外贸英语翻译期末备考
外贸英语期末复习
外贸英语复习卷商会Chamber of Commerce 价目表price list贸易术语trade terms 最大的供应商leading provider实盘firm offer 虚盘non-firm offer报价单quotation 形式发票pro forma invoice销售确认书sales confirmation 交货effect shipment装货说明shipping instruction 舱位shipping space货运代理行freight forwarder 装船通知shipping advice装箱单packing list 产地证certificate of original保险单insurance policy 保险费率insurance rate全险all risks 保险费premium未付账款outstanding balance 支付条件payment term金融危机financial crisis 提出索赔lodge a claimLesson Four—Lesson Eleven课文与练习（1）basic skills（2）follow-up tasksMatch the words in Column A with the explanations in Column B.Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the given words.Complete the following letter according to the Chinese given in the brackets.（3）real-life project Write a letter accors.ding to the following situation.（4）Translate the following sentences into Chinese.Translate the following sentences into English.P64-65 Task 2我们的报盘有效期为两周此报盘以我放最后确认为准希望您方知道由于人工费用的增加使得我们的销售利润微乎其微P75 Task 2如果你们的产品质量好我们打算定期向你们方大量订购请会签所附合同，并寄回其中一份供我放存档当然如果你放订购三千箱以上我们就削价2%P87 Task 2货物需经香港转船很遗憾知道些此信的时候我们还没有收到我们所定货物的交货信息P97 Task 3根据你方要求我们将按发票金额的110%投保按惯例按发票金额多出的保费将有买房承担P117 Task3我们遗憾的奉告：到货与样品不符从贵方5月5日来函得知运送给贵方的货物到达时有破损深感遗憾我方已调查此事发现贵方索赔完全正当P41 Unit4 follow-up tasksImport inquire inquiry enclose exportertrade terms stock superior reliable delivery⒈Your name ang address have been given to us by the Osake Chamber of Commerce and Industry as a large ___________of leather bags.⒉We are now specially interested in _________man-made leather bags from your country.⒊Thank you for your recent _________about Doe Vita-Heart products.⒋I am ________a copy of the study you requested.⒌Thank you for ________about Doe Technologies, Inc.⒍A few years ago it was virtually impossible to find _______quality coffee in local shops.⒎Please take ________of the goods at the station next Friday.⒏We will be interested in discussing the________ with you as and when the final decision has been taken.⒐The shop______ everything from cigarettes to recycle paper.⒑Statistical analysis is a means of arriving at a fairly ________ forecast.阳江商会已把你公司的地名和地址告诉非常有兴趣价格可行，品质优良，交货迅速向我方提供信用情况向…….咨询.P52 Unit5 follow-up tasksPopular design rust-proof easy-to-use superior fashionable elegant⒈One of the characters of the product lies in the _______quality and competitive price.⒉We believe that the ________is one of the selling points for the knife.⒊This scissor is _______ so that you don’t have to worry about the rustiness.⒋The lopper we highly recommended is a specialized design for pruning purpose and is_______.⒌This pruner is one of the most _____products in our product range.⒍This_______ manicure set is perfect for the young ladies who pursuit special designs.⒎This kind of mini scissor is suitable for the matured ladies because of its ______outlook.1.这套信息基础设施建设解决方案是为了减轻企业的信息量过度的问题。
外贸函电期末备考翻译
2.获悉你地市场对核桃有很大的需求，兹附上第6868号报价单供参考。
2. We have learnt that there is a good demand for walnuts in your market, and take this opportunity of enclosing our Quotation Sheet NO.6868 for your consideration.3.你方6月3日来电要求women报第33号毯子。
现确认我方于6月6日电报向你放报盘如下，该盘不受约束。
3. In reply to your cable of June 3, which asked us to make an offer for our Blanket No.33, we wish to confirm our cable dispatched on June 6 offering you without engagement the following:P.1472.我已接受你方85号订单订购货号1002号印花布十万码。
请告颜色搭配并按合同规定的条款开立以我方为抬头的有关信用证。
2. Y our Order No. 85 for 100,000 yards of Cotton Prints Art. NO. 1002 has been booked. Please let us know the color assortment at once and open the covering L/C in our favor according to the terms contracted.3.我们得悉上述货物的有关信用证即将开出。
请放心，一收到你方信用证，我方将尽早安排第一艘可以订得舱位的轮船运装。
3. We learn that an L/C covering the above-mentioned goods will be established immediately. Y ou may rest assured that we will arrange for dispatch by the first available steamer with the least possible delay upon receipt of your L/C.P.1631.请注意，付款是以保兑的，不可撤销的，允许分装和转船，见票即付的信用证支付。
(完整word版)外贸英语函电课后翻译中译英期末总复习
Unit 11. 很高兴收到你关于商务信件格式资料等的请求。
I was happy to receive your request for information about business letter formats.2. 能在新的商务函授课程准备上给阁下提供帮助深感荣幸。
I am glad to be able to help you in this way in the preparation of your new business correspondence.3. 如不能清晰地表达，就不可能在商界取得成功。
There is no success in the business world for someone who is unable to express himself or herself clearly.4. 良好的沟通能力是商界成功人士的关键所在。
The ability to communicate well is a key attribute of the successful business executive.5. 感谢阁下5月13日的来函，并在信中阁下问及彼人对有效沟通能力在商界重要性的意见。
Thank you for your letter of May 13, in which you asked for my views on the importance in the business world of the ability to communicate effectively.6.无论信息自身多么坚强有力，只有当信件的信息传递无误才能有效。
No matter how strong and powerful the message is in itself, it can be effective only if the letter which conveys the message is faultless.7. 应当使用明了的语言，以使收信人能理解商务信函。
外贸英语翻译
外贸英语翻译1、proper acking can be extremely important depending on the type of product and its destination.根据产品的类型及其目标的适当acking是非常重要的。
2、Ocean voyages may be most damaging to the goods that are not properly packed. 西洋可能是最具破坏性的不妥善包装的商品。
3、goods subject to breakage have to be crated ,and those subject to moisture wrapped in plastic.破损的货物必须笼，和那些受水分包装在塑料当中。
4、others may require some special treatment or coating before shipment,still others have to be refrigerated while in transit.在装运之前，其他人可能需要一些特殊的处理或涂层，还有的人一定要冷藏运输中。
5、actually,packing not only serves as a form of protection, but also faciliates loading ,unloading and stowage ,and prevents pilferage.其实，包装不仅是一种保护形式，但也进行加载、卸载和装载，并防止偷盗。
6、furthermore it can promote sales.此外，它可以促进销售。
1、risk is common in every corner of the world.风险是共同在世界的每一个角落。
2、Risk,which is the chance of loss,exists in most business decisions and transaction.风险是损失的机会，存在于大多数商业决策和交易。
国际贸易实务(英语版)期末考试总结
1.询盘Enquiry(inquiry) refers to the buyer in order to buy or the seller in order to sell goods to ask to each other about trading conditions.2.接受Acceptance.In business law, an acceptance is the assent to the terms of an offer. It must be absolute and unconditional.3.商品的品质；Sale by seller’s sample made on the basis of the sample provided by the seller Sale by buyer’s sample made on the basis of the sample provided by the buyerSale by counter sample Counter sample: a replica made by the seller of the sample provided, normally by the buyer counter sample used as the basis for quality to remove the risk of the seller,a good substitute to sale by buyer’s sample4.重量gross weight （毛重）= net weight （净重）+ Tare（皮重）Conditioned weight:（公量）equals to the dry weight of a commodity plus the standard moisture content. Conditioned weight = Dried net weight x (1 + Standard regain rate)Theoretical weight（理论重量）= Unit weight x QuantityLegal weight（法定重量）= Net weight + Tare (immediate packing)5.商品包装bulk commodities（散装）nude packed commodities (裸装)Packed commodities(包装)Neutral packing （中性包装）means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers origins packing without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturers .6.贸易术语Warsaw-Oxford Rules is made by International Law Association, which only defines CIF contracts.海洋和河内运输：FAS FOB CFR CIF任何：EXW FCA CPT CIP DAT DAP DDP装运港交货：FOB CFR CIF 向承运人交货：FTA CIP CPT 目的地交货：DA T DAP DDP FOB:Free on board The seller is responsible for shipping the contracted goods on board the ship dominated by the buyer at the port of shipment within specific period and bearing all costs and risks before the goods are on board the vessel.CFR----Cost and freight: The seller is responsible for booking space and delivering the goods on board the vessel sailing for the destination in due time according to the contract and covering the risks and expenses during carriage (the risks are transferred when goods are delivered on board). CIF-----Cost Insurance and Freight: CIF means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the cost and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover.7.国际运输：Liner Transport 班轮运输A liner is vessel with regular sailings and arrivals and sails on a fixed (regular) sailing route and calls at fixed (regular) base ports.特点：a. Fixity, namely fixed routes, fixed ports of call, fixed dates and fixed rates. 四固定b. Responsibility 一负责c. Liabilities, obligations and exemptions of liners and the shipper are all on the basis of the bill of lading issued by liners. 权利、义务、责任豁免Shipping by Charter租船运输：It means a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route orschedule of sailings or port or freight. The shipper charters ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods.International Multi-modal Transport 国际多式联运：It involves the transportation of freight in an international container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation (rail, ship and truck), without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes.8.海运提单Bill of lading (B/L)：a document issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of goods. 作用：a receipt of cargo，an evidence of contract of carriage ，a document title to the goods9.保险：Perils of the Sea（海上风险）：Natural Calamities（自然灾害）Fortuitous Accidents （意外事故）Extraneous Risks（附加其他风险）General Extraneous Risks Special Extraneous Risks（特殊附加风险战争等）Actual Total Loss: 实际全损It means that the insured subject matter is totally and irretrievably (un-savable) lost.Constructive Total Loss: 推定全损It is estimated that the actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or the cost of salvage or recovery could have exceed the value of the cargo.Partial loss 部分损失：General Average: 共同海损It refers to a certain special sacrifice and extra expense intentionally incurred for the general interests of the ship-owner, the insurer, and the owners of the various cargoes abroad the ship. When a ship is in danger, the captain must make a decision and one of shippers will suffer.In order to compensate the special sacrifice,all the others will club together to re-compensate him for loss.Particular average: 单独海损It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of the damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss, which shall be borne by the owner of this individual consignment.Free from particular average (F.P.A.) 平安险With particular average (W.P.A.) 水渍险I t covers partial loss due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/or flood as well as the risks covered under F.P.A. condition as mentioned above.All risks: 一切险Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.A. and W.A. conditions as above, this insurance also covers all risks of losses or damage to the insured goods whether partial or total, arising from general additional risks.保险金额计算insurance amount=CIF price×（1 + markup percentage 加成率）premium(溢价)=insurance amount ×premium rateInsurance Policy: (保险单) It is the most widely used insurance document. Contents of the insurance policy usually include The detailed content .Insurance Certificate 保险凭证It is a kind of simplified insurance policy, and the rights and obligations of two parties are omitted. But it has the same legal validity as the insurance policy. 10.支付工具A bill of exchange（汇票）is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable further time, a sum certain in money to, or to the order of, a specified person, or to any bearer.Classification of the bill of exchange （汇票分类）：a.According to the drawer, it is divided into banker’s draft and commercial draft. b.According to whether accompanied with shipping documents, it can be classified into clean bill and documentary bill. c.According to the time of payment, it is divided into sight bill and time bill or usance bill.A promissory note (本票)is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another signed by the maker, engaging to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to, or to a order of, a specified person or to a bearer.Promissory note is classified（分类）into bank note and commercial note. Bank note is issued by the bank; but commercial note is issued by the business or the person.11.The difference between the bill of exchange and promissory note（汇票本票区别）a.Promissory note: two parties involved; bill of exchange: three parties involved.b.The drawer of the promissory note is the payer, and time promissory note doesn’t need endorsement; time bill of exchange needs endorsement.c.In any cases, the drawer of the promissory note is the main debtor（债务人）; For bank draft,the drawer of bill of exchange is the main debtor before acceptance, but after acceptance, the acceptor become the main debtor.12.支付方式：Mail transfer (M/T):(信汇)The buyer gives money to a local bank which sendsa trust deed（契约）for payment to it’s correspondent bank at the seller’s end by mail and entrusts it with the task to pay money to the seller. Telegraphic transfer (T/T)(电汇) At the request of the buyer, a local bank sends a trust deed for payment by cable directly to it’s correspondent bank at the seller’s end and entrusts the work to it to pay money to the seller. Demand draft (D/D): (票汇) The buyer buys a draft from a local bank and sends it by mail to the seller, the seller or his appointed person can collect money from the relative bank at his end against the draft sent by the buyer.Collection 托收Collection means that the exporter asks his bank to arrange for the acceptance or payment of the bill overseas, and the bank will carry his task through it’s own branch office abroad or a correspondent bank.信用证In simple terms, a L/C is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of payment. Expressed more carefully, it is a written undertaking by a bank given to the seller at the request and in accordance with the instructionsof the buyer to effect payment up to a stated sum of money, within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents. 信用证分类According to whether the draft is accompanied with the shipping document, L/C is divided into Documentary L/C: 跟单信用证 and Clean L/C: 光票信用证. According to whether the draft is revocable ,L/C is divided into revocable L/C and irrevocable L/C.(可撤销否) Back to back L/C:（背对背信用证）The exporter sends the L/C established by the importer in his favor to a bank as sole security, requiring the local bank to reopen an L/C in favor of the actual exporter. The L/C opened by the importer is called the original L/C, while the second L/C issued in favor of the actual exporter at the request of the exporter is called the subsidiary L/C.13.货物检验：Legal inspection（法定检验）is conducted to make mandatory inspection of import and export commodities according to laws and regulations of the country. It is an important way to control the quantity of commodities.Place and time of inspection：货物检验分类It can be divided into 3 kinds:(1)To make inspection in the export country(2)To make inspection in the import country(3)To make inspection in the export country and make re-inspection in the import country。
《外贸英语期末复习资料(2019.12)doc》
外贸英语期末复习资料（2012.12）Part I Translate the following English words into Chinese.1. bill of exchange2. sight draft3. irrevocable L/C4. penalty5. money of payment6. usance L/C7. terms of payment 8. promissory note9. trade surplus 10. negotiating bank11. quality tolerance 12. shipping advice13. insurance coverage 14. secret commission15. trade deficit 16. documentary collection17. counter sample 18. sea transport19. insurance certificate 20. money of accountPart II. Translate the following Chinese words into English1. 佣金2. 单价3. 承兑4. 贴现5. 受益人6. 商业发票7. 支票8. 进口许可证9. 背书10. 贸易壁垒11. 转手贸易12. 原样13. 分批装运14. 预约保险单15. 总值16. 汇票17. 承兑18. 运价19. 装箱单20. 汇率21. 委托人22. 品名23. 托运人24. 预约保单25. 单价26. 跟单托收27. 保兑28. 装卸时间29. 制单30. 开证行Part III Write down the full name of the following abbreviations and the translations.1. D/P2. M/T3. CIF4. D/A5. T/T6. MTOPart IV Decide whether the following statements are true or false by writing “T” for true and “F” for false in the bracket besides each statement.1. International trade is only the exchange of goods between nations.2. The distributor gains profits from the price difference at which he buys and resells the goods.3. In reality, the quantity of goods shipped must be exactly the same with that stipulated in the contract.4. Partial shipment means that the goods under one contract are shipped in different terms or by different lots.5. A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unit and price terms.6. The buyer will inform the seller the opening of L/C and pass the L/C to the seller.7. Trade means countries can provide a wider variety of products for their consumers.8. No. 1-150 in the shipping mark means that there are 150 packages of goods and this package is the first one.9. Under CIF, cargo insurance is to be effected by the buyer.10. Generally speaking, more packing is required for containerized consignments.11. Transshipment may increase the cost of shipment and the possibility of delay in delivery of commodities.12. In international trade, if All Risks was covered, any loss caused by any reason on the way can be compensatedby insurance company.13. “USD200 per M/T CIFC2 London” means that the seller will receive 200 US dollars for per metric ton.14. Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade.15. There is no contractual relationship between the principal and the customers under trade form of agent.16. Under FCA in Incoterms 2000, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to thebuyer at the time the buyer accepts the goods.17. Different ways of measurement such as by weight, by length, by area, by volume and by capacity may be usedfor different products.18. If there is no direct sail to the destination, that “transshipment shall be allowed” shall be stipulated in thecontract.19. The additional coverage can be taken out separately.20. Commission and discount must be stipulated in the price clause in a contract.Part V Fill in the blanks with the best choice.1. Who has the exclusive right of selling the goods in a marketing area at the price he fixes? ___.a. Consignorb. Exclusive distributorc. Exclusive agentd. Bidder2. When the seller only pays freight for the goods up to arrival at the port of destination, the term is _____.a. FOBb. CFRc. DDUd. CIF3. Partial shipment may be necessary when ____.a. direct liners are not availableb. the amount of the cargo is very smallc. the shipping date is very closed. the export covers a large amount of goods4. The goods concluded on the CIF basis have been burnt because of the fire after being loaded, then ____.a. the loss is due to the sellerb. the seller asks the insurance company for compensationc. the buyer asks the insurance company for compensationd. the loss is due to the party who pays the freight5. In the following terms of settlement, which is the most risky one for the seller? ____.a. T/T in advanceb. D/Ac. D/P at sightd. D/P after sight6. When ____ happens, the party that fails to perform the contract is allowed to relieve liabilities of thenon-performance.a. warb. world market price goes upc. manufacture faultd. currency devaluation7.____ refers to an exchange of services or assets between countries.a. Invisible tradeb. Visible tradec. International traded. Balance of trade8. The most important document in documentary collection is ___.a. commercial invoiceb. certificate of originc. bill of exchange.d. certificate of inspection.9. When the seller pays for the goods to be loaded on board the ship, but does not pay the freight or insurance, theright term is _____.a. FOBb. FCAc. CFRd. CIF10. At present, which method do we always take to express quality when we export some handicrafts, clothing andlight industrial products? _____.a. Sale by sampleb. Sale by specificationc. Sale by graded. Sale by name of origin11. The operator who signs the multimodal transport documents is _____.a. only responsible for the first stage of the transportationb. must be responsible for the whole transportationc. is not responsible for transportationd. is only responsible for the last stage of the transportation12. Exporting clothes are soaked heavily because of the ship hitting the submerged reef in the sea, if the cost dealtwith and sent to the destination is more than the value insured, then the loss can be regarded as __________a. general averageb. actual total lossc. constructive total lossd. particular average13. Which one of the following quotations is wrong?a. FOB QINGDAO USD10.00/PCb. CIF LIVERPOOL GBP125.00/MTc. FOB SHANGHAI $15.25/PCd. FOB JINAN USD2.00/KG14. Invisible trade consists of the following except for ___________.a. transportation services across national bordersb. foreign tourist expensesc. insurance services across national bordersd. product exchange across national borders15. The transfer of marine cargo insurance contract means that _______.a. the insured transfers his rights and obligations in the S/C to another personb. the ownership of the goods transfers as insurance contract is transferredc. insurable interests are transferredd. the articles insured are transferred16. _________ may be used for various modes of transport.a. FCA CPT CIPb. FCA FOB EXWc. FCA FAS CIFd. FCA CFR CPT17. In international trade the goods that is demanded on special shape or the characteristics of color and tasteshould be sold__________.a. by sampleb. by specificationc. by graded. by name of origin18. Which of the following is right about the stipulation of the port of shipment and the port of destination clausesin the international trade contract?________.a. To stipulate two ports roughlyb. Only one port of shipment and one port of destination can be stipulated in the contractc. To stipulate two ports of shipment or two ports of destinationd. More than one port is contracted to be port of loading or more than one port is contracted to be port ofdestination in case it is difficult to decide19. Basic coverage of marine cargo insurance under CIC includes the following except for________a. FPAb. War Riskc. WPAd. All Risks20. If the unit price clause is stipulated as “USD 200 per metric ton CIF London less 3% discount”. Then the priceis called a/an _________.a. net priceb. commission-included pricec. discount-included priced. discount-excluded pricePart VI. Translate the following English sentences into Chinese or Chinese sentences into English1.FOB means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail nominated by the buyer at the namedport of shipment.2.Total amount, as its name suggests, is the sum of the money for one business transaction. It equals to the unitprice multiplied by the quantity of the goods.3.Generally speaking, the L/C should arrive to the seller at least 15 days before the time of shipment to allowsufficient time to check and amend, if necessary, the L/C and to arrange shipment.4.Trade terms, also called price terms or delivery terms, are an important part of a unit price in international trade,standing for specific responsibilities and obligations of both the buyer and the seller.5.Under a FOB, CFR or CIF contract, port of shipment is usually proposed by the exporter and is stipulated inthe contract when confirmed by the importer.6. A unit price consists of four parts, which are currency unit, unit price figure measuring unit and price terms.7.The insured amount is the highest compensation amount undertaken by the insurer, and it is also the foundationfor calculating the insurance premium.8.Hence, the “C”-terms are different from all other terms because they contain two“key”points, one indicatingthe point to which the seller is bound to arrange and bear the costs of carriage and another one for the allocation of risk.9.Generally speaking, the L/C should arrive to the seller at least 15 days before the time of shipment to allowsufficient time to check and amend, if necessary the L/C and to arrange shipment.10.在CIF术语下，除了CFR条件下的义务外，卖方还必须办理海洋运输保险。
外贸英语函电期末复习
函电翻译练习1. We owe your name and address to the Commercial Counselor's Office of the British Embassy in Beijing, who have informed us that you are in the market for jeans.得知贵公司行名和地址我们要感激英国驻大使馆商务参赞处，他们告知我们你公司拟购买牛仔裤。
2.Your letter of March 5 addressed to our Dalian Branch Office has been passed on to us for attention and reply, as the captioned goods come under the range of our business activities.你方3月5日致我分公司的函已转交我公司办理答复，因为标题项下的货物属于我们的经营围。
3.This kind of product is suitable for top grade apartment, office, bedroom, hotel, sport places and outdoor recreation ground.该产品适合高档公寓住宅、办公室、卧室、宾馆饭店、体育场所与户外娱乐场所。
4.Huzhou writing brush together with Hui ink sticks, Xuan paper and Duan ink slabs are called the four treasures of the study in China, which are the important symbols of Chinese long and splendid civilization.徽毫与徽墨、宣纸、端砚并称为“中国文房四宝”，是中华文明悠久灿烂的重要特征。
国际贸易操作翻译 万里期末题目 但是我考过了
国际贸易操作翻译万里期末题目但是我考过了，详情可以关注我的微博问问;932455661 _100eeb 颜色不一样就是我们考到过的，但是毕竟有A B卷，可以的话多看看。
（10）付款条件：开给我方100％保兑的不可撤回即期付款之信用证，并须注明可在装运日期后15天内议付有效。
（11）保险：按发票110％保全险及战争险。
由客户自理。
（12）买方须于＿＿年＿＿月＿＿日前开出本批交易信用证，否则，售方有权：不经通知取消本合同，或接受买方对本约未执行的全部或一部，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。
（13）单据：卖方应向议付银行提供已装船清洁提单、发票、中国商品检验局或工厂出具的品质证明、中国商品检验局出具的数量／重量签定书；如果本合同按CIF条件，应再提供可转让的保险单或保险凭证。
（14）凡以CIF条件成交的业务，保额为发票价值的110％，投保险别以本售货合同中所开列的为限，买方如要求增加保额或保险范围，应于装船前经售方同意，因此而增加的保险费由买方负责。
（15）质量、数量索赔：如交货质量不符，买方须于货物到达目的港30日内提出索赔；数量索赔须于货物到达目的港15日内提出。
对由于保险公司、船公司和其它转运单位或邮政部门造成的损失卖方不承担责任。
（16）本合同内所述全部或部份商品，如因人力不可抗拒的原因，以致不能履约或延迟交货，售方概不负责。
（17）仲裁：凡因执行本合同或与本合同有关事项所发生的一切争执，应由双方通过友好方式协商解决。
如果不能取得协议时，则在中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁机构的仲裁程序规则进行仲裁。
仲裁决定是终局的，对双方具有同等约束力。
仲裁费用除非仲裁机构另有决定外，均由败诉一方负担。
仲裁也可在双方同意的第三国进行。
（18）买方在开给售方的信用证上请填注本确认书号码。
(10) Terms of Payment:By 100% Confirmed, Irrevocable and Sight Letter of Credit to remain valid for negotia tion in China until the 15th day after shipment.(11) Insurance:Covers all risks and warrisks only as per the Clauses of the Peoples Insurance Compan y of China for 110% of the invoice value.To be effected by the Buyer.(12) The Buyer shall establish the covering Letter of Credit before _________; failing which, the Seller reserves the right to rescind this Sales Contract without further notice, o r to accept whole or any part of this Sales Contract, non-fulfilled by the Buyer, of to lod ge claim for direct losses sustained, if any(13) Documents: The Sellers shall present to the negotiating bank, Clean On Board Bill of Lading, Invoice, Quality Certificate issued by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau or the Manufacturers, Survey Report on Quantity/Weight issued by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau, and Transferable Insurance policy or Insurance Certificate when this c ontract is made on CIF basis.(14) For this contract signed on CIF basis, the premium should be 110% of invoice va lue. All risks insured should be included within this contract. If the Buyer asks to increas e the insurance premium or scope of risks, he should get the permission of the Seller bef ore time of loading, and all the charges thus incurred should be borne by the Buyer.(15) Quality/Quantity Discrepancy; In case of quality discrepancy, claim should be filed b y the Buyer within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination; while for quantity discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyer within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination. It is understood that the Seller shall not be liable forany discrepancy of the goods shipped due to causes for which the Insurance Company, S hipping Company, other transportation organizations and/or Post Office are liable.(16) The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lo t or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeur e incidents.(17) Arbitration:All disputes in connection with this contract or the execution thereof shall be settled fr iendly through negotiations. In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be s ubmitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commissio n in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitrat ion Commission. The arbitration shall take place in Beijing and the decision of the Arbitr ation Commission shall be final and binding upon both parties; neither party shall seek re course to a law court nor other authorities to appeal for revision of the decision. Arbitrati on fee shall be borne by the losing party. Or arbitration may be settled in the third count ry mutually agreed upon by both parties.(18) The Buyer is requested always to quote THE NUMBER OF THE SALES CONT RACT in the Letter of Credit to be opened in favour of the Seller.。
外贸英语阅读总复习--英译汉
Unit 11.Every facet of human life from our happiness in families to oursatisfaction in careers as well our collective well-being on the earth, depends much on negotiation.人类生活的各个方面，从家庭的幸福到对我们事业的满足以及人类社会的集体利益，在很大程度上都依赖于谈判。
2.It is not surprising that negotiation processes and outcomes are studiedin variation disciplines such as political science, economics, psychology and sociology.不难理解，谈判的过程和结果已成为政治学经济学心理学以及社会学等多门学科研究的对象。
3.Any exchange situation, in which a pair of individuals(or organization)can engage in mutually beneficial trade but have conflicting interests over the term of trade, is a bargaining situation.任何交易情景，只要涉及两个人（或组织）进行互利交易而在交换条件上存在利益冲突的时候，都是一个讨价还价的情景。
4.Negotiation situations sometimes present difficult decisions becauseof the combination of self-interest and mutual dependency.谈判情景有时会使决策产生困难，因为各自的利益和彼此的依赖性缠绕在一起。
外贸英语阅读总复习--英译汉.doc
Unit 11.Every facet of human life from our happiness in families to oursatisfaction in careers as well our collective well-being on the earth, depends much on negotiation.人类生活的各个方面，从家庭的幸福到对我们事业的满足以及人类社会的集体利益，在很大程度上都依赖于谈判。
2.It is not surprising that negotiation processes and outcomes are studiedin variation disciplines such as political science, economics, psychology and sociology.不难理解，谈判的过程和结果已成为政治学经济学心理学以及社会学等多门学科研究的对象。
3.Any exchange situation, in which a pair of individuals(or organization)can engage in mutually beneficial trade but have conflicting interests over the term of trade, is a bargaining situation.任何交易情景，只要涉及两个人(或组织)进行互利交易而在交换条件上存在利益冲突的时候，都是一个讨价还价的情景。
4.Negotiation situations sometimes present difficult decisions because ofthe combination of self-interest and mutual dependency.谈判情景有时会使决策产生困难，因为各自的利益和彼此的依赖性缠绕在一起。
Tradeprotectionism贸易保护主义
外贸英语期末复习资料A．词汇翻译Trade protectionism 贸易保护主义Fair trade 互惠贸易Agency 代理Distribution 经销FOB Stowed FOB含理仓费FOB Liner Terms FOB班轮条件Nude packing 裸装Neutral packing 中性包装Mode of transportation 运输方式Liner 班轮Insurance broker 保险经纪人Underwriters 保险商Increase 上升Decline 下降Issuance 提示Acceptance 承兑支付方式term of payment支付工具instrument of payment承保人insurer被保险人insured选择港optional port选港费optional charges品名name of commodity商品描述Description of commodity原样original sample国际贸易international trade世界贸易world trade总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement单价unit price总值total amountB．选择填空1. ______ is the reason why international trade first began.a. Uneven distribution of resourcesb. Patterns of demandc. Economic benefitsd. Comparative advantages2. Which is not correct about the trade form of agency?a. An agent does not need to carry stock.b. Generally speaking, agents are usually paid by commission.c. An agent acts as a middleman between the principal and the customer.d. An agent can operate out of the marketing area authorized by the principal._a______ refers to an exchange of services or assets between countries.a. Invisible tradeb. V isible tradec. International traded. Balance of tradeWhich is not correct about the trade form of agency? _____da.An agent does not need to carry stock.b.Generally speaking, agents are usually paid by commission.c.An agent acts as a middleman between the principal and the customer.d.An agent can operate out of the marketing area authorized by the principal.Who has the exclusive right of selling the goods in a marketing area at the price he fixes? _____b a. Consignor b. Exclusive distributor c. Exclusive agent d. BidderUnder_____d___, the seller minimizes his obligations while the buyer obtains the goods at the lowest possible price.a. FOBb. DDPc. DESd. EXWWhen the seller pays for the goods to be placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment, the term is ______________ba. DEQb. FASc. FOBd. EXWThe sample made by the seller according to the buyer’s, and then sent to and confirmed by the buyer is called _______da. duplicate sampleb. returning samplec. original sampled. counter sample_____a___ are usually sold by sale by trade mark or brand name.a. Manufactured goods with steady quality b Raw materialsc. Machine and instrumentd. Goods with special shape___d___ transport is a major mode of transport in terms of capacity, only second to sea transport.a. Roadb. Airc. Containerd. Rail____b___ transport has a high distributive ability of offering a door-to-door service.a. Airb. Roadc. Sead. inland waterway_____c__ is the practice of sharing among many persons risks that would otherwise be suffered by only a few.a. Tradeb. Transportationc. Insuranced. DescriptionIn the marine cargo insurance practice, general average is ______a___a. a kind of partial lossb. a kind of total lossc. partial loss or total loss decided by the timed. constructive total lossTotal cost of exporting includes _____d___.a. production costb. sales pricec. production cost and all charge before exporting.d. production cost, allcharge and taxes before exporting.Which one is the best expression of unit price for international trade? ___c___a. CIF LONDON US$1010/MTb. CIF LONDON $1010.00/MTc.CIF LONDON US$1010.00/MTd. CIF LONDON $1010.00/TONWhich one of the following is not the means of remittance? _____a____a. L/Gb. M/Tc. T/Td. D/DT/T means ____b_____a. mail transferb. telegraphic transferc. demand draftd. letter of creditC．判断正误International trade is only the exchange of goods between nations. FCountries trade with each other partly because there is a cost advantage. TAn agent needs to carry stock as a distributor does. FThere is no contractual relationship between the principal and the customers under trade form of agency. FAll international business transactions are done under Inco terms 2000. FTrade terms can be called price terms because they stand for the price component. TDifferent commodities have different qualities, but the same commodity must have the same quality. FA term for defining one particular degree of quality in one country may have quite a different meaning in another country. TSea transport is the most important mode of transport in international trade now. TThe freight of liners is relatively fixed, while the freight of tramps is mainly determined by the market. TCargo transport insurance is to protect the interests of traders from any possible financial losses. FThe premium charged for the insurance policy is calculated according to the risks involved. TBoth money of account and money of payment must be stipulated in the contract clearly. FThe fluctuations of exchange rates may influence the interests of both exporter and importer. TRemittance involves four parties together. TAn L/C is a conditional bank undertaking of payment, and refers to banker’s credit. TD．翻译International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. It is also known as world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade.国际贸易即国与国之间商品和服务的交换。
外贸英语翻译10分
外贸英语翻译10分五、外贸英语翻译(10分)1、英译汉(5分)Dear Sirs,Your letter of the 5th March came to hand yesterday.Accordingly, we have lost no time in getting in touch with your factories and urged them to hasten their delivery. Owing to heavy commitments, they cannot advance delivery from June to April but they understand perfectly that July is the selling season for shirts in your market. They eventually agree to make delivery in mid-May.We have booked the shipping space on s.s Dong feng, which is scheduled to sail on or about the 20th of May. We shall cable you as soon as the loading is completed.Yours faithfully,China National Textiles I/E Corp.XXXX Garments Branch参考答案：先⽣：三⽉五⽇来函昨⽇收到。
据此，我们⽴即与⼚⽅联系，催促他们赶快交货。
由于交货任务繁重，他们不能由六⽉份提前到四⽉份交货，但是，他们⾮常清楚七⽉份是您⽅市场衬⾐的销售季节。
故最终同意五⽉中旬交货。
我们已订妥“东风轮”的舱位，预计五⽉⼆⼗⽇左右开航。
⼀俟装货完毕，当即电告。
中国纺织品进出⼝公司XXXXXX服装分公司2、汉译英(5分)先⽣：⾦⿅牌⾃⾏车⼗⼆⽉⼆⼗⽇来函收到，获悉您放有意在贵国推销我们的⾃⾏车。
实用外贸英语课后翻译
U1 Establishing trade relations1. This corporation specializes in importing textiles.本公司专营纺织品的进口业务。
2. We wish to introduce ourselves to you as a state operated corporation dealing exclusively inlight industrial products.兹向你自我介绍，敝公司系国营单位，以经营轻工产品为主。
3. We are sending you by airmail under separate cover a brochure on the various kinds ofelectronic products no available for export.我方航邮寄上现可供出口各类电子产品的小册子一份。
4. Your firm has been remended to us by the chamber of merce in Tokyo, japan. 贵公司已由日本东京商会推荐给我公司。
5. As requested, we are airmailing to you, under separate cover, a sample of Art. Nos. 1101 and1102 for your reference.根据要求，兹另封航邮货号1101和1102样品各一份，以供参考。
6. We can assure you that all your orders will receive our immediate attention.我方保证你方订单定会得到立即处理。
7. We thank you for your letter of Oct. 27 and should like to discuss the possibility of expandingtrade with you.10月27日函悉，。
外销员考试外贸英语英译汉辅导（二）
-2、词类转换The incessant demand for change characterizes our time.不断地寻求变化是我们这个时代的特点。
（动词转译成名词）The British may have long been a nation of shopkeepers but they are coming late to the business of tourism.英国⼈做贸易有悠久的传统，但是涉⾜旅游业较晚。
（名词转换成动词）We had difficulty in accepting your terms.我们觉得难以接受你们的条件。
（名词转换成形容词）Day and night he worked hard in his laboratory.他夜以继⽇地在实验室⾥努⼒地⼯作着。
（名词转译成副词）Our great motherland has a vast territory, a varied climate and an abundance of natural resources.我们伟⼤的祖国⼟地辽阔，⽓候多样，⾃然资源丰富。
（宾语转换为主语）Water is needed in offices, factories and schools.机关、⼯⼚和学校都需要⽔。
（状语转换为主语）This explanation is against the natural laws.这种解释违反⾃然规律。
（表语转换为谓语）Electronic computers have great importance in the production of modern industry.电⼦计算机在现代⼯业⽣产中很重要。
（宾语转换为谓语）It is not of much use by itself, but it has proved immensely useful in water-proofing.它本⾝没有多⼤⽤途，但在防⽔⽅⾯却⾮常有⽤。
外贸英语期末复习资料
Economics and ManagementThe Concept of UtilityThe concept of utility refers to the pleasure or satisfaction associated with having, using, consuming, or benefiting from goods or services.The sources and causes of utility are legion: better health, using, consuming, or benefiting from goods, esthetic beauty or design, ease of use, flavor and taste, durability, convenience, luxury, comfort, a sense of individuality, pleasure, prestige, status, pride, security, ego gratification, and power—to mention the most obvious.The influential factors of utility:1.The price of a good or service2.The quality of a good service3.The environmental factor4.Climate condition or living standard5.The culture tradition6.Local customs7.personalitiesDifferent persons may place on the utility of a good or service, the utility concept offers a purposeful basis for establishing consumer preferences for what and how much they will purchase because it leads to comparisons of the amounts of satisfaction received from different consumption rates of different goods and services.Intensity of satisfaction: a phrase used to describe how much the satisfaction is.Cardinal rankings: one of the two ways to measure utility. In this way, numerical values are assigned to represent utility.Ordinal rankings: one of two ways to measure utility. In this way, utility is measured without a specified unit. Ordinal rankings provide the order of preference without absolute scale of difference in preference.How Markets FunctionPerfect competition—many sellers of a standardized product. E.g. Agriculture market Monopolistic competition—many sellers of a differentiated product. E.g. Microsoft Oligopoly—few sellers of either a standardized or a differentiated product. E.g. TelecommunicationMonopoly—a single seller of a product for which there is no close substitute. E.g. Salt market Macroeconomics1.Total demand for domestic output is made up of four components:2.Consumption spending by households3.Investment spending by businesses or householdsernment ( federal, state, and local) purchases of goods and services5.Foreign demandTable 2-1 GNP and Components of Demand, 1982 (In Billions of Dollars)Personal consumption expenditures $1,991.9 64.8%Gross private domestic investment $414.5 13.5%Government purchases of goods and services $649.2 21.1%Net exports of goods and services $17.4 0.6%Gross national product $3,073.0 100%GDP: gross domestic productGNP: gross national productNNP: net national productIf we assume that government and investment spending had been the same, we might be tempted to say that GNP would have been $20 billion higher. That is correct if all the additional spending had fallen on our goods. The other extreme, however, is the case where all the additional spending falls on imports. In that event, consumption would be up $20 billion and net exports would be down $20 billion, with no net effect on GNP.Transfers: expenditures for which no goods and services are exchanged, including welfare payments, social security benefits, and unemployment compensation.Monetary policy is controlled by the Federal Reserve System (the Fed). The instruments of monetary policy are changes in the stock of money, changes in the interest rate—the discount rate—at which the Fed lends money to banks and some controls over the banking system. Fiscal policy the federal government (the Congress) influences general economic activity by changing the level of government spending or taxes.Trade cycle: regularly recurring periods of recession and recovery.Sampling:Sample: to draw data as an example to represent the population in a given research work so as to make inferences about population.In brief, the reasons for sampling are:Economy, Timeliness, Destruction of item, Infinite population, Accuracy.Hypothesis testing: one of the basic subdivisions of statistical inference, dealing with methods for testing hypotheses about population parameters.Null hypothesis (H0): the basic hypothesis H0 is generally referred to null hypothesis. Actually it is statement that specifies hypothesized values for one or more of the population parameters. Alternative hypothesis (H1):the opposite hypothesis of null hypothesis is designated the alternative hypothesis, or a statement that specifies that the population parameter is a value other than that specified in the null hypothesis.Irrespective of the wide variations that different persons may place on the utility of a good or service, the utility concept offers a purposeful basis for establishing consumer preferences for what and how much they will purchase because it leads to comparisons of the amounts of satisfaction received from different consumption rates of different goods and services.如果不考虑各种不同的情况（即不同的人对商品和服务有不同的看法），对于人们买什么或买多少，效用的概念给我们提供了一个有意义的根据来解释人们的这种偏爱，因为人们从不同的商品和服务的消费（量）中获得的满足感最终是通过效用来比较的。
07翻译、国贸英译汉期末考试A
Part I: Sentence TranslationSection A: Translation of Simple Sentences (30)In this section, you are required to translate the following simple English sentences into Chinese based on the appropriate understanding and sound expressions, for which smoothness and readibility of your translation will be taken into account together with the learnt techniques to give the score.1.Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much LatinAmerican talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegantes.（选词法）2.Copernicus perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was amore economical hypothese than the revolution of all the celestial spheres.(161)（选词法）3.Switching to conserving irrigation systems has the biggest potentialto save water used for agriculture (experts say drip irrigation could potentially save 40-60 percent of water now used for agriculture).（词类转译法）4.The massacre of the Republicans and the subsequent law ofSeptember against the press and the right of association, were his work.(词类转译法)5.The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes arerectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation and detection.（加词法）6.He flew back just the day before from Georgia where he had spenthis vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the south.（调序法）7.The tragedies of the Aswan High Dam are but one example of theconsequences of human attempts to “improve”on nature before understanding the ecological implications of these acts.（调序法）8.I wondered how she would feel if she learned that the Negro beforewhom she had behaved in such an unladylike manner was habitually a white man.(长句拆译法)9.What is little understood by the outside world is that this is a failurelegislated for. It is a failure which has been carefully designed.(被动句翻译)10.The number of people who consult psychiatrists today is not, as issometimes felt, a symptom of increasing mental ill health.Section B: Translation of Long and complicated sentences (30) In this section, you are required to translate the following complicated English senteces into Chinese based on the appropriate analysis of the interwoven logical relation and sound rendering, for which the application of learnt techniques concerning long sentence translation are to be evaluated.1.Certainly Englishmen cannot have much faith in the meteorologicalexperts—the weathermen—who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, are often proved wrong when an anti-cyclone over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts! 2.Apart from the revolutionary effect on cosmic imagination, thegreat merits of the new astronomy were two:first, the recognition that what had been believed since ancient times might be false;second, that the test of scientific truth is patient collection of facts, combined with bold guessing as to laws binding the facts together.3.Little has been done so far to solve this problem. Indeed ther aremany instances in which industrialized countries have literally just shipped the problem off to the poorest of the less developed countries --countries unequipped with the necessary storage and treatment facilities, and certainly too poor to deal with the serious environmental problems that will follow.4.5.The secret of the moon remained veiled until the latter half of thetwentieth century due to the lack of a lunar space carrier, for a series of questions concerning fuel, material, safe landing, propelling mechanism and particularly electronic computation etc.were too intricate to solve under the technical conditions early in this century, which have since been undergoing profound changeand greatly improving.6.According to the treaty of 1868 between the United StatesGovernment and the Sioux Indians, the land between the Missouri River and the Bughorn Mountains was granted to the Sioux forever.But within the territory lay the Black Hills, most sacred place of the Sioux, where braves went to speak to their gods. T o many white men, however, the ponderosa-clad hills, which form a distance looked to strangely black, seemed a likely place to find gold.Part II: discourse T ranslation (40)Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal mistakes are often more difficult to avoid than verbal ones. For example, the amount of appropriate eye contact varies according to the country. When negotiating with the Japanese, I have learned to use intermittent eye contact across the bargainning table rather than staring directly. Southeast Asians also find an intense gaze unpleasant. During my first week on assignment in Singapore, my secretary nervously asked me, “Boss, why do you always look at us fierecely?”While you may learn to use an indirect gaze in East and Southeast Asia, you have to unlearn that lesson when doing business in the Mediterranean region, West Asia and Latin America. These expressive people believe to demonsstrate interest in the “windows ofthe soul”. They want to look you in the eye to demonstrate interest in the discussion and to show that they are honest and sincere. If you use indirect eye contact, you may be regarded as insincere—perhaps even dishonest.Appropriate eye contact is also important socially. In the U.S, people geneally look straigth ahead while walking side-by-side with a friend. But in the more expressive societies of southern Europe, such behavior will be considered cold and impersonal. In those countries, people prefer to read your eyes and facial expressions as they talk to you.。
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英语词汇的翻译1.credit information 信用调查资料2.financial standing 财务状况3.World Economic Forum 世界经济论坛4.technology-intensive products 技术密集型产品5.American government bonds 美国政府债券6.market of the investment funds 投资基金市场7.statement of account 会计报表8.stock market 股票市场9.issue and payment of stock 股票的发行与付款mercial dumping 商业倾销11.bank holding company 银行控股公司12.quoted company 上市公司13.pension scheme 年金制度14.import duties 进口关税15.stamp duties 印花税16.revaluation 重估价17.runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀18.deflation 通货紧缩19.capital flight 资本外逃20.securities business 证券市场21.stock exchange 贡市场22.stock exchange corporation 证券交易所23.quotation 报价,牌价24.corporate performance 公司业绩25.foreign exchange reserves 外汇储备26.multinational corporation 跨国公司27.storage expense 保管费28.negotiating bank 承兑银行29.current account 经常帐户30.current-account holder 支票帐户31.cheque 支票32.world banking system 世界银行体系33.capital flow 资金流34.service center 维修中心35.exclusive rights 专利权，独家权36.sight payment 见单付款37.invoice value 发票价值38.SWIFT （Society for World-wide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication）环球同业银行金融电讯协会39.expiry date 到期日40.advising bank 通知行41.Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 跟单信用证统一惯例句子及语篇的翻译1.All services in business - such as gift wrapping, delivery, and credit – have some amount ofcosts associated with them, and these costs must be covered by high prices.商业中的一切服务—如礼品包装、送货及赊账—都有相应的成本，而这些成本要靠较高的价格来弥补。
2.International trade occurs when a country does not have enough of a particular item to meetits needs.当一个国家对于某一特定商品没有足够的量来满足其需要时，就需要有国际贸易。
3.Exports and imports of goods between nations with different units of money introduce a neweconomic factor, the foreign exchange rate, which gives the price of the foreigners’ unit of money in terms of one’s own.在使用不同货币单位的国家之间进行商品出口和进口会引出一个新的经济因素，这便是外汇汇率。
所谓外汇汇率，是指以自己国家的货币来给国外货币标出的价格。
4.In the rush, these companies have neglected the hardest part of doing business in china; thepeople part. The result is that many have jeopardized their performance in the long run.这些公司在一拥而入中忽略了在中国经营的最艰巨的问题，即人的问题，结果许多公司严重损害了他们的远期经营业绩。
5.Extremely keen competition between American and Japanese vehicle manufacturers in theAmerican market has compelled us to bring down the price for the time being.美国汽车制造商同日本汽车制造商在美国市场上竞争异常激烈，这迫使我方将价格暂时降下来。
6.Banks’ efforts toward corporate restructuring, such as reducing their employees’ high salariesand consolidating and eliminating branches, are far from adequate.各家银行对公司进行了重组，如减少雇员的高工资，整合或撤销不同的分公司等，这些努力，都远远难以奏效。
7.Foreign exchange fluctuations are affected not only by economic fundamentals, but also bypsychological factors.汇兑波动不仅受经济基本原理的影响，还受各种心理因素的影响。
8.Public servants have ranks according to their job categories, and their base salaries aredecided accordingly.公务员均是按照各自的职务来享有职级的，其基本工资也是按照职级来确定的。
9.The company and the six main banks are expected to reach a basic agreement in earlyNovember about the scope of the financial assistance and asset sales.该公司及那六家主要银行有望于11月初就资金援助和资产销售的范围达成基本的一致意见。
10.I would like to point out, however, that our contract does state quite clearly that in the eventof unforeseen circumstances, we cannot be held liable if we are unable to meet agreed delivery dates.然而我想要指出：我们双方的合同中已经明确规定，如果由于不可预见的因素我方无法按合同约定期限交货，我方将不负法律责任。
11.Some economists argue that, because of uncertainties about whether and how the relationshipbetween growth and inflation has changed, and because forecasters have consistently overestimated inflation and underestimated growth in recent years, the Federal Reserve Board is still right to play safe until more data confirm that inflation is reviving.一些经济学家认为：由于无法确定经济增长与通货膨胀之间的关系是否改变以及如何改变，而且由于近年来预测家一直高估通货膨胀而低估经济增长，因此，在更多的数据证明通货膨胀正卷土重来之前，美联储谨慎行动，这种做法还是正确的。
12.In addition to visible trade, which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods,there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.除了进出口商品的有形贸易以外，还有一种国与国之间进行交换服务的无形贸易。
13.As we have always received your payment punctually, we are puzzled to have had neitherremittance nor report in connection with our current statement of June 30.由于我方总是准时收到贵方的付款，可就本次6月30日的报表，我方既未收到汇款，也未收到任何报告，深感不解。
14.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as the obligation to bear the costs relatingto the goods, passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled this obligation to deliver the goods.当卖方对发货的责任已经履行完毕时，承受与货物相关的各种成本的责任以及对货物所造成损失或货物遭受损坏的风险，就由卖方转移到了买方。
15.What you should pay attention to is that claim must be made within the term of validitystipulated in the contract (generally within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination.)贵方应注意的是，索赔必须在合同规定的有效期内（即通常所说的在货物到达目的地之后的三十日内）提出。