized response that makes this response a 1.新GREIssue官方范文。
个人经验--新GRE复习资料
【个人点评】我还是买的纸质的。。。这本书不是很厚，里面讲解的方法和cracking大体相同，配有练习，可以参考。
3. [选读] 新东方绿皮 -- 新东方新G教材。
【个人点评】对于绿皮这一套我个人并不推荐使用，在此首先声明我并无对新东方老师们水平和劳动成果的质疑。这套书是新东方老师集体编纂的，其来源基本上都是改编自老G的真题，但是这与ETS的出题思路上不免有不一致的情况，并且难度上参差不齐。
10. [选读] 新GRE核心词汇-考法精析(再要你命3000) -- 新东方陈琦编纂的GRE单词书，词汇量3K+。
【个人点评】新东方传奇人物琦叔的要你命3K的新G版本，对于这本书褒贬不一。个人认为老G时代琦叔3K名冠江湖绝对是真才实料，其被封为类反圣经，即便是红宝也要怯其三分，而且经久不衰，不断传奇再现; however, well, you know...
2. [选读] 北美范文 -- 传说中的北美范文。
【个人点评】首先这本书目前没有新G版本，其次这本书中不是所有文章都在5分以上。所以这本书学语言可以，其他的就算了，仅供参考。
3. [不读] 大绿皮AW分册 -- crap
【个人点评】不解释。
4. [选读] 网上各种版本破题集 -- 网上破题的人很多，更有很多新东方老师在做这件事。
【个人点评】别人的老婆是别人的老婆，别人的大脑也一样是别人的大脑。你看了别人的老婆，你也顶多就是看看，娱乐还得基本靠手，所以你看了别人的破题，你也一样顶多是看看，考试还是得靠你自己。
5. [选读] College Writing Skills with readings -- 一本非常好的讲解英文写作的书。
5. [选读] 数学高分快速突破 -- 大蓝本中的数学分册，作者陈向东。书中是分了类的老G真题选集和讲解。
GRE-Issue的考前提要
GRE-Issue的考前提要针对备考GRE考试的考生来说，作文的准备工作应该要充分，这样才有可能在有限的时间之内，获得较高的分数。
GRE作文是由两个不同的部分组成的，Issue是针对一个是非问题给出不同的个人见解，而Argument是对某一个论点进行的分析。
今天，前程百利小编就和大家一起学习下，Issue考前的必备要则。
首先是针对Issue的备考工作。
虽然Issue的题库范围很大，但是有着相同背景的考题也有很多，总的来说有以下结方面，考生可以通过以下的分类，有针对性的准备自己的作文，可以使自己的准备工作事半功倍。
其中包括：文化特性（习俗、礼节以及思想观念）的重要性、个人的成功并取得进步的关键因素、社会进步的关键因素，以及我们怎样对其定义、一致性和传统惯例的个性和革新、常规教育的目标和方法是怎么样的、研究历史的价值、知识对社会和个人的冲击、社会上公认的领袖和伟大的领袖的分类、艺术和科学的作用和分类、在保证社会福利方面，政府、商界以及个人的恰当角色。
以上就是GRE作文Issue经常出题的几个比较大的方向，考生可以对症下药，有侧重的进行考前的准备工作。
其次是在进行GRE作文Issue写作之前，系统会提示你针对此项作文的注意事项。
对此，你应该多加注意：1.答题时间为45分钟；2.选择你认为可以接受的那个题目进行写作；3.题目会以为某一普遍问题的简单陈述这种形式出现；4.你应该通过你的经历、观察和阅读等渠道提出原因和？或例证，支持你自己的观点；5.在你开始写之前，最好花几分钟思考一些如何组织你的文章；6.你应该预留出富裕的时间，检查自己写过的文章，做出必要的修改。
然后是在GRE——Issue答题的过程中。
针对Issue的写作题目，不存在正确与错误一说。
也就是Issue的考题，即不存在无法反驳又不存在完全错误的情况。
因为考试考察的是考生对于某一观点的辩论能力有逻辑思辨能力，所以考生应该对题目所支持的观点，尽全力的证明。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Issue Topic PoolI. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.1.A nation should require all of its students to study the same nationalcurriculum until they enter college.2.All college and university students would benefit from spending at least onesemester studying in a foreign country.3.Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to o ff erschools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.4.Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion willaccomplish little.5.As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability ofhumans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.6.As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible,but more complex and mysterious.petition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levelsof education.8.Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comesfrom someone who is an expert in that field.cational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students frompursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.10.Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set themfree.ernment o ffi cials should rely on their own judgment rather thanunquestioningly carry out the will of the people whom they serve.12.If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.13.In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contributionwithout first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.14.In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to makeimportant contributions.15.In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who havecontrasting points of view.16.In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important thanknowledge.17.In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.18.In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society toregard any living man or woman as a hero.19.It is more harmful to compromise one's own beliefs than to adhere to them.20.It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated andpreserved.21.It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we defineourselves.22.Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisionstoday.ws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances,times, and places.24.Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.25.Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot bemotivated by school or college alone.26.Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually whileseeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.27.No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledgeand experience from outside that field.28.People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are also themost critical of it.29.People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation orsurroundings than by society as a whole.30.People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.31.Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their majorfields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.32.Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting itpassively.33.The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.34.The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someonewith an opposing viewpoint.35.The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.36.The e ff ectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining thewell-being of that country's citizens.37.The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them,not by their contemporaries.38.The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines areonly tools of human minds.39.The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.40.The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people fromdeveloping into truly strong and independent individuals.41.The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that peopleliving now are significantly di ff erent from people who lived in earlier times. 42.The most e ff ective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze thetrends of its youth.43.The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people'se ffi ciency so that they have more leisure time.44.The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievementsof its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.45.The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people questionauthority.46.There is little justification for society to make extraordinary e ff orts—especiallyat a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species.47.To be an e ff ective leader, a public o ffi cial must maintain the highest ethicaland moral standards.48.To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must studyits major cities.49.True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets foroneself.50.Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image hasbecome more important than the reality or truth behind that image.51.We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from peoplewhose views contradict our own.52.We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than frompeople whose views contradict our own.53.When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be betterused for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings.54.Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goalsrather than seek immediate fame and recognition.II. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.1.A nation should require all of its students to study the same nationalcurriculum until they enter college.2.All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.3.College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availabilityof jobs in that field.4.College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest themrather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.5.Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least onesemester studying in a foreign country.cators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students'grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.cators should find out what students want included in the curriculum andthen o ff er it to them.cators should take students' interests into account when planning thecontent of the courses they teach.cators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas,trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.ernment o ffi cials should rely on their own judgment rather thanunquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.ernments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today ratherthan on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.ernments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences areunclear.ernments should o ff er college and university education free of charge to allstudents.ernments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research anddevelopment.15.In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should berequired to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.16.Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significantnumbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.17.People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully consideredits consequences.18.Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus ratherthan elusive ideals.19.Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that arelikely to benefit the greatest number of people.20.Society should identify those children who have special talents and providetraining for them at an early age to develop their talents.21.Teachers' salaries should be based on the academic performance of theirstudents.22.The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.23.Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outsidethe student's field of study.24.Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goalsrather than seek immediate fame and recognition.III. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.1.A nation should require all of its students to study the same nationalcurriculum until they enter college.2.All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.3.College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availabilityof jobs in that field.4.Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least onesemester studying in a foreign country.5.Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comesfrom someone who is an expert in that field.cational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students frompursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.cational institutions should actively encourage their students to choosefields of study in which jobs are plentiful.cational institutions should actively encourage their students to choosefields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.9.Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and todisobey and resist unjust laws.10.In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in powershould step down after five years.11.In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important thanknowledge.12.It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as ahero.13.Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in theirnatural state.14.People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.15.Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways thatno speaker or reformer ever could.16.Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.17.The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership ingovernment, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.18.The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is topraise positive actions and ignore negative ones.19.The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine thecharacter of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.20.The e ff ectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining thewell-being of that country's citizens.21.The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation'sgreatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.22.The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers,artists, or scientists, but the general well-being of all its people.23.To be an e ff ective leader, a public o ffi cial must maintain the highest ethicaland moral standards.24.Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outsidethe student's field of study.IV. Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented. 1.Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or otherfields must be highly competitive. Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others.2.Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leadersto withhold information from the public. Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed.3.Some people believe that college students should consider only their owntalents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.4.Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students toexcel in the classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.5.Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote thewell-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible.6.Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary toensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people. Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.7.Some people believe that government o ffi cials must carry out the will of thepeople they serve. Others believe that o ffi cials should base their decisions on their own judgment.8.Some people believe that in order to be e ff ective, political leaders must yield topublic opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an e ff ective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.9.Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overallsuccess before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.10.Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantlyreduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connectwith one another.11.Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much betterunderstanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.12.Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animalspecies, despite the expense to humans in e ff ort, time, and financial well-being. Others believe that society need not make extraordinary e ff orts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.13.Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and thespirit. Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.14.Some people believe that universities should require every student to take avariety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.15.Some people claim that a nation's government should preserve its wildernessareas in their natural state. Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain.16.Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at theachievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people.V. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.1.Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted,since it may well be proven false in the future.Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate.2.Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses andeliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.3.Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financialsupport they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.4.Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.5.Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in powershould step down after five years.Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.6.Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or womanas a hero.Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.7.Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make importantdecisions today.Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past.8.Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make importantdecisions today.Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.9.Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and othergovernment experts.Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.10.Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and thelegal system.Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts or minds.11.Claim: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts whensignificant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.Reason: It is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—to use public resources to fund the arts when people's basic needs are not being met.12.Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas inwhich they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.13.Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with anopposing viewpoint.Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.14.Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine thecharacter of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.15.Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of itsrulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.16.Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of itsrulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people.17.Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of coursesoutside the student's major field of study.Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.18.Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we sharethan from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.19.Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account theinterests and suggestions of their students.Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.VI. Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.1.A nation should require all of its students to study the same nationalcurriculum until they enter college.2.Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time workingoutside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 3.Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least onesemester studying in a foreign country.cational institutions should actively encourage their students to choosefields of study in which jobs are plentiful.cational institutions should actively encourage their students to choosefields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.cational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of studyin which they are unlikely to succeed.ernments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences areunclear.ernments should o ff er a free university education to any student who hasbeen admitted to a university but who cannot a ff ord the tuition.9.In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power shouldbe required to step down after five years.10.Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in theirnatural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.11.Society should make e ff orts to save endangered species only if the potentialextinction of those species is the result of human activities.12.Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outsidethe student's field of study.。