Visual C++程序设计外文翻译

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c程序设计英语

c程序设计英语"C程序设计"（C Programming）是一种计算机编程语言的学科，它是一门通用的、底层的编程语言，广泛应用于系统软件、嵌入式系统和应用程序的开发。

以下是一些与C程序设计相关的基本术语和概念的英语表达：1.Variable（变量）：A named storage location that holds a value, which can be changed duringthe program execution. 一个命名的存储位置，保存一个值，在程序执行过程中可以更改。

2.Data Type（数据类型）：A classification that specifies which type of value a variable canhold, such as int, float, char, etc. 一种分类，指定一个变量可以保存哪种类型的值，如int、float、char等。

3.Function（函数）：A group of statements that together perform a specific task. Functionsprovide modularity in a program. 一组语句，共同执行特定任务。

函数在程序中提供了模块化的设计。

4.Array（数组）：A collection of variables of the same type that are stored in contiguousmemory locations. 一组相同类型的变量，存储在连续的内存位置中。

5.Pointer（指针）：A variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Pointers arewidely used for dynamic memory allocation. 一个变量，存储另一个变量的内存地址。

C#程序设计简介英文技术资料翻译中文

英文原文：C# Program DesignC# introductionC# (pronounced “See Sharp”) is a simple, modern, object-oriented, and type-safe programming language. C# has its roots in the C family of languages and will be immediately familiar to C, C++, and Java programmers. C# is standardized by ECMA International as the ECMA-334 standard and by ISO/IEC as the ISO/IEC 23270 standard. Microsoft’s C# compiler for the .NET Framework is a conforming implementation of both of these standards.C# is an object-oriented language, but C# further includes support for component-oriented programming. Contemporary software design increasingly relies on software components in the form of self-contained and self-describing packages of functionality. Key to such components is that they present a programming model with properties, methods, and events; they have attributes that provide declarative information about the component; and they incorporate their own documentation. C# provides language constructs to directly support these concepts, making C# a very natural language in which to create and use software components.Several C# features aid in the construction of robust and durable applications: Garbage collection automatically reclaims memory occupied by unused objects; exception handling provides a structured and extensible approach to error detection and recovery; and the type-safe design of the language makes it impossible to read from uninitialized variables, to index arrays beyond their bounds, or to perform unchecked type casts.C# has a unified type system. All C# types, including primitive types such as int and double, inherit from a single root object type. Thus, all types share a set of common operations, and values of any type can be stored, transported, and operated upon in a consistent manner. Furthermore, C# supports both user-defined reference types and value types, allowing dynamic allocation of objects as well as in-line storage of lightweight structures.To ensure that C# programs and libraries can evolve over time in a compatible manner, much emphasis has been placed on versioning in C#’s design. Many programming languages pay little attention to this issue, and, as a result, programs written in those languages break more often than necessary when newer versions of dependent libraries are introduced. Aspects of C#’s design that were directly influenced by versioning considerations include the separate virtual and override modifiers, the rules for method overload resolution, and support for explicit interface member declarations.Program structureThe key organizational concepts in C# are programs, namespaces, types, members, and assemblies. C# programs consist of one or more source files. Programs declare types, which contain members and can be organized into namespaces. Classes and interfaces are examples of types. Fields, methods, properties, and events are examples of members. When C# programs are compiled, they are physically packaged into assemblies. Assemblies typically have the file extension .exe or .dll, depending on whether they implement applications or libraries.Types and variablesThere are two kinds of types in C#: value types and reference types. Variables of value types directly contain their data whereas variables of reference types store references to their data, the latter being known as objects. With reference types, it is possible for two variables to reference the same object and thus possible for operations on one variable to affect the object referenced by the other variable. With value types, the variables each have their own copy of the data, and it is not possible for operations on one to affect the other (except in the case of ref and out parameter variables).C#’s value types are further divided into simple types, enum types, struct types, and nullabl e types, and C#’s reference types are further divided into class types, interface types, array types, and delegate types.Classes and objectsClasses are the most fundamental of C#’s types. A class is a data structure that combines state (fields) and actions (methods and other function members) in a single unit.A class provides a definition for dynamically created instances of the class, also known as objects. Classes support inheritance and polymorphism, mechanisms whereby derived classes can extend and specialize base classes.New classes are created using class declarations. A class declaration starts with a header that specifies the attributes and modifiers of the class, the name of the class, the base class (if given), and the interfaces implemented by the class. The header is followed by the class body, which consists of a list of member declarations written between the delimiters { and }.StructsLike classes, structs are data structures that can contain data members and function members, but unlike classes, structs are value types and do not require heap allocation. A variable of a struct type directly stores the data of the struct, whereas a variable of a class type stores a reference to a dynamically allocated object. Struct types do not support user-specified inheritance, and all struct types implicitly inherit from type object.Structs are particularly useful for small data structures that have value semantics. Complex numbers, points in a coordinate system, or key-value pairs in a dictionary are all good examples of structs. The use of structs rather than classes for small data structures can make a large difference in the number of memory allocations an application performs.ArraysAn array is a data structure that contains a number of variables that are accessed through computed indices. The variables contained in an array, also called the elements of the array, are all of the same type, and this type is called the element type of the array.Array types are reference types, and the declaration of an array variable simply sets aside space for a reference to an array instance. Actual array instances are created dynamically at run-time using the new operator. The new operation specifies the length of the new array instance, which is then fixed for the lifetime of the instance. The indices of the elements of an array range from 0 to Length - 1. The new operator automatically initializes the elements of an array to their default value, which, for example, is zero for all numeric types and null for all reference types.InterfacesAn interface defines a contract that can be implemented by classes and structs. An interface can contain methods, properties, events, and indexers. An interface does not provide implementations of the members it defines—it merely specifies the members that must be supplied by classes or structs that implement the interface.Interfaces may employ multiple inheritance.Lexical structureProgramsA C# program consists of one or more source files, known formally as compilation units (§9.1). A source file is an ordered sequence of Unicode characters. Source files typically have a one-to-one correspondence with files in a file system, but this correspondence is not required. For maximal portability, it is recommended that files in a file system be encoded with the UTF-8 encoding.Conceptually speaking, a program is compiled using three steps:1. Transformation, which converts a file from a particular character repertoire and encoding scheme into a sequence of Unicode characters.2. Lexical analysis, which translates a stream of Unicode input characters into a stream of tokens.3. Syntactic analysis, which translates the stream of tokens into executable code.GrammarsThis specification presents the syntax of the C# programming language using two grammars. The lexical grammar (§2.2.2) defines how Unicode characters are combined to form line terminators, white space, comments, tokens, and pre-processing directives. The syntactic grammar (§2.2.3) defines how the tokens resulting from the lexical grammar are combined to form C# programs.Grammar notationThe lexical and syntactic grammars are presented using grammar productions. Each grammar production defines a non-terminal symbol and the possible expansions of thatnon-terminal symbol into sequences of non-terminal or terminal symbols. In grammar productions, non-terminal symbols are shown in italic type, and terminal symbols are shown in a fixed-width font.The first line of a grammar production is the name of the non-terminal symbol being defined, followed by a colon. Each successive indented line contains a possible expansion of the non-terminal given as a sequence of non-terminal or terminal symbols.conclusionTherefore, c # is a kind of modern, type safety, object-oriented programming language, it enables programmers to quickly and easily for Microsoft. NET platform to develop solutions.中文译文：C#程序设计简介C#介绍C#(发音为“See Sharp”)是一个简单的、现代的、面向对象的编程语言类型。

C++术语中英对照

一、C++英语词汇abstract [class] 抽象[类]access 访问，存取ambiguous 二义性，两义性argument 参数base [class] 基[类]binding 联编，绑定late binding 迟联编，迟绑定dynamic binding 动态联编，动态绑定class 类constant [function, object] 常量[函数，对象] construct function 构造函数constructor 构造函数declare 声明default [parameter, construction function] 缺省[参数，构造函数]derive 派生(类)，导出(类)destruct function 析构函数destructor 析构函数duplicate 复制encapsulation 封装formal parameter 形式参数friend 友元identifier 标识符implementation 实现inaccessible 不可访问的inherit 继承initializer 初始化参数inline [function] 内联[函数]instance 实例instantiate 实例化l-value 左值member [variable, function] 成员[变量，函数] namespace 名空间object 对象operator 运算符overload 重载override 同名覆盖parameter 参数polymorphism 多态性private 私有的protected 保护的public 公有的reference 引用static 静态的stream 流template 模板virtual [base class, function] 虚[基类，函数] volatile 易变的二、Visual C++ 6.0英语词汇application program interface 应用程序接口(API) class wizard 类向导client area 客户区component object modal 组件对象模型(COM) console 控制台control 控件debug 调试(版)device connection 设备连接，设备描述表(DC) dialog based 基于对话框的dialog box 对话框directive 命令document 文档single document 单文档multiple documents 多文档dynamic-link library 动态链接库(DLL)message 消息message map 消息映像multi-thread 多线程nonclient area 非客户区Microsoft Developer's Netwok 微软开发者之网（MSDN）Microsoft foundation class 微软基础类（库）(MFC) precompile 预编译project 工程，项目release 发行(版)resource 资源serialize 序列化thread 线程view 视图visual 可视的workspace 工程工作区，工程组三、常见编译连接错误信息（按错误编号排序）1、fatal error C1010: unexpected end of file while looking for precompiled header directive寻找预编译头文件路径时遇到了不该遇到的文件尾。

VisualCMFC简要介绍(外文翻译

Introduction to MFC Programming with Visual C++ Version 6.xby Marshall BrainVisual C++ is much more than a compiler. It is a complete application development environment that, when used as intended, lets you fully exploit the object oriented nature of C++ to create professional Windows applications. In order to take advantage of these features, you need to understand the C++ programming language. If you have never used C++, please turn to the C++ tutorials in the C/C++ Tutorials page for an introduction. You must then understand the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) hierarchy. This class hierarchy encapsulates the user interface portion of the Windows API, and makes it significantly easier to create Windows applications in an object oriented way. This hierarchy is available for and compatible with all versions of Windows. The code you create in MFC is extremely portable.These tutorials introduce the fundamental concepts and vocabulary behind MFC and event driven programming. In this tutorial you will enter, compile, and run a simple MFC program using Visual C++. Tutotial 2 provides a detailed explanation of the code used in Tutorial 1. Tutorial 3 discusses MFC controls and their customization. Tutorial 4 covers message maps, which let you handle events in MFC.What is the Microsoft Foundations Class LibraryLet's say you want to create a Windows application. You might, for example, need to create a specialized text or drawing editor, or a program that finds files on a large hard disk, or an application that lets a user visualize the interrelationships in a big data set. Where do you beginA good starting place is the design of the user interface. First, decide what the user should be able to do with the program and then pick a set of user interface objects accordingly. The Windows user interface has a number of standard controls, such as buttons, menus, scroll bars, and lists, that are already familiar to Windows users. With this in mind, the programmer must choose a set of controls and decide how they should be arranged on screen. A time-honored procedure is to make a rough sketch of the proposed user interface (by tradition on a napkin or the back of an envelope) and play with the elements until they feel right. For small projects, or for the early prototyping phase of a larger project, this is sufficient.The next step is to implement the code. When creating a program for any Windowsplatform, the programmer has two choices: C or C++. With C, the programmer codes at the level of the Windows Application Program Interface (API). This interface consists of a collection of hundreds of C functions described in the Window's API Reference books. For Window's NT, the API is typically referred to as the "Win32 API," to distinguish it from the original 16-bit API of lower-level Windows products like Windows 3.1.Microsoft also provides a C++ library that sits on top of any of the Windows APIs and makes the programmer's job easier. Called the Microsoft Foundation Class library (MFC), this library's primary advantage is efficiency. It greatly reduces the amount of code that must be written to create a Windows program. It also provides all the advantages normally found in C++ programming, such as inheritance and encapsulation. MFC is portable, so that, for example, code created under Windows 3.1 can move to Windows NT or Windows 95 very easily. MFC is therefore the preferred method for developing Windows applications and will be used throughout these tutorials.When you use MFC, you write code that creates the necessary user interface controls and customizes their appearance. You also write code that responds when the user manipulates these controls. For example, if the user clicks a button, you want to have code in place that responds appropriately. It is this sort of event-handling code that will form the bulk of any application. Once the application responds correctly to all of the available controls, it is finished.You can see from this discussion that the creation of a Windows program is a straightforward process when using MFC. The goal of these tutorials is to fill in the details and to show the techniques you can use to create professional applications as quickly as possible. The Visual C++ application development environment is specifically tuned to MFC, so by learning MFC and Visual C++ together you can significantly increase your power as an application developer.Windows V ocabularyThe vocabulary used to talk about user interface features and software development in Windows is basic but unique. Here we review a few definitions to make discussion easier for those who are new to the environment.Windows applications use several standard user controls:Static text labelsPush buttonsList boxesCombo boxes (a more advanced form of list)Radio boxesCheck boxesEditable text areas (single and multi-line)Scroll barsYou can create these controls either in code or through a "resource editor" that can create dialogs and the controls inside of them. In this set of tutorials we will examine how to create them in code. See the tutorials on the AppWizard and ClassWizard for an introduction to the resource editor for dialogs.Windows supports several types of application windows. A typical application will live inside a "frame window". A frame window is a fully featured main window that the user can re-size, minimize, maximize to fill the screen, and so on. Windows also supports two types of dialog boxes: modal and modeless. A modal dialog box, once on the screen, blocks input to the rest of the application until it is answered. A modeless dialog box can appear at the same time as the application and seems to "float above" it to keep from being overlaid.Most simple Windows applications use a Single Document Interface, or SDI, frame. The Clock, PIF editor, and Notepad are examples of SDI applications. Windows also provides an organizing scheme called the Multiple Document Interface, or MDI for more complicated applications. The MDI system allows the user to view multiple documents at the same time within a single instance of an application. For example, a text editor might allow the user to open multiple files simultaneously. When implemented with MDI, the application presents a large application window that can hold multiple sub-windows, each containing a document. The single main menu is held by the main application window and it applies to the top-most window held within the MDI frame. Individual windows can be iconified or expanded as desired within the MDI frame, or the entire MDI frame can be minimized into a single icon on the desktop. The MDI interface gives the impression of a second desktop out on the desktop, and it goes a long way towards organizing and removing window clutter. Each application that you create will use its own unique set of controls, its own menu structure, and its own dialog boxes. A great deal of the effort that goes into creating any good application interface lies in the choice and organization of these interface objects. Visual C++, along with its resource editors, makes the creation and。

计算机专业外文文献及翻译微软Visual Studio

计算机专业外文文献及翻译微软Visual Studio 微软 Visual Studio1 微软 Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio 可以用来创建 Windows 平台下的Windows 应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和 Office 插件。

Visual Studio 是一个来自微软的集成开发环境 IDE(inteqrated development environment)，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET 框架、.NET 精简框架和微软的 Silverlight 支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及 Windows 窗体应用程序，网站，Web 应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。

Visual Studio 包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。

集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。

其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的 GUI 应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。

它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统(如 Subversion 和 Visual SourceSafe)并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具(例如 Team Foundation Server 的客户端:团队资源管理器)。

Visual Studio 支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器(在不同程度上)支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。

内置的语言中包括 C/C 中(通过Visual C)(通过 Visual )，C,中(通过 Visual C,)和 F,(作为Visual Studio2010)，为支持其他语言，如 MPython和 Ruby 等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。

mfc windows程序设计英文版

mfc windows程序设计英文版English:MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) is a C++ library provided by Microsoft for developing Windows-based applications. It simplifies the process of creating interactive user interfaces, handling events, and working with various Windows components. MFC provides a set of classes that encapsulate common Windows functionality, making it easier for developers to write code for tasks such as creating windows, handling messages, and implementing graphical elements. With MFC, developers can take advantage of pre-built classes and functions for tasks like file I/O, network communication, and accessing different resources on the system. MFC also integrates with the Visual Studio IDE (Integrated Development Environment), providing a seamless development experience for building desktop applications on Windows. By utilizing MFC, developers can focus on the application logic and user experience without having to deal with the intricacies of Windows programming at a lower level.中文翻译:MFC（Microsoft Foundation Classes）是微软提供的一个用于开发基于Windows的应用程序的C++库。

c编程-外文文献

附件一外文原文Object-Orientation and C++C++ is just one of many programming languages in use today. Why are there so many languages? Why do new ones appear every few years? Programming languages have evolved to help programmers ease the transition from design to implementation. The first programming languages were very dependent on the underlying machine architecture. Writing programs at this level of detail is very cumbersome. Just as hardware engineers learned how to build computer systems out of other components, language designers also realized that programs could be written at a much higher level, thereby shielding the programmer from the details of the underlying machine.Why are there such a large number of high-level programming languages? There are languages for accessing large inventory databases, formatting financial reports, controlling robots on the factory floor, processing lists, controlling satellites in real time, simulating a nuclear reactor, predicting changing atmospheric conditions, playing chess, and drawing circuit boards. Each of these problems requires different sets of data structures and algorithms. Programming languages are tools to help us solve problems. However, there is not one programming language that is best for every type of problem. New programming languages are often developed to provide better tools for solving a particular class of problems. Other languages are intended to be useful for a variety of problem domains and are more general purpose.Each programming language imparts a particular programming style or design philosophy on its programmers. With the multitude of programming languages available today, a number of such design philosophies have emerged. These design philosophies, called programming paradigms, help us to think about problems andformulate solutions.1.Software Design through ParadigmsWhen designing small computer programs or large software systems, we often have a mental model of the problem we are trying to solve. How do we devise a mental model of a software system? Programming paradigms offer many different ways of designing and thinking about software systems. A paradigm can be thought of as a mental model or as a framework for designing and describing a software system's structure. The model helps us think about and formulate solutions.We can use the mental model of a paradigm independently from the programming language chosen for implementation. However, when the chosen language provides constructs and mechanisms that are similar to those that are found in the paradigm, the implementation will be more straightforward. Usually, there are several languages that belong to a paradigm. For this reason, a programming paradigm is also considered a class of languages.A language does not have to fit into just one paradigm. More often, languages provide features or characteristics from several paradigms. Hybrid languages, such as C++, combine characteristics from two or more paradigms. C++ includes characteristics from the imperative and procedural paradigms -- just like its predecessor language, C -- and the object-oriented paradigm.THE IMPERATIVE PARADIGM. The imperative paradigm is characterized by an abstract model of a computer with a large memory store. This is the classic von Neumann model of computer architecture. Computations, which consist of a sequence of commands, are stored as encoding within the store. Commands enable the machineto find solutions using assignment to modify the store, variables to read the store, arithmetic and logic to evaluate expressions, and conditional branching to control the flow of execution.THE PROCEDURAL PARADIGM. The procedural paradigm includes the imperative paradigm, but extends it with an abstraction mechanism for generalizing commands and expressions into procedures. Parameters, which are essentially aliases for a portion of the store, were also introduced by this paradigm. Other features include iteration, recursion, and selection. Most mainstreams programming today is done in a procedural language.The procedural paradigm was the first paradigm to introduce the notion of abstraction into program design. The purpose of abstraction in programming is to separate behavior from implementation. Procedures are a form of abstraction. The procedure performs some task or function. Other parts of the program call the procedure, knowing that it will perform the task correctly and efficiently, but without knowing exactly how the procedure is implemented.THE PROCEDURAL PARADIGM WITH ADTs.DATA ABSTRACTION is concerned with separating the behavior of a data object from its representation or implementation. For example, a stack contains the operations Push, Pop, and IsEmpty. A stack object provides users with these operations, but does not reveal how the stack is actually implemented. The stack could be implemented using an array or a list. Users of the stack object do not care how the stack is implemented, only that it performs the above operations correctly and efficiently. Because the underlying implementation of the data object is hidden from its users, the implementation can easily be changed without affecting the programs that use it.When we design algorithms, we often need a particular data type to use in order to carry out the algorithm's operations. The design of an algorithm is easier if we simply specify the data types of the variables, without worrying about how the actual data type is implemented. We describe the data type by its properties and operations and assume that whatever implementation is chosen, the operations will work correctly and efficiently. Types defined in this way are called ABSTRACT DATA TYPES (ADTs).The use of abstract data types makes the design of the algorithm more general, and allows us to concentrate on the algorithm at hand without getting bogged down in implementation details. After the algorithms have been designed, the actual data types will need to be implemented, along with the algorithms. Recently, procedural languages have been extended to support the definition of new data types and provide facilities for data abstraction.THE OBJECT-ORIENTED PARADIGM. The object- oriented paradigm retains much of the characteristics of the procedural paradigm, since procedures are still the primary form for composing computations. However, rather than operate on abstract values, programs in the object-oriented paradigm operate on objects. An object is very similar to an abstract data type and contains data as well as procedures.There are three primary characteristics of the object-oriented paradigm. We have already described the first, ENCAPSULATION, the mechanism for enforcing data abstraction. The second characteristic is INHERITANCE. Inheritance allows new objects to be created from existing, more general ones. The new object becomes a specialized version of the general object. New objects need only provide the methods or data that differ because of the specialization. When an object is created (or derived) from another object, it is said to inherit the methods and data of the parent object, and includes anynew representations and new or revised methods added to it.The third and final characteristic of object-oriented programming is POLYMORPHISM. Polymorphism allows many different types of objects to perform the same operation by responding to the same message. For example, we may have a collection of objects which can all perform a sort operation. However, we do not know what types of objects will be created until run-time. Object-oriented languages contain mechanisms for ensuring that each sort message is sent to the right object.Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are considered the fundamental characteristics of object-oriented programming and all object-oriented languages must provide these characteristics in some way. Not surprisingly, languages support these characteristics in very different ways. Smalltalk, C++, Objective-C, and Lisp with CLOS (the Common Lisp Object System) are all examples of object-oriented languages, and each provides support for encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.Constructing an object-oriented program involves determining the objects that are needed to solve the problem. The objects are then used to construct computations that define the behavior of the software system. Message passing is the fundamental interaction mechanism among objects. Messages (from other objects or programs) are sent to objects to inform them to perform one of their operations.Objects are responsible for maintaining the state of their data. Only the object may modify its internal data. Objects may themselves be implemented via other sub-objects. Implementing an object involves a recursive process of breaking it into sub-objects until at some level the objects and methods defined on them are primitives. At this point, the methods and data consist of elements that can be implemented using the basic constructs provided by the programming language.One of the most important aspects of the object-oriented paradigm is how it changes our way of thinking about software systems. Systems are thought of as consisting of individual entities that are responsible for carrying out their own operations. Each object is conceived and implemented as self-contained. Such a model facilitates software design (and later implementation) because objects often model conceptual real-world entities. Designing systems using the object-oriented paradigm results in software systems that behave and appear more like their real-life counterparts.2. The Object-Oriented Characteristics of C++ENCAPSULATION in C++. C++ extends C with a facility for defining new data types.A class is like a C struct, but contains data as well as methods. In addition, C++ provides different levels of access to the members of a class in order to control how the members of a class can be manipulated from outside the class.Recall that the importance of data abstraction is to hide the implementation details of a data object from the user. The user only accesses the object through its PUBLIC INTERFACE. A C++ class consists of a public and private part. The public part provides the interface to the users of the class, while the private part can only be used by the functions that make up the class.C++ provides keywords to indicate which members of a class are hidden and which are part of its public interface. The members of the hidden implementation are marked in sections beginning with the keyword private. The public interface part of the class follows the keyword public. By default, the declarations within a class are private, meaning that only the member functions (and friends) of the class have access to them.A class definition does not allocate any memory. Memory is allocated when an arrayobject is created through a variable declaration. Constructors and destructors provide the initialization and clean up of an object. When an object is declared, the constructor is called to initialize the memory used by the object. The destructor performs any clean-up for the object when the object goes out of scope and is destroyed.Note that we didn't really hide the implementation details from the user. C++ does not provide a way to completely exclude all of the details of the underlying implementation, since the private part of the class must be included with the class definition it is useful to relax the access to variables within a class, particularly under inheritance. Often derived classes need easy access to the private members of their parent classes. C++ defines the keyword protected for this purpose. Protected members can be accessed by the member functions of a class as well as by member functions of derived classes. However, like private members, protected members cannot be accessed by user programs.One final note about objects. Recall that message passing is the fundamental means for communication among objects. When we write i < () we are effectively sending a message to the a2 array object to determine the size of the array and return it. In actuality, no message is really sent. C++ emulates message passing through the use of function calls. The compiler ensures us that the correct function will be called for the desired object. So, in C++ you can think of message passing as function calls.Object-orientation has become a buzzword with many meanings. It is a design methodology, a paradigm (a way of thinking about problems and finding solutions), and a form of programming. As a design methodology, we can use object-oriented techniques to design software systems. But it is more than a design methodology, it is a whole new way of thinking about problems. Object-oriented design allows us to thinkabout the actual real-world entities of the problem we are attempting to provide a solution for. Beginning the design with concepts from the real- world problem domain allows the same concepts to be carried over to implementation, making the design and implementation cycle more seamless.Once a design has been conceived, a programming language can be chosen for implementation. By factoring out the inheritance relationships from the object hierarchies discovered during design, one can even implement the system in a traditional, non- object-oriented language. However, using an object-oriented language, such as C++, makes it easier to realize the design into an implementation because the inherent relationships among objects can be directly supported in the language.Languages such as C++ are considered hybrid languages because they are multi-paradigm languages. C++ is an object- oriented extension of C and can be used as a procedural language or as an object-oriented language. In this issue, we continue our tour of the object-oriented features of C++.3. The Object-Oriented Features of C++INHERITANCE in C++. One of the major strengths of any object-oriented programming language is the ability to build other classes from existing classes, thereby reusing code. Inheritance allows existing types to be extended to an associated collection of sub-types.Recall that one of the key actions of object-oriented design is to identify real-world entities and the relationships among them. When a software system is designed, a variety of objects arise, which may be related in one way or another. Some classes may not be related at all. Many times it makes sense to organize the object classes into aninheritance hierarchy. Organizing a set of classes into a class hierarchy requires that we understand the relationships among the classes in detail. Not all class relationships dictate that inheritance be used.C++ provides three forms of inheritance: public, private, and protected. These different forms are used for different relation- ships between objects. To illustrate these different types of inheritance, let's look at several different class relationships.The first relationship is the IS-A relationship. This type of relationship represents a specialization between types or classes. IS-A inheritance holds for two classes if the objects described by one class belongs to the set of objects described by the other more general class. The IS-A relationship is the traditional form of inheritance called subtyping. The subtype is a specialization of some more general type known as the supertype. In C++, the supertype is called the base class and the subtype the derived class.To implement the IS-A relationship in C++ we use public inheritance. When public inheritance is used the public parts of the base class become public in the derived class and the protected parts of the base class become protected in the derived class.To implement the HAS-A relationship in C++ we use either composition or private inheritance. For example, a stack can be implemented using an array. We can either use the stack as a data member (composition) or derive the stack class from the array class using private inheritance.It is also possible to use inheritance to achieve a containership relationship between two classes. Private inheritance is used when the inheritance is not part of the interface; the base class is an implementation detail. Under private inheritance, the public and protected parts of the base class become part of the private part of the derived class. Users of the derived class cannot access any of the base class interface. However,member functions of the derived class are free to use the public and private parts of the base class. When used this way, users cannot write code that depends on the inheritance. This is a powerful way of preserving your ability to change the implementation to a different base class.One other form of inheritance, which is very rarely used is protected inheritance. Protected inheritance is also used to implement HAS-A relationships. When protected inheritance is used, the public and protected parts of the base class become protected in the derived class. So, you may wish to use protected inheritance when the inheritance is part of the interface to derived classes, but not part of the interface to the users. A protected base class is almost like a private base class, except the interface is known to derived classes.It is best to use composition where possible. In cases where you must override functions in a base class then by all means use inheritance. Only use public inheritance if your derived class is indeed a specialization of the base class, otherwise, private inheritance should be used. Needlessly using inheritance makes your system harder to understand.In summary, a class specifies two interfaces: one to the users of the class (the public interface) and another to implementers of derived classes (the union of public and protected parts). Inheritance works almost identically. When the inheritance is public, the public interface of the base class becomes part of the public interface to users of the derived class. When the inheritance is protected, the public and protected parts of the base class are accessible to the member functions (the implementation) of the derived classes, but not to general users of the derived classes. Finally, when inheritance is private, the public and protected parts of the base class are only accessible to theimplementer of the class, but not to users or derived classes.POLYMORPHISM in C++. Polymorphism is the last of the three fundamental primitives of object-oriented programming and the most important. Together with inheritance, polymorphism brings the most power, in terms of run-time flexibility, to object-oriented programming. Polymorphism, which means many forms, provides a generic software interface so that a collection of different types of objects may be manipulated uniformly. C++ provides three different types of polymorphism: virtual functions, function name overloading, and operator overloading.The virtual function mechanism can only be invoked through the use of a base class reference or pointer.Recall that a base class pointer can point to an object of the base type or an object of any type that is derived from the base class.Virtual functions are also used to implement the logic gate hierarchy .The class gate is an abstract base class at the root of the inheritance hierarchy. A class is considered abstract when some of its virtual member functions do not have an implementation. These functions are assigned to be zero in the class classes must provide implementations for them.Another form of polymorphism found in C++ is function overloading. A function is said to be overloaded when it is declared more than once in a program. Overloading allows a set of functions that perform a similar operation to be collected under the same name. When there are several declarations of the same function, the compiler determines which function should be called by examining the return type and argument signature of the function call.When we define new data types, it is often useful to define standard operations thatare found in similar types. For example, a complex type also has addition and subtraction defined for it. We can use operator overloading so that the addition (`+') and subtraction (`-') operators work for complex objects just as they do for ints and floats.Operators are defined in much the same was as normal C++ functions and can be members or non-members of a class. Operators take one or two arguments and are called unary and binary operators accordingly. In C++, a member operator function is defined like an ordinary member function, but the name is prefixed with the keyword operator.C++ places a number of restrictions on operator overloading. Only the pre-defined set of C++ operators may be overloaded. It is illegal to define a new operator and then overload it. You cannot turn a unary operator into a binary operator or vice versa. Also, the following operators cannot be overloaded: scope operator (`::'), member object selection operator (`.*'), class object selector operator (`.'), and the arithmetic if operator (`?:').In the last two issues of ObjectiveViewPoint we have looked at how C++ supports the object-oriented paradigm.附件二外文资料翻译译文面向对象和C++C++是目前所利用的众多编程语言中的一种。

C#程序设计简介英文技术资料翻译中文

c++专业英语单词

c++常用英语单词c++常用英语单词A抽象数据类型abstract data type 抽象abstraction累加accumulating 实际变元actual argument实际参数actual parameter 地址运算符address operator算法 algorithm 功能模型al model运算与逻辑单元ALU 分析 analysis应用软件application software 参数/变元argument算术运算符arithmetic operators 基类ase class汇编程序assembler 汇编语言assembler language赋值运算符assignment operator(s) 赋值语句assignment statement综合性associativity 原子数据类型atomic dataB备份件backup copies 大o表示法Big O notation测试的基本规则basic rule of testing 二分法查找 binary search位bit 函数体 boday引导boot 字节bytesC被调函数called 调用函数calling类型转换cast 字符值character s类class 类层次class hierarchy类的成员class members 类的作用范围class scope编写代码coding 注释comments编译型语言compiled language 编译程序compiler编译时错误compile-time error 复合语句compound statement计算机程序computer program 条件 condition控制单元 control unit 转换运算符conversion operator 构造函数costructor 记数countingD字段data field 数据文件data file数据隐藏data hiding 数据成员data member数据类型data type 声明部分declaration section 声明语句declaration statement 自减运算符decrement operator缺省复制构造函数default copy constructor 缺省构造函数default constructor函数定义 definition 定义语句definition statement 派生类derived class 桌面检查desk checking析构函数destructor 文档编写documentation双精度数double-precision number 动态绑定dynamic hinding动态模型dynamic modelE回显打印echo printing 封装encapsulation转义序列escape sequence 交换排序法exchange sort表达式expression 外部文件名external file name F假条件false condition 域宽操纵符field width manipulator文件访问file access 文件组织形式file organization 文件流 file stream 浮点数floating-point number 软盘floppy diskette 流程图flowchart形式变元formal argument 形式参数formal parameter友元函数friendG全局作用的范围global scope 全局变量global variableH硬盘hard disk 硬件hardware函数首部 header 头文件header file十六进制hexadecimal 高级语言high-level languageI标识符identifier 实现implement实现部分implementation section 自增运算符 increment operator下标index 下标变量indexed variable 间接寻址indirect addressing 无限循环infinite loop间接寻址运算符 indirection operator 继承性inheritance内联成员函数inline member 输入文件流 input file stream实例变量instance variables 解释型语言interpreted language解释程序interpreter 调用invocation整数值iteger 循环结构iteration输入/输出单元 I/O unitJ对齐justificatingK关键字段key field 关键字keywordL左值l 线形查找linear （sequential）search链表linked list 局部作用范围local scope局部变量local variable 逻辑错误logic error低级语言low-level languageM机器语言machine language 魔术数magic number操纵符manipulator 数学头文件mathematicallibrary成员函数 member s 成员式赋值memberwise assignment 内存堆栈memory stack 内存单元 memory unit微处理器microprocessor 混合表达式mixed-mode expression 助记符mnemonic 模型model模块module 取模运算符modulus operator 多重继承multiple inheritanceN已命名常数named constant 嵌套循环nested loop空字符null character 空语句null statementO面向对象的语言object-oriented language 对象object八进制octal 偏移量offset一维数组one-dimensional array 操作码opcode操作系统operating system 运算符函数operator输出文件流 output file stream 函数的重载 overloadingP参数parameter 值传递pass by引用传递pass by reference 指针pointer指针变量pointer variable 多态性polymorphism后判断循环posttest loop 优先级 preccedence先判断循环pretest loop 私有private面向过程的语言procedure-oriented language 汇编语言programming language程序设计progremming 提示prompt函数的原形 prototype 伪代码pseudocode程序验证与测试program verification and testing公有publicQ快速排序法quicksortR右值r 随机访问 random access记录recored 递归传递recursive细化refinement 循环结构repetition循环语句repetition statement 返回语句return statement运行时错误run-time errorS换算scaling 作用范围scope辅存secondary storage 选择结构selection选择排序法selection sort 标记sentinel顺序组织形式sepuential organization 顺序结构sequence简单继承simple inheritance 单维数组single-dimensional array软件software 软件工程software engineering软件开发过程software development procedure 软件维护software maintenance源代码soure code 源程序source program字符串变量sring variable 静态绑定static hiding静态类数据成员static class data member 存储类型storage class结构体structure 结构体成员structure member函数占位符stub 下标sub下标变量subed variable 语法syntax语法错误syntax error 符号常数symbolic constant 系统软件system softwareT函数模板 template 模板前缀template prefix测试testing U 文本文件text filethis指针this pointer 跟踪tracing类型转换type conversions 二维数组two-dimensional array 类型转换构造函数 type conversion constructor 二进制补码two’s complem entU联合体unionV变量variable 变量作用范围variable scope可变条件循环variable condition loop 二进制文件vinary file虚函数virtual整理BY manucjj发音：Pointers（指针）references（引用）casts（类型转换）arrays（数组）constructors（构造）abstraction抽象action行动action-oriented面向行动analysis分析ANSI/ISO standardＣ++标准Ｃ＋＋arithmetic and logic unit(ALU)算术和逻辑单元arithmetic operators 算术操作符assenbly language汇编语言association关联associativity of operators地址操作符assignment operator赋值操作符attribute属性attributes of an object对象的属性behavior行为binary operator二元操作符C++ standard library C++标准库compile error 编译错误compiler编译器component组件date member 数据成员distributed computing 分布式计算editor编辑器encapsulation封装execution-time error执行期错误fatal error致命错误flow of control控制流程function函数identifier标识符information hiding信息隐藏inheritance继承instantiate实例化interface接口interpreter解释器linking连接logic error逻辑错误modeling建模multiple inheritance多重继承multiprogramming多路程序Object Management Group（OMG）对象管理组object-oriented analysis and design（OOAD）面向对象分析和设计operator associativity操作符的结合性precedence优先级preprocessor预处理器prompt提示pseudocode伪代码satement语句structured programming结构化编程syntax error语法错误Unified Modeling Language（UML）统一建模语言user-defined type 用户自定义类型variable变量名algorithm算法block代码块case label标签infinite loop无限循环delay loop延迟循环parameterized stream manipulator参数化流操纵元syntax error语法错误composition合成Object Constraint Language（OCL）对象限制语言argument in a function call函数调用中的参数automatic storage class自动存储类call-by-reference按引用调用coercion of arguments强制类型转换dangling reference悬挂引用enumeration枚举access function访问函数class scope类作用域constructor构造函数destructor析构函数global object全局对象header file头文件interface to a class类的接口proxy class代理类rapid applications development（RAD）快速应用程序开发source-code file源代码文件handle句柄abstract data type（ADT）抽象数据类型first-in-first-out（FIFO）先进先出iterator迭代器member access specifiers成员访问说明符pop（stack operation）弹出（堆栈操作）forward declaration 提前声明1.int:integer,整数2.const:constant,变量3.Variable:变量4.IDE:集成开发环境5.Visual C : 微软雄司开发的C言语C集成开发环境软件6.Turbo C: Borland雄司开发的c编译器7.GCC:Linux下的c编译器8.C Builder: Borland雄司开发的c言语IDEpile:编译piler:编译器11.float:浮点数,实数12.double:双精度浮点数,实数13.debug:调试14.Dennis Ritchie: C言语的创造者15.Bjarne Stroustrup : C言语的创造者17.The C Programming Language: Dennis Ritchie写的C编程言语,C言语圣经17.the C Programming Language: Bjarne Stroustrup 写的c编程言语,c 圣经19.ANSI C: C言语国际准则,也称为ISO C 20. AT T: 美国电报德律风雄司21.Bell Labs: 贝尔实验室,c和C 的创造地,隶属于AT T22.Array:数组23.MSDN:微软开发者网络24.MSDN Libaray: 微软开发者技术库25.MFC:微软基础类26.Visual Studio:微软开发的编程IDE,包括VC,VB,VC井等组件27.Bite:字节,存储容量单位28.KB:千字节29.MB:兆字节30.file:文件31.IO:输进输出(input,output) 32.class:类33.object:东西33.loop:循环体34.operator:运算符35.function:函数36.macro:宏3 7.define:界说38.Microsoft:美国微软雄司39.Windows:微软开发的看窗作零碎,用C言语编写40.math:数学41. .c:C源代文件的后缀名42. .h:头文件的后缀名33. .cpp :c加加源代文件后缀名34 :包括35. breakpoint:断点。

Visual Basic 语言与算法中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译译文：Visual Basic 语言与算法1991年，美国微软公司推出了Visual Basic(可简称VB），目前的最新版本是VB 2008 Beta2(VB9)中文版。

Visual 意即可视的、可见的，指的是开发像windows操作系统的图形用户界面（Graphic User Interface,GUI）的方法，它不需要编写大量代码去描述界面元素的外观和位置，只要把预先建立好的对象拖放到屏幕上相应的位置即可。

Basic 实际上是一个短语的缩写，这个短语就是Beginners all_purpose symbolic instruction code ，其中文意思为“初始者通用符号指令代码语言”。

Visual Basic有学习版、专业版和企业版三种版本，以满足不同的开发需要。

学习版适用于普通学习者及大多数使用Visual Basic开发一般Windows应用程序的人员，但是；专业版适用于计算机专业开发人员，包括了学习版的全部内容功能以及Internet控件开发工具之类的高级特性；企业版除包含专业版全部的内容外，还有自动化构件管理器等工具，使得专业编程人员能够开发功能强大的组骨子里分布式应用程序。

Visual Basic第1节Visual Basic的概述Microsoft Visual Basic(简称VB)是在Windows操作平台下设计应用程序的最速度、最简捷的工具之一。

不论是初学者还是专业开发人员，VB都为他们提供了一整套的工具，可以轻松方便的开发应用程序。

因此，VB一直被作为大多数电脑初学者的首选入门编程语言。

“Visual”指的是采用可视化的开发图形用户界面（GUI）的方法，一般不需要编写大量代码去描述界面元素的外观和位置，而只要把需要的控件拖放到屏幕上的相应位置即可方便图形设计图形用户界面；“Basic”指的是 BASIC语言，因为VB是在原有的BAISC语言的基础上发展起来的。

C语言外文资料翻译及原文

.NET和C#简介为了理解.NET的重要性，考虑一下近10年来出现的许多Windows技术的本质会有一定的帮助。

尽管所有的Windows操作系统在表面上看来完全不同，但从Windows 3.1（1992年）到Windows Server 2003，在内核上都有相同的Windows API。

在我们转而使用Windows的新版本时，API中增加了非常多的新功能，但这是一个演化和扩展API的过程，并非是替换它。

向后兼容性是Windows技术的极其重要的特性，也是Windows平台的一个长处，但它有一个很大的缺点。

每次某项技术进行演化，增加了新功能后，都会比它以前更复杂。

很明显，对此必须进行改进。

Microsoft不可能一直扩展这些开发工具和语言，使它们越来越复杂，既要保证能跟上最新硬件的发展步伐，又要与20世纪90年代初开始流行的Windows产品向后兼容。

如果要得到一种简单而专业化的语言、环境和开发工具，让开发人员轻松地编写优秀的软件，就需要一种新的开端。

这就是C#和.NET的作用。

粗略地说，.NET是一种在Windows上编程的新架构——一种新API。

C#是一种新语言，它可以利用.NET Framework及其开发环境中的所有新特性，以及在最近20年来出现的面向对象的编程方法。

在继续介绍前，必须先说明，向后兼容性并没有在这个演化进程中失去。

现有的程序仍可以使用，.NET也兼容现有的软件。

软件组件在Windows上的通信，现在几乎都是使用COM实现的。

因此，.NET能够提供现有COM组件的包装器(wrapper)，以便.NET组件与之通信。

Microsoft已经扩展了C++，提供了一种新语言J#，还对VB进行了很多改进，把它转变成为功能更强大的，并允许把用这些语言编写的代码用于.NET环境。

但这些语言都因有多年演化的痕迹，所以不能完全用现在的技术来编写。

在使用.NET Framework 1.0和Visual Studio .NET 2002时，要创建可移动应用程序，就必须下载Microsoft Mobile Internet Toolkit(MMIT)。

VisualC++ MFC简要介绍毕业设计外文翻译

计算机专业毕业设计外文翻译Visual C++ MFC 简要介绍工学部工学一部专业计算机科学与技术班级学号姓名指导教师负责教师2008年7月Introduction to MFC Programming with Visual C++ Version 6.xby Marshall BrainVisual C++ is much more than a compiler. It is a complete application development environment that, when used as intended, lets you fully exploit the object oriented nature of C++ to create professional Windows applications. In order to take advantage of these features, you need to understand the C++ programming language. If you have never used C++, please turn to the C++ tutorials in the C/C++ Tutorials page for an introduction. You must then understand the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) hierarchy. This class hierarchy encapsulates the user interface portion of the Windows API, and makes it significantly easier to create Windows applications in an object oriented way. This hierarchy is available for and compatible with all versions of Windows. The code you create in MFC is extremely portable.These tutorials introduce the fundamental concepts and vocabulary behind MFC and event driven programming. In this tutorial you will enter, compile, and run a simple MFC program using Visual C++. Tutotial 2 provides a detailed explanation of the code used in Tutorial 1. Tutorial 3 discusses MFC controls and their customization. Tutorial 4 covers message maps, which let you handle events in MFC.What is the Microsoft Foundations Class Library?Let's say you want to create a Windows application. You might, for example, need to create a specialized text or drawing editor, or a program that finds files on a large hard disk, or an application that lets a user visualize the interrelationships in a big data set. Where do you begin?A good starting place is the design of the user interface. First, decide what the user should be able to do with the program and then pick a set of user interface objects accordingly. The Windows user interface has a number of standard controls, such as buttons, menus, scroll bars, and lists, that are already familiar to Windows users. With this in mind, the programmer must choose a set of controls and decide how they should be arranged on screen. A time-honored procedure is to make a rough sketch of the proposed user interface (by tradition on a napkin or the back of an envelope) and play with the elements until they feel right. For small projects, or for the early prototyping phase of a larger project, this is sufficient.The next step is to implement the code. When creating a program for any Windowsplatform, the programmer has two choices: C or C++. With C, the programmer codes at the level of the Windows Application Program Interface (API). This interface consists of a collection of hundreds of C functions described in the Window's API Reference books. For Window's NT, the API is typically referred to as the "Win32 API," to distinguish it from the original 16-bit API of lower-level Windows products like Windows 3.1.Microsoft also provides a C++ library that sits on top of any of the Windows APIs and makes the programmer's job easier. Called the Microsoft Foundation Class library (MFC), this library's primary advantage is efficiency. It greatly reduces the amount of code that must be written to create a Windows program. It also provides all the advantages normally found in C++ programming, such as inheritance and encapsulation. MFC is portable, so that, for example, code created under Windows 3.1 can move to Windows NT or Windows 95 very easily. MFC is therefore the preferred method for developing Windows applications and will be used throughout these tutorials.When you use MFC, you write code that creates the necessary user interface controls and customizes their appearance. You also write code that responds when the user manipulates these controls. For example, if the user clicks a button, you want to have code in place that responds appropriately. It is this sort of event-handling code that will form the bulk of any application. Once the application responds correctly to all of the available controls, it is finished.You can see from this discussion that the creation of a Windows program is a straightforward process when using MFC. The goal of these tutorials is to fill in the details and to show the techniques you can use to create professional applications as quickly as possible. The Visual C++ application development environment is specifically tuned to MFC, so by learning MFC and Visual C++ together you can significantly increase your power as an application developer.Windows V ocabularyThe vocabulary used to talk about user interface features and software development in Windows is basic but unique. Here we review a few definitions to make discussion easier for those who are new to the environment.Windows applications use several standard user controls:Static text labelsPush buttonsList boxesCombo boxes (a more advanced form of list)Radio boxesCheck boxesEditable text areas (single and multi-line)Scroll barsYou can create these controls either in code or through a "resource editor" that can create dialogs and the controls inside of them. In this set of tutorials we will examine how to create them in code. See the tutorials on the AppWizard and ClassWizard for an introduction to the resource editor for dialogs.Windows supports several types of application windows. A typical application will live inside a "frame window". A frame window is a fully featured main window that the user can re-size, minimize, maximize to fill the screen, and so on. Windows also supports two types of dialog boxes: modal and modeless. A modal dialog box, once on the screen, blocks input to the rest of the application until it is answered. A modeless dialog box can appear at the same time as the application and seems to "float above" it to keep from being overlaid.Most simple Windows applications use a Single Document Interface, or SDI, frame. The Clock, PIF editor, and Notepad are examples of SDI applications. Windows also provides an organizing scheme called the Multiple Document Interface, or MDI for more complicated applications. The MDI system allows the user to view multiple documents at the same time within a single instance of an application. For example, a text editor might allow the user to open multiple files simultaneously. When implemented with MDI, the application presents a large application window that can hold multiple sub-windows, each containing a document. The single main menu is held by the main application window and it applies to the top-most window held within the MDI frame. Individual windows can be iconified or expanded as desired within the MDI frame, or the entire MDI frame can be minimized into a single icon on the desktop. The MDI interface gives the impression of a second desktop out on the desktop, and it goes a long way towards organizing and removing window clutter.Each application that you create will use its own unique set of controls, its own menu structure, and its own dialog boxes. A great deal of the effort that goes into creating anygood application interface lies in the choice and organization of these interface objects. Visual C++, along with its resource editors, makes the creation and customization of these interface objects extremely easy.Event-driven Software and V ocabularyAll window-based GUIs contain the same basic elements and all operate in the same way. On screen the user sees a group of windows, each of which contains controls, icons, objects and such that are manipulated with the mouse or the keyboard. The interface objects seen by the user are the same from system to system: push buttons, scroll bars, icons, dialog boxes, pull down menus, etc. These interface objects all work the same way, although some have minor differences in their "look and feel." For example, scroll bars look slightly different as you move from Windows to the Mac to Motif, but they all do the same thing.From a programmer's standpoint, the systems are all similar in concept, although they differ radically in their specifics. To create a GUI program, the programmer first puts all of the needed user interface controls into a window. For example, if the programmer is trying to create a simple program such as a Fahrenheit to Celsius converter, then the programmer selects user interface objects appropriate to the task and displays them on screen. In this example, the programmer might let the user enter a temperature in an editable text area, display the converted temperature in another un-editable text area, and let the user exit the program by clicking on a push-button labeled "quit".As the user manipulates the application's controls, the program must respond appropriately. The responses are determined by the user's actions on the different controls using the mouse and the keyboard. Each user interface object on the screen will respond to events differently. For example, if the user clicks the Quit button, the button must update the screen appropriately, highlighting itself as necessary. Then the program must respond by quitting. Normally the button manages its appearance itself, and the program in some way receives a message from the button that says, "The quit button was pressed. Do something about it." The program responds by exiting.Windows follows this same general pattern. In a typical application you will create a main window and place inside it different user interface controls. These controls are often referred to as child windows-each control is like a smaller and more specialized sub-window inside the main application window. As the application programmer, youmanipulate the controls by sending messages via function calls, and they respond to user actions by sending messages back to your code.If you have never done any "event-driven" programming, then all of this may seem foreign to you. However, the event-driven style of programming is easy to understand. The exact details depend on the system and the level at which you are interfacing with it, but the basic concepts are similar. In an event-driven interface, the application paints several (or many) user interface objects such as buttons, text areas, and menus onto the screen. Now the application waits-typically in a piece of code called an event loop-for the user to do something. The user can do anything to any of the objects on screen using either the mouse or the keyboard. The user might click one of the buttons, for example. The mouse click is called an event. Event driven systems define events for user actions such as mouse clicks and keystrokes, as well as for system activities such as screen updating.At the lowest level of abstraction, you have to respond to each event in a fair amount of detail. This is the case when you are writing normal C code directly to the API. In such a scenario, you receive the mouse-click event in some sort of structure. Code in your event loop looks at different fields in the structure, determines which user interface object was affected, perhaps highlights the object in some way to give the user visual feedback, and then performs the appropriate action for that object and event. When there are many objects on the screen the application becomes very large. It can take quite a bit of code simply to figure out which object was clicked and what to do about it.Fortunately, you can work at a much higher level of abstraction. In MFC, almost all these low-level implementation details are handled for you. If you want to place a user interface object on the screen, you create it with two lines of code. If the user clicks on a button, the button does everything needed to update its appearance on the screen and then calls a pre-arranged function in your program. This function contains the code that implements the appropriate action for the button. MFC handles all the details for you: You create the button and tell it about a specific handler function, and it calls your function when the user presses it. Tutorial 4 shows you how to handle events using message maps An ExampleOne of the best ways to begin understanding the structure and style of a typical MFC program is to enter, compile, and run a small example. The listing below contains a simple "hello world" program. If this is the first time you've seen this sort of program, it probablywill not make a lot of sense initially. Don't worry about that. We will examine the code in detail in the next tutorial. For now, the goal is to use the Visual C++ environment to create, compile and execute this simple program.//hello.cpp#include <afxwin.h>// Declare the application classclass CHelloApp : public CWinApp{public:virtual BOOL InitInstance();};// Create an instance of the application classCHelloApp HelloApp;// Declare the main window classclass CHelloWindow : public CFrameWnd{CStatic* cs;public:CHelloWindow();};// The InitInstance function is called each// time the application first executes.BOOL CHelloApp::InitInstance(){m_pMainWnd = new CHelloWindow();m_pMainWnd->ShowWindow(m_nCmdShow);m_pMainWnd->UpdateWindow();return TRUE;}// The constructor for the window classCHelloWindow::CHelloWindow(){// Create the window itselfCreate(NULL,"Hello World!",WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CRect(0,0,200,200));// Create a static labelcs = new CStatic();cs->Create("hello world",WS_CHILD|WS_VISIBLE|SS_CENTER,CRect(50,80,150,150),this);}This small program does three things. First, it creates an "application object." Every MFC program you write will have a single application object that handles the initialization details of MFC and Windows. Next, the application creates a single window on the screen to act as the main application window. Finally, inside that window the application creates a single static text label containing the words "hello world". We will look at this program in detail in the next tutorial to gain a complete understanding of its structure.The steps necessary to enter and compile this program are straightforward. If you have not yet installed Visual C++ on your machine, do so now. You will have the option of creating standard and custom installations. For the purposes of these tutorials a standard installation is suitable and after answering two or three simple questions the rest of the installation is quick and painless.Start VC++ by double clicking on its icon in the Visual C++ group of the Program Manager. If you have just installed the product, you will see an empty window with a menu bar. If VC++ has been used before on this machine, it is possible for it to come up in several different states because VC++ remembers and automatically reopens the project and files in use the last time it exited. What we want right now is a state where it has no project or code loaded. If the program starts with a dialog that says it was unable to find a certain file, clear the dialog by clicking the "No" button. Go to the Window menu and select the Close All option if it is available. Go to the File menu and select the Close option if it is available to close any remaining windows. Now you are at the proper starting point.If you have just installed the package, you will see a window that looks something like this:This screen can be rather intimidating the first time you see it. To eliminate some ofthe intimidation, click on the lower of the two "x" buttons () that you see in the upper right hand corner of the screen if it is available. This action will let you close the "InfoViewer Topic" window. If you want to get rid of the InfoViewer toolbar as well, you can drag it so it docks somewhere along the side of the window, or close it and later get it back by choosing the Customize option in the Tools menu.What you see now is "normal". Along the top is the menu bar and several toolbars. Along the left side are all of the topics available from the on-line book collection (you might want to explore by double clicking on several of the items you see there - the collection of information found in the on-line books is gigantic). Along the bottom is a status window where various messages will be displayed.Now what? What you would like to do is type in the above program, compile it and run it. Before you start, switch to the File Manager (or the MS-DOS prompt) and make sure your drive has at least five megabytes of free space available. Then take the following steps.Creating a Project and Compiling the CodeIn order to compile any code in Visual C++, you have to create a project. With a very small program like this the project seems like overkill, but in any real program the projectconcept is quite useful. A project holds three different types of information: It remembers all of the source code files that combine together to create one executable. In this simple example, the file HELLO.CPP will be the only source file, but in larger applications you often break the code up into several different files to make it easier to understand (and also to make it possible for several people to work on it simultaneously). The project maintains a list of the different source files and compiles all of them as necessary each time you want to create a new executable.It remembers compiler and linker options particular to this specific application. For example, it remembers which libraries to link into the executable, whether or not you want to use pre-compiled headers, and so on.It remembers what type of project you wish to build: a console application, a windows application, etc.If you are familiar with makefiles, then it is easy to think of a project as a machine-generated makefile that has a very easy-to-understand user interface to manipulate it. For now we will create a very simple project file and use it to compile HELLO.CPP.To create a new project for HELLO.CPP, choose the New option in the File menu. Under the Projects tab, highlight Win32 Application. In the Location field type an appropriate path name or click the Browse button. Type the word "hello" in for the project name, and you will see that word echoed in the Location field as well. Click the OK button. In the next window, use the default selection "An empty project", click "Finish", then click "OK" once more in the next window. Notice there is an option for the typical "Hello World" application, however it skips a few important steps you are about to take. Visual C++ will create a new subdirectory named HELLO and place the project files named HELLO.OPT, HELLO.NCB, HELLO.DSP, and HELLO.DSW in that directory. If you quit and later want to reopen the project, double-click on HELLO.DSW.The area along the left side of the screen will now change so that three tabs are available. The InfoView tab is still there, but there is now also a ClassView and a FileView tab. The ClassView tab will show you a list of all of the classes in your application and the FileView tab gives you a list of all of the files in the project.Now it is time to type in the code for the program. In the File menu select the New option to create a new editor window. In the dialog that appears, make sure the Files tab isactive and request a "C++ Source File". Make sure the "Add to Project" option is checked for Project "hello", and enter "hello" for "File name". Visual C++ comes with its own intelligent C++ editor, and you will use it to enter the program shown above. Type (copy/paste) the code in the listing into the editor window. You will find that the editor automatically colors different pieces of text such as comments, key words, string literals, and so on. If you want to change the colors or turn the coloring off, go to the Options option in the Tools menu, choose the Format tab and select the Source Windows option from the left hand list. If there is some aspect of the editor that displeases you, you may be able to change it using the Editor tab of the Options dialog.After you have finished entering the code, save the file by selecting the Save option in the File menu. Save it to a file named HELLO.CPP in the new directory Visual C++ created.In the area on the left side of the screen, click the FileView tab and expand the tree on the icon labeled "hello files", then expand the tree on the folder icon labeled "Source Files". You will see the file named HELLO.CPP. Click on the ClassView tab and expand the "hello classes" tree and you will see the classes in the application. You can remove a file from a project at any time by going to the FileView, clicking the file, and pressing the delete button.Finally, you must now tell the project to use the MFC library. If you omit this step the project will not link properly, and the error messages that the linker produces will not help one bit. Choose the Settings option in the Project menu. Make sure that the General tab is selected in the tab at the top of the dialog that appears. In the Microsoft Foundation Classes combo box, choose the third option: "Use MFC in a Shared DLL." Then close the dialog.Having created the project file and adjusted the settings, you are ready to compile the HELLO.CPP program. In the Build menu you will find three different compile options: Compile HELLO.CPP (only available if the text window for HELLO.CPP has focus) Build HELLO.EXERebuild AllThe first option simply compiles the source file listed and forms the object file for it. This option does not perform a link, so it is useful only for quickly compiling a file to check for errors. The second option compiles all of the source files in the project that have been modified since the last build, and then links them to form an executable. The thirdoption recompiles all of the source files in the project and relinks them. It is a "compile and link from scratch" option that is useful after you change certain compiler options or move to a different platform.In this case, choose the Build HELLO.EXE option in the Build menu to compile and link the code. Visual C++ will create a new subdirectory named Debug and place the executable named HELLO.EXE in that new subdirectory. This subdirectory holds all disposable (easily recreated) files generated by the compiler, so you can delete this directory when you run short on disk space without fear of losing anything important.If you see compiler errors, simply double click on the error message in the output window. The editor will take you to that error. Compare your code against the code above and fix the problem. If you see a mass of linker errors, it probably means that you specified the project type incorrectly in the dialog used to create the project. You may want to simply delete your new directory and recreate it again following the instructions given above exactly.To execute the program, choose the Execute HELLO.EXE option in the Build menu.A window appears with the words "hello world". The window itself has the usual decorations: a title bar, re-size areas, minimize and maximize buttons, and so on. Inside the window is a static label displaying the words "hello world". Note that the program is complete. You can move the window, re-size it, minimize it, and cover and uncover it with other windows. With a very small amount of code you have created a complete Window application. This is one of the many advantages of using MFC. All the details are handled elsewhere.Visual C++ MFC 简要介绍原著：Marshall Brain Visual C++ 不仅仅是一个编译器。

计算机外文翻译--C#设计模式

外文科技资料翻译英文原文Design Patterns in C #A model is a program using such a program, we can complete certain tasks. A model is a way through this way, we can achieve a certain purpose. Meanwhile, a model is a technology. In order to complete a particular job, we need to access and use the technology effectively. This kind of thinking can be applied to many types of work, such as : cooking, pyrotechnic, software development and other work. If the work Township respective fields is not of sound, then the practitioners in the field will be to find some common, effective solutions, using these programs, not in the circumstances to resolve the relevant issues, complete the work so as to achieve the purpose. Certain areas of regular employees in the field will have a habit of terminology These habits contribute to the terms of the work related personnel exchanges. Some models customary terms. The so-called model is able to complete some specific task and reach the goal of the mission off-the-shelf technology. With a habit of technology and related terms, some of this technology and modes documented, These records document from the customary terms to be standardized and made some effective technology has been widely disseminated.Christopher Alexander is that some of the best skills facts old road program modeled on the one of the pioneers. His research area is the architecture, not the software. In his new book, "A Pattern Language : Towns, Buildings, Construction book, "Alexander the construction of housing and urban building the successful model. Alexander's works have far-reaching effects, it also affects software fields. This Department has been able to make an impact in other areas, partly because the author has a unique purpose of the observation.You might think that the construction approach is aimed at "building design." But Alexander made clear, Application architecture model, which aims to serve the future to those living in these buildings or living in these cities people, make them feel comfortable and happy. Alexander's work showed that the model is a certain access and the exchange of technical knowledge in the field excellent way. He also pointed out that a reasonable understanding of a particular record and the object of the exercise is very crucial, this requires philosophical thinking, also faced with unpredictable challenges.Software development groups have to have a model resonates, and published a large number of books to record the software development model. These books record the software process the best time, senior architecture and software design category level, and and the pattern books are still published. If you need to choose the mode of translation of the books, Youshould first take some time to read those to the secretary of the published comments, and then from the translation of choice for your help greatest books, and as your 2020.Abstract, a kind of interface is the kind of certain methods and fields consisting of a pool. Other examples of the object can be set right through this class for a visit. Excuse the expression usually implementation of the method of operation for the functional responsibility, which often means using the name, code Notes and other documents for descriptive. Category 1 refers to the realization of the type of method to achieve code.C # language to improve the interface concept, so that it can be a separate structure, thereby interface (namely : an object must do what) and the realization (that is : a target how to meet their functional responsibilities) to effectively separate areas. C # language interface to allow for more than one category with a functional, and the C # interface can achieve more than one type interface.There are several design patterns can be used for the C # features. For example : we can use an interface to fit a certain type of interface, In reality, this is through the application adapter mode to meet a customer's needs. To discuss some language C # unable to complete the work, we should understand how the C # language is the work performed, Therefore, we first discuss the C # language interface.If you do not use interface, then you can use the abstract class (C + + language abstract). However, the n layer (n-tier) software development and definition of structure and other objects, the interface has a critical role to play. Similarly, if you do not use commissioned, then you can use the interface. If a public mandate required to be registered for a callback method, then the commission could improve these mandates, and therefore C # Entrusted language is a very useful content.1．I nterface and abstract categoryPlease indicate the C # language and abstract category of the three interfaces between different.In use, failed to provide a method of non-abstract category with an abstract interface is similar. However, we need to pay attention to the following points :A class can achieve any number of interfaces, but only up to an abstract category of sub-categories.An abstract class can include abstract, and an interface all methods in effect are abstract.An abstract class can declare and use variables, and not an interface.An abstract category of the visit Xiuchifu can be public, internal, protected, protected internal or private, and members of the interface visit Xiuchifu in default under are public, but,in a statement Interface members, allowed to use the visit Xiuchifu (even allowed to use public visit Xiuchifu).An abstract class can be defined Constructors, and not an interface.2．I nterface with the commissioningInterface with the commissioning of comparison :Interface with the commissioning of the similarities is that they can have the desired definition of the function. We learn in the process of commissioning often create some confusion and the reason was partly due to "trust" the word It can express meaning is nuanced different concepts. The right to commission and compare interface, we have to take a look at the C # language commission is how to work.C # language keyword delegate introduction of a new type of commission, This new type commissioned determine what type of method can be used only example of this type of commission. Commissioned no standard type of name, but it standardized the method parameter types and return types.We consider the following statement :Public delegate object BorrowReader ( IDataReader reader);This statement of the Declaration of a new type of commission. Commissioned by the name of the type BorrowReader. The statement said the commission can use any type of technique is, as long as the method of receiving a IDataReader object as a method parameters, and return types of methods to object. If a certain category is the following :Pricate static object GetNames (IDataReader reader){//…}GetNames () method parameter types and return types to meet BorrowReader commissioned by the types of standardized definition, this method can be used to name the types commissioned example, Examples of the statement is as follows :Is a variable b BorrowReader commissioned by the types of examples. Any visit to the commission examples of code can be called Object b, then commissioned example of the calling object b inclusive approach. The reason why the use of object example b, as this program has the following advantages : other ways in the right time calling object b and an inclusive approach. For example : a category of data services available to read on a database, called a BorrowReader commissioned example (that is, the above reader transmitted to the commission examples), then read this database as a resource for the release.C # interface can be an inclusive, C # attributes (property), and indexer. Interface can be a tolerant, inclusive but not commissioned. Why?We can simply gives the following explanation :Delegate keyword introduction of a new type, and the event keyword introduction of a new member. A statement standardized interfaces members, and not the type, time can be classified interface, which can not be classified as commissioned interface.And detailed explanation :Event keyword statement of a specific type of field (an "incident") standardize the types (must be a commissioned type) and their names. C # restrictions on the visit, the customer can not use the incident type (commissioned by the type) of all acts. Customers can only use commissioned by the + = and -= acts. Such restrictions are the result of : Only statement classes can call (or excited) an incident. However, as long as inclusive so that a certain category of a public member of the incident, a client interface types can be composed of the above examples that category. The incident is a kind of interface standard component, we have ample reason for the interface, including the incident.When entrusted to a single callback method, one based on interface design is equally effective. However, if the design needs to hold the commissioning of Togo and called method, then entrusted clearer. When a particular target for the use of a commissioned for a number of clients (for example, "hits" on the incident) for the registration, this advantage is particularly prominent. Is a one time member, the member can make an object or class to give notice to the news.Understand the language C # commissioned may be difficult, especially because we repeat the definition of "trust" the meaning of the term. For example, we can use the "commission" of the term commission statement said a commission types, and even commissioned an example. Particularly, people always say, "Call a commission," but an object can only call a commissioned example, not calling a commissioned type. If you feel this is part of some confusion hard, do not worry, a lot of people are. But we should really seriously study commissioned by the C # is how to work. which is not only to understand how the application of the key, as well as understanding how the category of interactive key.3．I nterface and attributesC # language can be an excuse for standardized interface must provide the indexer or C # attributes. If your definition of a new type of set, then we need to standardize an indexer. If you make the following statement, a realization that must include a method and the method to use an attribute value, and (or) the need to set this attribute value, then you will need a standard C # attributes.Following is a statement of a code without the use of C # attributes interface, but the realization, the need for a targeting of the attributes of the visit. Public interface IAdvertisement {Int GetID ();String GetADCopy ();Void SetADCopy (string text);}The above code interface is Oozinoz system Showproperties part of the library. In simple terms, this meant to standardize the interface of two C # attributes, but strictly speaking, they are not C # attributes. The use of C # syntax for C # attributes the advantage of its syntax more elegant. However, the most important point is not to have the capacity to foresee the reflection customers can detect the presence of C # attributes. For example, as long as the relevant attribute is the real target of C # attributes, a Datagrid object can be in one ArrayList pools showing relevant object attributes.In an interface, C # attributes expressed in the syntax is dependent, and therefore in achieving interface will have some differences. We should use in-depth understanding of C # interface characteristics of the relevant concepts and the use of details.4．I nterface detailsC # interface of the main advantages is that the interface of object interaction of the restrictions. Such restrictions are, in fact, a liberation. On the realization of a certain type of interface, the category The interface in the provision of services in the process has undergone many changes, But these changes will not affect the class customers. Although excuses are very easy to understand, but in time, Also details of the development staff have been forced to resort to reference materials.Interface description of the types of interaction in the process of the expectations and do not expect to conduct acts. Interface with pure abstract categories is very similar, interface definition it should be completed in the function, but we did not achieve these functions. Interface is also entrusted with a similar course, entrusted only to standardize the method of each method parameter and return types.Also commissioned type, it can not be an inclusive one interface commissioned and treat it as a member. However commissioned by the types of variables and marking the event keyword variables could happen in interface.Apart from the methods and events, but also inclusive interface for indexing and attributes. These elements of the syntax is very important because customers through the use of these types of members and the use of reflection, Detection and understanding to achieve category(category refers to achieve the realization of Interface) behavior. Grasp how to use the C # interface concept and very important details, that you deserve to spend some time. This part of this function is also a powerful sense of the design of the core content, as well as several of the core design pattern.5．G eneral Interface can not provide the contentC # interface can be used to simplify and strengthen the system design, of course, Sometimes the excuse that may be beyond the general interface definition and scope of use.If you want to make a kind of interface with a customer expectations interface adapter, the adapter can be applied to model.If you want to set such a simple interface, then the model can be applied appearance.If you want a definition of interface, so that it can be used to delay object, can be applied to the target group. Well, we can use synthetic model.If you want to achieve an abstract for their separation, so that they can change independently, then can be applied to bridge mode.Each model is designed to : in a specific context solve a problem. Based on the model interface emphasized the context, Context because the decision whether we need to define or redefine the right of the visit means These methods can be both a class method, it can also be a cluster approach. For example : If a particular category of what we need, However method name with the customer expectation of a name does not match, Then we can use Adapter model to solve this problem.If a client calls us to develop the code, so this is a target customers. In some cases, client code in the code only after the completion of the development, So developers can ask the households can conform to our code of the object interface specification. However, in some cases, families may also be independent of code development. For example : a rocket simulation program we need to use the information provided by the rocket, However simulation program also defines the rocket's working methods. Under such circumstances, we will find that the existing class has provided customers the services they need, but not of the same name. At this time, we can apply Adapter mode. Adapter model is aimed at : if a customer needs to use a certain type of service, This service is the category with a different interfaces, then Adapter model can be used to provide a desired interface.Java programming language and the language differences between the lies : C # Language no way any possible Cook Up Some of the anomalies in a statement. Whether this is a good character? Please give your conclusions and related reasons.In a way other than the first statement of anomalies because :We should first of all pay attention to, the Java language does not require a statement of all possible methods dished out anomalies. For example, any methods may encounter a space pointer and then dished out a statement not abnormal.Even the Java language designers admit that forced programmers all possible statement is a very unrealistic. Applications need a strategy, and under this strategy to deal with all the anomalies. Developer statement requested some type of anomaly is not a substitute for such exception handling strategy.The other : programmers should be all they can receive help. Indeed, an application architecture should have a credible strategy to deal with the anomalies. Meanwhile, forced developers in each of the methods are common problems (such as empty pointer) statement is unrealistic. For certain types of errors, such as open a file may arise in the course of the issue, there is a definite need for methods the caller to deal with the anomalies that may occur. C # language for a method statement terminology might happen some unusual statement from the method in addition to the first. In fact, this program is pouring out the water at the same time, the children are thrown out of.Object-oriented program design procedures can be avoided is not designed for a single, thus avoiding the procedures of the various parts are mixed together. An ideal object-oriented application should be one of the smallest category, This category could include other reusable kind of behavior effectively together.中文译文C#设计模式一个模式是一种方案，利用这种方案，我们可以完成某项工作。

c语言编程指南英文版

c语言编程指南英文版English:"C programming language is a powerful and widely-used language in the field of computer programming. It is known for its efficiency, flexibility, and portability, making it suitable for various applications ranging from system software to game development. In order to become proficient in C programming, it is essential to have a solid understanding of its syntax, data types, control structures, functions, and libraries. Additionally, mastering the use of pointers and memory management is crucial for writing efficient and error-free code. Familiarity with debugging techniques and best coding practices is also vital for producing high-quality and maintainable C programs. As a beginner, it is important to start with small, manageable projects and gradually build up the skills and knowledge to tackle more complex programs. By following best practices and continuously learning and practicing, one can become a proficient C programmer capable of developing robust and efficient software solutions."中文翻译:"C语言编程是计算机编程领域中强大而广泛使用的语言。

Visual Basic毕业设计外文翻译

附件1：外文资料翻译译文Visual Basic简介什么是Visual BasicMicrosoft Visual Basic 5.0是旧的BASIC语言最近的最好的化身，在一个包里给你一个完全的Windows应用开发系统。

Visual Basic (我们常称它VB)能让你写、编辑，并且测试Windows 应用程序。

另外，VB有包括你能用来写并且编译帮助文件那的工具，ActiveX控制，并且甚至因特网应用程序Visual Basic是它本身的一个Windows应用程序。

你装载并且执行VB系统就好象你做其它Windows程序。

你将使用这个运行的VB程序创造另外的程序。

虽然VB是一个非常地有用的工具，但VB只是一个程序员(写程序的人)用来写，测试，并且运行Windows应用程序的工具。

尽管程序员们经常可替交地使用术语程序和应用程序，当你正在描述一个Windows程序时术语应用程序似乎最适合，因为一个Windows程序由若干份代表性的文件组成。

这些文件以工程形式一起工作。

通过双击一个图标或由以Windows开始应用程序运行启动菜单用户从Windows加载并且运行工程产生最终的程序。

过去的45年与计算机硬件一起的编程工具的角色已经演变。

今天一种程序语言，例如Visual Basic，一些年以前与程序语言的非常不一致。

Windows操作系统的视觉的天性要求比一些年以前是可利用的更先进的工具。

在windowed环境以前，一种程序语言是你用来写程序的一个简单的基于文章工具。

今天你需要的不只是一种语言，你需要一种能在windows系统内部工作并且能利用所有的绘画、多媒体、联机和Windows提供的多处理活动开发应用软件的绘图开发工具。

Visual Basic是如此的一种工具。

超过一种语言，Visual Basic让你产生与今天的Windows操作系统的每个方面互相影响的应用程序。

如果在过去你已经注意Visual Basic，你将很惊讶今天的Visual Basic系统。

Visual C++程序设计外文翻译、英汉互译、中英对照

Visual C++程序设计21世纪将是信息化社会，以信息技术为主要标志的高新技术产业在整个经济中的比重不断增长，随着计算机技术的飞速发展，社会对人才的计算机应用与开发水平的要求也日益增高，为适应形式，其中VC++技术及其产品是当今世界计算机发展的一块巨大领域。

Windows xp/vista 是目前主流图形化操作系统，运行各种各样的window操作系统的个人计算机已在全球的家庭和办公坏境中广泛使用，而越来越多的个人计算机具有internet功能和多媒体功能又推动了对各种各样功能强，速度快的应用软件的进一步需求。

目前有一种对microsoft所取得的成功进行诽谤的气氛，然而，microsoft的成功加上它对标准化的承诺，使得有承诺的windows编程人员利用他们掌握的技术在全球范围内得到越来越大的回报，由于西方社会的承认和计算机已越来越深入到每个人的生活中，因而对他们的技术需求与日俱增，从而使得他们的回报、经济收入和其他各方面相应地取得了满意的结果。

Visual C++编程语言是由Microsoft公司推出的目前极为广泛的可视化开发工具，利用Visual C++可以开发基于Widnows平台的32位应用程序，依靠强大的编译器以及网络与数据库的开发能力，用Visual C++可以开发出功能强大的应用程序。

VC++6.0是操作系统中快速应用开发环境的最新版本。

它也是当前Windows平台上第一个全面支持最新WEB服务的快速开发工具。

无论是企业级用户，还是个人开发者，都能够利用VC++6.0轻松、快捷地开发优秀的基于通信的程序，开发高效灵活的文件操作程序，开发灵活高效的数据库操作程序，等等。

VC++6.0是惟一支持所有新出现的工业标准的RAD坏境，包括XML（扩展标记语言）/XSL（可扩展样式语言），SOAP（简单对象存取协议）和WSDL（Web 服务器描述语言）等。

VC++6.0是可视化的快速应用程序开发语言，它提供了可视化的集成开发坏境，这一坏境为应用程序设计人员提供了一系列灵活先进的工具，可以广泛地用于种类应用程序设计。

C# 编程语言概述-外文文献翻译

附件一中文译文C# 编程语言概述1.C,C++,C#的历史C#程序语言是建立在C和C++程序语言的精神上的。

这个账目有着很有力的特征和易学的曲线。

不能说C#与C和C++相同，但是因为C#是建立在这两者之上，微软移除了一些成为更多负担的特征，比如说指针。

这部分观看C和C++，在C#中追踪它们的发展。

C程序语言原本是被定义在UNIX操作系统中的。

过去经常编写一些UNIX 的应用程序，包括一个C编译器，最后被用于写UNIX自己。

它普遍认可在这个学术上的竞争扩展到包含这个商业的世界，脑上。

最初的Windows API被定义与使用C同Windows代码一起工作，并且直到今天至少设置核心的Windows操作系统APIS保持C编译器。

来自一个定义的观点，C缺乏一个细节就像Smalltalk这类语言也包含的一样，一个对象的概念。

你将会学到更多的关于对象的内容在第八章“写面向对象的代码”一个对象作为一个数据的收集并且设置了一些操作，代码可以被C来完成，但是对象的观念并不能被强制出现在这个语言中。

如果你想要构造你的代码使之像一个对象，很好。

如果你不想这么做，C也确实不会介意。

对象并不是一个固有的部分在这门语言中，很多人并没有花很大的经历在这个程序示例中。

当面向对象的观点的发展开始得到认可之后，思考代码的方法。

C++被开发出，包含了这种改良。

它被定义去兼容C（就像所有的C程序同样也是C++程序，并且可以被C++编译器编译）C++语言主要的增加是提供这种新的概念。

C++又额外提供了的类（对象的模板）行为的衍生。

C++语言是C语言之上的改良体，不熟悉的不常用的语言上，例如VB，C 和C++是很底层的，而且需要你错大量的编码来使你的应用程序很好的运行。

理和错误检查。

和C++可以处理在一些非常给力的应用程序中，码工作的很流畅。

被设定的目标是保持对C的兼容，C++不能够打破C的底层特性。

微软定义的C#保留了很多C和C++的语句。

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VC++6.0是操作系统中快速应用开发环境的最新版本。

它也是当前Windows平台上第一个全面支持最新WEB服务的快速开发工具。

在VC++6.0的集成开发坏境中，用户可以设计程序代码、运行程序、进行程序错误的调试等，可视化的开发方法降低了应用程序开发的难度。

VC++6.0的基础编程语言是具有面向对象特性的C++语言。

C++具有代码稳定、可读性好、编译速度快、效率高等优点，并将面向对象的概念得到充分的发挥，使这种语言有了全新的发展空间。

使用VC++6.0，我们几乎可以做任何事情，还可以撰写各种类型的应用程序，动态链接库（DLL）、CON、或CORBA对象，CGI/ISAPI程序，Microsoft Back Office应用程序。

程序的规模小到简单的个人数据库应用，大到复杂的企业的多层次分布式系统，都可以使用VC++6.0进行开发，其友好的集成开发界面，可视化的双向开发模式，良好的数据库应用支持高校的程序开发和程序运行，备受广大程序开发人员的好评。

尤其是VC++6.0对数据库应用的强大支持，大大提高了数据库应用软件开发的效率，缩短了开发周期，深受广大数据库应用程序设计人员的喜爱。

VC++6.0为数据库应用开发人员提供了丰富的数据库开发组件，使数据库应用开发功能更强大，控制更灵活，编译后的程序运行速度更快。

在Visual C++中包含了大量新功能：一些新的控件（例如，你可能在Microsoft Outlook 电子邮件应用程序中日期选择器控件）目前已能应用到你自己的应用程序中。

各种图像现在已能与组合框中的项相关联，而且可以利用扩充的组合框控件将图像显示在组合选择框中和下列列表中。

在Office 97 和Internet Explorer 4 中已使用的一般的工具条和尺寸可调节的工具条都以集成在其类库中，以供你用于你自己的应用程序中。

你可以在你自己的应用程序中使用Internet Explorer,查看Web页和HTML的内容。

面向对象体系结构技术有助于创建行业性软件开发机构。

例如交通规划尽管具有差别，但各城市所需要的软件基本上是相同的，这就为软件开发机构提供了一种制作面向交通规划的软件框架（注意这里讲的是软件框架而不是通用性软件）的机会。

这种框架一旦开发成功，就可以多次反复利用。

思维方式决定解决问题的方式，传统软件开发采用自顶向下的思想知道程序设计，即将目标分为若干子目标，字母表再进一步划分下去，知道目标能被编程实现为止。

面向对象技术是包含数据和对数据操作的代码实体，或者说实在传统的数据结构中加入一些被称为成员函数的过程，因而赋予对象以动作。

而在程序设计中，对象具有与现实世界的某种对应关系，我们正式利用这种关系对问题进行分解。

BMP是bitmap的缩写，即为位图图片。

位图图片是一种称作“像素”的单位存储图像信息的。

这些“像素”其实就是一些整体排列的色彩（或黑白）点，如果这些点被慢慢放大，你就会看到一个个的“像素中填充着自己的颜色，这些“像素“整齐地排列起来，就成为了一副BMP图片，并以.bmp（.rle,.dib等）为扩展名。

BMP（Bitmap-File）图形文件是Windows采用的图形文件格式，在Windows坏境下运行的所有图像处理软件都支持BMP图像文件格式。

BMP：Windows位图可以用热河颜色深度（从黑白到24为颜色）存储单个光栅图像。

Windows位图文件格式与其他Microsoft Windows程序兼容。

它不支持文件压缩，也不适用于WEB页。

从总体上看，Windows位图文件格式的缺点超过了它的优点。

为了保证图片图像的质量，请使用PNG文件、JPEG文件或者TIFF文件。

BMP文件适用于Windows中的强纸。

优点：BMP支持1位到24位颜色色深度。

BMP格式与现有Windows程序（尤其是较旧的程序）广泛兼容。

缺点：BMP不支持压缩，这会造成文件非常大。

BMP文件不受WEB浏览器支持。

计算机技术迅速发展的时代，图像文件作为传递信息的重要方法之一有着重要作用。

每种图像格式都有自己的特点与应用领域，各种图像文件通过格式转换软件实现相互的转换，用户根据自身的需求选择合适的格式以达到最佳的使用效果随着计算机软件、硬件技术的如新月异的发展和普及，人类已经进入一个高速发展的信息化时代，人类大概有80%的信息来自图像，科学研究，技术应用中图像处理技术越来越成为不可缺少的手段。

图像处理所涉及的领域有军事应用、医学诊断、工业监控、物体的自动分检识别系统等等，这些系统无不需要计算机提供实时动态、效果逼真的图像。

前言会议，是人类社会经济生活中不可或缺的一部分，有关的研究表明，通信的有效性约55%依赖于面对面（face-to-face）的视觉效果，38%依赖于说话语音，视听是人们获取信息的最重要形式，而面对面的讨论（face-to-face）是人类表达思想最丰富的一种方式。

自工业革命后，科技的发达使得通信技术有了突破性的进展，电话和电报的发明，使远地的人们可以立即传送声音和文档。

然而，除了言语的沟通外，人类更注重的是表情和肢体的表达，仅仅是声音的传送已经无法满足现代人交流的需求，即时并且互动的影像更能真实自然的传送信息。

（1）视频会议系统正是在这种迫切需要的推动下产生的新一代通信产品。

视频会议（VideoConference）系统是一种能把声音、图像、文本等多种信息从一个地方传送到另一个地方的通信系统。

有效发送基于视频的信息，可以在远程部门和部门间开展合作，同时还可以实现诸如视频会议和视频点播等视频应用技术。

视频会议系统是计算机技术与通信技术相结合的产物，它作为多媒体通信技术的一个重要组成部分，正随着波及全球的信息高速公路的兴起而迅速发展起来。

视频会议从出现至今已有三十多年，从最开始的减少旅行费用，提高工作效率，到911时的加速国内外协作，保障人身安全等，再到SARS时保障社会的稳定和各项工作最低限度的运转，视频会议的优越性正在越来越被广泛的显示出来。

（2）鉴于视频会议系统在军事、经济、文化等领域给人类带来的巨大作用和经济效益，各国竞相研究和开发视频会议系统，特别是在超大规模集成电路、压缩算法及视觉生理研究方面取得了突破性进展和关于视频会议的一系列国际标准相继出台，以及各种图像实时处理芯片纷纷推出后，视频会议系统的实用化才得到长足的发展。

目前国内外的主要应用有：商务交流商业会议企业客户服务和产品开发远程教学和技术培训市场调查和情报收集远程医疗和会诊科研合作和工程设计跨国企业应用招募员工从目前的发展来看，有关视频会议技术的研究很多，有关的产品也非常丰富，尽管视频会议系统有十分诱人的广阔前景，但在这个领域中还有相当多的技术问题亟待解决，其中在现阶段影响视频会议系统实用性、通用性及友好性的相关技术和有关问题有：软件技术、数据库技术、网络技术、共享技术、资源控制技术、保密技术和会议模型技术。

（3）本项课题主要研究的是用软件的方式，配合一些必要的外设，实现一个小型视频会议系统。

视频会议系统主要有三个部分组成，即通信网络、会议终端和多点控制单元。

视频会议系统实质上是计算机技术和通信技术相结合的产物，所以通信网络是视频会议系统的基础组成部分之一，会议终端是将视频、音频、数据、信令等等各种数字信号分别进行处理后组合成的复合数字码流，再将码流转变为与用户-网络兼容的接口，符合传输网络所规定的信道帧结构的信号格式送上信道进行传输。

多点控制单元是视频会议系统用于多点视听信息的传输与切换部分，它是根据一定的准则处理视听信号，并根据要求分配各个要连接的信道，但它并不是视频会议所必须的。

（1）通信网络是一系列的设备、机构和进程，通过它们，附着在网络上的终端用户设备能够进行有意义的信息交换。

它涉及到网络传输协议、网络编程接口等内容。

（4）视频会议系统的终端设备承担了多种媒体信息的输入、输出和处理，以及用户和网络之间的连接、交互和控制等多项任务。

它属于用户数字通信设备，在系统中处在用户的视听、数据输入/输出设备和网络之间。

（1）视频会议中有时需要进行多点间的信息传输和交换，这时可以借助于多点控制单元（MCU）来实现。

多点控制单元实际上就是一台多媒体信息交换机，实现多点呼叫和连接，实现视频广播、视频选择、音频混合、数据广播等功能，完成各终端信号的汇接与切换。

MCU将各个终端送来的信号进行分离，抽取出音频、视频、数据和信令，分别送到相应的处理单元，进行音频混合或切换，视频切换、数据广播、路由选择、会议控制、定时和呼叫处理等，处理后的信号由复用器按照H.221格式组帧，然后经网络接口送到指定端口。

（5）Fundamentals of Programming Visual C++The 21st century are the information societies, unceasingly grow take the information technology as the main symbol high-tech industry in the entire economical proportion,along with the computer technology rapid development, the society also day by day enhance to talented person's computer application and the development level request, are the adaption situations, VC++ technology and its the product are a huge domain which now the world computer develops. Windows 2000/xp is the present mainstream graph operating system, moves the various Windows operating system personal computer already in the global family and the work environment the widespread use, but more and more many personal computer had the Internet function and the multimedia function impel to be strong to various function, speed quick application software further demand. At present has one kind the success which obtains to Microsoft to carry on the slander the atmosphere, however, the Microsoft success adds on it to the standardized pledge, the technology which enables to have the Windows programmers which pledge uses them to grasp in the global scope to obtain the more and more big repayment, because the western society's acknowledgement and the computer more and more penetrated into in each person's life, thus grows day by day to their technical demand, thus caused them the repayment, the income and other various aspects correspondingly has obtained the satisfactory result.Visual the C++ programming language is at present extremely widespread visible development kit which promotes by Microsoft Corporation, may develop using Visual C++ based on the Widnows platform 32 applications procedure, depends upon the formidable compiler as well as the network and the database development ability, may develop the function formidable application procedure with Visual C++.VC++6.0 is in the operating system the rapid application development environment newest edition. It also is in the current Windows platform the first comprehensive support newest Web service fast development kit. Regardless of is the enterprise level user, or individual development, all can be relaxed using VC++6.0, quickly develop outstandingly based on the correspondence procedure, the development highly effective nimble document operation sequence, the development nimble highly effective database operation sequence, and so on. VC++6.0 is the industry standard RAD environment which the only support all newly appears, (expansion mark language) /XSL (may expand style language) including XML, SOAP (simple objectdeposit and withdrawal agreement) and WSDL (Web server description language) and so on.VC++6.0 is the visible fast application procedure development language, it has provided the visible integrated development environment, this environment has provided a series of nimble and the advanced tool for the application programming personnel, may widely use in the type application programming. In the VC++6.0 integrated development environment, the user may design the procedure code, the operating procedure, carries on the program error the debugging and so on, the visible method of exploitation reduced the application procedure development difficulty. The VC++6.0 foundation programming language has the object-oriented characteristic C++ language. C++ has the code stably, the readability good, the translation speed is quick, the efficiency higher merit, and the object-oriented concept will obtain the full display, enable this language to have the brand-new development space Uses VC++6.0 , we nearly may handle any matter, but also may compose plants each kind of type the application procedure, dynamic link storehouse (DLL), CON, or CORBA object, CGI/ISAPI procedure, Microsoft Back Office application procedure. The procedure scale to the simple individual database application, is slightly big to the complex enterprise's multi-level distributional system, all may use VC++6.0 to carry on the development, its friendly integrated development contact surface, the visible bidirectional development pattern, the good database application support highly effective procedure development and the procedure movement, prepares the general procedures development personnel's high praise. VC++6.0 to the database application formidable support, greatly enhanced the efficiency in particular which the database application software develops, reduced the development cycle, deeply general databases application programming personnel's affection. VC++6.0 was the database has provided the rich database development module using the development personnel, caused the database application development function formidable, control more nimble, after the translation procedure running rate was quicker.In 6.0 has contained the massive new functions in Visual C++: Some new controls (for example, you possibly email application procedure date selector control inMicrosoft in Outlook) at present to be able to apply in you application procedure. Each kind of image could now be connected with the combination frame in item, moreover may use the combination frame which expands to control and following tabulates the pictorial display in the combination choice frame. The tool strip 97 and Internet Explorer in 4 which has used the common tool strip and the size may adjust which in Office all to integrate in its kind of storehouse, by uses in you application procedure for you. You may use Internet Explorer in you application procedure, examines the Web page and the HTML content .The object-oriented system structure technology is helpful to the foundation prefessional software development organization. For example ,transportation plan although has the difference, but various cities need software basically is same, this provided one kind of manufacture for the software development organization (to pay attention to here lecture face the transportation plan software frame is software frame but was not versatile software) an opportunity. This kind of frame once develops successfully, may repeatedly use many times.The thinking mode decided solves the question way, the traditional software development uses the from the top thought instruction programming, soon the goal divides into certain subtargets, the subtarget further divides again, can program until the goal the realization. The object-oriented technology brings the enormous change for the software design domain, it carries on the procedure development using the software object, the so-called object is contains the data and the logarithm according to the operation code entity, or said is joins some in the traditional construction of data to be called the member function the process, thus entrusts with the object by the movement. But in the programming, the object has with the real world some kind of corresponding relations, we are precisely use this kind of relations to carry on the decomposition to the question.BMP is the bitmap abbreviation, namely for position chart picture. The position chart picture is called as "the picture element" with one kind the unit storage picture information. These "the picture element" actually is some neat arrangements colored (or black and white) the spot, if these is slowly enlarged, you can see center adds toone each one "the picture element" is imitating own color, these "the picture element" neatly arranges, has become a BMP picture, and take bmp (rle, dib and so on) as the extension. BMP (Bitmap-File) the graphic file is the graphic file form which Windows uses, moves all imagery processing software under the Windows environment all to support the BMP image document format. BMP: The Windows position chart may (as black and white use any color depth from as 24 colors) to save the single diffraction grating picture. The Windows position chart document format and other Microsoft the Windows procedure is compatible. Its supporting documentation compression, also ill uses in the Web page.Looked from the overall that, the Windows position chart document format shortcoming has surpassed its merit. In order to guarantee the picture picture the quality, please use the PNG document, the JPEG document or the TIFF document. The BMP document is suitable in Windows the wallpaper. Merit: BMP supports 1 to 24 colors depths. The BMP form and the existing Windows procedure (an older procedure) widespread is in particular compatible. Shortcoming: BMP does not support the compression, this can create the document to be extremely big. BMP document not Web browser support.The computer technology rapid development time, the picture document has the vital role one of as transmission information important methods. Each kind of picture form all has own characteristic and the application domain, each kind of picture document through the format conversion software realization mutual transformation, the user acts according to own demand choice appropriate form to achieve the best use effect. The development and the popularization which along with computer software, the hardware technology changes with each new day, the humanity already entered a high speed development the information time, the humanity probably has 80% information to come from the picture, in the scientific research, the technical application the picture processing technology more and more to become the essential method. Picture processing involves the domain has the military application, medicine diagnosis, industry monitoring, the object automatic minute examines recognition system and so on, these systems need the computer to provide the real-time tendency all, the effectlifelike picture.1 IntroductionMeeting of human society an integral part of economic life, the study shows that approximately 55% of the effectiveness of communication depends on the face (face-to-face) of the visual effects, 38% rely on talking voice, audio-visual people The most important form of access to information, and face to face discussions (face-to-face) is the most abundant human expression of ideas way. Since the industrial revolution, the technological advancement made a breakthrough progress in communication technology, telephone and telegraph invention of the distant sound of people and documents can be sent immediately. However, in addition to verbal communication, the human beings pay more attention to facial expressions and body expression, only voice transmission has been unable to meet the needs of modern communication, real-time video and interactive delivery of information more real and natural. (1) video conferencing system is in this generation, driven by an urgent need for a new generation of communications products.Video Conferencing (VideoConference) system is a can sounds, images, text and other information sent from one place to another communication system. Effective transmission of video-based information on a remote sector and intersectoral cooperation, and also can be achieved, such as video conferencing and video applications such as video on demand technology. Video conference system is the computer technology and communication technology product of the combination, multimedia communication technology as an important part of being affected with the rise of the global information superhighway and has developed rapidly.Video conferencing has been thirty years from the emergence, from the beginning to reduce travel costs, improve efficiency, to 911 domestic and international collaboration to accelerate the time to protect the personal safety, to safeguard social stability during SARS and the minimum work operation, the advantages of video conferencing is increasingly widely displayed. (2) In view of the video conference system in the military, economic and cultural fields, the enormous role of the human and economic, national research and development of competing video conferencing systems, especially in very large scale integrated circuits, compression algorithms and visual physiology research breakthrough has been made and on a series of international standards for video conferencing were introduced, and a variety of image processing chips have the introduction of real-time video conferencing systems have come a long way before the practical development. The main application at home and abroad are:Business CommunicationBusiness ConferenceEnterprise customer service and product developmentDistance learning and technical trainingMarket research and intelligence gatheringTelemedicine and consultationCooperation in scientific research and engineering designMultinational applicationStaff recruitmentFrom the current perspective of the development, research on a lot of video conferencing technology, the products are very rich, although very attractive video conferencing system has broad prospects, but in this area there are considerable technical issues to be resolved, video conferencing systems at this stage of practicality, versatility and friendliness of the relevant technologies and related issues: software technology, database technology, network technology, sharing of technology, resource control, security technology and technology conference model. (3)The main research topics is the way of software, with the necessary peripherals to achieve a small video conferencing system.2, the basic principles of video conferencing systemsVideo Conferencing (VideoConference) system is the basic definition: two or more individuals or groups of different geographic location, through the transmission line and multimedia equipment, the sound, image, video, interactive video and file transfer data, to instant and interactive communication in order to complete the purpose of the conference system. Be read from above, video conferencing is a typical multimedia communications, the next diagram is a diagram of a typical video conferencing system:Figure 1.1 A typical schematic of a video conferencing systemFrom the above diagram we can basically tell, the video conferencing system has three main components, namely, communication networks, conferencing terminals and multipoint control unit. Video conferencing systems and computer technology is essentially the product of combining communication technology, so the communication network is based video conferencing system component of the terminal session is video, audio, data, signaling, and so a variety of digital signals, respectively after combined into the composite digital stream, and then transforms to a code with the user - Network compatible interface, in line with the provisions of the transmission network of the frame structure of the channel to send the channel signal format for transmission. Multipoint control unit is multi-point video conferencing system, audio-visual information for transmission and switching part, which is based on certain criteria for audio-visual signal processing, and on request allocation of each channel to be connected, but it is not necessary for video conferencing. (1) Communication network is a series of devices, institutions and processes, through them, attached to the end user devices on the network can be a meaningful exchange of information. It relates to the network transport protocol, network programming interfaces and so on. (4)Video conferencing system has undertaken a variety of media terminal device information input, output and processing, and the connection between the user and network, interact and control a number of tasks. It belongs to the user digital communication equipment, in the system at the user's audio, data input / output devices and networks. (1)Sometimes the need for video conferencing between multiple points of information transmission and exchange, then you can control unit by means of multi-point (MCU) to achieve. Multipoint control unit is actually a multimedia information exchange, multi-point call and connection, to achieve video broadcasting, video selection, audio mixing, data broadcasting and other functions, the completion signal of the terminal tandem with the switch. MCU signals sent by the various terminals to separate, extract audio, video, data and signaling, respectively, corresponding to the processing unit, or switch audio mixing, video switching, data broadcasting, routing, session control, timing, and call processing, the processed signal from the multiplexer in accordance with the H.221 format, framing, and then sent to the designated port by the network interface. (5)。

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