杭州师范大学翻译与写作2018年考研初试真题
杭州师范大学.doc
一头断了牵绳的羊从栅栏里跑出来，四蹄在撑着，忽地撞在一棵树上，又直撑了四蹄滑
行，末了还是跌倒在一个粪堆旁，失去了白的颜色。一个穿红衫子的女孩冲出门去牵羊，又立即要返回，却不可能了，在院子里旋转，锐声叫唤，离台阶只有两步远，长时间走不上去。
槐树上的葡萄蔓再也攀附不住了，才松了一下屈蜷的手脚，一下子像一条死蛇，哗哗啦啦脱落下来，软成一堆。无数的苍蝇都集中在屋檐下的电线上了，一只挨着一只，再不飞动，也不嗡叫，黑乎乎的，电线愈来愈粗，下坠成弯弯的弧形。
杭州师范大学
2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码：840
考试科目名称：语文课程与教学论
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、概念阐释（每题4分，计20分）
1.语文课程性质
2.语文课程资源
3.语文素养
4.语感
5.语文教学评价
二、知识解答（每题15分，计30分）
1.阅读能力的内涵包括哪些？
……
中秋过后，秋风是一天凉比一天，看看将近初冬；我整天的靠着火，也须穿上棉袄了。一天的下半天，没有一个顾客，我正合了眼坐着。忽然间听得一个声音，“温一碗酒。”这声音虽然极低，却很耳熟。看时又全没有人。站起来向外一望，那孔乙己便在柜台下对了门槛坐着。他脸上黑而且瘦，已经不成样子；穿一件破夹袄，盘着两腿，下面垫一个蒲包，用草绳在肩上挂住；见了我，又说道，“温一碗酒。”掌柜也伸出头去，一面说，“孔乙己么？你还欠十九个钱呢！”孔乙己很颓唐的仰面答道，“这……下回还清罢。这一回是现钱，酒要好。”掌柜仍然同平常一样，笑着对他说，“孔乙己，你又偷了东西了！”但他这回却不十分分辩，单说了一句“不要取笑！”“取笑？要是不偷，怎么会打断腿？”孔乙己低声说道，“跌断，跌，跌……”他的眼色，很像恳求掌柜，不要再提。此时已经聚集了几个人，便和掌柜都笑了。我温了酒，端出去，放在门槛上。他从破衣袋里摸出四文大钱，放在我手里，见他满手是泥，原来他便用这手走来的。不一会，他喝完酒，便又在旁人的说笑声中，坐着用这手慢慢走去了。
杭州师范大学文学概论2016--2018年考研初试专业课真题
3.共鸣产生的因素是什么？
4.艺术真实与生活真实有什么区别？
三、论述题与评论写作（24分）
分析《谈美》中人们对一棵古松可能采取三种态度（实用的、科学的、美感）的美学理论意义。
杭州师范大学专业基础(一)2018年考研初试专业课真题
图，选取其中2件，谈谈自己的创作构思（思路），以及在现实创作中完成该作品时拟 采用的表现手段（方法）等，完成500— 1000字的短文1篇，题目自拟。（完成于答题纸上，标明附件4、附件5）
2018 年 考试科目代码 859 考试科目名称 专业基础（一） （本考试科目共 4页，第3 页）
要求：○1设计的印文内容必须为图片所提供的文字，字法可根据需要自行调整、 自主设计。
○2设计稿为阳文，且印风能比较准确地体现吴让之篆刻风格。 ○3设计稿为长方形，长宽比例约为3：2，边长在2—6厘米。
（2）根据所提供的“鉴古堂”印文（见下图·右），重新进行印面构图设计，完成印稿1 件，并完成于答题纸上。（本小题15分）
创作素材内容： 余志学之年，留心翰墨，味钟张之余烈，挹羲献之前规，极虑专精，时逾二
纪。有乖入木之术，无间临池之志。观夫悬针垂露之异，奔雷坠石之奇，鸿飞兽 骇之资，鸾舞蛇惊之态，绝岸颓峰之势，临危据槁之形；或重若崩云，或轻如蝉 翼；导之则泉注，顿之则山安；纤纤乎似初月之出天涯，落落乎犹众星之列河汉 ；同自然之妙，有非力运之能成；信可谓智巧兼优，心手双畅，翰不虚动，下必 有由。一画之间，变起伏于锋杪；一点之内，殊衄挫于毫芒。况云积其点画，乃 成其字；曾不傍窥尺犊，俯习寸阴；引班超以为辞，援项籍而自满；任笔为体， 聚墨成形；心昏拟效之方，手迷挥运之理，求其妍妙，不亦谬哉！《书谱节录》
杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸
杭州师范大学 2018 年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码： 859 考试科目名称： 专业基础（一）
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
杭州师范大学2018年《723综合英语》考研专业课真题试卷
杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语2019—2020年考研真题
杭州师范大学2020年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)SectionAMultiple choice (20’)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Creativity should not be as an exceptional talent; it is a basic skill that can be mastered with the right teaching.A. replacedB. perceivedC. cultivatedD. probed2. These guests were to the host for his gracious and impressive hospitality.A. contemptuousB. resentfulC. obligedD. mighty3. Whatever we attempt to do, we mustn’t our main objective.A. attainB. rejectC. lose sight ofD. prosecute4. With the passage of time, some words are beginning to a new sense.A. go aboutB. take onC. draw uponD. turn out5. Tourism, particularly ecotourism, helps promote of wildlife and natural resources.A. conservationB. distinctionC. extinctionD. aspiration6. Despite the changes in this country, many tough issues remain unsolved.A. radicalB. reversibleC. rigorousD. insensible7. Life is stressful, so it is always difficult to work, school and family.A. encounterB. eliminateC. illuminateD. prioritize8. People who diabetes have to minimize their daily consumption of sugar.A. make up forB. crack down onC. take fancy toD. are stricken with9. The city was paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. virtuallyD. positively10. The changes brought about by digital technologies have impacted the whole world.A. novelB. adverseC. profoundD. prospective11. The camps are not usual tent-type camps. They are mostly long-established,structures, often with strange Islamic names.A. historicalB. monotonousC. permanentD.raw12. Among all the changes resulting from the ______ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.A. massiveB. quantitativeC. surplusD. formidable13. The manufacturing in China is expected to continue to expand in 2019 despite the slight decline of an index.A. versionB. sectorC. questD.factor14. Researchers say that cigarettes is necessary to dramatically reduce the chance of cardiovascular problems.A. carrying outB. breaking outC. cutting outD. putting out15. Economic recessions will weaken one’s confidence in the government and threaten social .A. cohesionB. erosionC. illusionD. evasion16. The Mexican settlers built cities and missions in what become California.A. used toB. would ratherC. was toD. had better17. Each of us is working hard to get happiness which brings substantial benefits for society .A. by mere chanceB. at great lengthC. all at onceD. as a whole18. Although the colonists ______ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.A. migratedB. matchedC. mingledD. melted19. Most readers believe that this book is , thoughtful and informative.A. intriguingB. ambiguousC. compulsiveD. imperative20. Some of the recent actions of the government are their statement of policy.A. in the interest ofB. in conformity withC. in proportion toD. in the event ofSectionB Proofreading and error correction (10’)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing wordmark the position of the missing word with a “Λ” signand write the word you believe to be missing in theblank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEW h e nΛa r t m u s e u m w a n t s a n e w e x h i b i t,(1) anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitMany people are disturbed by the genetic diversify of (1)cancers--- an inevitable result of random evolution. (2)Cancer therapies used to be applied fairly random or (3)Carelessly, but nowadays many believe that effectivetherapies need to be specific and tailoring to genetic (4)faults in each individual’s cancer. Therefore, a personalized(5)treatment disregards the most fundamental reason (6)it is difficult to cure cancers once for all: cancer cellsadapt and evolve with response to treatment. Even drugs (7)that are initially effective often have a progressive (8)diminishing effect, as the biological systems blockedof the treatment spontaneously compensateof rerouting (9)the cancer cell’s internal wiring, in restoring the cancer’s (10)ability to spread. To use an analogy, in the absence ofshort cuts, evolution takes over: naturally arising mutantcancer cells that are resistant to the targeted drug rapidlyoutgrow their disabled siblings and cancer comes back.II. Reading comprehension(40’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions:In this section there are two passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage AThe language of rights now dominates political debate in the United States. Does the Government respect the moral and political rights of its citizens? Or does the Government’s war policy, or its race policy, fly in the face of these rights? Do the minorities whose rights have been violated have the right to violate the law in return? Or does the silent majority itself have rights, including the right that those who break the law be published? It is not surprising that these questions are now prominent. The concept of rights, and particularly the concept of rights against the Government, has its most natural use when a political society is divided, and appeals to co-operation or a common goal are pointless.The debate does not include the issue of whether citizens have some moral rights against their Government. It seems accepted on all sides that they do. Conventional lawyers and politicians take it as a point of pride that our legal system recognizes, for example, individual rights of free speech, equality, and due process. They base their claim that our law deserves respect, at least in part, on that fact, for they would not claim that totalitarian system deserve the same loyalty.Some philosophers, of cause, reject the idea that citizens have rights apart from what the law happens to give them. Bentham thought that the idea of moral rights was “nonsense on stilts”. But that view has never been part of our orthodox political theory, and politicians of both parties appeal to the rights of the people to justify a great part of what they want to do. I shall not be concerned, in this essay, to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their governments; I want instead to explore the implications of that thesis for those, including the present United States Government, who profess to accept it.It is much in dispute, of cause, what particular rights citizens have. Does the acknowledged right to free speech, for example, include the right to participate in nuisance demonstrations? In practice, the Government will have the last word on what an individual’s rights are, because its police will do what the officials and courts say. But that does not mean that the Government’s view is necessarily the correct view, anyone who thinks it does must believe that men and women have such moral rights as Government chooses to grant, which means they have no moral rights at all.All this is sometimes obscured in the United States by the constitutional system. The American Constitution provides a set of individual legal rights in the First Amendment, and in due process, equal protection, and similar clauses. Under present legal practice the Supreme Court has the power to declare an act of Congress or of a state legislature void if the Court finds that the act offends these provisions. This practice has had some commentators to suppose that individual moral rights are fully protected by this system, but that is hardly so, nor could it be so.1. In the United States nowadays__________.A. politicians are discussing about the right language.B. politicians are debating about what is right and what is wrong.C. language is the most important theme in the political debate.D. we can hear lots of talks about rights.2. It is only natural that questions about citizens’ rights are now prominent because__________A. the minorities are violating the law.B. the political society in the USA is divided.C. the silent majority wants to punish those who have violated the law.D. people are looking for a common goal.3. Which of the following statements is not true?A. It is generally agreed that citizens should have some moral rights.B. It is a moral right of the citizens to respect the legal system.C. Citizens’ moral rights include free speech, equality and due process.D. The legal system deserves respect because it recognizes citizens’ moral rights.4. In this essay the author will not be concerned to defend the thesis that citizens have moralrights against their government because__________A. this thesis has never bee put into question in the mainstream political theory.B. he shares the view of those philosophers who think that citizens only have the rights that thelaw gives them.C. this thesis has appeal to politicians of both parties.D. the United States government professes to accept this thesis.5. The author believes that__________A. the United States Constitution protects citizens’ moral rights but the government does not.B. the Supreme Court has the power to protect citizens’ moral rights but it does not do that.C. Citizens’ moral rights could not be fully protected by the present legal practice.D. the United States Constitution does not have provisions that fully protect citizens’ moralrights.Passage BWhat do you do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America’s pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavorably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart). Last week, at a conference organized by The Economist in Philadelphia, the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source: a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria, the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris, gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd, or even offensive. “Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives,” says Alan Holmer, the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.Mr. Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges, for example, that cigarettes are addictive and deadly, and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion, so focus on those who are, he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words: “This is not about spin, this is about change.”The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics, Mr. Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr. Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive, since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising, he said, can actually antagonize people further.The audience was generally receptive, claims Mr. Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year, he offered America’s State Department advice on improving America’s image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms, if only a small one. But at least, for once, a tobacco firm is peddling a cure, rather than a disease.1. Why is America’s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?A. Because it, like tobacco and oil firms, does harm to people‘s health and environment.B. Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.C. Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.D. Because it exploits its employees.2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________A. the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous, oreven insulting.B. the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry.C. tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products.D. pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems.3. According to the text, Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except__________A. To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.B. Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.C. Not to care about the past.D. To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open topersuasion.4. The word “mollify” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) might mean?A. placateB. enrageC. fightD. relieve5. What does the author imply by saying “This is not the first time he has offered histhoughts on dealing with implacable critics.”?A. Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.B. Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.C. Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.D. Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.Section B Answering questions(20’)Directions:Read the following two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3New tools offer new opportunities, but what are the risks and who benefits?Human intervention for the improvement of crops, trees, livestock and fish is nothing new. For millennia, humans have bred, crossed and selected those varieties, ecotypes and breeds that were more productive, better adapted or particularly useful.Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Some of these allow, for example, the propagation of plant material in glass tubes to keep it free of diseases, and the production of more sensitive and specific reagents for diagnosing diseases in plants, livestock and fish through tissue and cell culture. Others, often referred to as molecular methods, enable scientists to see the layout of the entire genome of any organism and to select plants and animals with preferred characteristics by “reading” at the molecular level, saving precious time and resources.Modern biotechnology also includes an array of tools for introducing or deleting a particular gene or genes to produce plants, animals and micro-organisms with novel traits. This kind of genetic manipulation is called “genetic engineering” and the product is a genetically modifiedorganism, or GMO. Both traditional and modern biotechnologies result in plants, animals and micro-organisms with combinations of genes that would not have come about without human intervention. It has to be emphasized, however, that biotechnology includes a range of techniques and products, and GMOs are but one of them.“With the increasingly limited amount of new land available to agriculture, modern biotechnologies could complement and improve the efficiency of traditional selection and breeding techniques to enhance agricultural productivity,” says Mahmoud Solh, Director of FAO’s Division of Plant Production and Protection.A plant or an animal resistant to a particular disease can be produced through a “traditional” breeding programme, that is, through crosses with resistant relative, selection and backcrossing again, or by the introduction of a gene that confers the resistance through genetic engineering. While the products of both approaches will be disease resistant, only the second one is a GMO. What is new is the ability of scientists to unravel the genome to look at the genes of an organism, and then make use of that information to change the organism, and even transfer genes to another organism very distant in the evolutionary scale. And that is where the controversy comes in.“FAO recognizes that genetic engineering has the potential to help increase production and productivity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries,” says FAO’s Statement on Biotechnology. “It could lead to higher yields on marginal lands in countries that today cannot grow enough food to feed their people.” But, it adds, FAO “is also aware of the concern about the potential risks posed by certain aspects of biotechnology. These risks fall into two basic categories: the effects on human and animal health and the environmental consequences.”These new tools offer new opportunities for solving problems where traditional techniques have failed. Genetically modified products are usually developed and used for large-scale commercial interests, and with a few exceptions, small-scale farmers have so far not benefited from the technology.The articles in this focus are intended to provide background information on genetic engineering in agriculture for the non-specialist--what it is, how it is being used, how it might be used in the future and possible benefits and risks. If you are new to the subject, you might find it easiest to read the pages in the order shown in the column on the right. Those who would like to pursue the subject further may wish to visit.1. According to the passage, what is called “genetic engineering”?2. What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture?3. Why are small-scale farmers unlikely to benefit from biotechnology?Questions 4-5According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past fewdecades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called ‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t Know Russian, because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name picture more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two language creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don’t match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person toprocess information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients match on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.4. Why do bilingual people often perform better than monolingual people on tasks that requireconflict management?5. According to the passage, what are the results when monolingual and bilingual adolescentslisten to simple speech sounds with or without intervening background noise?III. Writing (30’)Directions:After Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer were awarded the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for their outstanding contributions to “experimental research” into the “daunting issue” of global poverty, many have questioned the Nobel Committee’s choice, with some saying China’s poverty alleviation efforts have been the most effective in the world and are more worthy of study. But since the three winners are experts in development economics, this year’s Nobel Prize for economics is seen as highlighting the global need for eradicating poverty and achieving common economic growth.Write a composition of about 400 words on the ANSWER SHEET, in which you should:(1) express your opinion on why poverty alleviation core of development economics andwhat further steps to be taken.(2) give sound arguments to support your view.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization, and language quality.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.杭州师范大学2019年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
杭州师范大学2018年《243二外英语》考研专业课真题试卷
243
12
1
cabin pressure, electric current, etc. Indicators show whether the landing gear is up or down. The radio equipment allows the pilot to talk to ground controllers and to receive navigation signals. Airplane Construction Early airplanes were made of wood frames covered by fabric and held in shape by wire. After World War I, airplane designers started to use lightweight metals like aluminum, titanium, and magnesium alloys. A thin skin of metal was riveted( ) into place over metal ribs. Strong epoxy( ) glues are now used for some joints, instead of rivets. As planes grew in size, they became heavier. More powerful engines were developed in order to fly the heavier planes. The use of metals brings with it a problem called metal fatigue. Stress and vibration in flight can cause metal parts eventually to break up. Airplanes must be constantly checked for signs of this trouble. Defective parts must be renewed by aircraft maintenance people. Designers test scale models in wind tunnels before the full sized planes are built. Reactions of the models to high speed air streams give good indications how full sized planes will react in flight. This approach helps save a lot of money. It also helps to make airplanes safe. Airport An airport is a place where airplanes arrive and depart. Passengers leave and arrive on the airplanes and cargo is loaded and unloaded. Large, jet powered airplanes require long runways for takeoffs and landings. Big terminal buildings are necessary to handle thousands of passengers and their baggage. Very large airports usually serve several large cities and cover thousands of acres. Hundreds of planes arrive and depart daily. All this traffic must be carefully controlled to avoid delays and accidents. This is done from a control tower. The tower stands high above the ground. Air traffic controllers, inside the tower, must be able to guide airplanes through their takeoffs and landings. Large airports are often like small cities. Many have post offices, banks, hotels, restaurants, and many kinds of shops. Airports have their own fire and police departments, fuel storage tanks, and repair work shops. Some companies even have their shipping warehouses located at airports. One of the largest airports in the world is in Grapevine, Texas, midway between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth. This airport covers 7,200 hectares (18,000 acres). Its five terminals can handle the arrivals and depa Chicago, is the busiest airport in the world. It handles more than 37 million passengers a year. Small airports that are used only by private airplanes usually cover 20 to 40 hectares (50 to 100 acres). They do not need all the buildings and services of a large airport. The control tower may be just a small room in a building at ground level. Runways Early planes were light. Early runways were sometimes just level grass fields. Paved runways of tons. They move along runways at speeds of 160 kph (100 mph). When they land, the runways take a lot of pounding and must be made of concrete or asphalt( ). They must have solid foundations and a surface that prevents skidding.
杭州师范大学英语教学基础知识2018年考研初试专业课真题
杭州师范大学2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码： 845考试科目名称：英语教学基础知识说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1.Transferring the information from the news report into a chart is a communicativeactivity.2.Asking questions to individual students is better than asking to a whole class,because we can get personalized answers.3.Reading aloud and silent reading are two different types of reading practice.4.Based on formative assessment, we will be able to form a sound basis for checkinglearning and teaching.5.While integrating the four skills can help the development of students’communicative competence, a separate focus on individual aspects of vocabulary, grammar and skills can be overlooked.6.In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with schemaknowledge.7.The teacher should always provide enough guidance and distance to help students’need and develop reading strategies.8.Internet navigation will help teachers in their professional development.9.If a teacher wants to help learners use stress and intonation to express attitude andemotion, he wants to improve students’ discourse competence.10.Controlled activities mainly focus on the form and accuracy.二、选择题（每题5分，共30分）1.Which of the following is NOT true?A.Different views on different language generate different teaching methodologies.B.The interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whosemain use is to do things, like suggesting, apologizing, accepting, etc.C.Ethic devotion, personal styles and professional qualities constitutes theprofessional competence of a good English teacher.D.According to Wallace’s ‘reflective model’, the first stage of teachers’professional development is about language.2.Which of the following pair is a minimal pair? ________A.bid biteB.will wellC.sea seeD.bear beard3.When students engaged in group work, the teacher gave feedback after each grouphad stated their opinion and shown their output. This is called __________.A. instructingB. observingC. monitoringD. evaluating4. A mistake, different from an error, ________________.A.is a result from carelessness.B.has a direct relation with learner’s language competence.C.can be self-corrected.D.is only made in foreign language learning.5.The deductive method of grammar presentation relies on reasoning, _________ andcomparing.A. explainingB. discoveringC. analyzingD. practicing6.Decide what role the teacher is playing in the following activity: “When the studentsare making a report of their group mates’ likes and dislikes, the teacher first set an example, and if someone makes an error, the teacher asks him or her to revise.” This teacher is probably a(an)_________.A. participantB. assessorC. organizerD. controller三、简答题（三题分值分别为：6分、6分、8分，共20分）1.Why is it said: portfolios aim to assess students’ ability to applyknowledge?（用英文表述）2.One of multiple intelligences is called “intrapersonal intelligence”. What kind oflearning activities can be designed to develop students’ thisintelligence？（用英文表述）3.课堂提问有哪些功能？如何提问会更有效？（用中文表述）四、论述题（每题20分，共20分）《义务教育阶段英语课程标准》（2011版）指出“合理开发和积极利用课程资源是有效实施英语课程的重要保证”。
杭州师范大学英语翻译基础2019--2020年考研初试真题
2.停产
3.国家科学技术奖
4.中国英语能力等级
5.不动产登记
6.烈士遗骸
7.连环爆炸
8.非物质文化遗产
9.粤港澳大湾区
10.剧透
11.归化球员
12.垃圾分类
13.仿制药
14.个税免征项目
15.良渚古城遗址
16.大练兵
17.人造肉
18.国家荣誉称号
19.中国特色社会主义先行示范区
20.中国共产党问责条例
"Surely your pity is misapplied," said I, rather dubiously, for I like the comfort of trusting that a correct moral judgment is the strong point in woman (seeing that she has a majority of about a million in our islands), and I imagined that Melissa might have some unexpressed grounds for her opinion. "I should have thought you would rather be sorry for Mantrap's victims--the widows, spinsters, and hard-working fathers whom his unscrupulous haste to make himself rich has cheated of all their savings, while he is eating well, lying softly, and after impudently justifying himself before the public, is perhaps joining in the General Confession with a sense that he is an acceptable object in the sight of God, though decent men refuse to meet him."
杭州师范大学教育综合2018年考研初试真题
杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸
杭州师范大学
2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码： 333
考试科目名称：教育综合
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、名词解释（本大题共6小题，每小题5分，共30分）
1、《论语》
2、学制
3、义务教育
4、特朗普制
5、教学方法
6、教育行动研究
二、简答题（本大题共4小题，每小题10分，共40分）
1、请谈谈你对目前存在的校园欺凌现象的看法。
2、简述维果斯基的最近发展区的理念在教育上的重要意义。
3、简述20世纪70年代美国的恢复基础运动。
4、简述陶行知的儿童创造教育思想。
三、分析论述题（本大题共4小题，每小题 20分，共80分）
1、你认为教师和课程是什么关系？请谈谈教师开发校本课程应该具有什么素质。
2、评述柯尔伯格的道德发展阶段理论。
3、试论述中国古代的教师观及其尊师重道思想。
4、试论述卢梭的儿童观及其儿童教育思想。
2018年考试科目代码 333 考试科目名称教育综合（本考试科目共 2页，第1 页）。
杭州师范大学外国文学考研真题试题2017、2018年
杭州师范大学2017年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：722考试科目名称：外国文学说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、名词解释（每题8分，共40分）1、多余人2、“欧亨利式笔法”3、威塞克斯小说4、罗伯格里耶5、《雪国》二、论述题（每题20分，共60分）1、论述哈姆雷特的性格内涵、悲剧原因，并分析莎士比亚塑造形象运用的艺术手法。
2、以作品为例论述欧洲文学史上的人本主义、人文主义和人道主义的内涵。
3、比较现实主义小说与意识流小说的心理描写异同。
三、分析题（50分）。
阅读文本，撰写不少于800字的分析文章，题目自拟。
珠宝(法国)莫泊桑自从郎丹先生在他的副科长家里的晚会上遇见了那个青年女子，他就堕入了情网。
那是一个去世好几年的外省税务局长的女儿。
父亲死后，她和母亲到了巴黎，母亲时常到本区几个资产阶级人家往来，目的是要给年轻女儿找配偶。
母女俩都是贫穷而可敬的，安静而温和的。
那年轻女儿像是一位贤妻良母的典范，明智的青年男子是梦想把自己的生活托付给这种典型人物的。
她那种带着含羞意味的美，具有一种安琪儿式的纯洁风韵，那阵绝不离开嘴角的无从察觉的微笑仿佛是她心弦上的一种反射。
大家全赞美她。
凡是认识她的人都不住地重复说："将来娶她的那一个真有福气。
我们找不出更好的了。
" 郎丹先生当时是内政部的一个主任科员，每年的薪水是三千五百金法郎，他向她求婚，娶了她。
最初和她在一块儿，他过着一种令人难于相信的幸福生活。
她用一种那般巧妙的经济手腕治家，两个人好像过得很阔气。
她对待丈夫的注意，细心，体贴，真是罕有的；并且她本身的诱惑力非常之大，以至于在他俩相遇６年之后，他之爱她更甚于初期。
他仅仅责备她两个缺点：爱看戏和爱假的珠宝。
她的女朋友们（她认识三五个小官儿的妻子）随时替她找得到包厢去看流行的戏，甚或去看那些初次上演的戏；而她呢，不管好歹总要拉着丈夫同去散心，不过他在整天工作之后，这类的散心事是教他骇然感到疲乏的。
杭州师范大学2018 年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题.doc
杭州师范大学2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：853考试科目名称：科学教学论说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、单项选择题（每题3分，共30分）1．如图，x轴位于地面的草坪上，xy所在的平面于地面垂直。
一平面镜位于图示位置，平面镜两端坐标为A（-1，5）和B（0，5）。
夜间有一个点光源P（3，0）将光线射向平面镜，再由平面镜反射回地面草坪上。
则夜间在x轴的反方向上哪个区域的草坪上光合作用最强？ ( )A．0～-1区间 B．0～-3区间C．-3～-5区间 D．0～∞区间2.如右图，一个弹簧一端固定物体，另一端固定在容器底部，放在装满水的装置中处于静止。
设想从某一天起，地球的引力减为一半，则弹簧对物体的弹力将（弹簧处于压缩状态）（）A．不变 B．减为原来的一半C．增加为原来的两倍 D．弹簧对物体无弹力3．如图所示的电路中，电源电压不变，闭合开关后，滑动变阻器的滑片P 向右端滑动时（）A．电流表示数减小，电压表示数与电流表示数之比不变B．电流表示数不变，电压表示数与电流表示数之比不变C．电流表示数增大，电压表示数与电流表示数之比增大D．电流表示数减小，电压表示数增大4．如图所示，轻质细杆ABC的A端用铰链固定在竖直墙面上，C端悬挂一重物P，B点与一细绳相连，细绳的另一端系于墙面D点。
整个装置平衡时，细杆正好呈水平。
关于细杆在A端所受外力的示意图，其中正确的是（）5．在如图所示的电路中，总电流I为1．2安，R l=R2=2R3。
则下列对通过R2电流的判断正确的是( )A．大小为0．6安，方向向右B．大小为0．6安，方向向左C．大小为0．3安，方向向右D．大小为0．3安，方向向左6. 在19世纪，化学家对氧化锆的化学式有争议。
经测定，锆的相对原子质量为91，其氯化物的相对分子质量是233，若氧化物中锆的化合价与氯化物中锆的化合价相同，试判断与氯化物价态相同的氧化锆的化学式( )A．ZrO B．Zr2O C．Zr2O3 D．ZrO27. 在化学反应a Zn＋b HNO3(稀) = c Zn(NO3)2＋d NO↑＋e H2O中，若e的值为4，则d的值为（）A．1 B． 2 C． 3 D． 48. 当SO2通入到饱和的H2S溶液中会发生如下反应：SO2+2H2S=3S↓+2H2O，某同学在室温下，向饱和的H2S溶液中缓慢的通入过量的SO2气体，溶液的pH随着通入SO2体积的变化曲线是（）9. 将紫色水萝卜的块根切成小块放入清水中，水的颜色无明显变化。
杭州师范大学文学概论考研真题试题2017、2018年
杭州师范大学2017年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：716考试科目名称：文学概论说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、名词解释（每题4分，共16分）1.审美2.意象3.文学风格4.期待视野二、简答题（每题15分，共60分）1.“艺术生产”的概念是怎样提出的？2.文学典型的美学特征有哪些？3.共鸣产生的因素是什么？4.艺术真实与生活真实有什么区别？三、论述题与评论写作（24分）分析《谈美》中人们对一棵古松可能采取三种态度（实用的、科学的、美感）的美学理论意义。
四、评论写作（50分）阅读下面的作品，自拟题目，撰写一篇800字的文学评论。
墙罗·加里 杜青钢在布德尔俱乐部里，我的朋友雷大夫坐在我对面的一张很舒适的老式安乐椅上，这里曾留下许多杰出的英国人士的踪迹，他们在这里举止得体地享受过生活的乐趣。
我们坐在炉火旁，距离不近不远，恰到好处，暖烘烘的，很是舒坦。
“怎么，还没想出来”雷大夫关切地问。
我坦率地回答说：“没有！一连两个星期，我眼前仿佛竖了一道墙。
” 我这次来，是想请这个老朋友开一张药方，给我服用一种能使人精力充沛、乐观、注意力集中的“灵丹妙药”。
十二月即将到来，我以前曾答应一家大报社的社长，要给青少年写一则圣诞故事，一则能使人获得教益的动人的故事，这是我的年轻的读者们对我的期望。
他们是有这样的权利的。
“往常在圣诞节即将来临时候，我就能想出一个亲切动人、充满温情的故事，”我神情沮丧地这样解释，每当商店橱窗里陈列出琳琅满目的名种玩具，长夜漫漫的时候，这种故事就自然而然地来到我的头脑中。
但这一次却好像丧失了灵感，我感到面前横了一堵墙……”雷大夫眼里露出若有所思的神色：“嗯，依我看，您找到了一个现成的题目……”“什么？” “我指的是墙……不用开药方了，再说，我在这里又不行医。
假如你硬要几粒什么药丸的话，那就到我诊所里来找我，不过，这要破费您五个基尼。
现在，我可以给你讲个真实的故事，题目就叫《墙》，一堵墙。
2018考研英语真题原文及参考答案
2018考研英语真题原文及参考答案2018 考研英语真题原文及参考答案一、阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AWhen Steven Spielberg was a teenager, his parents moved to New Jersey, and he very much wanted to attend a local university. So Spielberg created his own student identification card that said he was 21 and then forged his birth date on his driver’s license (驾照) to match the ID card. With them, plus a tall frame, he got a job as an intern (实习生) with Universal Studiosin Hollywood.Spielberg had learned to direct movies while he was young, often using his family’s movie camera to shoot home movies. The studio, intrigued with him, let him develop his short (短篇的) film into a full-length one, Amblin'.A Universal executive saw the movie and eventually signed (签约) Spielberg to a directing contract. By the age of 20, he was the youngest director at a major studio.Steven Spielberg has gone on to direct many of the most successful movies ever released by Hollywood, including E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial,Jaws, Indiana Jones, and Saving Private Ryan. Today, he is considered one of the most successful and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema.16. What does the text mainly talk about?A. The success of Steven Spielberg’s movies.B. How Spielberg got a directing contract.C. Spielberg’s experiences working at Universal Studios.D. How Spielberg got into the university.17. What helped Spielberg to get a job as an intern?A. His parents’ support for his choice.B. His talent in directing movies.C. His forged identification documents.D. His previous experience at a major studio.18. What can we learn about Spielberg from the text?A. He was rejected by Universal Studios at first.B. Amblin' was developed from a short film.C. He shot E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at home.D. He was already famous when he was a teenager.【答案与解析】16. 答案选 C。
杭州师范大学 2018 年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
（2）若已知A有n个两两.设 为有限维欧氏空间V上的正交变换。令
。
证明：（1） 和 都是V的线性子空间；（2） 。
9.设 为实数域上次数小于4的多项式构成的向量空间，定义 上二元运算如下
，
证明：
（1）上述二元运算是 上的内积；
4.讨论：当 取何值时，二次型 是正定二次型。
5.已知 ， ， ， 都是线性方程组
①
的解向量。
（1）求 的一个极大无关组。
（2）判断（1）中所求得的极大无关组是否是方程组①的一个基础解系；若不是，将其扩充成方程组①的一个基础解系。
6.设A是n阶方阵，证明： （其中 表示A的伴随矩阵）。
7.设 是n个实数，A是n阶方阵。
杭州师范大学
2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码：817
考试科目名称：高等代数
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
每题15分，共150分
1.将多项式 分别在实数域与复数域上分解成不可约多项式的乘积。
2.设 与 的最大公因式是一个二次多项式，求 的值。
3.求下列行列式的值： 。
（2）求在上述内积下，欧氏空间 的一组规范正交基。
10.设V是全体2阶实方阵构成的向量空间，定义V到V的映射 ：
，其中 。
（1）证明： 是V上的线性变换；
（2）当 时，分别求 的核和像的基和维数。
2018杭州师范大学硕士研究生考试真题之721中国现当代文学史
杭州师范大学2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：721考试科目名称：中国现当代文学史说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、填空题（每小题2分，共20分）1.1917年2月，陈独秀在《新青年》上发表了《》，提出要把“三大主义”作为“文学革命”的征战目标。
2.“五四”新诗运动中，胡适提出了“”的主张。
这一主张包括两个方面：一是打破诗的格律，换以“自然的音节”；二是以白话写诗，不仅以白话词语代替文言，而且以白话（口语）的语法结构代替文言语法。
3.与民主主义、自由主义文学的各自发展和演变，构成了1930年代现代文学两条基本历史线索，他们之间文艺思想上的斗争，文学创作上的互相竞争，共同活跃着1930年代的文坛。
4.胡风以“”说为基础来构筑他的文学理论体系，同时又有现实针对性地提出三个重要的观点，作为支撑其理论体系的三个支柱，即“到处都是生活”说、“精神奴役创伤”说和“世界进步文艺支流”说。
5.在五六十年代，的散文尤其注重“诗意”，善于“从一些东鳞西爪的侧影，烘托出当前人类历史的特征”。
如，由盛开的茶花而联想到祖国欣欣向荣的面貌，以香山红叶寓示历经风霜、愈老愈红的革命精神等。
6.《蔡文姬》和《》是郭沫若在五六十年代创作的两个历史剧，这两个剧本的写作动机与为历史人物“翻案”有关。
7.“文革”时广泛流传有“手抄本小说”，其中张扬的长篇《》最为出名。
8.“卑鄙是卑鄙者的通行证，高尚是高尚者的墓志铭”，这是作品《》中的诗句。
9.1984年，翟永明组诗《》（及其后组诗《静安庄》）的发表，是当时“先锋诗歌”写作的一个“事件”。
10.90年代出现了一批小说家创作的散文，如张承志的《绿风土》、史铁生的《我与地坛》、的《融入野地》、王安忆的《漂泊的语言》等。
二、名词解释题（每小题6分，共30分）1.“问题小说”2.“农民戏剧实验”3.《呼兰河传》4.“新民歌运动”5.《今天》（刊物）三、问答题（每小题20分，共40分）1.茅盾小说的艺术特质。
杭州师范大学852英语教学基础知识2018年考研真题
2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码：852
考试科目名称：中小学心理健康教育
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、单选题（每题2分，共30分）
1、理性情绪干预是20世纪60年代由美国哪位临床心理学家倡导的一种心理干预方法。（）
A、詹姆斯B、艾里斯C、奥斯本D、罗杰斯
14、下面对于休闲辅导表述错误的是（ ）
A、休闲辅导是一种隐性教育B、休闲辅导不属于心理辅导课程
C、休闲辅导是一种规划完美生活的重要方法D、休闲辅导是学生的一种自我教育
15、教育过程中人与人之间最基本、最重要的人际关系是（ ）
A、师生关系B、同伴关系C、异性关系D、以上都正确
二、名词解释（每题6分，共30分）
9、心理健康教育档案资料中的团体资料是反映团体（如学校、年级、班级）学生心理和行为特点的资料，是在学生团体资料的基础上做出的各种类别和层次的（ ）
A、团体分析B、个体分析C、特征分析D、资料分析
10、心理健康教育的学科渗透是一种（ ）
A、临时性策略B、全员性策略C、长期性策略D、个别性策略
11、下列有关小组咨询的表述错误的是（ ）
A、服务B、支持C、保护D、依据
7、有效的心理健康教育工作，不仅依赖于教育者个人的知识和技巧，更依赖于教育者优秀的（ ）
A、人格特征B、认识特征C、情绪特征D、意志特征
8、在心理健康教育的组织管理中采用全面渗透模式，是指建立与学校其他处室平行的心理健康教育办公室，直接管理者是（ ）
A、校长B、政教主任C、教务主任D、校办主任
请分析一下该同学有什Байду номын сангаас心理问题，如何对其矫治？
4、在学校心理健康教育活动设计中，使单个集体活动组成系列活动，具有主题鲜明、内容丰富的特点，这体现了（ ）
杭州师范大学课程与教学论2018年考研初试专业课真题
杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸
杭州师范大学
2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码： 851
考试科目名称：课程与教学论
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、名词解释（本大题共5小题，每小题6分，共30分）
1. 活动课程
2. 表现性目标
3. 校本课程开发
4. 文纳特卡制
5. 学生成长记录袋评价
2、简答题（本大题共4小题，每小题15分，共60分）
1. 简述隐性课程与显性课程的区别与联系。
2. 简述影响课程发展的内部因素。
3. 简述杜威教学模式的特点。
4. 简述课堂时间优化管理策略。
3、论述题（本大题共1小题，每小题30分，共30分）
自上世纪90年代末以来，儿童哲学便被引入到国内小学，但是围绕儿童是否为天生的哲学家、教师是否应具备哲学素养、为何及如何实施哲学教育等问题，教育界内部仍然存在不同的声音与看法。
请结合当前学校教育的特点与儿童精神发展的实际状况，谈谈你对“儿童哲学”的理解。
4、设计题（两题中选做一题即可；本大题共1小题，每小题30分，共30分）
根据所提供的三年级语文教材内容《孔子拜师》或五年级英语教材内容《TV
Shows》，设计一个完整的教案，要求既符合儿童心理发展特点，又体现本学科基本逻辑。
2018年考试科目代码 851 考试科目名称课程与教学论（本考试科目共 8页，第1 页）。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸
杭州师范大学
2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码： 815
考试科目名称：翻译与写作
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
I.英译汉（40分）
The object of what we commonly call education—that education in which man intervenes and which I shall distinguish as artificial education—is to make good these defects in nature’s methods; to prepare the child to receive nature’s education, neither incapably nor ignorantly, nor with wilful disobedience. In short, all artificial education ought to be an anticipation of natural education. And a liberal education is an artificial education—which has trained a man to appreciate and to seize upon the rewards which nature scatters with as free a hand as her penalties.
That man, I think, has had a liberal education who has been so trained in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and does with ease and pleasure all the work that as a mechanism, it is capable of; whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic engine, with all its parts of equal strength, and in smooth working order.
Such a one and no other, I conceive, has had a liberal education; for he is, as completely as a man can be, in harmony with nature. He will make the best of her, and she of him.
II．汉译英（40分）
何为自由？有人说就好比火车，它能够自由疾驰。
就是说火车所有零件经过最优组合、调整后，其间的摩擦会降至最小，进而实现完美配置，所以能够自由飞驰。
又有人说就好比帆船，常言道：船行水面犹如凌波微步。
也就是说，船能完美地借用风力，与上苍之息协同一致，进而扬帆远航。
当逆风而行时，伴随着海的音符，船时而屹立于浪尖，时而摇曳在风中，船的每一块材料都在颤抖，船体本身也被撼动，随时都会被风所困。
只有待风平浪静，她能再次与外力协同一致，这时她才算是自由了。
人类的自由体现为兴趣、活动、精神三者的完美协调。
III.中文写作（30分）
2018年考试科目代码 815 考试科目名称翻译与写作（本考试科目共 2页，第1 页）。