英国历史简介英文
英国伦敦的历史作文英文
英国伦敦的历史作文英文Title: Unfolding the tapestry of London: A Vibrant Historical Canvas。
1. In the heart of the old world, London, a city of legends, stands as a timepiece etched in history. Its story, a tapestry woven with threads of triumph and adversity, begins in the mists of prehistoric times when tribes roamed these lands.2. The Roman touch, a fleeting chapter, left behind the Colosseum and Watling Street, hinting at the city's Roman roots. The Saxon invasion, a rugged chapter, brought about the London we know today, with its strong, resilient spirit.3. The medieval period saw the Tower of London rise, a symbol of royal power, while the bustling streets of theCity of London emerged as a financial hub. The Great Fireof 1666, a devastating event, reshaped the skyline and ignited a rebuilding spirit.4. The Industrial Revolution, a technological revolution, gave birth to the modern London, with itsiconic Tower Bridge and the Thames River, a lifeblood of trade and commerce. The 20th century saw the city transform into a cultural melting pot, with the West End's theaters echoing the laughter of the West.5. The present day, a city of contrasts, blends the old with the new. London Eye soars above the city, offering panoramic views, while the city's diverse population adds a vibrant layer to its cultural tapestry.6. London, a city that never sleeps, is a living testament to its enduring legacy. Its history, like aliving museum, is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of its people, forever evolving and preserving its past.7. In the end, London's history is not just a record of events, but a living, breathing narrative, a story that continues to unfold, waiting to be discovered by eachvisitor and resident who steps into its bustling streets.Remember, this is a snapshot, a snapshot of a city that timelessly weaves its tale, a city that is always, simply, ChatGPT.。
英国概况简介英文作文
英国概况简介英文作文英文回答：The United Kingdom (UK), also known as Great Britain, is a sovereign island nation located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It encompasses England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK covers an area of242,495 square kilometers (93,628 square miles) and has a population of approximately 68.3 million people. The UK is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The head of state is the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 1952. The head of government is the Prime Minister, currently Rishi Sunak. The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the European Union, the Council of Europe, and the United Nations.Historically, the UK has played a significant role in global affairs. It was a major colonial power during the19th and early 20th centuries, with territories scattered across the world. The UK played a pivotal role in bothWorld Wars and was one of the main Allied powers. After World War II, the UK began to decolonize its empire,leading to the independence of many of its former colonies. Today, the UK is a major economic and political power, with a highly developed economy and a strong military.The UK is a diverse and multicultural country. It is home to a variety of ethnic groups, religions, and languages. The official language of the UK is English, but Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish, and Cornish are also spokenin different parts of the country. The UK is a populartourist destination, with many attractions including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, the Tower of London, and Stonehenge.中文回答：英国概况：英国，又称大不列颠国，是一个位于欧洲大陆西北海岸的岛国。
英国历史作文英文
英国历史作文英文英文：As a history enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the rich and diverse history of the United Kingdom. From the Roman conquest to the modern era, the UK has a long and complex history that has shaped the country and its people in countless ways.One of the most significant periods in UK history is undoubtedly the Tudor era. This was a time of great change and upheaval, marked by the reigns of monarchs such as Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. It was a time of religious conflict, political intrigue, and cultural transformation, with the Tudor dynasty leaving an indelible mark on British history.Another important period in UK history is theIndustrial Revolution. This was a time of rapid technological advancement and economic growth, as Britainbecame a global leader in manufacturing and industry. It was a time of great social change, as people moved from rural areas to cities and the working class emerged as a powerful force in society.中文：作为一名历史爱好者，我一直被英国丰富多彩的历史所吸引。
TheUnitedKingdom英国介绍详细中英文
The United Kingdom, including Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland "and Northern Ireland, is a member of the European Community 12. Its full name is the United Kingdom.Britain is the British Isles by the majority of islands, of which the largest islands are Great Britain, the second largest island Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. The west coast of Scotland there is a large islands called the Hebrides. Native north-east coast of Scotland Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, and Samoa. Of these islands with the mainland have administrative relations, but the Irish Sea between Great Britain and the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands between France is largely autonomous and not an integral part of the United Kingdom.The United Kingdom area of approximately 242.5 thousand square kilometers (93600 square miles), from the south coast to Scotland is almost the most northern part of nearly 1,000 kilometers (about 600 miles), nearly horizontal at its widest point about 500 kilometers (about 300 miles)."Britain" the term originated in the Greek and Latin words, which may eventually be traced back to Celtic. Although the use of "Prehistoric" This yardstick to measure, the Celtics went to the British Isles is also a later (and before that had created those civilizations such as the Avebury stone circle Stonehenge construction sites and Such well-known historical monuments), but the history of written records relating to England, after all, about the Celtics from the start. "Celtic" This phrase is very common and regularly used to distinguish the early inhabitants of the British Isles and later the Anglo - Saxon invaders.The Romans ruled from AD 43 onwards lasted 300 years. The Romans in 408 before the final withdrawal of the island were from Northern Europe began to Angles, Saxons and Jutes intrusion, has undergone a period of growing chaos. "England" is the word from the "Angles" came. Over the next two centuries, and gradually became a settler harassment and the establishment of a number of small kingdom. British people in today's Wales and Cornwall Regional Independent survive. These small kingdom there was relatively strong to dominate the country's kingdom, first in the North (Northumbria Kingdom), and then in the central (the Kingdom of Mercia), and finally in the south (Wessex kingdoms). However, from the Scandinavian Vikings then invaded England and settled down, although in the 10th century Wessex dynasty, beat off the invading Danes and for a time to dominate the vast region of England.In 1066 took place on the last successful invasion of England. Duke William of Normandy in the Battle of Hastings defeated the British, the Normans from France and others come here to settle. In the ensuing three centuries, the French became the language of nobility, the legal structure has been the English Channel on the other side of the passage of that set of consequences, and social structure, to some extent been affected.Wales, though often in England within the sphere of influence, but has been a bastion of Boston. However, in the Prince Llewellyn was killed in 1282, after Edward I waged a battle and victory to put England under the rule of Wales. Welsh nationalist sentiment continues to rise, the beginning of the 15th century rebellion led by Owen Gerlind illustrated this point. In 1536 and in 1542 a joint decree to England and Wales in the administrative, political and legal integration into one.Originally lived in Scotland most of Picts. The 6th century, the Scots from Ireland to settle in today's Argyll area. Lothian home to England, while others continue to go north Wales, Britain came to Strathclyde. The 9th century, the various regions of Scotland to unite against Viking. Throughout the Middle Ages, when England's monarchy has always been a powerful threat to Scotland's independence.England and Scotland, the joint that eventually, when the religious differences of the ethnic hatred in the past than the more crucial. In England, Elizabeth I in 1603 by James VI of Scotland (James I of England) to the throne. Even so, England and Scotland in addition to Oliver Cromwell's rule was once forced to bring together, in the 17th century they have been independe nt of each other. To 1707, aware of a closer political and economic union benefits, the two sides agreed to establish a single British Parliament. Scotland retained its own legal system and religious communities. But in George I and George II of Hanover, two Protestants during the reign of the royal family of England and Scotland, the relationship between the nervous and James II, has launched two rebellions revolutionaries to try to restore the Catholic House of Stuart.Ireland before the Christian era there were many of the Kingdom, but Ireland is not immune from a violation of Viking, to the 10th century AD, when, suddenly became a Viking pre-eminence.Henry II of England in 1169 to launch the invasion of Ireland. England Ji Pope Adrian IV, Henry II granted the powers of the supreme ruler, because he was anxious to make Irish church fully compliant Rome. Fell in most parts of Ireland, Anglo - Norman power and privilege in the hands, but in medieval England, almost no direct exercise of jurisdiction in this.Tudor monarchs of several interventions in Ireland tend to be much stronger. In the reign of Elizabeth I, the Irish rebels launched a series of battles. 'Resistance Movement, mainly concentrated in the northern province of Ulster, 1607, due to the failure of the resistance movement as well as leaders of the exodus of Ulster from Scotland and England into areas inhabited by immigrants.As the English Civil War (1642 ~ 1652), Ireland was attacked by a number of uprisings, but have been Cromwell suppressed. 1688 James II was spent dim after the war between England and Ireland is constantly. 18th century, most of them are fragile peace. 18 century, the British Government has made various efforts to seek stability. In 1782, the Irish Parliament (established in the Middle Ages) to obtain legislative autonomy; in the Constitution than withBritain the only major link is to the Royal Government. However, the Parliament represents just a small number of Anglo - Irish privileged class, Catholics were excluded. In 1798 an uprising took place, but without success;in 1801, Ireland and Great Britain combined into one.Although the 1916 uprising in Dublin, the national insurrection was crushed, but in the First World War-stage, a stream known as the Irish Republican Army guerrilla forces began military action against the British authorities. In 1920 the Government of Ireland Act passed to set up two local government councils,one based in Dublin and one in Belfast. The Act was implemented in 1921 in Northern Ireland, Ulster Province, nine counties have six received their own parliament, while still have seats in the British Parliament, and subject to the jurisdiction of the British Parliament the highest. However, the Irish Republican Army continues to fight for the South to win its independence from Britain inthe fight. In June 1921 after the signing of an armistice agreement, accordingto conclude in December the same year, the British - Irish Treaty the Irish Free State was established in 1949, the Free State became the Republic of Ireland.Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, although not belonging to the United Kingdom, but have a special relationship with the United Kingdom. Channel Islands during the 10th century and 11th century part of the Duchy of Normandy. Isle of Man has been nominally in 1266 prior to the exercise of sovereignty by Norway to the 1765 final was governed directly by the Government of the Kingdom. Today, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man have their own legislative bodies and the legal system, where the British Government is responsible for defense and international relations.翻译：英国包括大不列颠(英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰〉和北爱尔兰,是欧洲共同体12个成员国之一。
英国历史 英文
பைடு நூலகம்
What the Normans did…
There were considerable changes in the social structure of the British kingdoms as a new aristocracy was introduced However, the Anglo-Saxon central and local governments and judicial system were retained The “English” language disappeared in official documents, it was replaced by Latin, then by Norman-French. Written English slowly reappeared in the 13th century.
(1066 – 1215) (1216 – 1347) (1348 – 1484) (1485 – 1602) (1603 – 1713) (1714 – 1836) (1837 – 1900)
Who were the Normans?
The Normans were originally Vikings (“North Men”) from Scandinavia They settled in a part of France called Normandy The Normans were the last people to successfully invade England
British History
Part 2 – After the Normans
英国介绍英文版100词
英国介绍英文版100词全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：英国是一个位于欧洲的岛国，地处大西洋东部，北海以北，与爱尔兰岛相隔爱尔兰海。
英国是一个拥有悠久历史和文化的国家，曾是全球最大帝国之一。
英国共和四个国家：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，首都是伦敦。
英国有着优美的自然风光，如湖区、苏格兰高地等。
英国也是世界上重要的文化中心，莎士比亚、奥斯卡王尔德等文学巨匠均出自这里。
英国也是奥运会、世界杯等体育赛事的常驻地。
英国是一个生活气氛浓厚、文化多样、景色优美的国家。
第二篇示例：Introduction to the United KingdomEngland is the largest country in the UK and is home to the capital city, London. It is famous for landmarks such as Big Ben, the Tower of London, and Buckingham Palace. Scotland is known for its stunning highlands, historic castles, and the famous Loch Ness. Wales is known for its rugged coastlines, national parks, and the Welsh language. Northern Ireland is known for its picturesque countryside, Giant's Causeway, and the vibrant city of Belfast.第三篇示例：英国是一个位于欧洲的岛国，首都是伦敦。
英国是一个拥有悠久历史和文化的国家，拥有许多名胜和文化遗产。
英国有着丰富多样的自然风光，如湖区、苏格兰高地和威尔士山脉。
英国伦敦的历史作文英文
英国伦敦的历史作文英文英文：London is a city with a rich and fascinating history. From its founding by the Romans to its role as a majorglobal city today, London has seen it all. The city hasbeen a center of trade, culture, and politics for centuries, and its history is reflected in its diverse and vibrant neighborhoods.One of the most famous landmarks in London is the Tower of London, which was built by William the Conqueror in the 11th century. It has served as a royal palace, a prison,and a fortress, and is now home to the Crown Jewels.Visiting the Tower of London is like stepping back in time and experiencing the city's medieval past.Another iconic symbol of London's history is the Houses of Parliament and Big Ben. The Gothic architecture of the buildings and the chimes of the clock tower are instantlyrecognizable and are a testament to the city's role in shaping modern democracy.In addition to its famous landmarks, London is also home to countless lesser-known historical sites. For example, the East End of London has a rich history as an immigrant neighborhood, with influences from Jewish, Bangladeshi, and other communities. Exploring the streets of the East End, you can see traces of the city's diverse past in the form of street art, food markets, and historic buildings.Overall, London's history is a tapestry of different cultures, events, and people, and it continues to evolve and shape the city today.中文：伦敦是一个拥有丰富而迷人历史的城市。
英国伦敦的历史作文英文
英国伦敦的历史作文英文Title: Unfolding the tapestry of London: A Vibrant Historical Canvas。
1. In the heart of the world, London, a city of old and new, stands as a testament to time's relentless march. Its history, a tapestry woven with threads of triumph and adversity, is a living, breathing narrative.2. The Roman legacy, a mere chapter in London's saga,left behind the iconic Tower Bridge, a symbol of resilience that echoes through the ages. Its grandeur, a silent reminder of the city's past, invites curious gazes from every traveler.3. The medieval era saw the rise of the Tower of London,a fortress guarding the royal crown, where tales ofintrigue and power still resonate. Its stone walls, like a time capsule, hold stories of the Tudors and Stuarts, their power struggles etched in the city's fabric.4. The Industrial Revolution, a turning point, brought about the transformation of London into a bustling metropolis. The Thames, once a river of life, now hums with the sound of steam engines, its banks teeming with workshops and factories, shaping the modern London we know today.5. The 20th century saw London embrace the world stage, hosting the Olympics and the iconic London Eye, a symbol of global connectivity. Its skyline, a skyline of glass and steel, stands tall, a beacon of progress and diversity.6. Yet, amidst the concrete jungle, London's soul remains in its parks and squares, like Hyde Park's green lungs and Trafalgar Square's vibrant public life. These spaces, like a time capsule in motion, preserve the city's cultural heritage.7. London, a city of contrasts, is a living history, a place where the past and present intertwine. Its history, a tapestry of colors, whispers to every visitor, invitingthem to unravel its secrets and embrace its rich tapestry.In conclusion, London's history is not a static narrative, but a dynamic, ever-evolving story. It's a city that, like its history, is always in flux, ready to welcome the next chapter with open arms.。
英国历史作文英文300字
英国历史作文英文300字Here is a 800-word essay on British history in English, without revealing the prompt:The United Kingdom, a small island nation off the coast of continental Europe, has a rich and storied history that spans centuries. From its humble beginnings as a collection of disparate kingdoms, the UK has evolved into a global powerhouse, shaping the course of world events through its political, economic, and cultural influence.One of the defining eras in British history is the Tudor dynasty, which ruled the country from 1485 to 1603. During this time, the kingdom experienced a remarkable transformation, both internally and on the world stage. The reign of Henry VIII, with its tumultuous religious and political upheavals, left an indelible mark on the nation. The establishment of the Church of England and the subsequent dissolution of the monasteries had far-reaching consequences, not only in the religious sphere but also inthe social and economic realms.The Elizabethan era that followed, under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I, witnessed a flourishing of the arts, literature, and exploration. The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 cemented Britain's status as a maritime power, paving the way for its eventual rise as a global empire. The works of William Shakespeare, arguably the most renowned playwright in the English language, continue to captivate audiences worldwide and serve as a testament to the cultural richness of this period.The 17th century brought with it the English Civil War, a conflict that would ultimately lead to the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. This turbulent period was followed by the Restoration of the monarchy under King Charles II, which ushered in a new era of political and social stability.The 18th and 19th centuries saw the rise of the British Empire, which at its peak spanned the globe, encompassing aquarter of the world's population and a third of its landmass. This expansionist era was marked by both remarkable achievements and controversial colonial policies, leaving a complex legacy that continues to be debated and analyzed by historians.The 20th century brought about significant challengesfor the United Kingdom, including the two World Wars, the decline of its imperial power, and the emergence of new global superpowers. Despite these trials, the UK has remained a influential player on the international stage, maintaining its position as a leading economic andpolitical force.Today, the United Kingdom stands as a vibrant, multicultural nation, grappling with the complexities of modern-day issues such as Brexit, devolution, and the ongoing process of social and cultural change. Its history, however, remains a source of national pride and a testament to the resilience and adaptability of the British people.In conclusion, the history of the United Kingdom is arich tapestry woven with threads of triumph and adversity, innovation and tradition. From the Tudor monarchs to the industrial revolution, from the heights of empire to the challenges of the modern era, the story of Britain is one that continues to captivate and inspire people around the world.。
英国介绍英文版作文
英国介绍英文版作文英文回答：Introduction to the United Kingdom。
The United Kingdom, also known as Britain, is a sovereign island nation located in northwestern Europe. It comprises England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a rich history, a vibrant culture, and a global influence.Geography and Climate。
The UK is bordered by the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south, and the Celtic Sea to the west. The country has a diverse landscape, including rolling hills, mountains, and coastline. The climate is temperate, with mild winters and warm summers.History。
The history of the UK dates back thousands of years, with evidence of human habitation from prehistoric times. The Romans invaded the region in the 1st century AD, and the country was later ruled by various groups, including the Saxons, Vikings, and Normans. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed in 1801, and the Republic of Ireland seceded in 1922.Politics and Government。
英国伦敦的历史作文英文
英国伦敦的历史作文英文London, the capital city of the United Kingdom, has a rich and diverse history that spans over 2,000 years. It has witnessed the rise and fall of empires, the birth of new ideas, and the development of cultural and artistic movements. From its humble beginnings as a Roman settlement to its status as a global metropolis, London has continuously evolved and adapted to the changing times.The city's history is marked by significant events and landmarks that have shaped its identity. One such landmark is the Tower of London, a medieval fortress that has served as a royal palace, a prison, and a treasury. Its imposing structure and dark history make it a symbol of power and intrigue.London's history is also intertwined with the British monarchy. Buckingham Palace, the official residence of the Queen, stands as a testament to the city's royal heritage. The Changing of the Guard ceremony, a popular attractionfor tourists, showcases the pomp and pageantry associated with the monarchy.The Great Fire of London in 1666 was a defining moment in the city's history. It destroyed much of the medieval city, including St. Paul's Cathedral. However, the fire also led to the rebuilding of London, resulting in the creation of iconic landmarks such as Christopher Wren's masterpiece, the new St. Paul's Cathedral.London has been a hub of cultural and intellectual activity throughout its history. The city has been home to renowned writers, artists, and thinkers, including William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, and Virginia Woolf. The theaters of the West End and the galleries of Tate Modern attract visitors from around the world, showcasing thecity's vibrant arts scene.London's history is also marked by periods of turmoil and conflict. The Blitz during World War II left much of the city in ruins, but Londoners showed resilience and determination in the face of adversity. The city's iconiclandmarks, such as Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament, survived the bombings and remain symbols of London's indomitable spirit.In recent years, London has become a global financial and cultural center. The iconic skyline, with its towering skyscrapers such as the Shard and the Gherkin, reflects the city's modernity and economic power. The diverse population and vibrant multicultural neighborhoods add to London's cosmopolitan character.London's history is a tapestry of stories, each contributing to the city's unique identity. From the Roman era to the present day, the city has been shaped by the people who have called it home and the events that have unfolded within its streets. London continues to evolve and reinvent itself, ensuring that its history remains alive and relevant in the modern world.。
英国历史英文 ppt课件
Colonial Expansion 殖 民扩张
1、Began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583.
2、By 1900,Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”
Roman Britain
罗马统治下的英国（公元前55年—410年)
1、In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.
3、It saw the challenge of supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church by Reformation , the rise of Humanism ,the growth of large nation-states ,the farranging voyages of exploration and a new emphasis o the importance of individual.
1、In 1833,the Grand National Consolidated Trade
abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）
abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）第一篇：a brief history of Britain 英国历史简述A Brief History of Britainby Pam BarrettWhen French and British construction workers met beneath the English Channel in 1990, Britain became linked to Continental Europe for the first time in 7,000 years.For it was then, when the last Ice Age ended, that melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea and turning Britain into an island.This fact of being “set apart” was one of the two seemingly contradictory factors which would affect every aspect of the country’s subsequent history.The other was a genius for absorbing every invader and immigrant, creating a mongrel breed whose energies would establish an empire incorporating a quarter of the population of the planet.Early settlers: Stone Age people arrived, probably from the Iberian peninsula, in around 3000 BC.They lived by farming but left few traces.The most dramatic ancient monument is Stonehenge in Wiltshire, built during the next 1,000 years.How and why it was built was a mystery, but it must have had religious and political significance.The Beaker people, named after their pottery, were next to arrive.But a more importance wave of immigration, in 700 BC, was that of the Celts from eastern and central Europe.The ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, they left behind a rich legacy of intricate and beautiful metalwork.The Romans: British recorded history began when Julius Caesar first crossed the English Channel in 55 BC.Roman rule continued for nearly 400 years, failing to subjugate only Scottish tribes, whose raiding parties were contained by Emperor Hadrian who built adefended wall right across the north of England.Eventually, threatened by barbarians at the gates of Rome, they abandoned Britain, leaving behind them a network of towns, mostly walled, a superb road system, and a new religion, Christianity.The next wave of invaders from central Europe – Angles, Saxons and Jutes – gradually pushed the native Celts west into Wales and north into Scotland.Anglo-Saxon dominance, too, lasted for four centuries, though it did not extend to Scotland, where a separate kingdom was forged by the Picts and the Scots.Although the Anglo-Saxons were a ferocious bunch, constantly squabbling, they laid the foundations of the English state, dividing the country into shires and devising an effective farming system.Their Teutonic religion, worshipping gods such as Woden and Thor, eclipsed Christianity until, at the end of the 6th century, the monk Augustine(once heard to remark “O Lord, make me chaste, but not yet”)converted the kings and the nobles.Monasteries sprang up, becoming places of learning.Treasures contained in the monasteries were a lure for the Vikings, whose ruthless raids from across the North Sea began in the 9th century.Initially they were defeated at sea by Alfred the Great, founder of the British Navy, but eventually they too were assimilated.Canute, the Danish leader, became king of Britain.The Norman Conquest: Links with Normandy, the part of France settled by the Vikings, were strong, and in 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne.His triumph at the battle of Hastings decisively changed English history.As W.C.Sellar and R.J.Yeatman put it in their classic humorous history 1066 And All That: “The Norman Conquest was a Good Thing, as from this time onwards England stopped being conquered and thus was able to become top nation.”William parceled out the land to barons in return for their loyalty, and the barons parceled out land in turn to lesser nobles in return for goods and services.At the bottom were the peasants, whose feudal status resembled slavery – hence the potency of the Robin Hood legend, celebrating the Nottingham outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor.Although much of the Norman kings’ energies were devoted to protecting their borders, there was a great flowering of Norman culture, producing many erudite historians and scholars.In 1167 Oxford University was founded.Thanks to the influence of William Shakespeare’s history plays, much of the next period of English history is popularly remembered through his view of the shifting alliances of the Plantagenet and Tudor kings who ruled from 1154 to 1547.During this period of conflict and disease –the Black Death alone killed nearly half the population in 1348-49 –the royal succession was by no means assured.Power struggles propelled to the throne those who could command the greatest military backing from the majority of the rival barons, a process vividly illustrated by the Wars of Roses, the tussles between the House of Lancaster and York between 1455 and 1485.Frequent strife with France(including the intermittent Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453)dominated international relationships.Internally, Wales was subjugated by 1288, though Scottish independence was recognized when Robert Bruce defeated English forces at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.Britain’s most famous king, Henry VIII, is remembered not only for his six wives(two of whom he had beheaded)but also for bringing about the Reformation, making England a Protestant rather than a Catholic countr y.His quarrel centred on the Pope’s refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who couldnot oblige him with a male heir.Doctrinal differences aside, however, Henry capitalized on a growing distaste for the church’s excessive privilege and wealt h, and was thus able to get away with seizing enough monastic lands and property to finance his rule.Under Henry, Wales was formally united with England in 1536.The Age of Elizabeth: England entered its Golden Age under Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter by Ann e Boleyn.The Elizabethan Age has a swashbuckling ring to it: the Virgin Queen and her dashing courtiers;the defeat of the Spanish Armada;Sir Walter Raleigh’s discovery of tobacco in Virginia;Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the world.Poetry, plays a nd pageantry flourished during her 45-year reign.When Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”, died without an heir, the throne passed to James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England, inaugurating the Stuart dynasty and effectively joining together the two kingdoms.The Stuart period was one of conflict between Crown and Parliament.James I, a staunch believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred no Parliament at all, and Charles I dissolved Parliament and initiated an 11-year period of absolute rule.The upshot was a civil war from 1622 to 1649;Charles lost and was beheaded.A period of republicanism followed, under the rule of Oliver Cromwell, but after his death the monarchy was restored and prospered under Charles II.His brother, who succeeded him as James II, was less circumspect and tried to restore absolute monarchy and the Catholic religion.The newly emerging political parties, growing in confidence, forced him to flee and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orang e, to take the throne.This “Glorious Revolution”, although bloodless, was nonetheless a revolution and paved the way for Parliament’s permanent dominance overthe Crown.In 1707 an Act of Union united England and Scotland, although Scotland was allowed to retain its own Church and legislature.Many Scots felt that the union was bulldozed through by English politicians’ intent on improving their international trade prospects, and Scottish pressure to unravel the union is still a political issue.Political pragmatism triumphed again in 1714 when, a reliable Protestant monarch being needed in a hurry, a search through the family tree came up with George I of Hanover in Germany.Although he spoke no English and had little interest in his subjects, he founded a dynasty which was to span 115 years and encompass an expanding empire and an industrial revolution.The age of empire: Despite the loss of its American colonies in 1783, Britain’s trade-driven adventurism was undiminished, giving it control of West Africa and India, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, some Caribbean island, and Australia and New Zealand.At home, farmers embraced more efficient and profitable methods, which led to the eviction of many peasant farmers who either emigrated to the New World, carrying with them a resentment that would bequeathed to future generations, or left the land to find work in the towns, which rapidly became overcrowded.This combination of landowners with surplus capital to invest and laborers in search of a living was one reason why British became the first country to industrialize.Political stability helped too, as did the security of being an island, natural resources, good trade arrangements and a native genius for inventing things.The Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the steam engine in the 1770s, opening the way for the efficient powering of trains, ships and factory machinery.The invention of the Spinning Jenny and the power loom created mass production in textiles.The smelting ofiron with coke, instead of charcoal, hugely increased the production of iron.A massive building program of railways, roads and canals created a new class of industrialist, whose fortunes rivaled those of the aristocracy.But it also created abominable working conditions in mines and factories, conditions which led to the slow and painful development of trade unionism.Political reforms, seized elsewhere in Europe by revolution, came gradually in Britain.Parliamentary seats were distributed more fairly among the growing new towns, but voting was still based on property ownership and universal suffrage didn’t come until 1918(and even then was scarcely universal since it excluded women under 30).The problem that dominated parliamentary debate during this period was the intractable Irish Question.The resentment over centuries of British rule in Ireland bubbled to the surface after the potato famines of the mid-1840s, when about 20 percent of Ireland’s population died of starvation and more than a million people emigrated to escape a similar fate.Demands for Irish independence grew but they were demands which many English politicians, conscious of the security problems of having an independent and possibly none-too-friendly neighbor to their west, were reluctant to grant.As with today’s IRA campai gn, the debate had a backdrop of violence.T oday, however, the Victorian Age is remembered as a time of exuberant self-confidence, symbolized by the building in London of the Crystal Palace to showcase Britain’s industrial and technical achievements in the Great Exhibition of 1851.But many of London’s inhabitants might well have wondered when they would benefit from all these accomplishments.For them, the squalor and crime which Charles Dickens portrayed so evocatively in his novels were all too real.Working-class lifeimproved considerably during the last quarter of the 19th century.Many homes had gas lighting and streets were cleaned by the new municipal councils.A new police force contained crime.The music hall provided inexpensive entertainment in towns.Bicycles became a common method of transport, and a trip by train to seaside resorts was for many a highlight of summer.In London, trains in the world’s first underground railway began puffing their way through smoke-filled tunnels between Paddington and Farrington in 1863.Art and drama flourished.By the time of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897, the country was feeling quite pleased with itself.Britannia ruled the waves, and anything seemed possible.The 20th century: But all good things come to an end.The Boer War of 1900 ended in victory for the British in South Africa but damaged its international reputation.France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets.The newly united German state was flexing its military muscles.The Edwardian era of the early 20th century, seemingly an idyllic time, was built on shifting sands.Dragged into World War I by a complex web of international alliances, Britain faced unimaginable carnage in which more than a million of its young men died.Social unrest at the end of the war, though less devastating than in the defeated Germany, gave more power to women(who had shouldered a heavy burden while the men were at war)and led to a General Strike by dissatisfied workers in 1926.The Irish Question was partly answered with the creation of an independent Irish free State, but six Protestant-dominated counties in the north stayed under UK rule – a time bomb which exploded in 1969.The shock waves from the 1929 New York Stock Market crash plunged Britain into depression, throwing millionsout of work, especially in the industrial areas of northern England, south Wales and Clydeside in Scotland.The monarchy was rocked by crisis in 1936 when Edward VIII, who had just become king, decided to marry the twice-divorced Mrs Wallis Simpson.His family, the church and the government opposed the match, forcing him to abdicate.His brother, a reluctant George VI, restored the monarchy’s popularity, not least through the support which he and his wife Elizabeth(later the Queen Mother)gave to their subjects during the German air raids of World War II.Although Britain’s island status saved it from invasion, this war involved civilians in an unprecedented way.Cities like Coventry were devastated by bombing and the Blitz radically changed the face of London for the first time since the Great Fire of 1666.Many children were sent to live in the countryside.Most social inequalities were set aside during the war and, when peace returned in 1945, voters turned to the Labour party in hope that it could develop an even greater egalitarianism.It laid the basis of a welfare state, providing free medical care for everyone as well as financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed.But the war had left Britain broke.While Germany and Japan rebuilt their industries almost from scratch, helped by international aid, Britain was left to patch together a severely damaged economy.It could no longer sustain an empire, and gradually its colonies became independent.Many former subjects, especially from the Caribbean and the Indian sub-continent, settled in Britain, raising fears of racial conflict that, despite some serious tensions, were never(quite)fulfilled.As the austere 1950s gave way to the ’60s, things started to look up.New universities were built, a motorway network launched, and a reinvigorated culture promoted by a group of writersdubbed “the angry young men”.Much of the explosion of new talent came from the north of England: actors like Albert Finney, playwrights like Alan Sillitoe, and pop groups galore, led by the Beatles.The swinging Sixties, powered by a newly affluent youth, had arrived.Britain’s heavy industry might be in trouble, but in fashion and pop music it led the world.The good times died in the 1970s as inflation and unemployment soared and labour unrest led to endless strikes.Joining the European Community in 1973 seemed to produce few obvious economic benefits and revenues from North Sea oil were quickly spent rather than invested.Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 promising tough new policies.Her popularity quickly faded, but was revived in 1982 by the Falklands War when an invading Argentinean force was beaten off the South Atlantic islands, remnants of the old empire.Although she went on to win two further elections convincingly, by 1990 her popularity, always firmer abroad than at home, was so shaky that her party, fearing that she would not win them the next election, replaced her with a less combative leader, John Major.He duly won the 1992 election, but a reinvigorated Labour Party under T ony Blair won in 1997.The overall problems did not change, though.The economy remained weak, distrust of the European Community did not abate, nationalism simmered in Wales and Scotland, the conflict in Northern Ireland dra gged on, and the Royal Family’s private life continued to obsess the tabloid press.It was business as usual, in fact – which, in a country obsessed by continuity, was immensely reassuring.第二篇：材料学的历史简述姓名：何莞晨学号：2014012075材料学的历史简述1.按材料划分的时代生活离不开材料，人类的一切生产活动所需的工具都建立在合适的材料的基础上。
英语作文英国历史
英语作文英国历史English: The history of Britain is a rich tapestry woven with conquests, conflicts, and cultural exchanges. From the Roman invasion in 43 AD to the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain has been shaped by various rulers, each leaving their mark on the country. The Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in the arts and sciences, leading to the flourishing of literature and the exploration of new worlds. The industrial revolution transformed Britain into a global powerhouse, with its technological innovations and vast empire spanning across the globe. Throughout its history, Britain has faced many challenges, such as religious conflicts, political revolutions, and world wars, but has emerged as a resilient and influential nation in the modern world.中文翻译: 英国的历史是一个丰富多彩的图景，由征服、冲突和文化交流编织而成。
自公元43年的罗马入侵到1066年的诺曼征服，英国被各种君主塑造，每位都在这个国家留下了痕迹。
英国历史作文英文
英国历史作文英文The history of Britain is a long and complex one, with many different periods and events that have shaped the country into what it is today. From the Roman invasion tothe Norman Conquest, and from the Tudor dynasty to the Industrial Revolution, there are countless stories to be told.The Romans were the first to invade Britain, bringing with them new technologies and ideas that would shape the country for centuries to come. They built roads, forts, and towns, and introduced new crops and farming methods that helped to improve the lives of the people living in Britain.The Norman Conquest of 1066 was a major turning pointin British history, as it brought about significant changes to the country's political and social structure. The Normans introduced feudalism, built castles, andestablished a new ruling class that would dominate the country for centuries.The Tudor dynasty, which ruled from 1485 to 1603, was a time of great change and upheaval in Britain. The Tudors were responsible for the English Reformation, the exploration of the New World, and the defeat of the Spanish Armada, all of which had a lasting impact on the country.The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, transformed Britain from a predominantly agricultural society into an industrial powerhouse. New technologies and inventions led to the growth of cities and the rise of the factory system, changing the way people lived and worked.The two World Wars of the 20th century had a profound impact on Britain, leading to the loss of millions of lives and the decline of the British Empire. The aftermath of these wars saw the country rebuilding itself and adapting to a new global order.In more recent times, Britain has faced significant political and social change, including the rise of thewelfare state, the decolonization of the British Empire, and the country's entry into the European Union.Throughout its long history, Britain has faced many challenges and undergone many changes, but it has always managed to adapt and evolve, shaping its identity and leaving a lasting impact on the world.。
初中历史英国史整理
初中历史英国史整理**History of England in Junior High School**The history of England is rich and diverse, spanning from ancient times to the present day.英国历史丰富多彩，从古代一直延续至今。
In the early period, England was populated by Celtic tribes.早期，英格兰被凯尔特部落占据。
The Roman Empire later invaded and occupied England, leaving behind a lasting impact on its culture and architecture.后来罗马帝国入侵并占领了英格兰，对其文化和建筑产生了深远的影响。
The Norman Conquest in the 11th century marked a significant turning point, introducing feudalism and the Norman language to England. 11世纪的诺曼征服是英格兰历史上的重要转折点，它引入了封建制度和诺曼语言。
The Tudor dynasty in the 16th century saw significant religious reforms, most notably the establishment of the Church of England. 16世纪的都铎王朝见证了重大的宗教改革，最显著的是英格兰国教的建立。
The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries transformed England into a leading industrial power, shaping its economic and social landscape.18世纪和19世纪的工业革命使英格兰成为领先的工业强国，塑造了其经济和社会面貌。