英国文学--新古典主义时期
英国文学
英语专八考试人文知识总结其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。
一、英国文学主要分为六个时期：1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。
2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。
3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。
4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。
5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。
6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。
二、美国文学主要分为四个时期：1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。
2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。
3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。
4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。
语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。
关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。
三、英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
The 18th Century Literature 英国文学史 新古典主义时期18世纪的英国文学
新古典主义时期—18世纪的英国文学(1660-1798)(In 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical ballads and Romanticism began.)✓The Age of Enlightenment/Reason理性/启蒙时期–the movement was afurtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) It is a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) & accuracy✓Modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生(themid-18th c.)✓Gothic novel (哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to theend of 18th c.)✓PoetsEnglish criticism英国文学批评之父An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (《论戏剧诗》) (1668)him the supreme value was order. An Essay on Criticism《论批评》(1711)He was a master in the art of poetry, a good craftsman, in using heroic couplets in particular.last neoclassicist enlightener. A Dictionary of the English Language《英语大词典》✓NovelistsRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned (放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. It praises the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》It offers people an opportunity for self-scrutiny. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.Lilliput(小人国),Brobdingnag(大人国), Flying Island(飞岛)& Houyhnhnm(智马国)(1707-1754)- Father of English novelH e was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体的滑稽史诗), the firstto give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.He, a combination of novelist, playwright, and satirist, political pamphleteer, sees the novel as a vehicle for moral inculcation, a mirror and an imitation of nature and life.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯》is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature, which brings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”✓Prose writersand write character sketches and use conversational styles, correspondences in essays. English familiar essay featured with humor, intimacy and elegance was shown first in The Tatler and The Spectator.SentimentalismDiscontented with reason, sentimentalists resort to emotion, to “the human heart”. Sentiment serves as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.(1700-1748) The Seasons in blank verse (1740)Night Thoughts in blank verseThe Task in blank verseTo Simplicity, The Passion, To Eveningleader of sentimental poetry, “The Graveyard School”(墓园诗人)Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc (破坏) on them.Pre-Romanticism雕刻家)Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》:a happy and innocent world from a child’s point of viewSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy (忧郁的) tone from an adult’s point of view.(1759-1796)He is a master of the old Scottish tradition. He used Scottish dialect, English and a medley of the two to write poems. He is the poet of the people.A Red Red Rose expresses the noblest and sweetest human sentiment.Auld Lang Syne eulogizes friendship。
17-18世纪的英国文学
新古典主义时期的英国文学
(1660—1798)
Zhang Yangli
1
Period：
1660：
Stuarts
the return of the
↓
1798：
Lyrical Ballads
2
The Neoclassical Period
10
The great writers
Daniel Defoe Swift Jonathan Henry Fielding
11
The dramatist Richard B. Sheridan （理查德· 布· 谢里丹）
12
The essayist and lexicographer Samuel Johnson （塞缪尔· 约翰逊 ）
5
purpose
:
to enlighten people with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; to celebrate reason or rationality, equality and science
25
5. Pre-Romanticism:
in
the latter half of the 18th century departures from the orderly framework of Neoclassicism
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William Blake (1757-1827), Visionary poet and painter.
17
英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人
英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人摘要：通常所谓的英国新古典主义时代是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟和以华兹华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
关键词：新古典主义；德莱顿；蒲柏；约逊翰中图分类号：i106 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2011）-05-0-02一、引言18世纪初的英国，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
新古典主义一方面强调要求复兴古代趣味，特别是古希腊古罗马时代那种庄严、肃穆、优美和典雅的艺术形式；另一方面它又极力反对贵族社会倡导的浮华矫柔的艺术风格。
新古典主义不同于17世纪盛行的古典主义，因为新古典主义排挤了抽象的、脱离现实的、绝对的美的概念和贫乏的、缺乏血肉的艺术形象，它以古代美为典范，从现实生活中吸取营养，它尊重自然追求真实，以及对古代景物的偏爱，表现出对古代文明的向往和怀旧感。
从我们手上的各种资料和书籍上我们可以看出，新古典主义模仿并推崇古代文学大师们的创作和美学原则。
体现在文学上则表现为，文体上模仿古罗马的文学家，如贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等等，追求用理性驾御作品，行文条理清晰，对仗工整，运用巧智，自然和谐。
这一切新古典主义的表现形式实际上是对17世纪巴洛克和18世纪罗可可这类艺术派别过分雕琢和滥用情感的一个纠正。
正因为英国新古典主义推崇并模仿了贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等古罗马奥古斯都大帝统治时期的文学家，所以后来有些文学史又称18世纪上半叶的英国为奥古斯都时期。
在很多研究英国历史的书籍和资料中，18世纪文学被认为是异端散乱的过渡文学，处于一种较为尴尬的境地。
在它之前有文艺复兴的鼎盛以及弥尔顿的辉煌，在它之后有19世纪浪漫主义诗歌的灿烂以及维多利亚文学的丰硕，因而这当中的100年便相对的稍显暗淡许多。
然而事实上，18世纪的英国文学也是可圈可点的，不仅出现了许多代表性的作家，在文论方面也发展迅速，为日后英国文学的蓬勃发展打下了深厚的基础。
英国文学简史 4新古典主义(18世纪)
The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。
essay名词解释英国文学
英国文学名词解释：新古典主义与浪漫主义英国文学是欧洲文学的重要组成部分，其文学发展历程中有许多重要的名词和思潮。
新古典主义和浪漫主义是其中最为重要的两个名词，它们影响了英国文学的发展，并对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
本文将对这两个名词进行解释和分析。
英国文学的发展历程中，新古典主义和浪漫主义是两个最为重要的名词。
新古典主义是指 18 世纪末 19 世纪初，英国文学中一种复古的文学思潮。
这种思潮强调对古希腊和罗马文化的推崇，并试图用这些古代文化来重新塑造现代文化。
在新古典主义的影响下，英国文学开始回归到对历史和传统的重视，并更加注重文学的形式和美感。
浪漫主义则是 19 世纪初兴起的一种文学思潮，它反对新古典主义的复古思潮，主张以自然和人性作为文学创作的主题。
浪漫主义文学强调个人情感和主观体验，并试图通过文学来表现人类的真正感情和内心世界。
浪漫主义文学的代表作品包括拜伦、雪莱、波特和威尔斯等。
新古典主义和浪漫主义在英国文学中的出现和发展，不仅影响了英国文学本身，也对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
新古典主义和浪漫主义的文学风格和主题，成为了许多其他国家文学发展的借鉴和参考。
同时，这两种文学思潮也推动了欧洲文学的发展和繁荣，成为了欧洲文学的重要组成部分。
英国文学中的新古典主义和浪漫主义是两个非常重要的名词。
新古典主义强调了对古代文化的推崇和对文学形式的重视，浪漫主义则
强调个人情感和主观体验，并通过文学来表现人类的真正感情和内心世界。
这两种文学思潮不仅影响了英国文学本身，也对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
新古典主义论文德莱顿论文：英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人
新古典主义论文德莱顿论文：英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人摘要：通常所谓的英国新古典主义时代是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟和以华兹华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
关键词：新古典主义；德莱顿；蒲柏；约逊翰一、引言18世纪初的英国，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
新古典主义一方面强调要求复兴古代趣味，特别是古希腊古罗马时代那种庄严、肃穆、优美和典雅的艺术形式；另一方面它又极力反对贵族社会倡导的浮华矫柔的艺术风格。
新古典主义不同于17世纪盛行的古典主义，因为新古典主义排挤了抽象的、脱离现实的、绝对的美的概念和贫乏的、缺乏血肉的艺术形象，它以古代美为典范，从现实生活中吸取营养，它尊重自然追求真实，以及对古代景物的偏爱，表现出对古代文明的向往和怀旧感。
从我们手上的各种资料和书籍上我们可以看出，新古典主义模仿并推崇古代文学大师们的创作和美学原则。
体现在文学上则表现为，文体上模仿古罗马的文学家，如贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等等，追求用理性驾御作品，行文条理清晰，对仗工整，运用巧智，自然和谐。
这一切新古典主义的表现形式实际上是对17世纪巴洛克和18世纪罗可可这类艺术派别过分雕琢和滥用情感的一个纠正。
正因为英国新古典主义推崇并模仿了贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等古罗马奥古斯都大帝统治时期的文学家，所以后来有些文学史又称18世纪上半叶的英国为奥古斯都时期。
在很多研究英国历史的书籍和资料中，18世纪文学被认为是异端散乱的过渡文学，处于一种较为尴尬的境地。
在它之前有文艺复兴的鼎盛以及弥尔顿的辉煌，在它之后有19世纪浪漫主义诗歌的灿烂以及维多利亚文学的丰硕，因而这当中的100年便相对的稍显暗淡许多。
然而事实上，18世纪的英国文学也是可圈可点的，不仅出现了许多代表性的作家，在文论方面也发展迅速，为日后英国文学的蓬勃发展打下了深厚的基础。
英国文学历史发展简介概括
英国文学历史发展简介概括
英国文学的发展历程可以大致分为中世纪文学、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义和现代主义等不同的历史阶段。
中世纪文学时期的作品大多为口头传说，以盎格鲁-撒克逊人为主要背景，这一时期的重要作品包括《贝奥武甫》等。
到了文艺复兴时期，诺曼底人征服英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
新古典主义时期，资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。
杰弗利·乔叟的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。
到了现代主义时期，战后的英国文学大致呈现从写实到实验和多元的走势。
新古典主义文学
新古典主义时期（Neo-Classicism）
产生背景
欧洲文艺复兴后产生了一种主张理性至上、尊重传统道德价值、倡导公民义务等新古典主义文艺思潮。
这一思潮发源于法国，对西欧也有一定影响。
新古典主义时期的文学理论和创作原则遵循唯理主义观点，认为艺术必须从理性出发，注重古典艺术形式的完整，追求雅典、庄重、和谐。
新古典主义在英国的发展
新古典主义在英国文学中主要是指1660-1784年从德莱顿到
约翰逊这一文学发展阶段，大致可以分为三个时期：王政时期、文学鼎盛时期和约翰逊时期。
主要代表作家：德莱顿、斯威夫特、斯梯尔、哥尔德斯密斯、吉本等。
这一阶段作家的散文、诗歌以及戏剧创作一般以严谨清晰的思想、简约优美形式与和谐完整的结构为主。
17世纪中叶英国散文开始进入形式讲究、体律丰满的境地，古典主义的创作原则逐渐促使散文体规范化和形式上典雅完美。
18世纪中叶散文又出现了一次自觉繁荣的高潮，斯梯尔、斯威夫特、爱狄生等撰写的散文一扫文风雕琢、华而不实之习气而使散文面向生活，走向朴素、诚实和自信。
18世纪初，古典主义精神在蒲诗中得到了极其充分的体现，并
使英雄双韵形式的运用达到最高的完美境界。
他的诗作思想明晰，结构匀称，语言优雅，音韵和谐，影响英国多年。
英国文学史简介
英国文学史简介谁给我说说英国文学史大致分为哪几个时期，每个时期的代表作家或诗人，他们的代表作是什么，是哪个派别的，大概归纳一下，快要考试了，考外研社出版的《英国文学史及选读》，一二册全考。
回答有用追加100分一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初）相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。
文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。
托马斯·莫尔（thomas more，1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。
《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河。
文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣，埃德蒙·斯宾塞（edmund spenser，1552-1599）的长诗《仙后》（the faerie queene）歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。
他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。
弗兰西斯·培根（francis bacon，1561-1626）是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》（essays），共58篇。
英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚，他的全部作品包括两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部（一说39部）戏剧。
三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿（john milton，1608-1674）的长诗《失乐园》（paradise lost）和《复乐园》（paradise regained）、诗剧《力士参孙》（samson agonistes）。
自考本科英语-00604 英国新古典主义时期
5
★Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁P118
1707-1754
The Coffee-House Politician《咖啡屋的政治家》（1730）
现实主义，幽默讽刺/ “英国小说之父”
The Dunciad《群愚史记》(1728)
An Essay on Man《人论》(1733-1734)
He was one of the first to introduce rationalism(理性主义) to English.
Selected Reading: An Excerpt from part 2of An Essay on Critism
novelist and dramatist小说家，戏剧家
The History of Janathan Wild the Great《大伟人乔纳森.菲尔德传》（1743）
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《汤姆·琼斯》（1749）☆“Prose Homer”这部作品为菲尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的美誉。
2
★Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏P90
1688-1744
An Essay on Criticism《批评论》(1711)
推动英国新古典主义文学发展
poet and satirist诗人，文学批评家
The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》(first version 1712)
The Vanity of Human Wishes《人类欲望的虚幻》（1749）
英国新古典主义时期
Chapter II The Neoclassical Period1. 识记：（1）新古典主义时期的界定（2）政治经济背景（3）启蒙运动的意义与影响2. 领会：（1）启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点（2）新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点1) The Enlightenment Movement:The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules and advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope and so on.2) Neoclassicism: In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Ovid) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.3) The heroic couplet :It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme and are written with five beats each.（iambic pentameter rhymed in 2 lines）4) the Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of noble, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This is the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century. It is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class, among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, and Oliver Goldsmith.2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical LiteratureAccording to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc,)and those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed rules for almost every genre of literature; prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets; the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.二.该时期的重要作家4，应用：（1）《天路历程》中"名利场"的寓义。
英国新古典主义文学有哪些作家
英国新古典主义文学的作家介绍约翰。
班扬亚历山大。
蒲伯丹尼尔。
笛福乔纳森。
斯威夫特亨利。
菲尔丁塞缪尔。
约翰逊理查德。
比。
谢立丹托马斯。
格雷英国新古典主义文学简介英国新古典主义运动，包含体现了对于艺术和人的存在的态度，顺序，逻辑，约束性，准确性，理想的正确性，克制，礼仪等，使得各种艺术的从业者能够模仿或复制希腊或罗马原作的结构和主题。
虽然它的起源是早得多，新古典主义为主的英国文学的恢复在1660年，直到十八世纪末，当出版抒情歌谣(1798)由华兹华斯和柯勒律治的浪漫主义标注的全部出现。
简单来说，新古典周期可分为三个相对相干部分：复兴时代(1660年至1700年)，其中弥尔顿(Milton)，本仁(Bunyan)，和德赖登(Dryden)是占主导地位的影响;全盛时期(1700至1750年)，其中以教皇为中心诗歌的特点，而迪福(Defoe)，理查德森(Richardson)，菲尔丁(Fielding)和斯莫列特(Smollett)分别主导了小说的复杂性;约翰逊时代(1750年至1798年)，其中，而它为主，特点是头脑和独特的博士塞缪尔约翰逊(Dr. Samuel Johnson)，他完全同情衰落的奥古斯，让我们对开始对莎士比亚有了一个全新的认识。
后来延伸，由斯特恩(Sterne)等人感性的小说和哥特式学校的出现，在大自然的崇拜的发展的背景下，德国浪漫主义思想的影响，宗教倾向，如卫理公会的崛起，以及像美国和法国革命的政治事件，建立了英国浪漫主义的智力和情感基础。
作品评价十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式一英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。
这个文学史上巨大的变化是工业革命及英国中产阶级不断发展的结果。
英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔笛福，塞缪尔理查森，亨利费尔丁，劳伦斯斯泰思，托比亚斯斯摩莱特以及奥立佛哥尔斯密从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔、鼓励及预示的转移。
Lecture 3 The Neoclassical Period新古典主义时期英国文学介绍
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
Poetry political poet big political and social events heroic couplet a verse form widely adopted by the poets of the 18th century Poet Laureate of England
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
John Dryden 约翰· 德莱顿 one of the leading writers in the Restoration period Age of Dryden prolific poet playwright literary critic
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
The political power of the middle class was firmly established. At home: Acts of Enclosure The Industrial Revolution Abroad: Vast expansion of British colonies So, towards the middle of the eighteenth century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country in the world.
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
Surely men of low degree are vanity, and men of high degree are a lie: to be laid in the balance, they are altogether lighter than vanity. --- The Old Testament Bible 下流人真是虚空，上流人也是虚假。 放在天平里就必浮起。他们一共比空 气还轻。
英美文学选读-英国-新古典主义时期-练习题汇总
1.The 18th-ce ntury En gla nd is known as （（浙0710）A. the Age of Purita nism B. the Age of Reas onC. the Era of CapitalismD. the Age of Glory2.En glish En lighte ners in the 18 th century held _______________ a s the yardstick for the measureme nt of all huma n activities and relati ons. （一）1A.propertyB. educati onC. emoti onD. reas on3.In the Enlightenment Movement, the progressive representatives intended ____________ . （浙0810）A.to call the people to fight aga inst poverty and hardshipB.to tell people to econo mize and to accumulate wealthC.to en lighte n the whole world with the light of moder n philosophical and artistic ideasD.to in struct people to obta in their prese nt social status through hard work4.As to education, the enlighteners thought that __________ . （浙0310 ）A.huma n beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and not capable of rati on ality and perfecti onthrough educati on.B.uni versal educati on was unn ecessary.C.if the com mon people were well educated, there would be great cha nee for a democraticand equal huma n society.D.most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education.5.Why did the enlighteners regard education the major means to improve the society and thepeople?（）（浙0710）A.Because most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further educati on.B.If the com mon people were well educated, there would be great cha nee for a democratic and equal huma n society.C.Because universal education was limited , dualistic, imperfect, and unnecessary.D.Because huma n beings were not capable of rati on ality and perfecti on through educati on.6.About reason , the enlighteners thought _________ .（浙0210 ）A.reas on or rati on ality should be the only, the final cause of any huma n thought andactivitiesB.reas on could n't lead to truth and justiceC.superstiti on was above reas on and rati on alityD.equality and scie nee is con trary to reas on and rati on ality7.In the field of literature, the En lighte nment Moveme nt brought about the tendency of （）A.realismB. purita nismC. n eoclassicismD. roma nticism8.Which of the following statements about Neo-Classicism and Enlightenment Movement is true?A.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe inthe 17th century .B.Neo-Classicism found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greekand Roma n writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc. and in the con temporary French writers.C.Neo-Classicism put the stress on the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, spontan eous emoti on, and passi on.D.Satire was much used in writing in the neo-classic works. English literature of this age produced a disti nguished satirist Daniel Defoe.9.Which of the follow ing descripti ons of En lighte nment Moveme nt is NOT true? ()A.It was a progressive in tellectual moveme nt that flourished in Fra nee.B.It was a furthera nee of the Ren aissa nee of the 15th and 16th cen turies.C.The purpose was to enlighten the whole world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas.D.The En lighte ners advocate in dividual educati on. (com mon people )10.The enlighteners placed much emphasis on reason, because they thought ( )(浙0710)A.superstiti on was above reas on and rati on ality.B.reas on and emoti on both could lead to truth and justice.C.reason or rationality should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.D.equality and scie nee is con trary to reas on and rati on ality.11.All of the following statements can correctly describe the Enlightenment Movement EXCEPTA.The moveme nt flourished in Fran ce.B.The moveme nt was a furthera nee of the Ren aissa nee.C.The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world.D.The purpose of the movement was to enhance the religious education.12.As a represe ntative of the En lighte nment, _________ w as one of the first to in troduce rati on alismto En gla nd. (094)A.John Bun yanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexa nder PopeD. Jon athan Swiftth 13.(The) ( ) was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18ce ntury. (054)A.Roma nticismB. Huma nismC. En lighte nmentD. Sen time ntalism14.According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classicalworks of the ancient Greek and ___________ writers. (浙0210 )B. BritishD. Roma n15. Which of the following statements is true according to the principles of the neoclassicists?(浙 0801)A. All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek andRoma n writers.B. They tried to delight, in struct and correct huma n beings as social ani mals.C. They tried to develop a polite, urbane, witty and intellectual art.D. All of the above.16. The neoclassicists did not believe that ( )(浙 0710)A. the literature should be used to delight and in struct huma n bein gs.B. the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy.C. the literary works should be created in depe nden tly and origi nally.D. both A and C17. The great political and social events in the English society of neoclassical period were the follow ing EXCEPT ___________ .(104)A. the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660B. the Great Plague of 1665C. the Great London Fire in 1666D. the Wars of Roses in 1689(1455-1487 )th18. The 18 cen tury wit nessed a new literary form — the moder n En glish no vel, which, con trary to the medieval roma nee, gives a __________ prese ntati on of life of the com mon people. (044)A. roma nticB. realisticC. propheticD. idealistic19. Which of the following terms can be used to refer to the 18th-century English literature?A. The Age of Roma nee.B. The Age of Drama .C. The Age of Prose.D. The Age of Poetry.20. The belief of the eighteenth - century neoclassicists in England led them to seek the following EXCEPT __________ . (104)A. proporti onB. UnityC. harm onyD. spirit21. The British bourgeois or middle class believed in the followi ng notio ns EXCEPT ___________ 094)A. self - esteemB. self - relia neeC. self - restra intD. hard work22. I n the 18th cen tury, the British gover nment was main ly con trolled by two political parties inA. Italia n C. Germa nturn. They are ( ) (浙0801)A.the upper House and the lower House.B.the House of Lords and the House of Represe ntatives.C.the Whigs and the Tories.D.the Sen ate and the House of Represe ntatives.23. Contrary to the traditional romanee of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realisticprese ntati on of life of . (084)A. the com mon En glish people C. the rising bourgeoisieB. the upper classD. the enterprising landlords24. The pri ncipal eleme nts of ______________ i n the late eightee nth cen tury are viole nee, horror, and the super natural, which str on gly appeal to reader 'emoti on.( ) (一) 3 (浙0601) A. history no vel B. Gothic no vel C. roma ntic no vel D. sen time ntal no vel25. Graveyard School " writers are the followi ng sen time ntalists EXCEPT ___________ . (094)A. James Thoms onC. William Cowper古墓派诗人一汤姆森-科林斯-库伯B. William Colli ns D. Thomas Jacks on26. The poem Elegy Writte n in a Country Churchyard "墓园挽诗established _____________ as the leaderof the sen time ntal poetry of ()(047)A. Thomas Gray 汤姆斯-曷雷the day , especially the Graveyard School ”.B. Samuel Joh nsonD. John Milt on27. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for prose EXCEPT ____________________ . (一) 4 ()A. being precise C. being flexibleB. being direct D. being satiric28. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, ________________ was the leading figure among thehost of playwrights.A. William BlakeB. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德上匕.谢立丹D . Bernard Shaw29. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only English dramatist of the ______________ century. (浙0810)A. sixtee nthB. seve ntee nth (一) 5C. eightee nthD. nin etee nth30. In the last few decades of the 18 cen tury, the n eoclassicism was gradually replaced by __.( 浙0510)A. roma nticism C. moder nismB. critical realism D. n aturalism31. The middle of the 18th century saw a newly rising literary form —( ) (浙0301)A. the moder n En glish novelB. the moder n En glish poetryC. the moder n En glish dramaD. both A and B32. Britain witnessed two major romantic poets in the later half of the 18th century. They are( ) (浙0701 ) A. Joh n Milt on and William Blake (一) 6B. Robert Bur ns and Joh n KeatsC. George Herbert and Joh n DonneD. Robert Burns and William Blake33. ______ was the last greatest n eoclassicist en lighte ner in the later 18 th cen tury. A. Henry Fieldi ng B. Alexa nder PopeC. Richard SteeleD. Samuel Joh nson34. ______ was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.（ ） （一） 7 （浙 0901 ）A. William BlakeB. S amuel Joh nsonC. Thomas GrayD. H enry Fielding35. Which of the follow ing authors does not bel ong to the en lighte ners of the 18th cen tury?（浙0701 ）A. Jonathan Swift.B. Walter Scott .C. Daniel Defoe.D. He nry Fieldi ng.Daniel Defoe36. Which of the following is not Daniel Defoe 'works?（浙 0710）A. Gulliver ' Travels Jonathan SwiftB. Captai n Sin glet onC. Moll Fla ndersD. Rob inson Crusoequalities of middle-class menB. religious devoti on D. pioneering spirit（ ）（一） 8 （浙 0710）B. in depe ndence and stro ng will.（浙 0501）37. In Robinson Crusoe , Daniel Defoe glorifies all the following EXCEPTA. the in dig nity of labourC. loyalty to the king38. In Robinson Crusoe , the writer glorifies A. pride and happ in ess.D. hard work and success.40. The novels of ______________ a re the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. A. Bunyan C. Fielding41. Defoe 'group of four novels are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. They are the following EXCEPT ____________________ .（一） 9 （107 ）A. Capta in Sin glet onB. Moll Fla ndersD. Rob inson Crusoe42. Dan iel Defoe, at the age of n early 60, started his first novel ______________________________ ,which is uni versallycon sidered his masterpiece.(浙 0410)A. Rob inson Crusoe B . Moll Fla ndersC. Col on el JackD. Capta in Sin glet on43. Daniel Defoe ' ___________ is uni versally con sidered as his masterpiece. (104)A. Colonel JackB. Robinson CrusoeC. Capta in Sin glet onD. A Journal of the Plague Year44. Daniel Defoe 'works are all the following EXCEPT __________________ . ()A. Moll Fla ndersB. A Tale of a TubC. A Journal of the Plague YearD. Colo nel Jack45. Daniel Defoe describes ______________________ as a typical English Middle- class man of the eighteenthcen tury, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pion eer coloni st.()A. Tom JonesB . GulliverC .Moll FlandersD . Robinson Crusoe46. Daniel Defoe describes ______________ a s a typical English middle — class man of the eighteenth century , the very prototype of the empire builder , the pioneer colonist .()A. Robi nso n CrusoeB. Moll Fla ndersC. GulliverD. Tom Jones47. The hero Robinson Crusoe is a typical( ) man, who has a great capacity for work,39. The lan guage in Robinson Crusoe is （A. easy, smooth and colloquialC. le ngthy and imagi native ）.B. difficult and artificial D. obsce ne and difficult（浙 0310 ）B . DefoeD . SwiftC. Roxanain exhaustible en ergy, courage, patie nee and persiste nee in overco ming obstacles and struggling against the hostile natural environment. (浙0510)A.seve ntee nth-ce ntury En glish upper classB.eightee nth-ce ntury En glish middle classC.seve ntee nth-ce ntury En glish work ing classD.eightee nth-ce ntury En glish lower classth48.The hero Robinson Crusoe is a typical 18 century English middle-calss man who __.( 浙0610)A.has a great capacity for work, in exhaustible en ergy, courage, patie nee and persiste nee in overco ming obstacles and struggli ng aga inst the hostile n atural environment.B.has strong will, but can 'tendure life 'loneliness.C.has a great capacity for work, but is frightened by the hostile natural environment.D.thinks all the people are born equal.49.The hero in Robinson Crusoe is the prototype of ( ) (一) 10 (浙0210)(浙0810 )A. the the n progressive bourgeoisieB. the empire builderC. the pion eer colonistD. all of the above50. In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the ____________________ ?(047)A. aristocratic classB. en terpris ing lan dlordsC. rising bourgeoisieD. hard-work ing people51. ________ ,an adve nture story very much in spirit of the time, is uni versally con sidered Defoe 'masterpiece. (浙0501) A. Moll Fla nders B. Colo nel JackC. Rob inson CrusoeD. Roxa na52. Which of the follow ing works best represe nts the n ati onal spirit of the 18 th -ce ntury En gla nd?A. Robinson CrusoeC. Jon athan Wild the GreatB. Gulliver' Travels (044) D. A Sen time ntal Journey53.Crusoe is the hero in The life and Strange Surpris ing Adve ntures of Robinson Grusoe, of York, Mariner (also known as Robinson Crusoe )by . (034)A. Jon athan SwiftB. Da niel DefoeC. George EliotD. wre nee54.All of the following novels by Daniel Defoe are the first literary works devoted to the study ofproblems of the lower-class people EXCEPT __________________ . (084)A. Robinson Crusoe C. Moll FlandersB. Captain Singleton D. Colonel Jack55. Which of the following is NOT Defoe 'work?( ) (浙0401)A. Moll Fla nders C. Silas MarnerB. Colo nel Jack D. Roxa naJon atha n Swift56. Which of the following is true about Jonathan Swift' thoughts as a representative of theenlightenment movement? ( ) (一) 11 (浙0701)A.To better huma n life, en lighte nment is unn ecessary.B.Huma n n ature is simple and n aive.C. Huma n n ature was dest ined and could n 'be cha nged.D.It 'possible to reform and improve huma n n ature and huma n in stituti ons.57.En glish literature of the 18 th cen tury produces some excelle nt satirists, among whom _________________ i sa master satirist.A. Jonathan Swift .B. Henry Fielding D. Thomas Gray58.As a master satirist, Swift 'satire is usually masked by ( ) (一) 12 (浙0710)A. outward gravity and appare nt earn est nessB. appare nt eager ness and sin cerityC. pessimism and bitter nessD. seem in gly gen tle ness and sweet ness59.1 n the book Gulliver 'Travels the hero traveled to the following places except （）（浙0810 ）A. the In dia n Isla ndB. Brobd ingnagC. LilliputD. the Houyh nhnm land6O.ln which of the following works can you find the proper names Lilliput, ” Brobdingnag, ”Houyhnhnm, ” and Yahoo "”（034）A.James Joyce ' Ulsses.B.Charles Dicke ns ' Bleak House.C.Jonathan Swift ' Gulliver 'Travels.D. D. H. Lawrenee ' Women in love.61. Lilliput is ________ in Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. （浙0301）A.the n ame of the hero who made deep-sea voyagesB.an imagi nary isla nd in habited by people not more tha n six in ches highC. a minor character who accompa nied the hero duri ng his voyagesD.the cou ntry of horses en dowed with huma n in tellige nee62.Brobdingnag is an imaginary island where the inhabitants are _________ . （一）13 （浙0301）A.ten times taller and larger tha n the ord inary huma n beingsB.the horses who are hairy, wild, low and despicableC.the Yahoos who are wise and intelligentD.the small people who are only six inches tall63.The Houyh nhnms depicted by Jon atha n Swift in Gulliver's Travels are _______ .（）A.horses that are en dowed with reas onB.pigmies that are en dowed with admirable qualitiesC.gia nts that are superior in wisdomD.hairy,wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearancebut also in some other ways.64.The Honyhnhnm Land is an imaginary island where ___________ .（浙0501）A.horses are en dowed with reas on and all good and admirable qualities.B.yahoos are gover ning class.C.horses are hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appeara nce but alsoalmost every other way.D.yahoos are possessed of reas on.65.In the Houyh nhnm land, Gulliver found that _________ were hairy, wild, low and despicable bruteswhile _________ a re en dowed with reas on and all good and admirable qualities. （一）14A. the horses ... the YahoosB. the horses ... human beings （浙0710）C. the Yahoos ... the horsesD. the Yahoos ... huma n beings66.In ______________ of Gulliver' Travels, Jon atha n Swift satirizes the wester n civilizati on in clud ingfalse illusi ons about scie nee, philosophy, history and immortality. A . the first voyage to Lilliput小人国-利利普特，仅 6英寸高，B . the sec ondt voyage to Brobdi ngnag 巨人岛-布鲁布丁鲁那可，国王 60英尺C . the third voyage to the Flying Isla nd 飞岛一与世隔绝的世界D . the fourth voyage to Houyh nhnm land 智慧岛一马-高度智慧-圈养YAHOOS67. As a whole, ___________ isone of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all (044)B. Gulliver ' Travels (一) 15D. The School for Scandal68. Which of the followi ng is true about the book Gulliver's Travels ?( )A. It is a study of huma n n ature and life.B. It has high artistic skills in making the story an orga nic whole.C. It makes criticisms and satires of all aspects in the con temporary En glish and Europea n life.D. It is not a book of satire though it is a book of rebellion.69. The social significanee of Gulliver' Travels lies in _________________ . (浙 0210)A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.B. his artistic skill in making the story an organic wholeC. his cen tral concern of study of huma n n ature and lifeD. both B and C70. As one of the greatest masters of English prose, ________________ defined a good style as properwords in proper places ”. (084)A . Henry FieldingB . Jonathan Swift (一) 16C. Samuel JohnsonD . Alexander Pope71. Who defined a good style as proper words in proper places? ” (浙0307)A. Jon athan SwiftB. Charles Dicke nsC. Edmu nd Spen cerD. George Bern ard Shaw72. A good style of prose "proper works in proper places ” was defined by ________________ . ()A. Joh n Milt onB. He nry Fieldi ngC. Jon athan SwiftD.T.S. Eliot73. Jonathan Swift 'greatest satiric work is ______________ . A. A Tale of a TubB. The Battle of the BooksC. Gulliver ' TravelsD. A Modest Proposalaspects in the the n En glish and Europea n life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically,scientifically, and morally. A. Moll Fla nders C. Pilgrim 'Progress74.Jon atha n Swift' s ____________is gen erally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of theperiod but also in the whole En glish literary history. （一）17 （104）A. Gulliver s TravelsB. The Battle of the BooksC. A Modest Proposal ”D. A Tale of a Tub75.The best model of satire in the whole English literary history is Jonathan Swift's ______________ . （094）A. A Modest ProposalB. A Tale of a TubC. Gulliver's TravelsD. The Battle of the Books76.Jonathan Swift is a master satirist in English literature. His A Tale of a Tub is an attack on （）.A. the governmentB. greed （一）18C. the churchD. the abuse of power77. __________________ is a typical feature of Swift's writings. （）A. Bitter satireB. Elegant styleC. Casual narrationD. Complicated sentence structure78.Which of the following is not Swift 'works? （浙0310）A. A Tale of a TubB. The Battle of the BooksC. Gulliver 'TravelsD. Tom Jones79.Henry Fielding is mainly concerned about ___________ in his works. （浙0701）A.the miserable life of the middle-class peopleB.the ordi nary and usually ridiculous life of the com mon peopleC.the special life style of some groupsD.the real life of the upper-class people80. ______ i s gen erally con siered Fieldi ng 'masterpiece. （浙0610）A. Joseph An drewsB. Jon athan Wild the GreatC. Tom JonesD. Gulliver 'Travels82. Of all the eightee nth - cen tury no velists __________ w as the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose ”， the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.（104）A. He nry Fieldi ng B. Da niel DefoeC. Jon atha n SwiftD. Laure nee Sterneth83.Of all the 18 century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to writespecifically a ___ in prose, "the first to give the modern novel its structureand style. A.tragic epic C.roma nee84 Of the eighteenth-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to A. in struct the people through his writ ingB. give the moder n no vel its structure and styleC. amuse the people through his worksD. adopt the third-pers on n arrati on85. In Tom Jones , the hero Tom is _________________ in contrast with Blifil who is _______________ .（浙 0301） A. innocent and kind-hearted ... hypocritical and wicked B. hypocritical and wicked ... innocent and kindhearted C. rude and stubbor n ... cunning and speculati ng D. cunning and speculati ng ... rude and stubbor n86. An hon est, kin d-hearted you ng man, who is full of ani mal spirit and lacks prude nee, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and fin ally to have bee n accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative . （一） 20（044）The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding 'work _____________________ . A. Jon athan Wild the Great B. Tom JonesC. The Coffe-House Politicia nD. Amelia87. Henry Fielding adopted __ to relate a story in his novel in which the author becomes theall- knowing God ”.（107）A. the first- pers on n arrati onB. the epistolary formC. the picaresque formD. the third -pers on n arrati on88. Henry Fielding adopted _____________ a s his way to relate the story in a novel. （浙 0601 ）A. the epistolary formB. the picaresque formC. the third-pers on n arrati onD. flashback89. For his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel, ________________ h as beenregarded as Father of the En glish Novel ”.（047）A. He nry Fieldi ngB. Da niel DefoeC. Joh n BunyanD. James Joyce90. For his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel, ___________ has been regarded by some as Father of the English Novel ”.（浙 0301 ）A. Da niel DefoeB. He nry Fieldi ngC. Jon athan SwiftD. Samuel Richards on（）ic epicD.lyric epic（浙 0210）91 . Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as _ _,for his contribution to theestablishment of the form of the modern novel. （浙0310 ）92. Henry Fielding has been regarded as “_ for his contribution to the establishment of theform of the modern ________ . （浙 0810）（浙 0210 ）（浙 0510 ）A. Father of En glish Poetry...poetryB. Father of En glish Novel... novelC. Father of Moder n En glish Poetry...poetryD. Father of Modern En glish Novel... novelIII. Questi ons and An swers （24 points in all, 6 for each ）45. List at least two leading neoclassicists in England. What did Neoclassicists celebrate in literary creation? （094） |（一） 4845. A. Alexa nder Pope, Joh n Dryde n, Samuel Joh nson.B. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proporti on, uni ty, harm ony and grace in literary expressi ons, in an effort to delight, in struct and correct huma n bein gs. Thus a polite, elega nt, witty, and in tellectual art developed.IV. Topic Discussi on （20 points in all, 10 for each ）49 . Daniel Defoe ' novel Robinson Crusoe was a great success partly because the protagonist was a real middle-class hero. Discuss Crusoe, the protag onist of the no vel, as an embodime nt of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England.（084 ）1. Give a brief comment on the hero in The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe.（浙 0810）1. A. Fieldi ng has bee n regarded as Father of the En glish no vel ”，for his con tributi onto the establishment of the form of the modern novel.B. Of all the eightee nth-ce ntury no velists Field ing was the first to set out, both in theory andpractice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose, ” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.C. Before him, the relating go a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form （a series ofletters ）, as in Richards on ' Pamela , or the picaresque form （adve nturous wan der ings ） through the mouth of the pr in cipal character, as in Defoe' Robinson Crusoe , but Field ingadopted the third-person narration, ” in which the author becomes the all-knowing God. f D. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but atthe same time keeps faithful to his realistic prese ntati on of com mon life as it is.A . Father of the English NovelC . Father of the English Drama B. Father of the English Poetry D. Father of the English Short Story。
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义
Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
1)In the field of literature, the 18th century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. 2)The neoclassicists hold that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones. 3)They believed that the artistic ideas should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
1。约翰 班扬 John Bunyan（1628-1688）
班扬是个坚定的清教徒，深信人一定能通过精神上 的奋斗得到拯救。他的写作风格与《圣经》异曲同 工 代表作《天路历程》（The Pilgrim‟s Progress) 是英文作品中最成功的宗教语言（the religious allegory) 。
The Neoclassical Period
英美文学选读四大史诗
英美文学选读四大史诗英国文学：上古和中世纪时期(公元450年—14世纪下叶)《贝奥武甫》英国上古时期盎格鲁撒克逊的民族史诗，杰弗雷·乔叟其首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。
作品：《坎特伯雷故事集》文艺复兴时期(14世纪到17世纪中叶)埃德蒙·斯宾塞(1552－1599)著名诗人主要作品：《仙后》，《牧人月历》，《情诗小唱十四行诗集》、《婚前曲》、《祝婚曲》克里斯托弗·马洛(1564—1593)诗人，剧作家，革新了中世纪的戏剧，在舞台上创造了反映时代精神的巨人性格和“雄伟的诗行”，主要作品:《浮士德博士的悲剧》，《帖木儿大帝》，《马耳他岛的犹太人》威廉·莎士比亚(1564—1616)世界上最杰出的戏剧家和诗人之一，一生创作了38个剧本，154首十四行诗及两首长诗。
主要作品：《亨利六世》(上，中，下)、《理查三世》、《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》弗朗西斯·培根（1561—1626）英国文艺复兴时期代表人物，著名的散文家、唯物主义哲学家，实验科学的创始人，是近代归纳法的创始人，又是给科学研究程序进行逻辑组织化的先驱。
主要作品:《新工具》、《学术的进步》、《新大西岛》《培根随笔》约翰·邓恩（1572—1631），英国玄学派诗人、教士，为T·S艾略特所推崇，主要作品:《歌与十四行诗》、《圣十四行诗》约翰·弥尔顿(1608—1674）英国诗人、政论家。
主要作品：《失乐园》、《复乐园》《力士参孙》新古典主义时期(1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟—1798年华兹华斯与柯勒律治合作出版《抒情歌谣集》)约翰·班扬英国著名作家、布道家。
主要作品：《天路历程》《灵魂城圣战》《恶人传》《奔走天路》《绝望者的盼望》《自省》《丰盛的恩典》亚历山大·蒲柏启蒙运动时期新古典主义的代表，著名诗人，主要作品：《夺发记》、《愚人志》、《人论》《与阿布斯诺博士书》丹尼尔·笛福（1660—1731）英国作家，主要作品：《成为异教徒的途径》，《地地道道的英国人》，《鲁滨逊漂流记》(此书是他60岁才开始动笔的) 乔纳森·斯威夫特英国著名文学家、讽刺作家、政治家主要作品：《书的战争》《格列佛游记》，《一只桶的故事》、《一个温和的建议》亨利·菲尔丁（1707-1754)英国小说之父，创造了散文体喜剧史诗。
review on
Abroad
(国外):
1. British colonies expanded to North America, India, and the West Indies. 2. The first powerful capitalist country in the world in the middle of the 18th century 3. The workshop of the world 世界工厂
Robinson
Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》
主要内容 P. 99 人物刻画 P. 100 社会意义：glorify human labour and Puritan fortitude
Gulliver’s
Travels 《格列佛游记》
P. 107~108
主题
结构
Tom
Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》P. 122~123
Form: heroic couplet 英雄双韵体 a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism 一些精炼的表达
英国文学“新古典主义”时期复习
Chen Yan 20131025
Time
period: 1660~1798 (即1660年英国斯 图亚特王朝复辟~1798浪漫主 义开始)
Historical background: a turbulent(动荡的) period, an age full of conflicts and divergence (分歧) of values. Domestically (国内地): 1. the restoration of King Charles II in 1660 复辟 2. The Great Plague in 1665 瘟疫 3. The Glorious Revolution in 1689 光荣革命 4. The constant strife between the monarch and the parliament, between the Tories and the Whigs 君主与议会斗争不断, 托利党与辉格 党矛盾层出不穷
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17th -18th Century
Match Writers With Works
1.Jonathan Swift A. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy （D） 2.Henry Fielding B. Tom Jones （B） C. A Dictionary of the English Language 3.Daniel Defoe （E ） 4.Alexander Pope D. Gulliver's Travels （F） E. Robinson Crusoe 5.Samuel Johnson （C） F. The Rape of the Lolse.
(F)
1. The 18th century was an age of poetry. A group of excellent prose writers, such as Jonathan Swift, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, were produced.
Essay question
What’s the significance of the Robinson Crusoe? What are some of the author’s biases revealed in the novel if we examine it from a modern critic’s point of view?
(A)
Fill in the blanks
1. The yahoo are attacked by the writer named Jonathan Swift in his fantasy work bearing the title ______ ______. Gulliver's Travels
Key point: 1. it is an expression of bourgeois qualities of individualism and private enterprise. 2. in describing robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor. 3. this novel is an embodiment of the spirit of individual enterprise and colonial expansion of the rising bourgeoisie. Key point : This novel revealed the author’s colonialism and negroslavery in his book.
British neoclassicism
In English literature, the stylistic trend between the restoration and the advent of romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century is referred to as neoclassicism. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Creek and Roman writers. The neoclassicists include Addision , Steele, and Pope of 18th century. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order ,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should judged in the terms of its service to humanity .
（A）
Multiple choice
(B)
1.In a series of pamphlets Jonathan Swift denounced the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government. One of the most famous is ____. A. Essays on Criticism B. A Modest Proposal C. Gulliver’s Travels D. The Battle of the Books
Thank you
Multiple choice
(C)
3.Essay on Man is a _____poem in heroic couplets. A. didactic B. satirical C. philosophical D. dramatic 4.The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two political parties, ______, which were satirized by Jonathan Swift in his Gulliver’s Travels. A. the Whigs and the Tories B. the senate and the House of Representatives C. The upper House and lower House D. the House of Lords and the House of Commons
(B) 2.Henry Fielding’s first novel ____ , knowing as the first realistic
novel in English fiction. written in connection with Pamela of Samuel Richardson. A. Tom Jones B. Joseph Andrews B. C. Jonathan Wild D. Amelia
2. Sheridan’s The School for Scandal has been called manner a great comedy of _____, giving a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire of English high society.
Fill in the blanks
3. Samuel Richardson’s first novel, Pamela, is the epistolary first _____ novel in English literature. 4. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human _____. Labor
(F)
1. Novel writing made a big advance in the 18th century. The main characters in the novels were no longer common people, but the kings and nobles.
Explain the term