中国古代文化与社会英文综合教程 原文翻译答案

1、唐装是中国的传统服饰。从字面上看，唐装就是唐朝的服装，但是现代版的唐装与此没有任何关系，它起源于清朝的满族服饰。2001年APEC会议上各国政要身着唐装亮相，从那时起，这款新型服饰才流行起来并在国内外大受欢迎。唐装结合了中国的传统因素和西方的剪裁艺术。服装的基本造型是中式领子，对襟，手工盘扣，为了外型更美观，肩部加了衬垫。

2、上世纪70年代末，为了控制人口增长，中国开始实行计划生育政策。如今全国独生子女数量已超2亿。他们的出现给家庭成员的关系带来了许多变化。与有兄弟姐妹的孩子相比，独生子女有某些缺点，他们被称为惯坏了的“小皇帝”。但同时，他们也有一定的优势，如自尊心、独立性和自我意识较强。他们不应被视为“问题孩子”，他们是中国的未来和希望。

3、黄河，长5464千米，是中国的第二长河，世界第五长河。若把中国比作昂首挺立的雄鸡，黄河便是雄鸡心脏的动脉(artery)。在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮（cradle）”，也是中国文化发祥地。在古代，这里曾经草木茂密，植物丰盛，我们的祖先便在这块广大的土地上劳动生息。

4. 木偶戏可以说是中国最古老的民间艺术（folk art）形式之一，其历史可追溯到2000多年前。到了宋代（Song Dynasty），所有社会阶层似乎都喜欢上了木偶戏。中国的民间艺术家们使用包括木头、布、线在内的各种原材料来制作木偶（puppet）。表演木偶戏时，对话有时还伴着民歌和舞蹈。其主题一般来自于儿童故事、寓言、神话和传说。

5. 相传有一年天下闹瘟疫，八仙（The Eight Immortals）想到东海瀛洲采药解除人间的瘟疫。八位仙人约定八月十五在崂山山顶会面。会面后，各自拿出自己的宝物（charm），倚物渡海。面对烟波浩淼的大海，徐徐清风扑面而来。八位仙人说说笑笑向大海彼岸漂去。之后民间流传谚语“八仙过海，各显神通”，比喻人们做某件事情或竞赛时，各自都有一套办法或本领。

6. 中国的筷子为人类文明做出了巨大贡献。诺贝尔奖获得者李政道先生曾说：“中国人早在春秋战国时代就发明了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却高妙绝伦地应用了物理学上的杠杆(leverage)原理。”根据日本学者的研究，人在用筷子夹食物时，有80多个关节和50条肌肉在运动，并且与脑神经(cranial nerves)有关。因此，用筷子吃饭可以训练大脑。

7. 中国汉字是从图画、符号逐渐演变形成的，汉字的书写和发展过程导致了书法艺术（Chinese art of calligraphy）的产生。不同于西方的油画，中国的传统绘画有独特的表现形式。由于最早的绘画和写字均使用同样的工具，并且都是以线条为主，故有“书画同源”之说。人物画、山水画和花鸟画均为传统绘画的重要画种。中国传统绘画中一般都有题诗或题字，诗、书、画因而汇合成一个艺术整体，给人以更加丰厚的美学内涵。

8. 中国农历七月初七的七夕节相当于西方国家的情人节。牛郎织女的悲情故事赋予了这个节日浓郁的浪漫气息。传说这对被银河分开的恋人只能每年这个晚上在鹊桥上相会一次。过去，女孩会举行仪式乞求织女以获得智慧、巧手和美满婚姻。然而这些古老的传统和习惯正在逐渐消失。

9. 中国的龙崇拜有五千年以上的历史。封建（feudal）时代，龙就成为了皇权（imperial power）的象征，中国的历代帝王都自称“真龙天子”，并认为他们和龙一样神圣不可侵犯。而今天，所有的中国人都以自己是“龙的传人”而自豪。龙在中国文化中占据着重要的地位，起着重大的影响。它是国家的象征、民族的象征、文化的象征，也是一个伟大的祖国迅速崛起的象征。

10. “面子”（face/ mianzi）是中国传统文化里的一个重要概念。它在中国人的人际关系中起着非常重要的作用。中国人长期以来受提倡“和谐”的儒家思想（Confucian thoughts/ideas）的影响。对于他们来说，“有面子”是与他人维持和谐人际关系的重要方式。“没面子”或者说“丢脸”是指一个人在公开场合犯了令人尴尬的错误。而“挽回面子”则是指一个人恢复了自己的名誉。

参考译文

1. Tangzhuang is a traditional Chinese coat. Literally, it means Chinese clothes in the Tang Dynasty, but the modern version bears no relationship with the clothes of the Tang Dynasty. It evolves from a kind of Manchu clothing. Because it was worn by leaders from different countries in APEC in 2001, it became famous. From then on, this new kind of clothing has enjoyed a great popularity among Chinese people and overseas. Tangzhuang combines traditional Chinese elements and western cutting methods. Its basic style includes a Mandarin collar, front opening and hand-made Chinese knots. Shoulder pads are inserted for better fit.

2. Since the end of the 1970s, China has carried out a national family planning policy of “one couple, one child”, in order to check population growth. At present, the number of single children has grown to more than 2 billion nationwide. Their emergence has brought about many changes in relationships among family members. Compared to kids with siblings, single children have certain shortcomings, which have earned them the name of spoiled/ pampered “little emperors”. But meanwhile they have certain advantages, such as greater emphasis on self-esteem, stronger sense of independence and individuality. Instead of being referred to as “problem children”, they should be treasured as China’s Future.

3. The Yellow River, 5464 kilometers in length, is the second longest river in China and the fifth longest in the world. If China is compared to a rooster which holds up its head to stand upright, Yellow River is the rooster’s heart artery. Known in ancient history as the “mother” of the Chinese nation, the Yellow River has given life to hundreds of millions of Chinese. It’s also called the “cradle” of the nation and the birthplace of its civilization. In ancient times, the Yellow River was covered with luxuriant trees and grass, a region with an abundance of plant life where Chinese ancestors lived and worked.

4. Puppetry is perhaps one of the oldest forms of folk art in China. Its history can be dated back to more than 2,000 years ago. By the Song Dynasty, it seemed that puppetry had been enjoyed by all social classes. Folk artists in China use various kinds of materials to make puppets, including wood, cloth and wire. In performances, dialogues are carried out accompanied sometimes by folk songs and dances. The subject matter is derived mainly from children's stories, fables, myths and legends.

5. According to legend, one year there was a plague in the world. The Eight Immortals decided to go to Yingzhou in the East Sea to collect some herbal medicine to cure people. They agreed to meet on the top of Laoshan Mountain on August 15. After getting together at the appointed time, each one brought along his own unique charms which could protect them in crossing the sea. Facing a vast expanse of misty, rolling waters and fresh breeze, the Eight Immortals set out across the sea, chatting and laughing all the way. From then on, this proverb was spoken: “The Eight Immortals cross the sea, each one showing his or her special prowess.”It means that when people do something together or compete with each other, each displays his or her own ways and skills.