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施工组织设计英文文献翻译施工组织设计英语翻译模板

CONSTRUCTION PLANNINGConstruction planning is a basic and challenging activity in the management and execution of project construction. It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of resources and duration required for a single task, and the identification and definition of the interweaving of different work tasks. A good construction planning design is the basis for the budget and work plan. Even if the plan is not written or the plan is formally recorded in other ways, developing a construction planning design is a key task in construction management. In addition to these technical aspects of construction planning design, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions about the relationships between project participants, and even the relationships between organizations to be included in the project. For example, the extent to which subcontractors are used on a project is often determined during the design of the construction planning.Developing a construction planning design is a very challenging task. The planner starts with the result (that is, the design of the facility) and must synthesize the steps needed toarrive at the result. The basic aspects of construction planning design include generating the required activities, analyzing the meaning of these activities, and choosing among various other ways of performing the activities. Construction planners are also faced with the normative issue of choosing the best of many alternatives. The planner must imagine the final facility described in the plan and specifications.When designing the construction planning, it usually focuses on cost control or schedule control, as shown in the figure below.Some projects are mainly divided into expense categories with associated costs.In these cases, the construction planning design is cost or expense oriented. In the expenditure category, a distinction is made between costs incurred directly in the execution of anactivity and costs indirectly used to complete the project. For example, borrowing costs for project financing and indirect projects are often considered as indirect costs. For other projects, it is important to schedule work activities over time and to emphasize this during the planning process. In this case, planners will ensure that proper priority is maintained between activities and that effective resources are effectively scheduled. Traditional schedulers emphasize maintaining task priorities (causing a critical path scheduler) or efficient use of resources over time (causing a job shop scheduler). Finally, most complex projects need to consider both cost and schedule, so planning, monitoring, and record keeping must consider both. In these cases, the integration of schedule and budget information is a major issue.施工组织设计施工组织设计是项目施工的管理和执行中的一项基本且具有挑战性的活动。

有关施工组织设计英文译文与原文

英文译文与原文学院工程技术学院专业、班级土木工程1011 姓名杜军斌学号 ********** 指导老师刘强职称教授第一篇Civil engineering introduction papersAbstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.[key words] : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridges, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities areinseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. [1]Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, andthe structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks andTrees. The 4th century BC, 12 ~ has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through "construction" means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance China's construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and underthe upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures.[3]As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become theflesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people's in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the oceanBridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, inthe future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a more comfortable living environment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated. This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I one's life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility. Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic... But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.译文：土木工程概论摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。

施工组织设计外文文献翻译中英文.docx

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 2015, 3(2):281-294.英文原文Importance of construction organization designG BaeckerAbstractDuring the construction process of a construction project, the advantages and disadvantages of the construction organization scheme not only directly affect the quality of the project, but also have an important impact on the duration and the safety of the personnel during the construction process. The construction organization is an important technical and economic document for the project construction and guidance of project construction. Can adjust the contradiction of personnel, machinery, raw materials, environment, process, equq)ment9 civil construction, installation, management, production, etc. in construction. It is necessary to supervise and control the construction organization design so as to ensure the project quality with high quality, low cost, and lessEnergy consumption is conpleted.Key words: Project Management, Construction Organization, Program ImportanceConstruction organization design is the conception and specific arrangement of the entire construction process of the engineering construction project. It is the core and soul of the construction organization management work. Its purpose is to make the project faster, better quality, and more efficient. Make the whole project get relatively optimal results in the construction.1.The reason for the importance of the design of construction organizationThe construction project and its construction have three characteristics: fixed and fluidity, diversity and individuality, large body and long construction period. Therefore, the construction of each construction project must be carried out. This is because: The production of other general industrial products has its own fixed, long-term factory. The construction of the building is fluid, and it is impossible to establish such a factory. It is only when each construction project is constructed that a corresponding, temporary construction site preparation like thenature of the plant is employed・The unique features of construction and the characteristics of construction mobility determine that each construction project must select the appropriate equipment and labor organization. The selection of construction methods, the formulation of construction technology plans, and the organization of workforces and implements are collectively referred to as construction work capacity allocation. The characteristics of the construction cycle have determined that the supply of various labors, equq)ment and many materials and materials technologies will take a long time・ This will result in the construction and design of materials and technologies that are compatible with the overall construction schedule・From this we can see that construction organization design is very important in project management.2.The importance of construction organization designAs a product, building products play an extremely important role in project management throughout the construction process. The construction organization of the engineering construction project has a close relationship with its engineering cost. The basic contents of the construction organization design include:project overview and construction condition analysis, construction plan, construction process, construction schedule plan, and general plan of construction. There are also economic analysis and construction preparation work plans. Among them, the determination of the construction plan and construction process is more important. For examp le, the selection of construction machinery, the selection of horizontal transportation methods, the construction methods of the earthwork, the construction methods of the main structure and the selection of the construction technology all directly affect the project budget. The price changes・ Under the premise of guaranteeing project quality and satisfying the owners use requirements and construction period requirements, optimizing the construction plan and construction process is an important measure and method to control investment and reduce construction project cost2.1The construction organization plan affects the quality of the project to a great extent. Therefore, a reasonable project organization plan is not only the basis for ensuring the successful completion of the project, but also the basis for project safety. The construction organization design is an important part of theconstruction engineering design documents・ It is the main basis for prq)aring the project investment budget and the main reference for the preparation of bidding documents・ Therefore, careful construction of the construction organization will have a very important role in determining the project cost and reducing the investment in the project, which will help control the construction cost.2.2The construction organization plan is an important means for scientific management of construction activities. It has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements・ It embodies the requirements for realizing the basic construction plan and design, provides the contents of the construction preparation work in each phase, and coordinates the mutual relations between each construction work area, each construction work type, and each voluntary work in the construction process. The construction organization plan must be able to determine the basic combination of various factors of production based on the characteristics and requirements of the engineering product and the current and possible winning construction conditions. It is impossible to carry out any production without effectively solvingthe problem・・3.Index calculation and analysis of construction organizationdesignAt present, what indicators should be established in the construction organization design are not uniform and the calculation method is not standardized・ As it is a yardstick for evaluating the overall effect of construction organization design and evaluation of implementation status, it is also the basis for examining the level and effect of production, operation and management of the unit (project department) that undertakes construction. We should pay attention to the following suggestions ・3. 1 indicator system. The index system should be set up to reflect the level reached by the construction organization's design goals and provide convenience for evaluation, assessment, and implementation.3. 2 Index calculations・(1) Construction preparation period. From the start of site preparation to the full time of formal project start-up. (2) Unit project duration. The construction period arranged by the unit construction schedule・(3) Labor。

外文翻译建筑施工外文文献英文文献文献翻译

外文原文Stage of construction cost controlConstruction enterprises in engineering construction of a construction project cost management is the foundation of the enterprise survival and the development and the core of the construction stage does well the cost control to achieve the purpose of increasing earnings is the project activities more important link, this paper will carry on the elaboration to this question, so that in enterprise production and management play a directive role.So in the project construction cost control what are the content? The author through 10 years of work experience, and analysis has the following aspects: contract aspects: according to construction drawing, contracting contract as the basis, according to the requirements of the contract project, quality, progress index, compiled in detail the construction organization design, this as the basis of cost plan. The project is in the contract and the existence of the change of component project, report to. As far as possible increases the project income. Use contract rights granted reasonable increase income and reduce expenditure.technical aspects: first of all, according to the actual situation of construction site, scientific planning of the construction site layout, to reduce the waste and save money to create conditions; Based on its technical superiority, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of management personnel, and carry out the mention reasonable suggestion activities, the expansion of nearly may cost control of scope and depth.quality and security; In strict accordance with the engineering technical specifications and rules of safe operation management, reduce and eliminate quality and safety accidents, make all sorts of loss is reduced to the minimum.machinery management: according to the requirements of project scientific, reasonable selection of machinery, give full play to the mechanical performance; Be reasonable arrangement construction in order to improve the utilization rate of the machinery, reduce machine fee cost; Regular maintenance machinery, improve the integrity rate of the machinery, provide guarantee for the whole progress. For the rent must be the mechanical equipment, to improve market research touch bottom the material aspects: material purchasing should be abided by "quality, low price and short distance of the principle of" approach to correct materials measurement, serious acceptance, the maximum limit reduced purchasing management in the process of consumption. According to the construction schedule science organization the use of material plan, avoid downtime should phenomenon; Material drawing shall be strictly controlled, regular inventory, grasps the actualconsumption and the progress of the projects contrast data; For in the recovery turnover materials, sorting, completed with timely and exits, like this is advantageous to the turnover use and reduce the lease fees, and reduce the cost.and administrative management: first to streamline management institutions, avoid overstaffing, reduce unnecessary salary expenses; Control business expenses and so on each unproductive spending Numbers. The administrative office of the materials with property, all on the card USES, prevent damage and loss, and financial aspects: the financial department is an important part of the cost control, mainly through the spending review all the expenses, balance scheduling funds and establishing various auxiliary records and hard working with all department cost implementation method such as the inspection and supervision, and the engineering cost analysis of all-round and provide feedback to decision-making departments, in order to take effective measures to correct the deviation of the project cost.More from seven aspects of simple described the content of the responsibility cost management, so in the construction of how to specific implementation, which we need to master the dynamic control of the construction project cost.In short, the construction project cost control is a complicated system engineering. Construction project cost control, the need for flexible use of, the actual operation should adjust measures to local conditions, different project size, different construction enterprise, different management system have differences, but no matter how construction enterprise to manage production is the consumption of human resources, material resources and cost, guidance, supervision and regulation and restrictions译文施工阶段成本控制建筑施工企业在工程建设中实行施工项目成本管理是企业生存和发展的基础和核心，在施工阶段搞好成本控制，达到增收节支的目的是项目经营活动中更为重要的环节，本文将对这一问题进行论述，以便在企业的生产经营中起指导作用。

关于施工组织设计的外文资料翻译译文

关于施工组织设计的外文资料翻译译文摘要：建筑工程在施工过程中，施工图方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。

施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。

能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。

项目管理施工图方案重要性施工图设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。

其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。

使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。

1．编制施工图设计重要性的原因建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。

所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。

这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。

而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。

施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。

选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。

施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。

由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。

2．施工组织设计方案的重要性建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。

工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。

施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。

还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。

其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。

施工组织管理外文文献.doc

施工组织管理外文文献In the construction progress plan executes the concept analytic method and the construction organization plan, which the construction section arrangement optimizesAbstractThe construction organization plan constructs the entire process each activity technical economy Platform as the instruction, is constructs technical and the construction project management organic synthesis product, after it is the project begins to construct the activity to be able to have the foreword, to be highly effective the guarantee which, the science reasonably carries on.。

As the development of our country s economy and the consummating of market-economy system gradually. Many construction corporations are facing the much opportunity, but at the same time, they are facing much difficulty, such as profit-ratio dropping, higher technique. So ,it becomes more important to construct more reasonably to subdue the cost.After looking up much material, the author of the article has done much work, such as generalizing the system of net-plan, the effect and principle of low-construction and illuminating the means of making the construction-plan more preferential. The author also has done much work in researching the superiority way of construction-sequence deeply, based on years experience in construction management ,he start with fundamental concepts and raise the concept analysis way superiority means to line up the steps and achieve it on computer in C .Finally he adduces two project examples to verify it and explain its effect. They manifest that the means dose not only shorten the period, but 6work content, to the manpower, the fund, the material, the machinery and the job practice and so on carries on the science reasonable arrangement, in the coordinated construction between each construction, various kinds of work in a factory, the resources and the time, each item of resources reasonable relations. In the entire construction process, according to the objective technologyeconomic law, makes the science reasonable arrangement, by causes the project construction to obtain the relative most superior effect.Looked from the construction organization plan establishmentcharacteristic that, The construction organization plan is carries on theestablishment take the single project as the object, has the very strong technical nature and the comprehensive nature, needs the establishment of strength to have the enough architectural engineering rationale and the certain experience. The construction organization plan content must adapt the engineering project and the owner, the design, the overseeing special request, at the same time also must conform to the national relevant law, the laws and regulations, the standard and the place standard request. The construction organization plan establishment must satisfy a final basic request namely to get up to the construction process to the instruction and the control action, realizes theengineering project technology economic efficiency under the certain resources condition, achieved the construction benefit and the economic efficiency double win goal.The construction organization plan establishment exists at present flaw:1. at present accumulates the construction technological resource cannot obtain, the full application effectively, especially intelligence resources, this on the one hand is establishment of strength own quality and is insufficiently experienced creates; On the other hand is disseminates the channelinsufficiency not to be the result of. To the success experience that already has not carried on the model, establishes the content lacks the new technology, the new craft, to the enhancement labor efficiency, reduces the resourcesconsumption the function.2.Some construction organization plan establishments ofstrength lack of the technology rationale and the concrete construction experience, in the establishment only are imitate to the technology standard copy verbatim, but has not carried on to the concrete project characteristic has the pointed plan and the design, does not have to the instruction construction function.3.The construction organization plan must carry on the establishment to each project one by one, by adapts the different project characteristic, but the different establishment of strength while carries on the establishment work regarding the similar construction craft, has made the massive nonessential repetitions work, reduced the working efficiency.4. Now establishes the construction organization plan only took thetechnical management system a work, it mainly pursues the construction benefit but very little to consider the economic efficiency, the existence only pays great attention to the organization technology measure, but has not paid greatattention to the economical management the content, down to does not speak the cost in the implementation process, has not achieved the economic efficiency goal.5. At present the construction organization plan establishment is frequently the design and the implementation separates, down to create the construction organization plan only is a form, cannot be。

工程施工组织设计外文翻译

题目：君山二期工程施工组织设计一、外文原文：1. Design project management1.1 Choosing the planning practiceChoosing a suitable planning practice is extremely important. Introducing a pre-qualification process provides essential insights about efficiency, specialist knowledge and quality: three to five applicants receive preliminary design documents and the building programme. Then interviews are held, reference evidence examined and the practices visited on the spot. But the key features are planning quality, knowledge of materials, degree of detail, and CAD and office equipment. The ability to coordinate building and technical planning is particularly relevant.1.2 Design and authorization planningCoordination and control of the planning process and content are particularly important in this planning phase. In no circumstances should planning in China be left to the design institute alone. Regular planning and coordination meetings examine the planning process in its entirety to ensure that guidelines and standards are being met. It is important to coordinate routing and to check for collision points.1.3 Working plansRegular coordination, control and support are also required at the final planning stage. Coordinating building and technical workers within the planning team is often a weak point as well. Important details and technical specifications have to be demanded. It is not usual in China to present details on a scale of 1:20 to 1:5, and these planning features have to be insisted on; a great deal of convincing argument will be needed.1.4 Invitation to tender and tender awardsTender documents drawn up to Chinese standards are less detailed than comparable Western tender documents. Considerable importance should be attached to detailed working drawings. Drawings should be ranked before tender documents. It is not permissible to insist on specific product makes. Materials must be described neutrallyin terms of product. This means that the building firm is able to use inferior materials without the client's agreement. This often results in buildings with serious deficiencies in quality and execution. To avoid these negative consequences, architects try to go beyond the standard guidelines to prevent the use of inferior quality materials. Also, Chinese planning and industrial standards are antiquated and do not yet meet national or international standards.As a rule, five to ten firms (general contractors or firms offering individual services) are invited to tender. Often foreign firms with branches in China are invited as well. Bids from such firms come out well above those of their Chinese competitors.After the bids have been evaluated, negotiations are conducted with the most reasonable bidders. Awards are decided on the basis of reference projects, quality of execution and evaluations of special proposals. Because the subsoil is so poor, the use of deep foundations on alluvial land is widespread. To gain time, the underground engineering work can be put out to earlier tender and award to specialist buildingfirms.1.5 Building and completion phaseThe legislation requires using local site supervision and a quantity surveyor (see Chapter B 2.2). Site supervision requirements are not the same as the standard German site supervision requirements laid down in HOAI, Phase 8. Chinese site supervision practices offer the following service pattern under the headings "quality monitoring" and "safety management":- examining the working plans- quality control for building materials- quality control for building plant and equipment- building site safety- checking current building progress- examining the qualifications of the building site personnel- demanding and examining inventory documentsOnly building sites that also convey an impression of an orderly approach can produce quality and work effectively. This includes cleanliness and safety. Chinese building sites need pioneering work in this field. It does not make any sense to compel the contractor to adopt a particular working programme that runs counter to his own ideas. It is in fact advisable to make concessions in order to make best use of the available production and fitting methods. Quality control starts even in the planning phase. In the actual building phase, care should be taken to ensure that the required materials are really used, and that product-specific fitting requirements are met.The contractor can make alternative proposals to the tender standards. These are examined and approved on the basis of specimens and references. It has turned out to be worthwhile to build specimen rooms before the actual building phase starts, to test the guidelines for details and materials and introduce improvements to materials and details in good time. It is essential to check and approve the quality of finish in the form of mock-ups before production begins for facades, roof areas and other criticalparts of the building.1.6 DocumentationThe quality control process ends with the correction of faults and the start-up phase. Buildings are officially accepted in China at the point of final acceptance. The quality bureau, the fire prevention department and the environmental health office have to approve in order to ensure successful acceptance. The as-complete plans should be drawn up by the planning practice, as the building firm usually delivers these too late, and in poor quality.1.7 CommunicationIt is a characteristic feature of Chinese building projects that a large number of participants have to work together, under pressure from deadlines and cost factors, on the basis of differing information from various locations. This creates the necessity for a "digital platform" that gives those involved in the project access to up-to-date documents and the ability to communicate with the same aims in mind and to keep up with the work as it needs to be done. But the project management team should have access to central scheduling and work monitoring, including reporting. These systems link those involved in the project, control the workflow, and distribute news, documents and information.2 Planning and building costs2.1 Quantity surveyingChinese quantity surveyors provide the same services as their English model. Quantity surveying is the generic term for cost planning and cost control. Quantity surveying includes tender award and contract management, both of which are part of the cost control process. The quantity surveyor is commissioned by the client directly and assists with planning and controlling project investment. He represents the client's financial interests throughout the entire course of the project. During the realization phase the quantity surveyor evaluates the level of work completed so that part payments and supplementary demands can be fixed, assists in warding off complaints, or evaluates and negotiates with the company over justifiable additional demands.Effective cost control is carried out within the project management framework. All the costings are noted in a cost monitoring system. Cost monitoring is not a passive system. Precise project control means that cost changes can be identified even in the initial phase. Causes and effects of measures affecting costs are conveyed to the project management team at an early stage so that counter-measures can be introduced where necessary.Cost reduction opportunities are largely exhausted by the end of the planning phase.The diagram makes it clear that realization decisions made in the early planning phases crucially influence fixing the cost framework. The importance of control increases when planning is concluded and during the realization phase.Despite the overwhelming volume of investment by Western standards, professional cost and schedule control rarely occurs in China. Moreover, clients who are commercially successful and put a great deal of money into building projects often have no knowledge of how to implement and control planning and building work, and often rely on their experience in other industries. Even though the predominant Chinese enterprise culture is not comparable with the Western world, professional project management will be indispensable in future if building investment is to accomplish its aims.二、外文译文：1.1选择一个切实可行的规划方式选择一个切实可行的规划方式是很重要的。

对土建工程施工组织设计管理研究外文文献

Study on organization design and management of civilengineering constructionAbstract:This article mainly carries on the analysis and the research to the civil ngineering construction organization design management, hoped for our country Civil engineering construction enterprises to provide useful suggestions.Key words: Civil Engineering; construction organization; design management At present, China's entire social system and civil engineering construction nterprises are in continuous development, and enterprises still have many problems in construction management, affecting the normal operation of construction enterprises on-site construction work. Only a detailed analysis of these problems, find the causes of the problems, to put forward the countermeasures, in order to facilitate the construction of the day in an antidote against the disease, reducing .Less contradiction. The following will be a detailed study of the civil engineering construction organization design management.1. analysis of the importance of civil engineering constructionorganization design managementStrengthening can enhance the construction conditions of the civil engineering construction organization design and management, according to the construction schedule in advance for unified planning and arrangements, to ensure the smooth construction of the project and the normal day after put into use. The construction, organization, design and management of the project can be strengthened, and some situations in the project can be predicted in advance, so as to establish relevant protective measures, so as to create better conditions for the construction of the project. In addition, to strengthen the management of construction organization design, the design and construction of various elements of the project can be unified arrangements and integration, for the future construction of the site to lay the foundation. In addition, it can better promote and coordinate the work between construction units and other units. The construction organization design and management level is not only a true reflection of objective reality, but also can obtainthe application and implement in construction, so as to ensure the normal operation of the construction project, and achieved better effect, create economic benefits for enterprises.2. civil engineering construction organization design managementpresent situation analysis2.1 the problems existing in the process implementationAt present, China's construction market is in the process of continuous development and improvement, the establishment of relevant systems is not perfect, and still needs continuous improvement. In the construction organization design specific implementation of the main problems include: first, did not correctly deal with the length of construction period and the quality of the project and the relationship between security. Most of the time the construction unit to complete the project within the stipulated time, as compared to the duration of the project, but the quality of the project is not very seriously, even some time to rush period, the construction units for the construction personnel to work overtime, ignore the security personnel and adequate rest. The relationship between the right people can't handle project quality and the construction technology management personnel and engineering departments, do not establish credibility for the technical quality management personnel, once the engineering quality problems, will all the blame for the technical quality management personnel, the technical management personnel appear negative emotions. The individual unit leaders always have the luck of quality and safety problems, and they think there will be no quality and safety problems, but in fact, quality and safety problems often occur. The reason why there will be such a problem, because the relationship between the construction units to the construction period, quality and safety are not processed, simply pursue the economic interests of the enterprise, not according to the construction organization design requirements, but take it as a decoration, to cope with the job. In fact, the three itself is closely related to quality management efforts must be on the project cost, but also increased the difficulty of construction, this will inevitably affect the length of construction period. Therefore, many units in order to reduce construction costs and shorten the construction period, we can only reduce the quality management requirements. Forthe long-term development of the enterprise, the construction unit should correctly handle the relationship between the three, so as to achieve relatively perfect management measures.2.2 technical staff capacity issuesWith the rapid development of the national economy, the petrochemical industry began to develop gradually, which brought more favorable conditions for construction enterprises, and also expanded the scale of construction units. But in fact, the technical management level of construction units has not kept pace with the development of the times. Technical staff of professional ability has an important influence on the establishment and implementation of construction organization design, many enterprises in order to meet the construction needs, give managers a multitasker, making the management of mental and physical exhaustion, coupled with the construction of a large part of the staff did not undergo professional training to participate in the construction of the building in the project, can not guarantee the quality. The construction of the project involves a variety of construction techniques, requiring the staff involved in the construction to have a strong Professional ability and technical level, so as to provide better quality guarantee for construction in construction. But on the current situation, it is difficult to carry out capacity training and quality improvement for engineers and technicians in a short period of time. It can not be completed overnight. Therefore, enterprises must step up professional training for engineers and ensure that they have professional qualifications for construction.2.3 problems in documentation The construction organization design in the current lack of pertinence, first of all, due to the technical personnel of the lack of professional knowledge and lack of experience, resulting in the preparation of technical measures in detail, while others neglected, usually take the method of copy, not according to the actual situation of engineering to prepare. Secondly, in the process of compiling, the staff did not make a detailed study of the scene and drawings, so that the content of the preparation was not practical and lacked pertinence. In addition, many of the construction organization design is designed to cope with the inspection. Because our construction law expressly provides that the construction units in the construction must be prepared to guide the construction ofthe construction organization design. It is because of this policy makes many of the units in order to rush period, as soon as possible to meet the requirements of construction, pay close attention to all the time the organization staffing, but sometimes the time is urgent, the design document is incomplete, which makes the construction organization become a decoration.3. civil engineering construction organization design managementproblems solving countermeasuresIn civil engineering, the construction organization design management can realize the comprehensive analysis and design of civil engineering, and it is also an important guidance document in construction. To improve the work of construction organization design can not only give full play to the internal potential, but also can create better for the construction of the economic and social benefits, to help enterprises gain a firm foothold in the fierce competition in the market environment.3.1 correctly handle the relationship between duration, quality and safetyThe relationship between the processing time, the right to quality and safety, both leaders and staff should establish a unified goal and thought. In the process of construction organization, we should strictly comply with the requirements of the construction organization design, each step strictly comply with the system requirements. At the same time, under the premise of guaranteeing the construction period of the construction unit, the quality is strictly controlled, and safety management is carried out. You can't just watch the heavy industry and ignore the quality of the project. Not to rush period and increase the labor intensity of workers, this will only make the emergence of security issues. In addition, the construction unit leaders should conscientiously implement the project construction organization design requirements, the quality of the project can not be reduced or mobilized, nor can we ignore the safety technical aspects of the capital investment.3.2 improve the overall quality of construction personnelThe development of an enterprise, whether it is construction or management part needs to have high quality management personnel, management personnel and so the construction organization design of civil engineering, only has a highly skilled,high-quality personnel, in order to ensure the quality and safety of construction projects fundamentally. To enhance the overall quality of construction personnel, the first thing to do is to increase the management system of enterprise personnel, both in the system or in the follow-up implementation process should be strengthened management. At the same time should be appropriate to improve the management of wages, treatment on the promotion of staff can effectively enhance the work of enthusiasm, so as to work harder in the post struggle. In addition, efforts should be made to strengthen the training and assessment of the quality of personnel within enterprises and encourage them to actively join in the construction of the line. Through a variety of professional skills training or knowledge seminars, etc., so that staff can understand the relevant legal knowledge and industry regulations, and enhance the overall quality of staff.3.3 construction organization design managementFirst of all, the construction enterprises can not copy ready-made provisions in the management of construction organization design, major problems and coping in building factors were clearly marked, and a brief introduction to the operating method of the project. Secondly, we should work out a more specific construction plan, which should clearly indicate the progress of the project requirements, but also should be related to the quality of staff and construction techniques and other related suggestions. Again, should highlight the construction content, construction organization design, should carries on the detailed analysis of the construction of the main project, because the main construction of the project quality, safety and progress have obvious effect. In addition, the construction of the adverse circumstances may be analyzed and predicted, the establishment of emergency measures system to ensure the smooth construction of the project.3.4 strengthen supervision systemConstruction units should constantly strengthen the construction of enterprise systems, in strict accordance with national standards and regulations to improve the internal management system. In the process of construction site supervision, site construction personnel should be in accordance with the requirements of the construction organization design, consciously fulfill their duties, not because of thepressure of the owners to reduce the quality of the project requirements. In addition, attention should be paid to the construction period, safety and quality of the relationship between the three, supervision, attention to the safety of construction personnel, good coordination between departments, as far as possible to create better conditions for construction.4. conclusionThere are many factors that affect the design management of civil engineering construction organization, facing the constantly changing requirements of management object and management, only to strengthen the preparation of construction organization design attention, to make the construction organization design should play their own utility in engineering, at the same time for the project to improve the quality and the economic development of enterprises to create better benefits. In the construction, to overcome all difficulties, strictly abide by laws and regulations, and through reasonable design and standardized construction to enhance the enterprise's core competitiveness, and help enterprises stand firm in the market.对土建工程施工组织设计管理研究摘要：本文主要对土建工程施工组织设计管理进行了分析和研究，希望为我国的土建施工企业提供有益的建议。

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、 steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ , Ⅲ , Ⅳ grade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinforcing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2 must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy.Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ , Ⅲ grade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil building and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ , Ⅲ grade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，随着国民经济的快速、持久发展，各种钢筋混凝土建筑结构大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大的发展。

施工组织设计外文文献翻译最新译文

文献出处: Phillip Yetton. The Study of Construction Organization Design [J]. International Journal of Project Management, 2015, 9(2): 33-43.原文原文The Study of Construction Organization DesignAuthor: Phillip YettonAbstractBuilding construction is a complex work, huge building products, the production cycle is long, is a collection of architectural art, architecture, function, structure, decoration, water supply, power supply, intelligent system for a wind. Need to complete a project unit, type of work well together, and in the process of implementing, also under the influence of various subjective and objective conditions around. In order to meet the quality, cost, time limit for a project, under the premise of safety goal task to complete a project, must according to the requirement of the construction unit and the characteristics of the proposed construction project, the various raw materials on the basis of full investigation, compile an used to guide the whole process of technology, economy and management of project construction comprehensive document, this document is the construction organizationKeywords: Construction; Organization design; Project cost1 IntroductionConstruction organization design is a construction project for the object establishment, to guide the project bidding, construction contracts, construction preparation, construction installation until the whole process of the final acceptance of the technology, economy and management comprehensive document, is to ensure that project smooth implementation effective programmatic document. Construction organization design is proper or not, will directly relate to the quality of the proposed construction project, cost, time limit, safety, etc. The smooth realization of the intended target. With the development of The Times, modern engineering project scale and the demand is higher and higher, project management has become increasingly complex, and the construction organization design also put forward higher requirements. The construction organization design, construction organizationdesign in the bidding documents, also known as technical standard, but the construction organization design not only contains the content of the constructiontechnology, but also covers the project management and investment control, is acomprehensive document. In the beginning used for planned economy in our countrys construction organization design, during the course of decades of operation, tostandardize the project management has played a vital role. At present, theconstruction organization design has become a indispensable in the bidding and the construction of the organization of a file. But in the process of establishment and implementation of the construction organization design, try to guide due to lack of special specifications, different regions, different enterprises of different construction organization and design of the proposed requirements, combined with different construction enterprise management level, the differences between the technology and equipment, and personnel quality, leading to the establishment and management of construction organization design is uneven, at present still exist, such as the contents stylized, generalization, and perform a series of problems such as too casual, these are seriously affecting the normal role in the construction organization design and construction enterprise trans-regional management bring certain difficulties.2 Construction organization designs of the application and developmentIn 1928, the Soviet union in the process of building the Diaper river hydropower station, construction personnel compiled the first relatively complete construction organization design, through the implementation has obtained the remarkable result, then set up the specialized research institute for the study of the theory of the construction organization design and promotion to the practice of project management step by step. In the 1940 s, the United States will develop the first atomic bomb mission as a project to manage, named "Manhattan project", but only pay attention to the project management plan and coordination. Appeared in the late 1950 s, the United States on the key route method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT), and other new technology, marked the project management method has formed some scientific system, but this time is mainly used in national defense industry. Will promote system research project management as a discipline began inthe 1960 s, in Europe as the main body of international project management association (IPMA) and American project management institute (PMI) in which alarge amount of effective work, in order to promote the development of projectmanagement has played a positive role. In the 70 s of the 20th century, projectmanagement rapidly around the world, the application scope is from the military andaerospace project extended to the general civil projects. In addition to plan, coordinate,control, project management of contracts, progress, safety, cost, quality, risk, etc are given more attention, gradually formed the framework of modern project management. At present, the project management to become the international architectural project construction management general form.In the field of engineering construction, the appearance of many new changes in the construction organization and management: the project legal person responsibility system, the establishment of the system of bidding and project supervision system, combining government guidance price and the market price of construction market price reform, such as "FID1C contract conditions", computer application as the core of the development of modern management mode, etc., this a series of changes have put forward the new requirements of construction organization design, construction organization design is a new trend of development. Main show is: combined with design; With the advanced construction technology, construction method; The widely used of computers and network, the development trend of construction organization design, is to meet the needs of the construction enterprise market share. In a word, the requirement of the construction contract and the requirements of the construction enterprise benefit maximization.3 The basic theory of construction organization design3.1 The construction organization design task and roleConstruction organization design is planning to guide the whole process from construction preparation until the completion inspection and acceptance of the proposed construction project of the technology, economy and management of comprehensive files. It should reflect the design and use requirements of the proposed construction project on the one hand, on the other hand and accords with the objectivelaw of construction, the construction process have the effect of strategy or tactics. Overall planning, formulation of construction organization design must fully considerthe actual situation and construction of the proposed construction projectcharacteristics, scientific and reasonable organization construction, make full use ofspace, time and other factors, the use of advanced construction methods andconstruction technology, strive for with the minimum consumption of manpower andmaterial resources and other resources to obtain the best economic benefits.3.2 The content of the construction organization designAccording to the engineering properties, scale, structure characteristics, technicalcomplexity, construction conditions and demands of the construction unit, the depth ofthe construction organization design and content is also different, but a complete profile should include compilation basis, project construction organization design, construction deployment, construction progress plan, construction preparation and resource allocation plan, main construction scheme, construction site layout and construction management plan, etc.Compilation basis is an important part of the construction organization design, isto determine the construction organization design, the premise of other content on thebasis of accurate or not is related to the establishment can work smoothly and the quality is good or bad, related to the construction organization design can better play the role of guidance in the construction. Project summary is equivalent to the total of the proposed construction project, this paper mainly introduces general situation of engineering construction, the professional design and construction conditions. Deployment of construction is the construction organization design of the programmatic document, is to the whole project implementation process to make overall planning and reasonable arrangement, including project managementorganization, project management goal, the construction task partitioning, the period of the division of water and the construction process, key and the difficulty in the construction and countermeasures, etc. The construction organization design construction deployment for other content, you need to write. Construction schedule plan is to ensure to achieve the goals of the construction period, starting and endingtime of various construction process of the construction sequence, and the mutual connection relationship of overall planning and arrangement, generally in the form ofcrossing graph or network graph to express, is the basis of all kinds of resourceallocation plan, etc.4 The implementation of the construction organization designThe compilation of construction organization design is only for theimplementation of the proposed project provides a feasible scheme. How the plan detailed technical and economic effect, but also must through the implementation of the project to verify. The enforcement of the construction organization design, which will develop a plan of the static scheme, in a constantly changing dynamic construction environment, whether the inspection effect to the expected goal. So the construction organization design and implement of far-reaching significance for the realization of the project goals should do the following several aspects:4.1 Clarification construction organization designAfter the construction organization design has been verified, before formallystarted to make a detailed technical clarification step by step and fill in the"construction organization design disclosure form". Disclosure by clarification will,written disclosure forms, such as focus on the content of the construction organization design, requirements, difficulties and guarantee measures step by step to implement down, at the same time for all involved in the project construction under the guidance of related units in total control, to develop a more detailed work plan, ensure the implementation of the construction organization design.4.2 Improve the system of enterprise managementPractice has proved that construction organization design can be implementedsmoothly, to a large extent depends on the construction enterprise technology,management of quality and enterprise management level, establish and perfect the management system of the construction enterprises of various or not is the sign of enterprise quality and staff level. Only by construction enterprises to establish and perfect the reasonable management system and strictly enforced, to ensure the normal implementation of construction projects, ensure the smooth implementation ofconstruction organization design.4.3 Establish strict appraisal systemConstruction enterprises shall implement situation of the construction organization design into construction project assessment category, clear the responsibility of the personnel at all levels, set up technical and economic contract responsibility system, in the process of construction inspection on the implementation of construction organization design, construction technology, economic responsibility and material interests of the worker, such as the calculation technology progress prize, the time limit for a project in advance award, etc., to ensure that comprehensively implement the construction organization design.4.4 To be prepared for constructionConstruction preparation is important to ensure the smooth implementation of the construction organization design. In order to ensure the smooth construction of the engineering and the normal conduct of construction activities, not only before the start, and in the whole construction process is to do well the preparation of the corresponding human, material and financial resources, actively for the construction of the project is to create favorable conditions, the construction of the initiative, guarantee the construction systematically, thus ensuring the construction organization design be carried out in a timely manner, improve the construction enterprise economic benefits and social benefits.译文译文施工组织设计问题研究施工组织设计问题研究Phillip Yetton摘要摘要建筑工程施工是一项复杂的工作，建筑工程施工是一项复杂的工作，建筑产品体积庞大，生产周期长，是一个建筑产品体积庞大，生产周期长，是一个集建筑艺术、建筑功能、建筑结构、装饰装修、供水供电、釆暖通风、智能系统为一身的综合体。

施工组织设计中英文外文文献翻译.docx

外文文献翻译文献出处：Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 2015,3(2):281-294.英文原文Importance of construction organization designG BaeckerAbstractDuring the construction process of a construction project, the advantages and disadvantages of the construction organization scheme not only directly affect the quality of the project, but also have an important impact on the duration and the safety of the personnel during the construction process. The construction organization is an important technical and economic document for the project construction and guidance of project construction. Can adjust the contradiction of personnel, machinery, raw materials, environment, process, equipment, civil construction, installation, management, production, etc. in construction. It is necessary to supervise and control the construction organization design so as to ensure the project quality with high quality, low cost, and less Energy consumption is completed.Key words: Project Management, Construction Organization, Program ImportanceConstruction organization design is the conception and specific arrangement of the entire construction process of the engineering construction project. It is the core and soul of the construction organization management work. Its purpose is to make the project faster, better quality, and more efficient. Make the whole project get relatively optimal results in the construction.1.The reason for the importance of the design of construction organizationThe construction project and its construction have three characteristics: fixed and fluidity, diversity and individuality, large body and long construction period. Therefore, the construction of each construction project must be carried out. This is because: The production of other general industrial products has its own fixed, long-term factory. The construction of the building is fluid, and it is impossible to establish such a factory. It is only when each construction project is constructed that a corresponding, temporary construction site preparation like the nature of the plant is employed. The unique features of construction and the characteristics of construction mobility determine that each construction project must select the appropriate equipment and labor organization. The selection of construction methods, the formulation of construction technology plans, and the organization of workforces and implements are collectively referred to as construction work capacity allocation. The characteristics of the construction cycle have determined that the supply of various labors,equipment and many materials and materials technologies will take a long time. This will result in the construction and design of materials and technologies that are compatible with the overall construction schedule. From this we can see that construction organization design is very important in project management.2.The importance of construction organization designAs a product, building products play an extremely important role in project management throughout the construction process. The construction organization of the engineering construction project has a close relationship with its engineering cost. The basic contents of the construction organization design include: project overview and construction condition analysis, construction plan, construction process, construction schedule plan, and general plan of construction. There are also economic analysis and construction preparation work plans. Among them, the determination of the construction plan and construction process is more important. For example, the selection of construction machinery, the selection of horizontal transportation methods, the construction methods of the earthwork, the construction methods of the main structure and the selection of the construction technology all directly affect the project budget. The price changes. Under the premise of guaranteeing project quality and satisfying the owner's use requirements and construction period requirements, optimizing the construction plan and construction process is an important measure and method to control investment and reduce construction projectcost.2」The construction organization plan affects the quality of the project to a great extent. Therefore, a reasonable project organization plan is not only the basis for ensuring the successful completion of the project, but also the basis for project safety. The construction organization design is an important part of the construction engineering design documents. It is the main basis for preparing the project investment budget and the main reference for the preparation of bidding documents. Therefore, careful construction of the construction organization will have a very important role in detennining the project cost and reducing the investment in the project, which will help control the construction cost.2.2The construction organization plan is an important means for scientific management of construction activities. It has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It embodies the requirements for realizing the basic construction plan and design, provides the contents of the construction preparation work in each phase, and coordinates the mutual relations between each construction work area, each construction work type, and each voluntary work in the construction process. The construction organization plan must be able to determine the basic combination of various factors of production based on the characteristics and requirements of the engineering product and the current and possible winning construction conditions. It is impossible to carry out any production without effectively solving the problem..3.Index calculation and analysis of construction organization designAt present, what indicators should be established in the construction organization design are not uniform and the calculation method is not standardized. As it is a yardstick for evaluating the overall effect of construction organization design and evaluation of implementation status, it is also the basis for examining the level and effect of production, operation and management of the unit (project department) that undertakes construction. We should pay attention to the following suggestions.3. 1 indicator system. The index system should be set up to reflect the level reached by the construction organization's design goals and provide convenience for evaluation, assessment, and implementation.3. 2 Index calculations. (1) Construction preparation period. From the start of site preparation to the full time of formal project start-up. (2) Unit project duration. The construction period arranged by the unit construction schedule. (3) Labor imbalance coefficient. The ratio of the peak number of construction period to the average number of people. (4) Reduce the cost. Technical organization measures to lower the cost of price results. (5) Reduce the cost rate. The percentage of cost reduction in contracted costs. (6) The degree of construction mechanization. The ratio of the completion value of mechanical construction to the project contracting cost. (7) The degree of factory construction. Prefabrication plant (quarry, quarry) The ratio of the completed production value to the engineering contracting cost. (8) Proportion of temporary engineering investment. The ratio of all temporaryengineering investment and project contracting cost. (9) Proportion of temporary engineering expenses. All Temporary Project Cost Reducing Ratio of Charges and Engineering Contract Costs.3.3 Indicators Analysis. Compared with the historical actual level of similar projects, the construction organization design index can evaluate the effect of the construction organization design; The comparison of indicators of different construction organization design schemes can be used to optimize the program; The weighted values of previous indicators of the same type of previous projects can be analyzed, which can be used as the future The basis of bidding.4.Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of a socialist market economy, the competition in the construction market has become increasingly fierce, and the objective situation has become increasingly demanding for construction companies. Not only does it require higher requirements in terms of technical equipment, personnel quality, and construction organizers, but it also faces new challenges in engineering economic management. In the rigorous construction market situation, some construction companies did not actively take response measures and did not update or train employees1 professional skills. The management level of science and technology is quite backward. In addition, it did not pay enough attention to the preparation of auditing construction organization design. Therefore, the following common situations will occur:4.1There is no preparation of auditing before the commencement of the construction of the organization design: do not engage in the layout of the construction plan, the material indiscriminately put. There are no guarantee measures for the shipment of earth moving in and out, mechanical equipment, unplanned labor demand, project quality, and safe construction. The phenomenon of wasting waste from workers is serious and the management level is low.4.2Whether it is a professional to compile the construction organization design: In order to deal with the inspections of the superior department and supervision unit and Party A, the construction personnel shall design the construction organization design on behalf of the construction worker or the information officer. Because the data was not known about the current constnjction management but was recently arranged by the leadership, it had to be created and dealt with indiscriminately.4.3The level of construction organization design is low: Some construction companies do not understand the importance of the construction organization in the construction process, write down the subitem construction process, draw the floor plan, and the project schedule, and they think that it is the constmction organization, designed.4.4Technology Abandonment Economy: A considerable number of construction enterprise units are preparing the construction organization design. Only pay attention to the technical measures of each sub-project in the construction organization. The content of the economic indicators of the。

施工组织设计英语文献翻译

Importance of construction organization designSummary:Construction work in the construction process, the construction organization scheme will not only directly affect project quality, duration and safety also has an important impact in the construction process. Construction organization projects and mentoring inconstruction of key technical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction people, mac hines, materials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, pro duction and other conflicts , monitoring and control of the construction organization design , scien tific and reasonable assurance the completion of project of high quality, low cost, low energy cons umption.Key words:Project management construction management programme the importance Construction organizat ion design is the idea of the whole construction process of engineering construction project ideas a nd specific arrangements, organization and management of construction work is the heart and soul . Its aim is to enable high speed, high quality, efficiency. Engineering-best results when working in construction as a whole.1． Because of the importance of preparation of construction organization design Architectural engineering and construction with a fixed and liquidity, diversity and one-piece, for m a large and long construction period the three characteristics. Therefore, each construction engin eering construction organization design of construction must be carried out. This is because other general industrial products have their own fixed, long-term application factories. Building constru ction is characterized by mobility, impossible to build such a plant, only when each of the construc tion, and establishing an appropriate, provisional, as factory construction site preparation, namely, site. Constructioncharacteristics and construction of single pieces of mobility features, decided to select appropriate equipment for each construction and labor organizations. Construction technology of construction method of selecting, developing programmes and labour organizations and equipment configuratio n, collectively known as operation capacity configuration. Construction cycle features determines the labour supply of many material, equipment and technology is a long time, which raises the tota l progress plan of construction material that is appropriate for the construction organization design of technology content. It can be seen that is of considerable importance in construction organizati on design in project management.2 .Importance of construction organization designConstruction products as a commodity and engineering quality in project management plays a vita l role in the entire construction process. Construction organization design and engineering cost of construction projects has a close relationship. Construction organization design of basic content: p roject overview and analysis of construction conditions, implementation plan, construction technol ogy, construction progress plan and general plan of construction. Further economic analysis and c onstruction preparation plans. , Scheme and construction technology in construction of more impo rtant , such as : levels of selection, selection of transport method of construction machinery, earth-moving construction method and construction method and construction technology of main structu re of choice and so on , are directly affecting the estimated project price changes. In ensuring proje ct quality and meet the owners subject to the requirements and duration requirements , optimizingconstruction scheme and construction technology are important measures to control investment and reduce project cost and means.2.1 Construction organization scheme is to a large extent affect project quality, reasonable constru ction programme is not only to ensure that the basis for successful completion of the construction, safety basis. Construction organization design is an important part of construction design documen ts, is the main basis for preparation of the project investment budget and preparation of tender doc uments, the main frame of reference. Therefore, good job in construction organization design, corr ectly determine project cost, reduce engineering investment, thus enabling to control project cost would have a very important role.2.2 Construction organization plan of construction activities is an important means of implementing scientific management, it has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It r eflects the requirements of implementing the capital master plan and design provides all phases of construction preparation, coordination of construction during the construction project, the construc tion trade, the relationship between voluntary. Construction organization scheme must be accordin g to the product's characteristics and requirements, based on existing and possible securing constru ction conditions, realistic, determine how the basic combination of various factors of production, d oes not solve problems, it is impossible for any production.3 Construction design calculation and analysis of indicators Construction organization design sho uld be to establish which indicators are not unified, calculation or specification. Because it is the e valuation of construction organization design of the overall assessment of the effectiveness and the status of implementation, as well as project construction units ( project ) production and managem ent levels and to test the effectiveness of the basis. Must be given to, and made the following com ments.3 .1 Index system. Sets as far as possible reflect the construction organization design of index syst em of the target level of, and to facilitate the evaluation, examination, implementation.3 .2 Index calculation. (1) construction preparation phase. Starting from site preparation to the offi cial project for all time. (2) project duration. Arranged by unit engineering construction progress pl an of construction. (3) labour imbalance coefficient. During peak and the average ratio of the num ber of. (4) reduce the cost amount. Technical measures to reduce the cost of results. (5) reduce the cost rate. Cost reduction percentage of total contract costs. (6) construction mechanization. Mecha nical construction completed production and engineering contract cost ratio. (7) the level of indust rial construction.Precast factory ( sand excavation, quarries ) completed production and engineering contract cost ra tio. (8) the investment proportion of temporary works. All temporary works investment and engine ering contracts cost ratio. (9) cost of temporary works. All temporary works cost recovery fees and contract cost reduction ratio.3.3 Indicator analysis. Construction organization design of indicators as compared to similar proje cts historical actual levels, can assess the impact construction organization design; different indicat ors of construction organization design in contrast to optimum programme; analysis of the weighte d numerical indicator of previous similar projects could serve as a reference for future bidding aga in.4 Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of the Socialist market economy , building increasingly fierce market com petition , objective conditions on the construction enterprise requirements getting higher and higher. Not only in terms of technical equipment, quality of personnel, organizer of construction put for ward higher requirements, but also in engineering economics and management work engineering b udget and settlement also faces new challenges. Strict construction market situation, some constru ction companies do not have a positive response , had no update on staff expertise and training. Sc ience and technology management level quite backward. And for the preparation of construction o rganization design of audit did not attract enough attention. Therefore, there will be several comm on scenarios:4.1 Before commencement of construction organization design of auditing has not been prepared : not to engage in the construction of floor plans , materials of rubble lying around. Earthwork out of transport, machinery and equipment, quality of labor demand planning, engineering, constructio n without guarantees of security. Caused the serious waste of idling , lower levels of management.4.2 Is the professional preparation of construction organization design: to cope with higher autho rities and supervision units, the customer shall check and construction construction organization d esignfor information or addendum. Because the information simply don't know about now, construction management and leadership has recently arranged, had to make up indiscriminately to deal with.4.3 Low levels of construction organization design preparation: some construction units, do not understand the importance of construction organization in the construction process, write about th e construction process, draw a floor plan, project schedule , is considered to be construction organi zation plan.4.4 Abandoned technology economy: a considerable number of units at the time of preparation of construction organization design in construction enterprise. Only importance to the construction of the project of technical measures. Content does not take into account economic indicators , leadin g to projects completion settlement of disputes continue , causing economic losses. Therefore, the management of construction organization design: (1) the introduction of dynamic m anagementConstruction process, inevitably will encounter unexpected problems, such as impact, natural fact ors such as design changes, change field programmes of each stage of the construction process adj ustments must therefore be based on dynamic management of engineering field, not suitable for co nstruction organization design section must be modified, supplemented, optimization, to reach the established goal.(2) Implementation of hierarchical managementProject law construction of introduced, management layer and job layer separation, and fixed wo rkers gradually reduced of situation, will leads total contract and points package of phenomenon, b id units from past of directly management, and directly technology low-down, becomes indirect m anagement, and indirect technology low-down, therefore should according to construction organiz ation design for tiered management, clear total package and points package units, and managemen t layer and job layer of technology permission, and duties and work program.5 ． Closing remarksIn the construction of the project, be sure to oversight and control of the construction organization design to ensure project construction in order to prevent construction organization design of forma lity. Progress of the construction organization design of project quality, security, strong measures o f protection. In conditions of considerable resources to achieve economic benefit of the project an d achieve the win-win purpose construction and economic benefit.施工组织设计的重要性摘要：建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。

施工组织设计英文文献翻译

施工组织设计英文文献翻译Construction Organization Design - English Literature TranslationConstruction organization design is an essential aspect of construction project management. It involves the planning, coordination, and control of various activities and resources to ensure the successful execution of a construction project. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the concept by translating relevant English literature on the subject.1. IntroductionConstruction organization design refers to the systematic arrangement of responsibilities, authorities, communication, and resources within a construction project. It aims to optimize project performance while considering factors such as project objectives, scope, constraints, and available resources.2. The Importance of Construction Organization DesignEfficient construction organization design is crucial for the successful completion of a construction project. It helps in optimizing resource allocation, reducing project delays, improving communication, and enhancing overall project performance. A well-designed construction organization structure ensures that project tasks are assigned to the right individuals or teams, thereby maximizing productivity.3. Factors Influencing Construction Organization DesignVarious factors influence the design of construction organization, including project size, complexity, location, contractual agreements, and stakeholder requirements. The project manager must assess these factors and develop an organizational structure that fosters effective coordination, communication, and collaboration among project participants.4. Construction Organization Design ApproachesSeveral approaches can be adopted for construction organization design, depending on the project's unique characteristics. These include functional, project-based, matrix, and hybrid organizational structures. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and the selection depends on the project's specific requirements.4.1 Functional OrganizationIn a functional organization, employees are grouped based on their areas of expertise, such as engineering, procurement, and construction. This structure promotes specialization and allows for efficient resource utilization. However, it may result in limited communication and coordination between functional units.4.2 Project-Based OrganizationIn a project-based organization, teams are assembled specifically for each project. This structure promotes effective communication and coordination among team members. However, it may lead to duplication of resources and increase project costs.4.3 Matrix OrganizationThe matrix organization combines the functional and project-based structures. It involves a dual reporting system, where employees have both functional and project managers. This approach enhances communication and coordination while maintaining functional expertise. However, it can also create conflicts between functional and project managers.4.4 Hybrid OrganizationA hybrid organization structure is a customized approach that combines elements from various organizational structures. It allows for flexibility and can be tailored to meet the specific needs of a construction project. The hybrid structure may combine functional, project-based, or matrix elements.5. Challenges in Construction Organization DesignDesigning an effective construction organization structure is not without challenges. These challenges include the need for interdepartmental coordination, the dynamic nature of construction projects, changing stakeholder requirements, project uncertainties, and cultural differences among workers. Project managers must address these challenges to ensure the smooth functioning of the construction organization.6. ConclusionConstruction organization design plays a vital role in the successful execution of construction projects. It involves the systematic arrangement of responsibilities, communication, and resources, considering various project factors. The choice of organizational structure depends on factors such as project size, complexity, and stakeholder requirements. By addressingchallenges and adopting a suitable organizational structure, project managers can optimize project performance and achieve project objectives.In conclusion, construction organization design is a critical aspect of construction project management. This article aimed to provide an understanding of the concept by translating relevant English literature. It discussed the importance of construction organization design, factors influencing the design, different approaches, challenges, and the significance of effective organization design in construction projects.。

隧道施工外文文献及翻译

隧道施工外文文献及翻译附录二外文参考文献及翻译NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major andConstruction TechnologyW.BroereI.The NATM Design Principle1.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development processSince the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand, thus the underground works of the study of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, all up in the excavation and retaining two key processes. How excavation, it will be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effectively ensure stability and facilitate the cavern excavation. This is the tunnels and underground works two promote each other and check each other's problems.Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems.A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional "load relaxation theory." Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shoring structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load iswithin a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principe's and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the thinking is still widely used to.Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or "rock for the theory." Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their own self-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more modern theory, it is already out of the ground works to consider the ideas, and underground works closer to reality, the past 50 years has been widely accepted and applied. demonstrated broad development prospects.Can be seen from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representation method.2. NATMNATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles.NATM concept of filibustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Professor age of 50. It was based on the experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete combination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other countries, many practical and theoretical study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground works with a very rapid development, have become modern tunnels new technologies landmark. Nearly 40 years ago, the railway sector through research, design, construction combining, in many construction of the tunnel, according to their own characteristics successfully applied a new Austrian law, made more experience, have accumulated large amounts of data, This is the application stage. However, in the road sector NATM of only 50%. Currently, the New Austrian Tunneling Methodalmost become weak and broken rock section of a tunnel construction method, technical and economic benefits are clear. NATM the basic points can be summarized as follows : （1）. Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. To this end, the construction of sub-section should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.（2）. In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supporting structural strength, Stiffness and its participation in the work of the time (including the closure of time) to control the deformation of the rock mass.（3）. In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration.（4）. Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day.（5）. To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the follow-up to load, use composite lining.（6）. Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security.NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : "less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight."3．With a spring to understand the principle NATM（1）. Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (stress self-respect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K,P0 under compression in a state of equilibrium.（2）. Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of the poor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to prevent landslides instability. Equivalent to the Spring of deformation u, in the role of PE is now in the midst of a state of equilibrium.（3）. By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium; Spring in the event of deformation u, PE in the role they will be in equilibrium, assuming spring elasticity of K, were : P0=PE+KuDiscussion :(1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic;(2) when u ↑, PE ↓; When u↓, PE ↑. That is, rock deformation occurred, the release of some of the load (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity for self. Is an economic support measures, the rock self-stability P=P0-PE=Ku;(3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe.4. Points（1）. Rock cavern excavation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials.（2）. Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground.（3）. Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.II. The new Austrian highway construction in the basic methodNATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences,Supporting the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the project and supporting structure of the economy and so on. The author of commitments (Chengde) Chek (Chifeng) East Maojingba Tunnel NATM basic construction method for investigation concluded, synthesis of a new highway tunnel Natm the selection of different types and the basic characteristics of the construction methods and tips.1. A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and engineering quality at the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors to consider in selection.When choosing the method for tunnel construction on the surrounding environment negatively affected, should also be a tunnel, the environmental conditions as the method to choose one of the factors, taking into rock changes the method and the applicability of the possibility of change. Tunnel project to avoid mistakes and unnecessary increase investment in public works. NATM new construction, we should also consider the entire process of construction of auxiliary operations and changes in the surrounding rock to measure control methods and the tunnel through special geological lots of construction means for a reasonable choice.2. New Austrian Tunneling Method program New Austrian Tunneling Method used all methods can be divided into sections, Division level and the three major types of excavation method and some changes in the program.(1) Full-face method. That whole section excavation method is based on the design of an excavation face excavation molding. Excavation order is its full face excavation, steel bracing, pouring concrete lining. Often choose to IV-VI Class Rock Hard Rock Tunnel, which can be used blasting deep hole.Excavation whole section of the law is a larger space operations, introducing supporting large mechanized operations, improving the speed and process small, less interference and facilitate the construction organization and management. Excavation is due to shortcomings in the larger, lower relative stability of rock, and with each cycle of the relatively large workload,it requires the construction units should have a strong excavation, transport and slag out and support capability, Maojingba VI : Class V rock used in the full-face excavation to achieve the desired results.Full-face excavation face, drilling and blasting construction more efficient use of deep focus to accelerate the excavation blasting speed, and the rock blasting vibration frequency less conducive to a stable transfer rocks. The drawback is every deep hole blasting vibration larger. Therefore require careful drilling and blasting design and strict control of blasting operations.Full-face excavation method is the main process : the use of mobile carts (or platforms), the first full-face a bored, and installed a line, and then drilling platform car outside 50m back to a safe place and then detonate, Blasting to make a shape out after drilling Jardine car again moved to the excavation face in place, began a cycle of drilling and blasting operations, Anchor sprayed simultaneously supporting or after the first arch wall lining.(2) step method. Step method of design is generally divided into sections on the half-section and the lower half section two excavation molding. Excavation order is its first half excavation arch bolt jet concrete bracing, arch lining, the central part of the second half of excavation, sidewall of excavation, concrete wall jet bolt support and lining. The more applicable to the II, III and soft joint development of the surrounding rock, which were used Tim change program.Long-step method : The next stage distance away, on the general level above 50m ahead, Construction can be assigned to the Department of next larger machine with parallel operations, when mechanical deficiencies can be used interchangeably. When the case of a short tunnel, the upper section will be all dug later, and then dug under the section, the construction of which less interference, single process can work.Short step method : on the stage length 5-50m apply to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock can be shortened Invert closing time, Supporting improve early stress conditions, but larger construction interference, in the event of Soft Rock need to consider carefully, Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the excavation excavation face, in order to ensure the safety of construction.Ultrashort step method : The only step ahead 3-5m, section closed faster. The method used for the high level of mechanization of various rock section, in the event of the siege softrock when required careful consideration. Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the construction excavation face to ensure the safety of construction.Excavation level of character is the first step to using light excavation drilling machine drill a hole, rather than through large drilling platform car. Two step method of excavation operations with sufficient space and a faster rate of construction. Level is conducive to the stability of excavation face. Especially Excavation in the upper, lower operational safety. Three step method of excavation is the next shortcomings of operations interfere with each other. It should be noted at the bottom of the upper operational stability, level of excavation will increase the number of country rock.(3) Segment excavation method. Excavation Law Division can be divided into five changes in the program : Excavation Division level, from top to bottom hole lead, heading advance on the excavation, single (double) and lateral pit method. Excavation will be conducted Section Division excavation by the Ministry of shape, and to advance some of excavation, it may be called derivative ahead excavation pit method.Law Division level : general application or soil collapse easily lots of soft rock, with its advantages - stage method, height can be lengthened, the two-lane tunnel for a hole-fold, cycling Road Tunnel - hole 2 times; rather than single (double) PENDANTS Heading a high degree of mechanization, can accelerate the progress of the projects.The next heading advance excavation method (that is guided pit wall first arch) : This Act applies to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock. in the soft ground tunneling, to be adopted next general guide advance excavation pit wall first arch Act. Its advantages are : Heading advance excavation, the use of proven geological conditions in advance to facilitate change in the method. Face to facilitate started procedures applicable to the labor arrangements for the use of small machinery and construction. The drawbacks : The next section will guide small, slow construction and construction processes more, construction and management difficult.Unilateral-arm pit Law : rock instability, the tunnel span larger, ground subsidence is difficult to control when using this method. Its characteristics are : a positive step and arms Heading Act advantages.Bilateral arm Heading law : in large-span shallow tunnels, surface subsidence require strict, especially poor rock used. Advantages of this method are : Construction of safe, reliable, but slow construction, high cost.III.The main tunnel construction technology1. Cave construction :（1）excavation slope around :Lofting total station measurements, the use of excavators from top to bottom, paragraph by paragraph excavation, not the amount of excavation or the end of next overlapping excavation, remove pits with the above may slump topsoil, shrubs and rock slopes, rock strata of slope excavation needs blasting, Discussion should focus mainly loose blasting. Also partial artificial finishing, when excavation and inspection slope of slope, if sliding and cracking phenomenon and slowing down due slope.（2）.Cheng Tung-supporting :Yang Brush Singapore Singapore after the completion of timely inspection plate slope gradient, the gradient to pass the inspection, the system set up to fight time anchor, and the exposed bolt heads, hanging metal based network expansion and bolt welding into first overall. Linked network immediately after the completion of shotcrete and repeatedly jet until it reaches the thickness of the design so far.（3）.as of gutter construction :Yang slope away from the groove 5 meters excavation ditch interception, interception gutter mainly mechanical excavation, artificial finishing, after dressing, 7.5# immediately masonry made of mortar and stones, and the floor surface with mortar.2. Auxiliary construction :（1）A long pipe roof :Sets arch construction : construction Lofting, template installation, assembling reinforcement, the guidance of lofting 127 installation guide, concrete pouring.Pipe specifications : Heat Nazarbayev Seamless Steel Tube ￠108 mm and a thickness of 6 mm, length of 3 m, 6 m;N pipe from : Central to the distance 50 cm;N Inclination : Elevation 1 ° (the actual construction works by 2 °), the direction parallel with the Central Line;N pipe construction error : Radial not more than 20 cm;N tunnel longitudinal joints within the same section with more than 50% adjacent pipe joints staggered at least a meter.A. pipe roof construction method :Lofting accurate measurement personnel, marking the centerline and the vault out of its hole elevation, soil excavation reserved as a core pipe roof construction work platform Excavation footage of 2.5 meters, after the end of excavation, artificial symmetrical on both sides of excavation (Commodities H) platform, level width of 1.5 meters, 2.0 meters high, as construction sets and pipe arch shed facilities drilling platform. Pipe-roof design position should be and it should be a good hole steel tube, grouting after playing non-porous tube steel, non-porous tube can be used as pipe inspection, Grouting quality inspection, drill vertical direction must be accurately controlled to guarantee the opening hole to the right, End each drilling a hole is a pipe jacking, drilling should always use dipcompass drilling pipe measuring the deflection, found that the deflection over design requirements in a timely fashion. Pipe joints using screw connection, screw length 15 cm, to stagger the pipe joints, odd-numbered as the first section of the introduction of three-meter steel pipes and even numbered the first section of pipe using 6 meters, After each have adopted six-meter-long steel pipe.B. pipe roof construction machinery :N drilling machinery : XY-28-300 equipped with electric drill, drilling and pipe jacking long shelf;N grouting machine : BW-250/50-injection pump two Taiwan;N using cement-water glass slurry. Mud and water volume ratio 1:0.5; water glass slurry concentration of water-cement ratio 1:1 silicate 35 Baume; The efficacy silicate modulus pressure grouting pressure early pressure 2.0MPA 0.5~1.0MPA; end.（2）. a small catheterA. small catheter used ahead diameter of 42 mm and a thickness of 3.5 mm thermal Nazarbayev seamless steel tubes, steel pipe was front-tip, Welding on the tail ￠6 stiffening brace and the wall around the drilling hole grouting 8 mm, but the tail of a meter without grouting holes and Advance Construction of a small catheter, the tubes and the lining of the centerline parallel to 10 ° -30 ° Chalu into the rock arch. penstocks to 20-50 cm spacing. Each was over a steel tubes, should be closed immediately shotcrete excavation face and thengrouting. After grouting, erecting steel Arch, Supporting the early completion of every (2-3 meters, and the paper attempts to be) another one for steel tubes, Advance small catheter general lap length of 1.0 meters.B. Grouting parameters :N water slurry and water glass volume : 1:0.5;N slurry water-cement ratio 1:1N 35 Baume concentration of sodium silicate; The efficacy silicate modulusN grouting pressure 0.5~1.0MPA; if necessary, set up only orifice Pulp Cypriots.（3）. bolting ahead : The Chalu must be greater than 14 degrees, grouting satiated and lap length is not less than 1 meter.3.Correcting construction :Embedded parts used by the Design Dimensions plank make shape design, installation in contrast snoop plate car, and position accuracy (error ± 50CM), the firm shall not be fixed, you must be in possession of the wire through the middle wear.4. Leveling ConstructionInstallation templates, at the request of both sides leveling layer calibration position to install template. Side-channel steel templates used [10#, top elevation with a corresponding length of the road elevation unanimously to allow deviation ±2mm. adjusted using the standard measurement to determine elevation. Every template fixed a certain distance from the outside to ensure that no displacement, the joints template close comfort, not from a slit, crooked and formation, and the bottom connector templates are not allowed to leak plasma. Concrete before reperfusion, the bottom surface of concrete must be clean. When the concrete arrived at the construction site directly installed backward mode of the road bed, and using artificial Huabu uniform. Concrete paver should be considered after the earthquake destroyed the settlement. Unrealistically high can be 10% higher, Lan is the surface elevation and design line. Concrete earthquake destroyed at or anywhere near the corner with plug-Lan Lan pound for pound order; Flat-Lan pound for pound crisscross comprehensive Lan, Inside each location is no longer the time for concrete sinks, no longer emitted large bubbles, and the surface of cement mortar later. normally no less than 15 seconds, also should not be too long; Then Chun-pound beam along the longitudinal Lan-pound trailer, With redundant Chun-pound concrete beams were dragged shift Trim, Dixian Department should keepleveling Lan facts. Finally, the diameter 75~100mm rolling seamless steel pipe for further leveling. Just do prohibited in the surface spraying water, and threw cement.5. Water, cable duct constructionInstall groove wall reinforcement of location accuracy, the line must be linked to the construction. Install groove wall purity, the purity requirements of accurate location, a vertical line. Dyadic greatest degree of not more than 3 mm, and template-Ditch The top-pronged, pass the inspection before the concrete reperfusion, on the side of the original wall must pick hair, and embedded parts to the location accurately. Template using stereotypes purity.6.Gate ConstructionCleared the site for construction layout. By design size requirement dug-wall basis. M7.5# masonry made of mortar and stones.Template installation, location accuracy requirements purity, a vertical line, and timely inspection template slope. Concrete pouring 15 # Riprap concrete, concrete strength to be more than 70% for Myeongdong vault backfill.Myungdong vault backfill should hierarchical compaction said. The typical thickness of less than 0.3M, both backfill surface height difference of not more than 0.5M. restored to the vault after the pack to design hierarchical compaction high, the use of machines rolling, Ramming must manually filled to vault over 1.0M before mechanical compaction .7 .Construction safety and environmental controlEntrance to wear helmets to prevent crashes, in which the speed limit 5KM, lighting must be a 10-meter lights reckless goods stored material must be standardized and distributed under special guard.Spoil venues must be smooth drainage, and must be masonry retaining wall to prevent flooding, debris flow forming.8. The construction process has to tackle the problems :Construction of two liner after water seepage treatment :Small cracks with acrylic, water or slurry coating of epoxy resin and other caulking, a good effect; On the larger cracks, available on the 10th of cement mortar or cement mortar expansion caulking more appropriate and effective;Large cracks (crack width greater than 5MM), (if leakage of water, available along the cutting machine cutting a wide cracks around 2~4CM small groove depth approximately10CM above the water, Cutting a 5 × 5CM Cube holes room, then insert a pipe 4 × 4CM MF7 plastic Blind groove, Cutting together into good pressure tank, the introduction of vertical water drains, Finally, cement and water Glass closed mixed mortar cutting groove) without seepage, it is appropriate epoxy mortar, or grouting, Reinforced concrete and other reinforced jet.IV. Example projectsNATM is from the introduction of the bolt and shotcrete a category of "active" support the new technology to promote the use began. Soon, the Chinese engineer on the tunnel not only in substance but also in terms of acceptance of the new Austrian law. To be held in China in the tunnel and underground engineering academic meeting, the new Austrian capital has become a hot topic.Engineers of the new Austrian law relishes is justified : the use of new Austrian law, has been successful in soft rock and difficult conditions of the construction of various types of underground works.Built on loose sand gravel stratum of Beijing Subway allowed back of the tunnel is a typical example. The tunnel is located in the main street-256, 358m long, the largest excavation section 9m high, 14.5m wide coverage stratigraphic top of the tunnel only minimum thickness 9.0m. Tunnel boring machine of excavation, strengthen the grid arch shotcrete initial support and advance small catheter care, Without prejudice to ground transportation, underground pipelines to ensure the safety of construction success.In the works is the experience, knowledge of the Chinese engineers, the use of new Austrian law principles can be used in the Mountain Tunnel Mine Act to expand the scope of application of the soft rock, even in the fourth strata of municipal shallow tunnel to replace the traditional method of digging or shield. In China, such a method called "shallow mining method."Following allowed back lane tunnel, gravel in the same folder of alluvial gravel layer is shallow mining method used to build the span of 21.67m in the Xidan MTR stations.Changan Avenue in the construction of the new Beijing metro line projects, shallow mining method has been selected as the main method of construction. For example, the Tiananmen Square in Beijing Metro West Point, 226m long, for two double-pole structure.Guangzhou Metro East is shallow mining method used in the construction. Experience shows that from the ground environmental protection, surface subsidence of the dug system and the cost and time period perspective, Shallow Mining Act of open or with the shield are compared with a competitive edge.Chinese engineers from Europe to the introduction of the new Austrian law, and in light of China's situation of the new Austrian law, and related technology expanding means of support, such as, measurement and control technology was further developed. As a new Austrian law an important background shotcrete technology in China has been widely used. With the international situation, in order to resolve the long-troubled people of dust pollution of the environment. Rebound serious and concrete uneven quality of such issues, and is vigorously implementing the wet spray. Recently by the China Academy of Railway Sciences Southwest Branch of the development of a "Rotor-Piston," a new type of jet aircraft. This type wet spraying process, which is to include the machines Mix Concrete Preparation good product mixture, However, material handling is different from the general-pumping wet spraying machine, using thin stream conveyor. Therefore machines compact and easy to use. Has been popularized in this country.It is no exaggeration to say that the new Austrian law implementation has indeed caused a mining method in the construction of the excavation, Construction of the tunnel design, and even the thinking of the major changes. Nevertheless, it should be said that China's implementation of the new Austrian law is not satisfactory. In many works was no lack of examples of failure. In addition to construction management, quality control and technology related to grasp, and other reasons, is the main tunnel engineers sometimes NATM real lack of a proper understanding.For the "new Austrian law," the connotation of the word, people have an understanding of the development process. Just as the term itself - New Austrian Tunneling Method expressed in the , the new Austrian founder of the first as it is with a new supporting the tunnel construction method proposed. It was subsequently found that, NATM will stick to a particular method or specific technical support to implement it will be very much constrained. So, in some literature emphasized that the new Austrian law is a "concept" and "philosophy", "principle" or "channels" instead of a fixed concrete construction method or technology. Clarify this point, has important practical significance. Indeed, in some projects, As copy。

项目工程施工组织设计方案英文文献翻译

Construction of the Project Management of the importance of organization designAbstract: The construction organization is a construction project and guide the importanttechnical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction workers , machinery, raw materials, environment, technology, equipment, construc tion, installation, management, production and other conflicts, to supe rvise the construction and control of organizational design in order to ensure scientific and rational project high-quality, low cost, less the completion of energy.Keywords: project management; construction organization; design; importan ce Construction design and project construction is an i mportant document guiding construction, construction enterprises are abl e to high-quality, high speed, low cost, low consumption of completed building projects to ensure effective measures, but also strengthen the management, the importance of improving economic efficiency means, is also properly handle the construction workers, machinery, raw mat erials, methods, environment and technology and equipment, civil works and installation of collaboration, consumption and supply, management and production and other kinds of contradictions, scientific and rat ional, planned and orderly , the equilibrium organization of productio n and an important guarantee for project construction.With the establishment of socialist market economy, an increa singly competitive construction market, the objective situation of cons truction enterprises have become increasingly demanding, not only in t echnology and equipment, personnel quality, the construction put forwar d higher requirements of the organizers, and engineering economic mana gement Pre-settlement work in the project is also facing new challeng es. Strict construction market situation, some construction companies a re not actively taken measures, professional and technical staff is n ot updated, training, science and technology management level is very backward, with the preparation of construction design review did not attract enough attention, so there will be the following common sit uations:(1) audit is not compiled before the start of construction or ganization design: not to pursue the construction of floor plans, mat erials, cluttered, moving out of import of machinery and equipment, u nplanned demand for labor, quality, security, construction without assu rance measures, resulting in nest Workers serious waste management low er.(2) whether it is the preparation of construction design profe ssionals: In order to cope with the higher authorities and supervisor y agencies, Party member or check the information to the construction workers on behalf of the Code construction design, because the data simply do not know right now who is a leading construction managem ent recent arrangements, had casually made up, just go.(3) the preparation of the low level of construction organizat ion design:Some construction units, construction organizations do not understand t he importance of the construction process, to write about the sub-con struction process, draw a floor plan, schedule progress, it regarded construction organization design.(4) to abandon technology economy: a considerable number of co nstruction enterprises in the preparation of construction organization design, construction organization which only concerned the various sub-project of the technical measures, without considering the sub-project aspects of economic indicators, leading to the completion of settlem ent disputes about economic loss.[Example 1] in a district of Nanning City, the life of a dormitory building to be a form of water renovation project, but bec ause the dormitory was built in the eighties, has been twenty years, the owners between buildings without authorization of their own debr is occupied the public space of normal channels, resulting in too na rrow passage between two buildings, traffic problems, so the resulting need for manual handling of construction materials to construction s ites, construction materials are stated not to enter the venue and r equest for additional materials secondary transportation fee, Party A will not sign recognition, resulting in economic losses. If the const ruction units in the field before the start of the investigation, ca refully review the preparation of construction design and engineering contract be described in the notes, you can reduce unnecessary troubl e.[Example 2] of a residential building project excavation, const ruction site is not large, the construction unit construction with co nstruction design, but no earth survey program, no excavation of the slope coefficient of discharge, nor the accumulation of pre-construct ion earthwork calculation, the original machine in the pit excavation uppercut on it, because there is no construction design survey on the ground, resulting in ruptured a nearby residential building to th e water, resulting in increased costs of grading required to show th ere is no clear , resulting in a Jixietaiban increase moving away m ore, but also back when the backfill backfill, resulting in construct ion enterprises in the economy by the economic loss in vain.[Example 3] Construction of a residential building products business in the construction process, when preparing to start constructio n organization is very simple, even the template sub-project calculati ons are not, in the basement of the construction of the installation template template installation height of 5 m, maximum beam for the 600 ×1200, thickness 250, in the erection of experience by the workers under their erection, supervision and acceptance can not be a cceptance of the results, but also re-checking, the results support t he strength of pole did not meet the template requirements of a ful l return to work. Rework the economic losses can be imagined.Such as steel is now more fitting to discuss the situation, the tender list or did not say by welding sleeve, you said in the welding construction organization, it can talk with the sleeve const ruction of a visa; Earthwork and temporary facilities in the Shih gr oup calculated as long as the excess of the quota rules set paved the way is part of the claim. The problem is now that this file i s isolated, not construction, not cost, because it is not targeted.The above three examples fully show that the construction de sign in the construction process as well as pre-settlement project pl ays an important role, not only organized the construction of organiz ational design, guiding production role in the objective economic mana gement has become a very important can not be ignored component. Construction design is the arrangement of a construction company build ing a comprehensive technical and economic documentation of constructio n products. The depth of the content of their preparation, can be d ivided into construction design, construction organization design, const ruction design outline and so on.Meaning: in order to process the entire project imple mentation macro-control. Complete the construction of a sub-organization design should include: project overview, construction methods, quality assurance measures, manpower and machinery plan and guarantee measure s, construction of network diagrams, and bar charts, safety measures, details of resources, energy conservation measures, construction perio d to ensure measures.Implementation of the project in the construction of the ses sion, the price of construction projects through the construction draw ings to determine the general preparation of the budget, the determin ation of the construction contract price, engineering and project fina l settlement price to determine price and other processes. Constructio n design of which is the main factor of the project cost, therefore , project cost management, construction design must pay close attentio n as an important link in this regard should address the following two aspects of the relations.Fixed construction budget to reflect the actual constructionof each sub-part of the construction process of each project componen t of labor, materials, Jixietaiban consumption standards. It is to id entify and control the construction and installation cost base; is to design technical and economic comparison, based on technical and eco nomic analysis; is the construction unit based on the analysis of ec onomic activities; the preparation of bidding price, bidding price of the base; is the preparation of the fixed budget and estimates bas ed on indicators; is construction drawing budget, project contracts, p roject budget and project an important basis for final prices, but t he budget is fixed under normal construction conditions, the majority of the construction unit to the current level of machinery and equ ipment, the reasonable construction period , construction technology, l abor organizations based on each sub-part of the preparation of the consumption of the project. However, construction of the project there are many special cases in which sub-part of the project constructio n method is not necessarily the same under a fixed budget, as curre ntly stipulated in the budget scale, "based on construction design OK " and so on. Such as "consumption of fixed construction Guangxi Zhua ng Autonomous Region", the earth and stone work on the manual calcul ation rules. Trenchdigging, earthwork grading time required to "construction design" shall be calculated, "construction design" no clearly defined, put the slo pe coefficient by a fixed proportion of the implementation of the pr ovisions.Construction projects with construction design is closely re lated to project cost. The basic construction design includes: project overview and analysis of construction conditions, construction program s, construction technology, construction schedule, construction general layout. There are economic analysis and construction preparation work plan. Among them, the construction program and construction process is more important to determine, for example: the choice of construction machinery, horizontal transport method of choice, moving the main st ructure of the construction methods and construction methods and const ruction technology of choice, etc., are a direct impact on project b udget price changes. In ensuring the quality and meet the owners req uirements and schedule requirements of the premise, optimize the const ruction program and construction process is to control the cost of i nvestment projects and reduce the importance of measures and means.Construction design is not only an important guiding document production and management activities, preparation of construction plan s is an important basis for the budget. Therefore, the construction unit leaders before the start of the unit project to tissue engineer ing, materials and equipment, industrial scale, economic planning, project cost and other personnel to seriously familiar with the drawings, in-depth on-site field survey of the technical and economic organiza tional measures. Project cost in the preparation of construction desig n is directly related to the economic interests of enterprises, becau se, in the project cost management and implementation of the provisio ns of the budget scale, the cost of personnel staff plays the role of business manager in charge; in the bidding and construction cont ract, the cost commissioned by the enterprise legal person can be us ed as the legal representative of the agent, the exercise of powers conferred by enterprise legal person; in the construction and budget work, supervision plays a role in the economy. Therefore, the full cost of in-house staff not only understands technology, understand t he policy, but also understands the role of legal expertise and is prepared well construction design and improve an important aspect of economic efficiency of enterprises, but also works to overcome and av oid an economic dispute settlement reasonable and effective way.Finally, the construction organization of this document is very important, it is the technical and economic documents. Constructi on of the project, be sure to supervise the construction and control of organizational design to ensure the project's construction order, to prevent the construction design a mere formality. Engineering con struction design is the quality, safety, effective measures to guarant ee progress.浅谈项目管理中施工组织设计重要性摘要:施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。

隧道施工外文文献及翻译

附录二外文参考文献及翻译NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major andConstruction TechnologyW.BroereI.The NATM Design Principle1.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development processSince the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand, thus the underground works of the study of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, all up in the excavation and retaining two key processes. How excavation, it will be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effectively ensure stability and facilitate the cavern excavation. This is the tunnels and underground works two promote each other and check each other's problems.Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems.A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional "load relaxation theory." Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shoring structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principe's and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the thinking is still widely used to.Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or "rock for the theory." Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their ownself-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more modern theory, it is already out of the ground works to consider the ideas, and underground works closer to reality, the past 50 years has been widely accepted and applied. demonstrated broad development prospects.Can be seen from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representation method.2. NATMNATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles.NATM concept of filibustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Professor age of 50. It was based on the experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete combination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other countries, many practical and theoretical study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground works with a very rapid development, have become modern tunnels new technologies landmark. Nearly 40 years ago, the railway sector through research, design, construction combining, in many construction of the tunnel, according to their own characteristics successfully applied a new Austrian law, made more experience, have accumulated large amounts of data, This is the application stage. However, in the road sector NATM of only 50%. Currently, the New Austrian Tunneling Method almost become weak and broken rock section of a tunnel construction method, technical and economic benefits are clear. NATM the basic points can be summarized as follows : （1）. Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. Tothis end, the construction of sub-section should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.（2）. In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supporting structural strength, Stiffness and its participation in the work of the time (including the closure of time) to control the deformation of the rock mass.（3）. In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration.（4）. Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day.（5）. To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the follow-up to load, use composite lining.（6）. Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security.NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : "less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight."3．With a spring to understand the principle NATM（1）. Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (stress self-respect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under compression in a state of equilibrium.（2）. Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of thepoor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to prevent landslides instability. Equivalent to the Spring of deformation u, in the role of PE is now in the midst of a state of equilibrium.（3）. By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium; Spring in the event of deformation u, PE in the role they will be in equilibrium, assuming spring elasticity of K, were : P0=PE+KuDiscussion :(1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic;(2) when u ↑, PE ↓; When u ↓, PE ↑. That is, rock deformation occurred, t he release of some of the load (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity for self. Is an economic support measures, the rock self-stability P=P0-PE=Ku;(3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe.4. Points（1）. Rock cavern excavation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials.（2）. Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground.（3）. Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.II. The new Austrian highway construction in the basic methodNATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the project and supporting structure of the economy and so on. The author of commitments (Chengde) Chek (Chifeng) East Maojingba Tunnel NATM basic construction method for investigation concluded, synthesis of a newhighway tunnel Natm the selection of different types and the basic characteristics of the construction methods and tips.1. A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and engineering quality at the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors to consider in selection.When choosing the method for tunnel construction on the surrounding environment negatively affected, should also be a tunnel, the environmental conditions as the method to choose one of the factors, taking into rock changes the method and the applicability of the possibility of change. Tunnel project to avoid mistakes and unnecessary increase investment in public works. NATM new construction, we should also consider the entire process of construction of auxiliary operations and changes in the surrounding rock to measure control methods and the tunnel through special geological lots of construction means for a reasonable choice.2. New Austrian Tunneling Method program New Austrian Tunneling Method used all methods can be divided into sections, Division level and the three major types of excavation method and some changes in the program.(1) Full-face method. That whole section excavation method is based on the design of an excavation face excavation molding. Excavation order is its full face excavation, steel bracing, pouring concrete lining. Often choose to IV-VI Class Rock Hard Rock Tunnel, which can be used blasting deep hole.Excavation whole section of the law is a larger space operations, introducing supporting large mechanized operations, improving the speed and process small, less interference and facilitate the construction organization and management. Excavation is due to shortcomings in the larger, lower relative stability of rock, and with each cycle of the relatively large workload, it requires the construction units should have a strong excavation, transport and slag out and support capability, Maojingba VI : Class V rock used in the full-face excavation to achieve the desired results.Full-face excavation face, drilling and blasting construction more efficient use of deep focus to accelerate the excavation blasting speed, and the rock blasting vibration frequency less conducive to a stable transfer rocks. The drawback is every deep hole blasting vibration larger. Therefore require careful drilling and blasting design and strict control of blasting operations.Full-face excavation method is the main process : the use of mobile carts (or platforms), the first full-face a bored, and installed a line, and then drilling platform car outside 50m back to a safe place and then detonate, Blasting to make a shape out after drilling Jardine car again moved to the excavation face in place, began a cycle of drilling and blasting operations, Anchor sprayed simultaneously supporting or after the first arch wall lining.(2) step method. Step method of design is generally divided into sections on the half-section and the lower half section two excavation molding. Excavation order is its first half excavation arch bolt jet concrete bracing, arch lining, the central part of the second half of excavation, sidewall of excavation, concrete wall jet bolt support and lining. The more applicable to the II, III and soft joint development of the surrounding rock, which were used Tim change program.Long-step method : The next stage distance away, on the general level above 50m ahead, Construction can be assigned to the Department of next larger machine with parallel operations, when mechanical deficiencies can be used interchangeably. When the case of a short tunnel, the upper section will be all dug later, and then dug under the section, the construction of which less interference, single process can work.Short step method : on the stage length 5-50m apply to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock can be shortened Invert closing time, Supporting improve early stress conditions, but larger construction interference, in the event of Soft Rock need to consider carefully, Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the excavation excavation face, in order to ensure the safety of construction.Ultrashort step method : The only step ahead 3-5m, section closed faster. The method used for the high level of mechanization of various rock section, in the event of the siege soft rock when required careful consideration. Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the construction excavation face to ensure the safety of construction.Excavation level of character is the first step to using light excavation drilling machine drill a hole, rather than through large drilling platform car. Two step method of excavation operations with sufficient space and a faster rate of construction. Level is conducive to the stability of excavation face. Especially Excavation in the upper, lower operational safety. Three step method of excavation is the next shortcomings of operations interfere with each other. It should be noted at the bottom of the upper operational stability, level of excavation will increase the number of country rock.(3) Segment excavation method. Excavation Law Division can be divided into five changes in the program : Excavation Division level, from top to bottom hole lead, heading advance on the excavation, single (double) and lateral pit method. Excavation will be conducted Section Division excavation by the Ministry of shape, and to advance some of excavation, it may be called derivative ahead excavation pit method.Law Division level : general application or soil collapse easily lots of soft rock, with its advantages - stage method, height can be lengthened, the two-lane tunnel for a hole-fold, cycling Road Tunnel - hole 2 times; rather than single (double) PENDANTS Heading a high degree of mechanization, can accelerate the progress of the projects.The next heading advance excavation method (that is guided pit wall first arch) : This Act applies to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock. in the soft ground tunneling, to be adopted next general guide advance excavation pit wall first arch Act. Its advantages are : Heading advance excavation, the use of proven geological conditions in advance to facilitate change in the method. Face to facilitate started procedures applicable to the labor arrangements for the use of small machinery and construction. The drawbacks : The next section will guide small, slow construction and construction processes more, construction and management difficult.Unilateral-arm pit Law : rock instability, the tunnel span larger, ground subsidence is difficult to control when using this method. Its characteristics are : a positive step and arms Heading Act advantages.Bilateral arm Heading law : in large-span shallow tunnels, surface subsidence require strict, especially poor rock used. Advantages of this method are : Construction of safe, reliable, but slow construction, high cost.III.The main tunnel construction technology1. Cave construction :（1）excavation slope around :Lofting total station measurements, the use of excavators from top to bottom, paragraph by paragraph excavation, not the amount of excavation or the end of next overlapping excavation, remove pits with the above may slump topsoil, shrubs and rock slopes, rock strata of slope excavation needs blasting, Discussion should focus mainly loose blasting. Also partial artificial finishing, when excavation and inspection slope of slope, if sliding and cracking phenomenon and slowing down due slope.（2）.Cheng Tung-supporting :Yang Brush Singapore Singapore after the completion of timely inspection plate slope gradient, the gradient to pass the inspection, the system set up to fight time anchor, and the exposed bolt heads, hanging metal based network expansion and bolt welding into first overall. Linked network immediately after the completion of shotcrete and repeatedly jet until it reaches the thickness of the design so far.（3）.as of gutter construction :Yang slope away from the groove 5 meters excavation ditch interception, interception gutter mainly mechanical excavation, artificial finishing, after dressing, 7.5# immediately masonry made of mortar and stones, and the floor surface with mortar.2. Auxiliary construction :（1）A long pipe roof :Sets arch construction : construction Lofting, template installation, assembling reinforcement, the guidance of lofting 127 installation guide, concrete pouring.Pipe specifications : Heat Nazarbayev Seamless Steel Tube ￠108 mm and a thickness of 6 mm, length of 3 m, 6 m;N pipe from : Central to the distance 50 cm;N Inclination : Elevation 1 ° (the actual construction works by 2 °), the direction parallel with the Central Line;N pipe construction error : Radial not more than 20 cm;N tunnel longitudinal joints within the same section with more than 50% adjacent pipe joints staggered at least a meter.A. pipe roof construction method :Lofting accurate measurement personnel, marking the centerline and the vault out of its hole elevation, soil excavation reserved as a core pipe roof construction work platform Excavation footage of 2.5 meters, after the end of excavation, artificial symmetrical on both sides of excavation (Commodities H) platform, level width of 1.5 meters, 2.0 meters high, as construction sets and pipe arch shed facilities drilling platform. Pipe-roof design position should be and it should be a good hole steel tube, grouting after playing non-porous tube steel, non-porous tube can be used as pipe inspection, Grouting quality inspection, drill vertical direction must be accurately controlled to guarantee the opening hole to the right, End each drilling a hole is a pipe jacking, drilling should always use dipcompass drilling pipe measuring the deflection, found that the deflection over design requirements in a timely fashion. Pipe joints using screw connection, screw length 15 cm, to stagger the pipe joints, odd-numbered as the first section of the introduction of three-meter steel pipes and even numbered the first section of pipe using 6 meters, After each have adopted six-meter-long steel pipe.B. pipe roof construction machinery :N drilling machinery : XY-28-300 equipped with electric drill, drilling and pipe jacking long shelf;N grouting machine : BW-250/50-injection pump two Taiwan;N using cement-water glass slurry. Mud and water volume ratio 1:0.5; water glass slurry concentration of water-cement ratio 1:1 silicate 35 Baume; The efficacy silicate modulus pressure grouting pressure early pressure 2.0MPA 0.5~1.0MPA; end.（2）. a small catheterA. small catheter used ahead diameter of 42 mm and a thickness of 3.5 mm thermal Nazarbayev seamless steel tubes, steel pipe was front-tip, Welding on the tail ￠6 stiffening brace and the wall around the drilling hole grouting 8 mm, but the tail of a meter without grouting holes and Advance Construction of a small catheter, the tubes and the lining of the centerline parallel to 10 ° -30 ° Chalu into the rock arch. penstocks to 20-50 cm spacing. Each was over a steel tubes, should be closed immediately shotcrete excavation face and then grouting. After grouting, erecting steel Arch, Supporting the early completion of every (2-3 meters, and the paper attempts to be) another one for steel tubes, Advance small catheter general lap length of 1.0 meters.B. Grouting parameters :N water slurry and water glass volume : 1:0.5;N slurry water-cement ratio 1:1N 35 Baume concentration of sodium silicate; The efficacy silicate modulusN grouting pressure 0.5~1.0MPA; if necessary, set up only orifice Pulp Cypriots.（3）. bolting ahead : The Chalu must be greater than 14 degrees, grouting satiated and lap length is not less than 1 meter.3.Correcting construction :Embedded parts used by the Design Dimensions plank make shape design, installation in contrast snoop plate car, and position accuracy (error ± 50CM), the firm shall not be fixed, you must be in possession of the wire through the middle wear.4. Leveling ConstructionInstallation templates, at the request of both sides leveling layer calibration position to install template. Side-channel steel templates used [10#, top elevation with a corresponding length of the road elevation unanimously to allow deviation ±2mm. adjusted using the standard measurement to determine elevation. Every template fixed a certain distance from the outside to ensure that no displacement, the joints template close comfort, not from a slit, crooked and formation, and the bottom connector templates are not allowed to leak plasma. Concrete before reperfusion, the bottom surface of concrete must be clean. When the concrete arrived at the construction site directly installed backward mode of the road bed, and using artificial Huabu uniform. Concrete paver should be considered after the earthquake destroyed the settlement. Unrealistically high can be 10% higher, Lan is the surface elevation and design line. Concrete earthquake destroyed at or anywhere near the corner with plug-Lan Lan pound for pound order; Flat-Lan pound for pound crisscross comprehensive Lan, Inside each location is no longer the time for concrete sinks, no longer emitted large bubbles, and the surface of cement mortar later. normally no less than 15 seconds, also should not be too long; Then Chun-pound beam along the longitudinal Lan-pound trailer, With redundant Chun-pound concrete beams were dragged shift Trim, Dixian Department should keep leveling Lan facts. Finally, the diameter 75~100mm rolling seamless steel pipe for further leveling. Just do prohibited in the surface spraying water, and threw cement.5. Water, cable duct constructionInstall groove wall reinforcement of location accuracy, the line must be linked to the construction. Install groove wall purity, the purity requirements of accurate location, a vertical line. Dyadic greatest degree of not more than 3 mm, and template-Ditch The top-pronged, pass the inspection before the concrete reperfusion, on the side of the original wall must pick hair, and embedded parts to the location accurately. Template using stereotypes purity.6.Gate ConstructionCleared the site for construction layout. By design size requirement dug-wall basis. M7.5# masonry made of mortar and stones.Template installation, location accuracy requirements purity, a vertical line, and timely inspection template slope. Concrete pouring 15 # Riprap concrete, concrete strength to be more than 70% for Myeongdong vault backfill.Myungdong vault backfill should hierarchical compaction said. The typical thickness of less than 0.3M, both backfill surface height difference of not more than 0.5M. restored to the vault after the pack to design hierarchical compaction high, the use of machines rolling, Ramming must manually filled to vault over 1.0M before mechanical compaction .7 .Construction safety and environmental controlEntrance to wear helmets to prevent crashes, in which the speed limit 5KM, lighting must be a 10-meter lights reckless goods stored material must be standardized and distributed under special guard.Spoil venues must be smooth drainage, and must be masonry retaining wall to prevent flooding, debris flow forming.8. The construction process has to tackle the problems :Construction of two liner after water seepage treatment :Small cracks with acrylic, water or slurry coating of epoxy resin and other caulking, a good effect; On the larger cracks, available on the 10th of cement mortar or cement mortar expansion caulking more appropriate and effective;Large cracks (crack width greater than 5MM), (if leakage of water, available along the cutting machine cutting a wide cracks around 2~4CM small groove depth approximately 10CM above the water, Cutting a 5 × 5CM Cube holes room, then insert a pipe 4 × 4CM MF7 plastic Blind groove, Cutting together into good pressure tank, the introduction of vertical water drains, Finally, cement and water Glass closed mixed mortar cutting groove) withoutseepage, it is appropriate epoxy mortar, or grouting, Reinforced concrete and other reinforced jet.IV. Example projectsNATM is from the introduction of the bolt and shotcrete a category of "active" support the new technology to promote the use began. Soon, the Chinese engineer on the tunnel not only in substance but also in terms of acceptance of the new Austrian law. To be held in China in the tunnel and underground engineering academic meeting, the new Austrian capital has become a hot topic.Engineers of the new Austrian law relishes is justified : the use of new Austrian law, has been successful in soft rock and difficult conditions of the construction of various types of underground works.Built on loose sand gravel stratum of Beijing Subway allowed back of the tunnel is a typical example. The tunnel is located in the main street-256, 358m long, the largest excavation section 9m high, 14.5m wide coverage stratigraphic top of the tunnel only minimum thickness 9.0m. Tunnel boring machine of excavation, strengthen the grid arch shotcrete initial support and advance small catheter care, Without prejudice to ground transportation, underground pipelines to ensure the safety of construction success.In the works is the experience, knowledge of the Chinese engineers, the use of new Austrian law principles can be used in the Mountain Tunnel Mine Act to expand the scope of application of the soft rock, even in the fourth strata of municipal shallow tunnel to replace the traditional method of digging or shield. In China, such a method called "shallow mining method."Following allowed back lane tunnel, gravel in the same folder of alluvial gravel layer is shallow mining method used to build the span of 21.67m in the Xidan MTR stations.Changan Avenue in the construction of the new Beijing metro line projects, shallow mining method has been selected as the main method of construction. For example, the Tiananmen Square in Beijing Metro West Point, 226m long, for two double-pole structure.Guangzhou Metro East is shallow mining method used in the construction. Experience shows that from the ground environmental protection, surface subsidence of the dug system。

施工组织设计英文文献

- transfer costs for promoting RES and RUE technologies (Mio Euro/year);
- energy demand reductions due to insulation (GWh/year).
E. Tsioliaridou, G.C. Bakos / Energy and Buildings 38 (2006) 196–206
197
system with an adequate safety margin and using the most mature and cost-effective RES technologies.
E. Tsioliaridou *, C. Bakos
Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Energy Economics Laboratory, 12 Vas. Soﬁas Str, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
Keywords: Reference scenario; Renewable energy sources (RES); Rational use of energy (RUE)
1. Introduction
Renewable energy sources (RES) and rational use of energy (RUE) have been and are further supported in Europe in the last decades and a number of related research projects have been funded by EC [1,2]. The core objectives of these projects (Green-X and Green-Net) were to facilitate a signiﬁcantly increased electricity generation from RES in a liberalised electricity market with minimal costs for European citizens. The major outcome of these two projects was a simulation software containing a comprehensive database with potentials and costs of different RES technologies in EU countries.

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施工组织管理外文文献下面是为大家的一些“施工组织管理外文文献”资料，供大家参阅。

In the construction progress plan executes the concept analytic method and the construction organization plan, which the construction section arrangement optimizes AbstractThe construction organization plan constructs theentire process each activity technical economy Platform as the instruction, is constructs technical and the construction project management organic synthesis product, after it is the project begins to construct the activity to be able to have the foreword, to be highly effective the guarantee which, the science reasonably carries on.。

As the development of our country's economy and the consummating ofmarket-economy system gradually. Many construction corporations are facing the much opportunity, but at the same time, they are facing much difficulty, such as profit-ratio dropping, higher technique. So ,it bees more important to construct more reasonably to subdue the cost.After looking up much material, the author of the article has done much work, such as generalizing the system of -plan, the effect and principle of low-construction and illuminating the means of making the construction-plan morepreferential. The author also has done much work in researching the superiority way of construction-sequence deeply, based on years' experience in construction management ,he start with fundamental concepts and raise the concept analysis way superiority means to line up the steps and achieve it on puter in C .Finally he adduces two project examples to verify it and explain its effect. They manifest that the means dose not only shorten the period, but 6work content, to the manpower, the fund, the material, the machinery and the job practice and so on carries on the science reasonable arrangement, in the coordinated construction between each construction, various kinds of work in a factory, the resources and the time, each item of resources reasonable relations. In the entire construction process, aording to the objective technologyeconomic law, makes the science reasonable arrangement, by causes the project construction to obtain the relative most superior effect.Looked from the construction organization plan establishmentcharacteristic that, The construction organization plan is carries on theestablishment take the single project as the object, has the very strong technical nature and the prehensive nature, needs the establishment of strength to have theenough architectural engineering rationale and the certain experience. The construction organization plan content must adapt the engineering project and the owner, the design, the overseeing special request, at the same time also must conform to the national relevant law, the laws and regulations, the standard and the place standard request. The construction organization plan establishment must satisfy a final basic request namely to get up to the construction process to the instruction and the control action, realizes theengineering project technology economic efficiency under the certain resources condition, achieved the construction benefit and the economic efficiency double win goal.The construction organization plan establishment exists at present flaw:1. at present aumulates the construction technological resource cannot obtain, the full application effectively, especially intelligence resources, this on the one hand is establishment of strength own quality and is insufficiently experienced creates; On the other hand is disseminates the channelinsufficiency not to be the result of. To the suess experience that already has not carried on the model, establishes the content lacks the new technology, the newcraft, to the enhancement labor efficiency, reduces the resourcesconsumption the function.2.Some construction organization plan establishments of strength lack of the technology rationale and the concrete construction experience, in the establishment only are imitate to the technology standard copy verbatim, but has not carried on to the concrete project characteristic has the pointed plan and the design, does not have to the instruction construction function.3.The construction organization plan must carry on the establishment to each project one by one, by adapts the different project characteristic, but the different establishment of strength while carries on theestablishment work regarding the similar construction craft, has made the massive nonessential repetitions work, reduced the working efficiency.4. Now establishes the construction organization plan only took thetechnical management system a work, it mainly pursues the construction benefit but very little to consider the economic efficiency, the existence only pays greatattention to the organization technology measure, but has not paid greatattention to the economical management the content, down to does not speak the cost in the implementation process, has not achieved the economic efficiency goal.5. At present the construction organization plan establishment is frequently the design and the implementation separates, down to create the construction organization plan only is a form, cannot be true to the instruction construction function.Organizes the superintendent to have fully to know the constructionprocess the characteristic, must achieve the careful organization, the strict management to all links, and prehensively coordinates in the goodconstruction each kind of relations. Regarding the special plex construction process, must carry on the science the analysis, clarifies the primary and secondary contradiction, discovers the essential line, the measure, reasonably organizes each kind of resources with a clear goal the investment order, thequantity, the proportion, carries on the science the project to line up, theorganization parallel overlapping streamlined production, enhances to the time, the spatial use, like this can obtain the prehensive economic efficiency and the social efficiency.Along with the science and technology development and the construction level unceasing enhancement, manages the system the further consummation, the original tradition construction organization plan establishment method has not been able to adept the present request. At present our country has joined WTO, in order to adapt day by day the intense market petition situation, the adaption construction market and the new construct control system need, must have the construction modernization building technical force and the method, must make the improvement to the present construction organization plan establishment method. Implementation means as follows:1. using the system idea and the method, establish the constructionorganization plan establishment works the standard. The project management department carries on the collection to the architectural engineering large and middle scale projects construction organization plan, the process analysis and the induction, the reorganization and the issue, then can enable the advanced construction organization plan to display the benefit, reduces the establishment of strength to duplicate works, moreover can promote the advanced experience.2. The construction organization plan content is aording to the different project characteristic and therequest, aording to construction condition which existing and possibly creates, embarks from the fact, decides each kind ofelement of production the union way. Chooses the reasonable construction plan is the construction organization plan core, should act aording to many years aumulation the construction technological resource, at the same time profits from the domestic and foreign advanced constructions technology, theutilization modern scientific management method and the union engineering project particularity, from technology and economy mutual parison, selectsthe most reasonable plan to establish the construction organization plan, causes in technical in the feasible same economy rationality to unify.3. The construction organization plan content should be brief and to the point, the prominent goal, the union is actual, satisfies the tender document the need, must have petitiveness, can manifest the enterprise the strength and the prestige.4.Implementation construction organization plan modular establishment, more utilization modernization information technology, in order to carries on the aumulation, the grouping, the exchange and the repetition application,through each technical module optimum position, reduces the invalid work.5. Implements the country quality control system standard diligently, walks the quality efficiency development path, the establishment and the consummation science, the standard quality control system. Establishes the quality guarantee plan item by item, carries on withthe constructionorganization plan work also, and causes the two organic syntheses diligently.6. The construction organization plan should expand the depth and the scope, makes the appraisal to the designpaper rationality and the efficiency, the realization designs and constructs the technical integration, the expandedtechnology aumulates, speeds up the technology to transform, enable the new technical achievement to obtain the application in the construction organization plan.In the knowledge economy time, the information technology in theengineering project to the more and more major function, should develop and the utilization information technology vigorously, takes the high technology and new technologythe transplant and the use, opens up the intelligenceresources the dissemination channel, prehensively improves traditional the establishment method, causes the information in the productive forces various essential factors to the core function, realizes the construction informationautomation, construction work , the construction technology modulation and the。

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文献出处: Phillip Yetton. The Study of Construction Organization Design [J]. International Journal of Project Management, 2015, 9(2): 33-43.原文The Study of Construction Organization DesignAuthor: Phillip YettonAbstractBuilding construction is a complex work, huge building products, the production cycle is long, is a collection of architectural art, architecture, function, structure, decoration, water supply, power supply, intelligent system for a wind. Need to complete a project unit, type of work well together, and in the process of implementing, also under the influence of various subjective and objective conditions around. In order to meet the quality, cost, time limit for a project, under the premise of safety goal task to complete a project, must according to the requirement of the construction unit and the characteristics of the proposed construction project, the various raw materials on the basis of full investigation, compile an used to guide the whole process of technology, economy and management of project construction comprehensive document, this document is the construction organization Keywords: Construction; Organization design; Project cost1 IntroductionConstruction organization design is a construction project for the object establishment, to guide the project bidding, construction contracts, construction preparation, construction installation until the whole process of the final acceptance of the technology, economy and management comprehensive document, is to ensure that project smooth implementation effective programmatic document. Construction organization design is proper or not, will directly relate to the quality of the proposed construction project, cost, time limit, safety, etc. The smooth realization of the intended target. With the development of The Times, modern engineering project scale and the demand is higher and higher, project management has become increasingly complex, and the construction organization design also put forward higher requirements. The construction organization design, construction organizationdesign in the bidding documents, also known as technical standard, but the construction organization design not only contains the content of the construction technology, but also covers the project management and investment control, is a comprehensive document. In the beginning used for planned economy in our country s construction organization design, during the course of decades of operation, to standardize the project management has played a vital role. At present, the construction organization design has become a indispensable in the bidding and the construction of the organization of a file. But in the process of establishment and implementation of the construction organization design, try to guide due to lack of special specifications, different regions, different enterprises of different construction organization and design of the proposed requirements, combined with different construction enterprise management level, the differences between the technology and equipment, and personnel quality, leading to the establishment and management of construction organization design is uneven, at present still exist, such as the contents stylized, generalization, and perform a series of problems such as too casual, these are seriously affecting the normal role in the construction organization design and construction enterprise trans-regional management bring certain difficulties.2 Construction organization designs of the application and developmentIn 1928, the Soviet union in the process of building the Diaper river hydropower station, construction personnel compiled the first relatively complete construction organization design, through the implementation has obtained the remarkable result, then set up the specialized research institute for the study of the theory of the construction organization design and promotion to the practice of project management step by step. In the 1940 s, the United States will develop the first atomic bomb mission as a project to manage, named "Manhattan project", but only pay attention to the project management plan and coordination. Appeared in the late 1950 s, the United States on the key route method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT), and other new technology, marked the project management method has formed some scientific system, but this time is mainly used in national defense industry. Will promote system research project management as a discipline began inthe 1960 s, in Europe as the main body of international project management association (IPMA) and American project management institute (PMI) in which a large amount of effective work, in order to promote the development of project management has played a positive role. In the 70 s of the 20th century, project management rapidly around the world, the application scope is from the military and aerospace project extended to the general civil projects. In addition to plan, coordinate, control, project management of contracts, progress, safety, cost, quality, risk, etc are given more attention, gradually formed the framework of modern project management. At present, the project management to become the international architectural project construction management general form.In the field of engineering construction, the appearance of many new changes in the construction organization and management: the project legal person responsibility system, the establishment of the system of bidding and project supervision system, combining government guidance price and the market price of construction market price reform, such as "FID1C contract conditions", computer application as the core of the development of modern management mode, etc., this a series of changes have put forward the new requirements of construction organization design, construction organization design is a new trend of development. Main show is: combined with design; With the advanced construction technology, construction method; The widely used of computers and network, the development trend of construction organization design, is to meet the needs of the construction enterprise market share. In a word, the requirement of the construction contract and the requirements of the construction enterprise benefit maximization.3 The basic theory of construction organization design3.1 The construction organization design task and roleConstruction organization design is planning to guide the whole process from construction preparation until the completion inspection and acceptance of the proposed construction project of the technology, economy and management of comprehensive files. It should reflect the design and use requirements of the proposed construction project on the one hand, on the other hand and accords with the objectivelaw of construction, the construction process have the effect of strategy or tactics. Overall planning, formulation of construction organization design must fully consider the actual situation and construction of the proposed construction project characteristics, scientific and reasonable organization construction, make full use of space, time and other factors, the use of advanced construction methods and construction technology, strive for with the minimum consumption of manpower and material resources and other resources to obtain the best economic benefits.3.2 The content of the construction organization designAccording to the engineering properties, scale, structure characteristics, technical complexity, construction conditions and demands of the construction unit, the depth of the construction organization design and content is also different, but a complete profile should include compilation basis, project construction organization design, construction deployment, construction progress plan, construction preparation and resource allocation plan, main construction scheme, construction site layout and construction management plan, etc.Compilation basis is an important part of the construction organization design, is to determine the construction organization design, the premise of other content on the basis of accurate or not is related to the establishment can work smoothly and the quality is good or bad, related to the construction organization design can better play the role of guidance in the construction. Project summary is equivalent to the total of the proposed construction project, this paper mainly introduces general situation of engineering construction, the professional design and construction conditions. Deployment of construction is the construction organization design of the programmatic document, is to the whole project implementation process to make overall planning and reasonable arrangement, including project management organization, project management goal, the construction task partitioning, the period of the division of water and the construction process, key and the difficulty in the construction and countermeasures, etc. The construction organization design construction deployment for other content, you need to write. Construction schedule plan is to ensure to achieve the goals of the construction period, starting and endingtime of various construction process of the construction sequence, and the mutual connection relationship of overall planning and arrangement, generally in the form of crossing graph or network graph to express, is the basis of all kinds of resource allocation plan, etc.4 The implementation of the construction organization designThe compilation of construction organization design is only for the implementation of the proposed project provides a feasible scheme. How the plan detailed technical and economic effect, but also must through the implementation of the project to verify. The enforcement of the construction organization design, which will develop a plan of the static scheme, in a constantly changing dynamic construction environment, whether the inspection effect to the expected goal. So the construction organization design and implement of far-reaching significance for the realization of the project goals should do the following several aspects:4.1 Clarification construction organization designAfter the construction organization design has been verified, before formally started to make a detailed technical clarification step by step and fill in the "construction organization design disclosure form". Disclosure by clarification will, written disclosure forms, such as focus on the content of the construction organization design, requirements, difficulties and guarantee measures step by step to implement down, at the same time for all involved in the project construction under the guidance of related units in total control, to develop a more detailed work plan, ensure the implementation of the construction organization design.4.2 Improve the system of enterprise managementPractice has proved that construction organization design can be implemented smoothly, to a large extent depends on the construction enterprise technology, management of quality and enterprise management level, establish and perfect the management system of the construction enterprises of various or not is the sign of enterprise quality and staff level. Only by construction enterprises to establish and perfect the reasonable management system and strictly enforced, to ensure the normal implementation of construction projects, ensure the smooth implementation ofconstruction organization design.4.3 Establish strict appraisal systemConstruction enterprises shall implement situation of the construction organization design into construction project assessment category, clear the responsibility of the personnel at all levels, set up technical and economic contract responsibility system, in the process of construction inspection on the implementation of construction organization design, construction technology, economic responsibility and material interests of the worker, such as the calculation technology progress prize, the time limit for a project in advance award, etc., to ensure that comprehensively implement the construction organization design.4.4 To be prepared for constructionConstruction preparation is important to ensure the smooth implementation of the construction organization design. In order to ensure the smooth construction of the engineering and the normal conduct of construction activities, not only before the start, and in the whole construction process is to do well the preparation of the corresponding human, material and financial resources, actively for the construction of the project is to create favorable conditions, the construction of the initiative, guarantee the construction systematically, thus ensuring the construction organization design be carried out in a timely manner, improve the construction enterprise economic benefits and social benefits.译文施工组织设计问题研究Phillip Yetton摘要建筑工程施工是一项复杂的工作，建筑产品体积庞大，生产周期长，是一个集建筑艺术、建筑功能、建筑结构、装饰装修、供水供电、釆暖通风、智能系统为一身的综合体。

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