复旦大学研究生英语教师用书-2-《研究生高级英语教师用书》
曾建彬研究生高级英语教师用书第二版答案
曾建彬研究生高级英语教师用书第二版答案1、54．—________?—Yes, please. I'd like some beef. [单选题] *A．What do you wantB．May I try it onC．Can I help you(正确答案)D．What else do you want2、Some students are able to find jobs after graduation while _____will return to school for an advanced degree. [单选题] *A. otherB. anotherC. others(正确答案)D. the other3、It’s windy outside. _______ your jacket, Bob. [单选题] *A. Try onB. Put on(正确答案)C. Take offD. Wear4、What’s the point of going to school when I can’t do anything there? [单选题] *A. 时间B. 意义(正确答案)C. 方向D. 目标5、John Smith is _______ of the three young men. [单选题] *A. strongB. strongerC. the strongerD. the strongest(正确答案)6、Alice is a ______ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.（）[单选题] *A. shyB. strictC. healthyD. friendly(正确答案)7、85．You’d better? ? ? ? ? a taxi, or you’ll be late. [单选题] *A．take(正确答案)B．takingC．tookD．to take8、This seat is vacant and you can take it. [单选题] *A. 干净的B. 没人的(正确答案)C. 舒适的D. 前排的9、Jim will _______ New York at 12 o’clock. [单选题] *A. get onB. get outC. get offD. get to(正确答案)10、My daughter is neither slim nor fat and she’d like a _______ skirt. [单选题] *A. largeB. medium(正确答案)C. smallD. mini11、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom12、It ______ me half an hour to return to school.（）[单选题] *A. takes(正确答案)B. spendsC. costsD. brings13、I am worried about my brother. I am not sure _____ he has arrived at the school or not. [单选题] *A. whether(正确答案)B. whatC. whenD. how14、The news is?_______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. exciting;?excited(正确答案)B. excited;?excitingC. exciting;?excitingD. excited;?excited15、73．The moonlight goes ____ the window and makes the room bright. [单选题] *A．acrossB．through(正确答案)C．overD．in16、If you want to _______, you’d better eat more healthy food and do more exercise. [单选题] *A. keep fatB. keep calmC. keep healthy(正确答案)D. keep on17、—What ______ your sister ______ this Saturday?—Something special, because it’s her birthday. （）[单选题] *A. are; going to doB. is; going to do(正确答案)C. does; doD. did do18、_____ the project, we'll have to work two more weeks. [单选题] *A. CompletingB. CompleteC. Having completedD.To complete(正确答案)19、We will _______ Mary this Sunday. [单选题] *A. call on(正确答案)B. go onC. keep onD. carry on20、Be _______ when you are driving. [单选题] *A. afraidB. careful(正确答案)C. clearD. clean21、Could you tell me _____ to fly from Chicago to New York? [单选题] *A.it costs how muchB. how much does it costC. how much costs itD.how much it costs(正确答案)22、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?? ? ? --like peaches best. [单选题] *A. fruit(正确答案)B. vegetablesC. drinkD. plants23、This year our school is _____ than it was last year. [单选题] *A. much more beautiful(正确答案)B. much beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful24、Jack can speak Japanese, and his brother can _______ speak Japanese. [单选题] *A. tooB. also(正确答案)C. eitherD. as well25、_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. [单选题] *A.AlthoughB.WhileC.If(正确答案)D.Until26、-----How can I apply for an online course?------Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you. [单选题] *A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see(正确答案)27、( ). The old man enjoys ______ stamps. And now he has1300 of them [单选题] *A. collectB. collectedC. collecting(正确答案)D. to collect28、—______ you speak French?—Yes, I can.（）[单选题] *A. NeedB. Can(正确答案)C. MightD. Must29、Don’t ______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worriedB. worry(正确答案)C. worried aboutD. worry about30、—What’s the matter with that boy?—______.（）[单选题] *A. He is watching TV in his roomB. He takes his temperatureC. He was playing a toy carD. He hurt his right leg(正确答案)。
研究生综合英语2复旦大学版（修订本）中英文翻译
要善于恭维他人，重要的一步就是要懂得为什么恭维会有助于你建立更好的人际关系。
恭维之所以奏效，最根本的原因是恭维符合了人类行为的一个基本原则：人们渴望得到赏识。
尽管文化背景各不相同，但绝大多数人都有类似的想法。
在亚洲文化中，人们对群体赏识的渴求一般要强于对个体赏识的渴求。
但不管怎样，人们渴望赏识是普遍存在的。
很多人认为，工作本身带来的乐趣要比外界赏识包括恭维更为重要。
工作的乐趣也许是一种巨大的动力，但是即使是那些从工作中得到极大乐趣的人如科学家、艺术家、摄影师也渴望得到恭维和认可，否则他们就不会去竞争诺贝尔奖或在重要的展览会上展示他们的作品了。
恭维之所以奏效，还因为他与人们对认可的正常需要有关。
尽管有一些关于恭维的书和文章问世，并对恭维极力进行宣扬，但是大多数人还是没有得到应有的赏识。
很多人无论在工作上或在家里都很少受到赞美，所以对认可的渴求就更加强烈了。
An important step in becoming an effective flatterer is to understand why flattery helps you establish better relationships with others. The root cause of the power of flattery gets at a basic principle of human behavior: People crave being appreciated., The vast majority of people are of the similar idea despite different cultures. In Asian cultures the desire for group recognition is generally stronger than the desire for individual recognition. Nevertheless, the need for recognition is present.Many people hold that the joy of work itself is more important than external recognition, including flattery. The joy of work may be a powerful motivator, but even those who get the biggest joy from their work--- such as scientists, artists, and photographers --- crave flattery and recognition. Otherwise they wouldn’t compete for Nobel Prizes or enter their work in important exhibitions.Another reason flattery is so effective relates to the normal need to be recognized. Although some articles and books have been written and preached zealously about flattery, most people receive less recognition than they deserve. Many people hardly ever receive compliments either on the job or at home, thus intensifying their demand for recognition.认可：recognition 恭维：flattery 赞美：compliment鲜花是最常送的礼物之一。
研究生英语听说教程提高级教师用书(第四单元)
Unit 4 DietWoman: Oh, no thanks, I think I'm OK. Listen, is it OK with youif weask for the check now? I know that we're still eating,but I'm in a bit of a hurry.Man: No, sure, it's fine. Thanks. Excuse me, can...uh...wehave the check,please?Number ThreeMan: What is it?Woman: You know, I'm not sure. I think it's...chicken.Man: Nhn-nhn, I think it's beef.Woman: Ugh, the vegetables look very strange, don't they?Man: Oh, well, I'm not really very hungry.Woman: Oh, me neither.Man: I'll just taste it...You'll never guess!Woman: What?Man: It's fish. And the sauce is actually pretty good. Ithought it would be bland , but it's not at all.Here ,try it. It's not bad.Woman: Oh, all right...Ugh! It's awful. It's too salty.Man: Well, I like it.Woman: Oh,now I need some more soda.I wish they'd come back with the drink cart again.Man: Here,have yourself some of mine.Then we'll ask the flight attendant for two more cans.Task 4Listening:You will hear two short conversations.Some people are ordering food at a restaurant.Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what you hear.Waiter: Are you ready to order,sir?Man: Yes,I think so.Darling?Woman: I'll have the vegetable soup to start...Waiter: The vegetable soup.And to follow,madam?Woman: The salmon with a salad.Waiter: And for you,sir?Man: I'll have the vegetable soup too,please.Waiter: Two vegetable soups.Man: And I'll have a steak,I think.Waiter: How would you like it, sir?Rare,medium,or well done? Man: Very rare--blue if you can.Waiter: Thank you very much,sir.Would you like to see the wine list?Waiter: Ready to order?Customer: Yes,I'd like the potato soup.Waiter: White or brown bread?Customer: White,please.Waiter: And to follow?Customer: Just a chicken salad,please.Waiter: And to drink?Customer: A mineral water.Waiter: Still or sparkling?Customer: Sparkling,please.Waiter: Ice and lemon?Customer: Both,please.Task 6Listening:You will hear five short extracts.What kind of food and/or drink are/is talked about in each of them?Listen to the recording and note down your answers to full in the table below. Extract 1A: Well,the results of the tests make it absolutely clear.You'll have to cut out dairy products completely.B: What?Everything?You mean cheese and yoghurt and butter...? A: Yes,I'm afraid so.And milk.You'll have to try a substitute like soya milk for tea and coffee if you really can't drink them black.Extract 2A: What's the food like in your family?B: It's great!Every morning we have cornflakes and toast and sometimes bacon and eggs.The only problem is that we have the evening meal very early.Often I am very hungry in the night.And the food where you're staying?How is it?A: Oh,the Wilsons,has lived in France for a long time,so they prepare a lot of typically French dishes.It's just like home.Extract 3A: Mobile Burgers.Simon speaking.Can I help you?B: Yes,I'd like a double cheese burger,no onion.A: Anything with that?B: Oh yeah.And some chips and a chocolate milkshake.A: What size chips?Small,medium or large?B: Oh actually I don't think I'll have the chips.A: OK.Address?B: 21 Walker Street.A: Fine.We'll be round in 15 minutes.Extract 4So if you don't have a microwave,you heat your coconut oil in a deep pot like this one until it's smoking slightly.It's good and hot now,I think.Throw your corn into the pot and put the lid on firmly,like this.Then turn the heat off under the pan and enjoy the sound of that corn popping!There it goes!Extract 5Right.I hear that some people have been taking food and drinks into the computer room.This is absolutely not...I repeat not...allowed.It's valuable equipment and it can be damaged very easily.A major problem was caused by someone spilling a bottle of water the other day...so no food and no liquids or the room will be closed unless a teacher is there to supervise.Task 7Listening:You will hear an interview with two people about their particular diet.Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what you hear.Sam(I=Interviewer; S=Sam)I: Congratulations on winning the tournament,Sam.How do you feel?S: Oh,great!I: Are you going to celebrate?S: Definitely.I've been training non-stop for ages and I need a good night out.I: How do you train for a kick-boxing tournament like this? S: Basically,you have to live like a monk for weeks...I: Really?Aren't you allowed to go out?S: Yes,actually you can go out,but you can't drink or smoke and you have to be in bed by midnight.I: I guess that's quite difficult for a young guy like yourself.What other sacrifices do you have to make?S: Well, obviously you have trained every day, and the main thing for kick-boxing is to build up your stamina--so while I'mtraining I have to be quite strict with my diet.I: So what do you eat?S: Um, the first thing is cutting down on fat--no crisps or burgers.I'm not supposed to eat butter, but that's really hard because I really love it.Oh, and I mustn't drink too much caffeine.I: And what sort of things are good for you?S: High-fibre food, like brown rice and vegetables. Cranberry juice is good--loads and loads of fluid. That's really important.I: What about protein?S: Yeah, of course that's important,but meat tends to be very fatty--I try to stick to fish.Mushrooms are really good--I eat lots of mushrooms. But carbohydrates are as important as protein because I need the energy. I don't want to end up with enormous muscles.I: Talking of muscles, do you work out?S: Of course--that's part of the training. I work out every day, but I do quite a lot of aerobic exercise and not too much weight-lifting. For kick-boxing you have to increase your energy levels.I: What are you going to have for dinner now the competition's over?S: Steak and chips with loads of bread and butter, Coke to drink, followed by apple pie and cream. And a double expresso. No problem.I: A well-earned treat. Enjoy it! Thank you, Sam Davidson, the new kick-boxing champion--and now back to the studio.Catherine(C=Catherine; M=Mike)M: Catherine you look great in these photos.C: Oh,thanks. I had to go through hell to get into that wedding dress.M: What do you mean?C: It was too small.M: Why didn't you get one your size?C: Oh,it was my grandmother's--my mother wore it on her wedding day, and I really wanted to wear it on mine.M: Oh,I can see why--it's gorgeous. But the waist is minute! C: Tell me about it. I suffered for six months so I could wear it.M: How did you do it?C: Oh, well, you know this diet that all the Hollywood actors are doing?M: No--I thought they just had plastic surgery every time their body needed reshaping.C: Well, they probably do that as well--but there's this new diet. I don't think it's very healthy if you do it for a long time, but it really works.M: Is it the diet where you think of all the food you love and avoid it for six months?C: No--actually,it's amazing. Believe it or not, you can eat things like,em, roast chicken and steak and eggs and bacon, but you just can't eat any carbohydrates with it.M: No bread.C: No.M: What about pasta?C: No.M: Oh, I couldn't live without pasta.C: Mm, it was hard--I was dying for a nice plate of spaghetti. M: Did you have to exercise?C: Well, you know me--I'm not exactly sportswoman of the year. But I wanted to get rid of my stomach so I had to do situps every morning. Nightmare!M: How much did you lose?C: To be honest, I have no idea--the important thing to me was that I could put that dress on and look good in it.M: Are you still dieting then?C: No way--I love my food and dieting is so boring. Hopefully, I won't need to wear the wedding dress again anyway!Task 11Listening:You will hear an interview with someone about pleasures. He gives answers to the four questions above. Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what you hear.Interviewer: "Pleasure is the beginning and the end of living happily." Those are the words of the Greekphilosopher Epicurus, who lived 2,300 years ago.People have always tried to find pleasure and todaywe have many more pleasures than the Ancient Greekshad. And yet we still don't know a lot about thisimportant part of life. Here in the studio isDr.Jonathan Shamberg. Good evening, Dr.Shamberg.Dr.Shamberg: Good evening. It's a pleasure to be here.I: Yes, indeed. Well, what things give people most pleasure? D:We don't all enjoy the same things. Pleasure means different things to different people. Some people get pleasure from jumping out of aeroplanes or driving at 200 kph. For others pleasure comes from relaxing in a hot bath or playing with children. Doing a crossword or repairing the car give other people pleasure.I: What's the purpose of pleasure? Why does it exist?D: Well, if pleasure didn't exist, we wouldn't exist. Pleasure is important for human survival. If we want to survive, we have to do three things--eat, have children, and get on with each other. If these things give pleasure, we want to do them.So we survive. That's why we get so much pleasure from food, being in love, and socializing.I: But what is pleasure?D: Pleasure is a chemical reaction in the brain. When we do something that we enjoy, endorphin and noradrenaline are produced. These stimulated pleasure centers in the brain.I: And is pleasure good for you?D: Oh, yes. The happier you are the longer you will live. But it isn't the great moments of pleasure that are important.Happy people enjoy the ordinary everyday things of life, like cooking a meal, going for a walk or chatting with a friend.I: I see. Well, let's talk some more about your research into pleasure....。
复旦大学研究生英语教师用书
编 委（以汉语拼音为序）
范若恩 黄 莺 雍 毅 谷红欣 刘 雯 曾建彬 顾 乡 卢玉玲 张宁宁 何 静 夏 威 赵 蓉
前
言
《研究生英语》 和 《研究生高级英语》 是复旦大学研究生课程及教材建设重点资助项目， 受到了复旦大学研究生院和上海市重点学科建设项目“英语语言文学”项目的资助。该教材 根据中国学生的英语学习需求，采用“博采众长，学以致用”的编写原则，在教材编写中汲 取各种有效的英语教学理论和实践方法， 为了适应研究生英语课程改革和创新的需要编写而 成。 《研究生英语》供非英语专业硕士研究生第一外国语（英语）课程使用， 《研究生高级英 语》供非英语专业博士硕士研究生第一外国语（英语）课程使用。 本书为《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》教学参考书的合订本，提供课后练习的参 考答案、课文参考译文，以及翻译练习的参考答案，供教师备课参考之用。 本书由《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》编委负责编写（以汉语拼音为序） ：范若 恩、谷红欣、顾乡、何静、黄莺、刘雯、卢玉玲、夏威、雍毅、曾建彬、张宁宁、赵蓉，均 为复旦大学外文学院研究生英语教学部教师。 本书在编写的过程中得到了复旦大学研究生院和复旦大学出版社的大力支持， 在此表示 衷心的感谢。 由于编写人员教学任务重、时间紧、水平有限，教材中的错误及不妥之处在所难免，敬 请读者提出宝贵的意见。
Translation of the Text 英语简史 保罗罗伯茨
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不了解英语的历史很难真正掌握这门语言， 然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。 因为英语 的历史既漫长又复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。 在罗马帝国时期， 散居在欧洲北部沿海的居民说一种西部德语的方言， 这就是英语的前 身。更确切地说，由于隶属于不同的部落，他们说的是几种不同的方言。这些后来迁移到英 格兰的部落被称为盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人，现在则被统称为盎格鲁-撒克逊人。 这些部落何时迁移到英格兰的，我们没有掌握确切信息。但是据我们所知，在很长一段 时间内他们为自卫而战。 与凯尔特人的战争持续了一百多年， 直到英格兰境内的凯尔特人不 是被杀，就是被迫流亡到威尔士或沦为奴隶。到了公元 550 年前后，盎格鲁-撒克逊人才定 居下来。英语从此来到了英格兰。 我们习惯上把英语的发展分为三个时期：古英语，中世纪英语和现代英语。古英语时期 从最早的历史记载即公元七世纪到 1100 年；中世纪英语时期从 1100 年到 1450 或 1500 年； 现代英语时期从 1500 年至今。 根据最早的历史记载， 当时的英格兰被分裂为几个享有一定自治权利的王国。 在一定时 期，其中的某一个王国对其他王国实行一定的统治。公元六世纪，最强大的王国是诺森伯里 亚。两个世纪之后，由西撒克逊人建立的威塞克斯王国成为了领袖，其最富盛名的国王叫阿 尔弗烈德大帝，他不仅是一个卓越的军事家和管理者，还是个大学问家。他出资建校，而且 亲自动笔或请人将许多拉丁语的书籍翻译成英语。 在军事领域， 阿尔弗烈德大帝最大的成就是成功抵抗了北欧海盗的入侵， 结果造成了古 挪威语大量进入英语。当时的挪威语与英语比较接近，就像今天的挪威语和丹麦语一样。以 英语为母语的人或多或少能听懂来到英格兰东部定居的新邻居使用的语言。 来自古挪威语的 英语单词多达几百个，包括 sky, give, law, egg, outlaw, leg, ugly, scant, sky, crawl, scowl, take, thrust。甚至有些代词也是来源于古挪威语的，如 they, their 和 them。 在语法上， 古英语的曲折变化远远多于现代英语。 古英语的名词有四种格变化， 即主格， 所有格，与格和宾语；形容词有五种格变化，除了以上四种还有工具格。而现代英语中，名 词只有两种格变化，即普通格和所有格；形容词不再有格的变化。而另一方面，与古英语相 比，现代英语使用更为严格的语序和丰富的结构词来表示句子成分之间的关系。 在词汇上， 古英语也与现代英语有诸多不同之处。 古英语中的绝大多数单词如今被称为 英语本土词，即自英语作为印欧语言的一部分起就存在的，而不是从其他语言引入的词汇。 虽然古英语中也有一些外来词，除了古挪威语之外，还有不少词来自于拉丁语，如 cheese, butter, bishop, kettle, angel, candle, priest, martyr, radish, oyster, purple, school, spend 等。 但是古
高级英语视听说教师用书及课后答案
《高级英语视听说（第二版）》教师用书第二版说明《高级英语视听说》为专业英语课程教材，供高等院校英语专业高年级本科生使用；同时也为高等院校非英语专业高年级本科生使用。
近些年，大学英语及专门用途英语教学改革成果显著，非英语专业学生的英语水平提高很大，有些甚至好于英语专业的学生。
教师和学生都感到特别需要更高要求、更深程度内容的英语教材满足这部分学生的智力和情感需求。
这套教材既是很好的选择。
本教材还可以供研究生英语课程使用，供有同等英语水平的自学者和工作者使用。
本套教材于2008年荣获北京市精品教材奖。
目前已经重印十余次，受到教师和学生的广泛欢迎。
第二版教材去掉五部旧片，换上五部新片，其中三部电影，一部纪录片，以跟进时代。
它们分别是《黑天鹅》、《帮助》、《朗读者》和《精神病人》。
这些片子已在北外的课堂使用过，深受学生们喜爱。
单元安排根据学生的兴趣、影片的新旧、影片的难易重新做了调整，现在的安排给人一种全新的感受。
教师也可以按照自己的考虑、学生的水平重新安排一学期的课程顺序。
第二版教材建议每周学习一部片子，所用学时两小时。
网络的发展以及各学校音视频的建设使学生随时可以看到新片，这样使一周完成学生课前的准备及课上的讨论成为了可能。
我们衷心希望第二版能够受到更多教师和学生的喜爱。
在内容带给我们更多挑战的同时，也希望带给我们更多思考的快乐。
主编：王镇平2013年4月23日编写理念21世纪是一个以经济全球化和信息化为显著特征的时代，我们的人才培养目标要适应这个时代，我们的教材则要适应这个新的培养目标。
英语专业培养的人才应该是具有扎实的英语语言基础和广博的英语文化知识，并能在不同的工作和研究领域熟练运用英语的复合型人才，要同时兼具组织能力、实践能力和创新能力。
这套教材就是在这样的需求中应运而生的。
根据2000年《高等院校英语专业英语教学大纲》（以下简称《大纲》）的要求，21世纪外语专业教材应具有以下几个特征：教材内容和语言能够反映快速变化的时代；教材能处理好专业知识、语言训练和相关学科知识之间的关系；教材不仅仅着眼于知识的传授，还有助于学生的鉴赏批判能力、思维能力和创新能力的培养；教学内容有较强的实用性和针对性；注意充分利用计算机、多媒体、网络等现代化的技术手段。
2021复旦大学外国语言学及应用语言学考研真题经验参考书
大学的时候看到很多毕业参加工作的学长，每天都发一些负能量满满的朋友圈，说工作如何如何不如意，如果再给他们一次机会，肯定不会这么着急出来就工作，还想继续去大学读研深造之类的，我不知道这个是因为对现状的不满而给自己意想出来的，还是因为他们真的觉得自己应该去读个研出来，增加一下自己的竞争力再去社会上面打拼好一点，但是工作以后再去考研，真的很难，一是没时间，二是没精力，三是没资源，所以很多时候我也在想，我到底要不要考研，我能不能不考研也能在工作中干的很出色等等一系列问题。
显然，不考研的话，在当今这个本科生满天飞的时代，我在社会上很没有竞争力，尤其是我的本科还算不上出名。
决定考研是在大二结束的时候，在对的时间做对的事情总没有错，因为不确定本科毕业以后出去工作是否能找到一个让自己满意的工作，所以为了防止以后后悔，我决定报考的是复旦大学的外国语言学及应用语言学研究生。
考研一共分为四个科目，分别是政治，德语，还有两门专业课，满分500分，政治，个人感觉复习起来还是需要时间去做基础的，没有足够的复习时间，想要拿高分，还是比较困难的，相比较而言，专业课就属于那种在固定时间里面，能拿较高分数的科目，希望大家在做复习计划之前，好好分配一下时间，争取最后的初试成绩越高越好。
接下来我给大家说一下我的复习经验。
首先是政治的复习，我基本上遵循一个大原则，那就是先总后分的原则，总就是先对照当年的考试大纲，把相关知识点记录在笔记本上面，加深记忆，在笔记本上面画出知识网络图，然后分就是结合政治教材和相应的参考书，还有李凡的《政治新时器》知识点全部学习一遍，把其中看不懂弄不透的知识点重点关注一下，再就是不要偷懒，把真题拿出来自己做一做，看一下相关知识点的考查方式和考查重点，对于一些比较好的答案，我们多注意总结记录，甚至可以背诵下来，慢慢形成自己的思维，在最后考试作答的时候，争取游刃有余。
政治复习的时候，我自己用的参考书有《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论考试大纲》，《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论考试大纲解析》。
外研社学术英语(第二版)综合Unit 2 (教师用书U2
Unit 2 EconomicsI Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 2, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:II Teaching Activities and ResourcesReadingText ALead-inTeaching StepsAsk Ss to work in pairs and do the task in Lead-in. Then invite several Ss to share their answers with the whole class.Answer Keys1.The invisible hand.2.Our economic life is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of totalstrangers.The activities of countless far-flung men and women have to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed. However, no one coordinates it, and yet they do cooperate. It’s “the invisible hand” —the mysterious power that leads innumerable people, each working for his own gain, to promote ends that benefit many. Out of the seeming chaos of millions of uncoordinated private transactions emerges the spontaneousText AnalysisTeaching Steps1.OverviewAsk Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.2.In-Depth Analysis1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as muchas possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.•the invisible hand•free-market economy•economic downturn•An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.3)Discuss with Ss the invisible hand in the author’s eyes by doing Task 1 inCritical reading and thinking.4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Criticalreading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.Supplementary Information1.free-market economyIn a free market economy, the laws and forces of supply and demand, rather than a central government, regulate production and labor. The prices for goods and services are self-regulated by buyers and sellers negotiating in an open market.Most companies and resources are not owned by the state. Instead, they are owned by private individuals or entities who are free to trade contracts with each other. 2.economic downturnAn economic downturn is a general slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time. It occurs when the value of stocks, property, and commodities fall, productivity either grows more slowly or declines, and GDP shrinks, stands still or expands more slowly. It can happen in a specific region (e.g.the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s) or on a global scale (e.g. the global financial crisis in the late 2000s). The main features of an economic downturn include rising unemployment, falling share and house prices, low consumer confidence and declining investment.4．An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（《国富论》）An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is Adam Smith’s masterpiece. It was first published in 1776, and is widely considered to be the first modern work in economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of theIndustrial Revolution, the book touches upon broad topics such as the division of labor, productivity and free markets.Language Support1.Individual buyers and sellers will act according to what is in their own bestinterests. (Para. 2)The phrase “in one’s interest” means “for one’s benefit or advantage”（为了……的利益；为……着想）. There are some relevant expressions, such as “in the interest of one”, “in one’s own interest”, and “in one’s best interest”.e.g. It’s obviously in their interest to increase profits.I suspect it’s in your own best interest to quit now.2.Customers are likewise typically looking out for their self-interests. (Para. 4)The word “likewise” is used to signal a comparison that explains how things are similar（同样的；此外）.e.g. In this episode, we will likewise deal with another extremely commonquestion.Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.Other special words and expressions are often used to signal the comparison of two or more people, places, things, ideas, etc. Here are some examples of these signposts for your reference:similarly, both, just as, and also, resemble, parallel, in the same manner, inthe same way, alike, equally3.The market becomes more efficient as buyers and sellers move in the samedirection—as if directed by an invisible hand. (Para. 5)这里的as if用于省略句。
研究生英语高级教程(第二版)_练习答案及参考译文
Unit 1Move Over, Big BrotherBackground Information1. Big Brother: An omnipresent, seemingly benevolent figure representing the oppressive control over individual lives exerted by an authoritarian government. (after Big Brother, a character in the novel 1984 by George Orwell)Answer keysI. Reading comprehension1. B2. C3. D4. A5. D6. B7. D8. B9. D10.CⅡ. VocabularyA. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B7. B8. A9. C10. DB. 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C7. A8. D9. D10. BⅢ. Cloze1. C2. D3. B4. B5. B6. A7. C8. A9. D10. DⅣ. TranslationA.人们已经越来越意识到计算机的某些应用对我们所谓的“个人隐私”这种抽象的价值观可能带来的影响。
过去，冗繁的活字印刷技术抑制了人们搜集并保存同伴信息的欲望，因而限制了个人信息的记载。
但现在许多人已表示担忧,由于计算机信息容量大、准确无误、储存信息久，它可能会成为监视系统的中心，使社会变成透明的世界，将家庭、财政收支、社交等暴露在各种各样漫不经心的观察者面前，这些人中有些是病态的好奇者，也有居心不良或刺探商业情报的人。
B. Anyone who googles for a website or looks up a friend on Facebook is likely to have those actions recorded and stored on a database somewhere. Although many internet users seem to remain unaware of the fact that big governmental and corporate brother is watching you, every now and again something brings a reminder of the ever greater amount of personal information being gathered.Ⅴ. Fast reading1.C2.D3.A4.B5.C参考译文老大哥，移过去一点[1] 对路易十四而言，即使在卧室里生活没有隐私都不是问题。
高级英语视听说(第二版)---教师用书-及-课后答案
《高级英语视听说（第二版）》教师用书第二版说明《高级英语视听说》为专业英语课程教材，供高等院校英语专业高年级本科生使用；同时也为高等院校非英语专业高年级本科生使用。
近些年，大学英语及专门用途英语教学改革成果显著，非英语专业学生的英语水平提高很大，有些甚至好于英语专业的学生。
教师和学生都感到特别需要更高要求、更深程度内容的英语教材满足这部分学生的智力和情感需求。
这套教材既是很好的选择。
本教材还可以供研究生英语课程使用，供有同等英语水平的自学者和工作者使用。
本套教材于2008年荣获北京市精品教材奖。
目前已经重印十余次，受到教师和学生的广泛欢迎。
第二版教材去掉五部旧片，换上五部新片，其中三部电影，一部纪录片，以跟进时代。
它们分别是《黑天鹅》、《帮助》、《朗读者》和《精神病人》。
这些片子已在北外的课堂使用过，深受学生们喜爱。
单元安排根据学生的兴趣、影片的新旧、影片的难易重新做了调整，现在的安排给人一种全新的感受。
教师也可以按照自己的考虑、学生的水平重新安排一学期的课程顺序。
第二版教材建议每周学习一部片子，所用学时两小时。
网络的发展以及各学校音视频的建设使学生随时可以看到新片，这样使一周完成学生课前的准备及课上的讨论成为了可能。
我们衷心希望第二版能够受到更多教师和学生的喜爱。
在内容带给我们更多挑战的同时，也希望带给我们更多思考的快乐。
主编：王镇平2013年4月23日编写理念21世纪是一个以经济全球化和信息化为显著特征的时代，我们的人才培养目标要适应这个时代，我们的教材则要适应这个新的培养目标。
英语专业培养的人才应该是具有扎实的英语语言基础和广博的英语文化知识，并能在不同的工作和研究领域熟练运用英语的复合型人才，要同时兼具组织能力、实践能力和创新能力。
这套教材就是在这样的需求中应运而生的。
根据2000年《高等院校英语专业英语教学大纲》（以下简称《大纲》）的要求，21世纪外语专业教材应具有以下几个特征：教材内容和语言能够反映快速变化的时代；教材能处理好专业知识、语言训练和相关学科知识之间的关系；教材不仅仅着眼于知识的传授，还有助于学生的鉴赏批判能力、思维能力和创新能力的培养；教学内容有较强的实用性和针对性；注意充分利用计算机、多媒体、网络等现代化的技术手段。
[实用参考]复旦大学研究生英语教师用书.doc
![[实用参考]复旦大学研究生英语教师用书.doc](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/95f42c210b1c59eef9c7b419.png)
研究生英语研究生高级英语教师用书主编曾建彬黄莺编委（以汉语拼音为序）范若恩谷红欣顾乡何静黄莺刘雯卢玉玲夏威雍毅曾建彬张宁宁赵蓉前言《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》是复旦大学研究生课程及教材建设重点资助项目，受到了复旦大学研究生院和上海市重点学科建设项目“英语语言文学”项目的资助。
该教材根据中国学生的英语学习需求，采用“博采众长，学以致用”的编写原则，在教材编写中汲取各种有效的英语教学理论和实践方法，为了适应研究生英语课程改革和创新的需要编写而成。
《研究生英语》供非英语专业硕士研究生第一外国语（英语）课程使用，《研究生高级英语》供非英语专业博士硕士研究生第一外国语（英语）课程使用。
本书为《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》教学参考书的合订本，提供课后练习的参考答案、课文参考译文，以及翻译练习的参考答案，供教师备课参考之用。
本书由《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》编委负责编写（以汉语拼音为序）：范若恩、谷红欣、顾乡、何静、黄莺、刘雯、卢玉玲、夏威、雍毅、曾建彬、张宁宁、赵蓉，均为复旦大学外文学院研究生英语教学部教师。
本书在编写的过程中得到了复旦大学研究生院和复旦大学出版社的大力支持，在此表示衷心的感谢。
由于编写人员教学任务重、时间紧、水平有限，教材中的错误及不妥之处在所难免，敬请读者提出宝贵的意见。
编者20PP年12月使用说明本书为《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》教学参考书的合订本，供非英语专业硕士研究生和博士研究生教学的英语教师参考使用，内容包括《研究生英语》和《研究生综合英语》课文的背景材料、练习答案以及参考译文等。
还包括各单元的补充阅读和翻译练习的参考答案。
关于课文（TeGt）有以下内容：1．背景材料(BackgroundInformation)，包括作者介绍、与课文内容相关的英语国家文化、社会生活和风土人情等背景知识。
2．课文练习答案(KePtoEGercises)，包括课后练习V ocabularPStudP和Cloze的参考答案。
整理的高级英语2复旦考试要用的
一、Synonym(26) barbaric brutal adj粗鲁的proverbial well-known adj众所周知cling stick n紧贴eliminate eradicate v剔除exalt praise v赞美axiom principle/maxim n格言staunch firm adj. 坚定的devour swallow v吞食supersede replace vt. 取代bias prejudice n. 偏见multitude mass n. 大量meticulous careful/prudent adj. 一丝不苟的seductive attractive/desirable adj.诱惑的exaggerated overstated adj 夸张的restrain constrain v克制conspicuous obvious adj显而易见的superficial shallow adj肤浅的overlook ignore V忽略slipup error/mistake n 错误well-meaning well-meant adj. 善意的specious plausible adj.似是而非的isolated separated adj. 分离的menial unimportant/trivial adj.卑微的obligatory prerequisite/compulsory adj. 强制性的lament deplore n.悲叹extirpate eradicate v. 根除二、Antonym(22)fluctuate adj动摇的stable adj稳定的clarity adj清晰的obscurity adj模糊的absolute adj绝对的relative adj相对的crucial adj决定性的unimportant adj次要的stubby adj短而粗lanky/slim adj苗条的sensitive insensitiverelevant irrelevantsubjective objectivehideous adj丑恶的lovely adj可爱的exclusive inclusivehistorical contemporary/futureadoptive naturalpertinent adj相关的impertinent/irrelevant 不相关的blessing 祈祷,祝福curse诅咒,咒骂half-caste 混血puredownright明白的,直率的devious 弯曲的,不光明真大的integrity 正直,诚实dishonestyloss gaininferior superiorlanguish 凋谢,变衰弱thrive繁荣,兴旺mediocre 普通的,平凡的e xcellent 优秀的,杰出的casual 非正式的formal三、Paraphrasing1、It has never been an effort to say those three words, even when they occasion the well-meaning but insensitive compliment.It has never difficult to say that Quintana is adopted, even w hen those three words cause the well-meant but insensitive compliment.2、Y ou could not love her more if she were your own.Y ou have already given all your love to her.3、Both my wife and I admit more than a passing interest in the woman who produced this extraordinary child.Both my wife and I acknowledge more than a transient interest in the woman w ho gave birth to this remarkable child.4、Mentally they are as soft as a fat baby is physically.Mentally they are as feeble as a fat baby is physically.5、He learns to walk upright among men and make his way.He learns to move with dignity among men and make progress.6、They make earning achievements an alibi for intellectual mediocrity.They use earning achievements as a pretext for poor intellectual performance.7、Let no student be denied t hese privileges save by stern necessity.Let no student be deprived of these opportunities e xcept by stern necessity.8、…that the mere fact of her son’s e xistence does not make him the equal of anybody in competition.…that the mere fact of her son’s e xistence does not put him on an equal footing with anyone competition.9、…is surely to encourage a cult of mediocrity.…is cer tain to promot e a blind worship for average.10、The inclination to “take a chance” or indulge in a “calculated risk” is said to be not so prevalent as in our pioneer days.The tendency to “take a risk” or take pleasure in a “planed advent ure” is said to be n ot so common as in our early days.11、We have, he said, doz ens of fine-looking, well-groomed fellows of routing assignments.We have, he said, doz ens of fine-looking, well-dressed people for daily tasks.12、…but today even hard-boiled, thrifty taxpayers are advocating the early identification of talented boys and girls.…but today even tough, frugal taxpayers are proposing the early identification of talented boys and girls.13、We had marveled at the convenient frequency of the metro.We had marveled at the handiness of the subway.14、I was thinking that, as matter of fact, the more things change, the more things change.I was thinking that, as a matter of fact, the more physical world, the more our life change accordingly.15、This was a miserable conclusion to a day of so much tourist privilege and delight.This was a sad ending to a day of so m uch tourist privilege and delight.16、…blue—collar white women terrified by the prospect of overstaying a union-guaranteed hour for lunch.…blue---collar white women terrified by the prospect of e xceeding the time for lunch granted to them by the union.17、I believe there is a likelihood of mistaken identity on the part of the victim.I believe there is a possibility that the victim has misidentified the attacker.18、…and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued.…and I t hink from the very beginning my literary ambitious were intertwined with the feeling of being separated and underestimated.19、His subject matter will be determined by the age he lives in.His things he writes about will be determined by the age he lives in.20、I did try very hard in it to tell the w hole truth without violating my literary instincts.I did try very hard in it to tell the w hole truth without betraying my literary inclination.21、A critic whom I respect read me a lecture about it.A critic whom I respect critici zed me for it.四、Translation1、这幅画时他会想起在西班牙度假时许多愉快的往事。
外研版高中英语必修二教师用书
外研版高中英语必修二教师用书The world we live in today is a complex and ever-evolving landscape, filled with both challenges and opportunities. As we navigate this dynamic environment, it is essential to approach life with a sense of purpose, resilience, and a deep understanding of the human experience. In this essay, we will explore the importance of embracing our individuality, cultivating meaningful relationships, and striving for personal growth and fulfillment.At the heart of the human experience lies the pursuit of self-discovery. Each individual is unique, with their own set of strengths, weaknesses, dreams, and aspirations. It is this diversity that makes our world so rich and vibrant. By embracing our individuality, we can unlock our full potential and contribute to the betterment of society in our own unique way. Whether it is through our chosen profession, creative endeavors, or the way we engage with our communities, the expression of our authentic selves is the foundation upon which we can build a life of purpose and meaning.However, the journey of self-discovery is not without its obstacles. We are often confronted with societal expectations, cultural norms, and the pressure to conform to a certain mold. It is in thesemoments that we must have the courage to challenge the status quo and forge our own path. By cultivating self-awareness and a deep understanding of our values, we can navigate these challenges with grace and resilience, ultimately emerging as stronger and more empowered individuals.Alongside the pursuit of self-discovery, the cultivation of meaningful relationships is a vital aspect of the human experience. We are inherently social creatures, and our connections with others profoundly shape our lives. Whether it is the love and support we receive from family and friends, the mentorship and guidance we find in our communities, or the deep bonds we form with romantic partners, these relationships are the bedrock upon which we build our lives.In an increasingly interconnected world, it is easy to become consumed by the superficial connections we make through social media and digital platforms. However, true fulfillment comes from the depth and quality of our relationships, not their quantity. By investing time and energy into building genuine, authentic connections with others, we can create a support system that nurtures our personal growth, provides a sense of belonging, and helps us navigate the ups and downs of life.Moreover, the cultivation of meaningful relationships extendsbeyond our personal lives and into the broader societal context. As we engage with our communities, whether it is through volunteering, political activism, or simply being a good neighbor, we have the power to contribute to the greater good and foster a more just, equitable, and compassionate world. By recognizing our interconnectedness and our shared responsibility to one another, we can work towards creating a society that values empathy, collaboration, and the collective well-being of all its members.Finally, the pursuit of personal growth and fulfillment is a lifelong journey that requires a deep commitment to self-improvement and a willingness to step outside of our comfort zones. In a world that is constantly evolving, it is crucial that we remain adaptable, open-minded, and eager to learn. Whether it is through formal education, self-directed learning, or the acquisition of new skills, the pursuit of knowledge and personal development is the key to unlocking our full potential and staying relevant in an ever-changing landscape.However, personal growth is not just about the accumulation of knowledge and skills; it is also about the cultivation of emotional intelligence, empathy, and a deep understanding of the human condition. By cultivating these qualities, we can develop a greater sense of self-awareness, emotional resilience, and the ability to navigate the complexities of life with grace and wisdom.As we strive for personal growth and fulfillment, it is important to remember that the journey is not always linear or easy. We will inevitably face setbacks, challenges, and moments of uncertainty. It is in these moments that we must draw upon our inner strength, our support systems, and our commitment to growth and self-improvement. By embracing these challenges with a positive mindset and a willingness to learn, we can transform them into opportunities for personal growth and transformation.In conclusion, the human experience is a rich and multifaceted tapestry, woven with the threads of self-discovery, meaningful relationships, and personal growth. By embracing our individuality, cultivating genuine connections with others, and continuously striving for self-improvement, we can unlock our full potential and contribute to the creation of a more just, equitable, and compassionate world. As we navigate the complexities of life, let us approach each day with a sense of purpose, resilience, and a deep appreciation for the beauty and wonder of the human experience.。
研究生英语高级教程[第二版]练习答案解析及参考译文
![研究生英语高级教程[第二版]练习答案解析及参考译文](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/df53f242011ca300a6c39089.png)
Unit 1Move Over, Big BrotherBackground Information1. Big Brother: An omnipresent, seemingly benevolent figure representing the oppressive control over individual lives exerted by an authoritarian government. (after Big Brother, a character in the novel 1984 by George Orwell)Answer keysI. Reading comprehension1. B2. C3. D4. A5. D6. B7. D8. B9. D 10.CⅡ. VocabularyA. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. DB. 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. BⅢ. Cloze1. C2. D3. B4. B5. B6. A7. C8. A9. D 10. DⅣ. TranslationA.人们已经越来越意识到计算机的某些应用对我们所谓的“个人隐私”这种抽象的价值观可能带来的影响。
过去，冗繁的活字印刷技术抑制了人们搜集并保存同伴信息的欲望，因而限制了个人信息的记载。
但现在许多人已表示担忧,由于计算机信息容量大、准确无误、储存信息久，它可能会成为监视系统的中心，使社会变成透明的世界，将家庭、财政收支、社交等暴露在各种各样漫不经心的观察者面前，这些人中有些是病态的好奇者，也有居心不良或刺探商业情报的人。
B. Anyone who googles for a website or looks up a friend on Facebook is likely to have those actions recorded and stored on a database somewhere. Although many internet users seem to remain unaware of the fact that big governmental and corporate brother is watching you, every now and again something brings a reminder of the ever greater amount of personal information being gathered.Ⅴ. Fast reading1. C2. D3. A4. B5. C参考译文老大哥，移过去一点[1] 对路易十四而言，即使在卧室里生活没有隐私都不是问题。
高级英语重排版教师用书
高级英语重排版教师用书Advanced English Typography: Teacher's Reference GuideChapter 1: Introduction to Typography- Definition of typography- History of typography- Importance of typography in design- Key typographic terminologyChapter 2: Typeface Classification- Different categories of typefaces- Examples of each category- Choosing the appropriate typeface for a project- Mixing and matching typefacesChapter 3: Type Anatomy- Understanding the parts of a letter- Components and features of different typefaces- Kerning, tracking, and leading- Using type anatomy to inform design decisionsChapter 4: Hierarchy and Layout- Creating visual hierarchy with typography- Designing effective layouts with type- Aligning and spacing text- Balancing different elements in a designChapter 5: Color and Contrast- Using color effectively in typography- Contrast and legibility of text- Incorporating contrast into a design- Contrast for printed versus digital mediaChapter 6: Web Typography- Unique considerations for web typography- Responsive design and typography- Web-safe fonts and alternatives- Tips for designing effective web typographyChapter 7: Typography in Branding- The importance of typography in branding- Examples of successful branding with typography- Choosing a typeface for a brand- Consistency and coherence in typography for brandingChapter 8: Advanced Techniques- Special effects and advanced typography techniques- Three-dimensional typography- Typography and motion graphics- Creative ways to use typography in designChapter 9: Critiquing Typography- Evaluating the typography in a design- Providing constructive feedback on typography- Identifying successful typography and areas for improvement - Collaboration and communication with clients and colleaguesChapter 10: Conclusion- Summary of key concepts and techniques- Continuing education and resources for typography- Importance of continual improvement and experimentation in typography- Final thoughts on the art and science of typography.。
研究生英语听说教程提高级教师用书-Unit4Diet
Unit 4 DietWoman: Oh, no thanks, I think I'm OK. Listen, is it OK with you if we ask for the check now? I know that we're still eating, but I'm ina bit of a hurry.Man: No, sure, it's fine. Thanks. Excuse me, can...uh...we have the check,please?Number ThreeMan: What is it?Woman: Y ou know, I'm not sure. I think it's...chicken.Man: Nhn-nhn, I think it's beef.Woman: Ugh, the vegetables look very strange, don't they?Man: Oh, well, I'm not really very hungry.Woman: Oh, me neither.Man: I'll just taste it...Y ou'll never guess!Woman: What?Man: It's fish. And the sauce is actually pretty good. I thought it would be bland , but it's not at all. Here ,try it. It's not bad. Woman: Oh, all right...Ugh! It's awful. It's too salty.Man: Well, I like it.Woman: Oh,now I need some more soda.I wish they'd come back with the drink cart again.Man: Here,have yourself some of mine.Then we'll ask the flight attendant for two more cans.Task 4Listening:Y ou will hear two short conversations.Some people are ordering food at a restaurant.Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what you hear.Waiter: Are you ready to order,sir?Man: Y es,I think so.Darling?Woman: I'll have the vegetable soup to start...Waiter: The vegetable soup.And to follow,madam?Woman: The salmon with a salad.Waiter: And for you,sir?Man: I'll have the vegetable soup too,please.Waiter: Two vegetable soups.Man: And I'll have a steak,I think.Waiter: How would you like it, sir?Rare,medium,or well done?Man: V ery rare--blue if you can.Waiter: Thank you very much,sir.Would you like to see the wine list?Waiter: Ready to order?Customer: Y es,I'd like the potato soup.Waiter: White or brown bread?Customer: White,please.Waiter: And to follow?Customer: Just a chicken salad,please.Waiter: And to drink?Customer: A mineral water.Waiter: Still or sparkling?Customer: Sparkling,please.Waiter: Ice and lemon?Customer: Both,please.Task 6Listening:Y ou will hear five short extracts.What kind of food and/or drink are/is talked about in each of them?Listen to the recording and note down your answers to full in the table below.Extract 1A: Well,the results of the tests make it absolutely clear.Y ou'll have to cut out dairy products completely.B: What?Everything?Y ou mean cheese and yoghurt and butter...?A:Y es,I'm afraid so.And milk.Y ou'll have to try a substitute like soya milk for tea and coffee if you really can't drink them black.Extract 2A: What's the food like in your family?B: It's great!Every morning we have cornflakes and toast and sometimes bacon and eggs.The only problem is that we have the evening meal very early.Often I am very hungry in the night.And the food where you're staying?How is it?A: Oh,the Wilsons,has lived in France for a long time,so they prepare a lot of typically French dishes.It's just like home.Extract 3A: Mobile Burgers.Simon speaking.Can I help you?B: Y es,I'd like a double cheese burger,no onion.A: Anything with that?B: Oh yeah.And some chips and a chocolate milkshake.A: What size chips?Small,medium or large?B: Oh actually I don't think I'll have the chips.A: OK.Address?B: 21 Walker Street.A: Fine.We'll be round in 15 minutes.Extract 4So if you don't have a microwave,you heat your coconut oil in a deeppot like this one until it's smoking slightly.It's good and hot now,I think.Throw your corn into the pot and put the lid on firmly,like this.Then turn the heat off under the pan and enjoy the sound of that corn popping!There it goes!Extract 5Right.I hear that some people have been taking food and drinks into the computer room.This is absolutely not...I repeat not...allowed.It's valuable equipment and it can be damaged very easily.A major problem was caused by someone spilling a bottle of water the other day...so no food and no liquids or the room will be closed unless a teacher is there to supervise.Task 7Listening:Y ou will hear an interview with two people about their particular diet.Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what you hear.Sam(I=Interviewer; S=Sam)I: Congratulations on winning the tournament,Sam.How do you feel? S: Oh,great!I: Are you going to celebrate?S: Definitely.I've been training non-stop for ages and I need a good night out.I: How do you train for a kick-boxing tournament like this?S: Basically,you have to live like a monk for weeks...I: Really?Aren't you allowed to go out?S: Yes,actually you can go out,but you can't drink or smoke and you have to be in bed by midnight.I: I guess that's quite difficult for a young guy like yourself.What other sacrifices do you have to make?S: Well, obviously you have trained every day, and the main thing for kick-boxing is to build up your stamina--so while I'm training I have to be quite strict with my diet.I: So what do you eat?S: Um, the first thing is cutting down on fat--no crisps or burgers.I'm not supposed to eat butter, but that's really hard because I really love it.Oh, and I mustn't drink too much caffeine.I: And what sort of things are good for you?S: High-fibre food, like brown rice and vegetables. Cranberry juice is good--loads and loads of fluid. That's really important.I: What about protein?S: Y eah, of course that's important,but meat tends to be very fatty--I try to stick to fish.Mushrooms are really good--I eat lots of mushrooms. Butcarbohydrates are as important as protein because I need the energy. I don't want to end up with enormous muscles.I: Talking of muscles, do you work out?S: Of course--that's part of the training. I work out every day, but I do quite a lot of aerobic exercise and not too much weight-lifting. For kick-boxing you have to increase your energy levels.I: What are you going to have for dinner now the competition's over? S: Steak and chips with loads of bread and butter, Coke to drink, followed by apple pie and cream. And a double expresso. No problem.I: A well-earned treat. Enjoy it! Thank you, Sam Davidson, the new kick-boxing champion--and now back to the studio.Catherine(C=Catherine; M=Mike)M: Catherine you look great in these photos.C: Oh,thanks. I had to go through hell to get into that wedding dress. M: What do you mean?C: It was too small.M: Why didn't you get one your size?C: Oh,it was my grandmother's--my mother wore it on her wedding day, and I really wanted to wear it on mine.M: Oh,I can see why--it's gorgeous. But the waist is minute!C: Tell me about it. I suffered for six months so I could wear it.M: How did you do it?C: Oh, well, you know this diet that all the Hollywood actors are doing? M: No--I thought they just had plastic surgery every time their body needed reshaping.C: Well, they probably do that as well--but there's this new diet. I don't think it's very healthy if you do it for a long time, but it really works. M: Is it the diet where you think of all the food you love and avoid it for six months?C: No--actually,it's amazing. Believe it or not, you can eat things like,em, roast chicken and steak and eggs and bacon, but you just can't eat any carbohydrates with it.M: No bread.C: No.M: What about pasta?C: No.M: Oh, I couldn't live without pasta.C: Mm, it was hard--I was dying for a nice plate of spaghetti.M: Did you have to exercise?C: Well, you know me--I'm not exactly sportswoman of the year. But I wanted to get rid of my stomach so I had to do situps every morning. Nightmare!M: How much did you lose?C: To be honest, I have no idea--the important thing to me was that I could put that dress on and look good in it.M: Are you still dieting then?C: No way--I love my food and dieting is so boring. Hopefully, I won't need to wear the wedding dress again anyway!Task 11Listening:Y ou will hear an interview with someone about pleasures. He gives answers to the four questions above. Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what you hear.Interviewer: "Pleasure is the beginning and the end of living happily."Those are the words of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, wholived 2,300 years ago. People have always tried to findpleasure and today we have many more pleasures than theAncient Greeks had. And yet we still don't know a lot aboutthis important part of life. Here in the studio is Dr.JonathanShamberg. Good evening, Dr.Shamberg.Dr.Shamberg: Good evening. It's a pleasure to be here.I: Y es, indeed. Well, what things give people most pleasure?D: We don't all enjoy the same things. Pleasure means different things to different people. Some people get pleasure from jumping out ofaeroplanes or driving at 200 kph. For others pleasure comes from relaxing in a hot bath or playing with children. Doing a crossword or repairing the car give other people pleasure.I: What's the purpose of pleasure? Why does it exist?D: Well, if pleasure didn't exist, we wouldn't exist. Pleasure is important for human survival. If we want to survive, we have to do three things--eat, have children, and get on with each other. If these things give pleasure, we want to do them. So we survive. That's why we get so much pleasure from food, being in love, and socializing.I: But what is pleasure?D: Pleasure is a chemical reaction in the brain. When we do something that we enjoy, endorphin and noradrenaline are produced. These stimulated pleasure centers in the brain.I: And is pleasure good for you?D: Oh, yes. The happier you are the longer you will live. But it isn't the great moments of pleasure that are important. Happy people enjoy the ordinary everyday things of life, like cooking a meal, going for a walk or chatting with a friend.I: I see. Well, let's talk some more about your research into pleasure...。
复旦大学研究生英语教师用书-2-《研究生高级英语教师用书》
《研究生高级英语教师用书》Advanced English for Graduate Students（Teachers’ Book）UNIT ONEText: The Idea of a UniversityBackground InformationClark Kerr (1911-2003) was an American professor of economics and academic administrator. He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley and the twelfth president of the University of California (1958-1967). He is acknowledged as one of the architects of the modern public university — and, in particular, the American research university. In an era of unprecedented growth in American higher education, he recognized the distinct roles of community colleges, state universities and the ‘flagship’ research universities, and he coined the term “multiversity” in an attempt to capture the reality of large universities that had evolved to be a “whole series of communities and activities held together by a common name, a common governing board and related purposes,” reflecting the wisdom and thoughtfulness of one of America’s preeminent higher education specialists.Key to ExercisesIII. Vocabulary StudyChoose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.1. B2. D3. A4. A5. C6. B7. D8. C9. C 10. AIV. ClozeThere are 10 blanks in the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper word.1.relationship2. ability3. living4. farmers5. respond6. on7. benefits8. marry9. after 10. towardTranslation of the Text大学的理想克拉克⋅克尔一个多世纪前，红衣主教纽曼在参与建立都柏林大学时对“大学的理想”的阐述也许是最到位的。
（完整）研究生高级英语曾建彬刘雯等主编
（完整）研究生高级英语曾建彬刘雯等主编研究生高级英语（博士课程）词汇题复旦大学曾建彬、刘雯主编Unit One1. McDonald’s in China is organized in a Chinese way, and American movies are in varying Chinese accents to reflect Chinese perceptions of the message being delivered.A. limitedB. dubbedC. transformedD. represented2. More and more issues are internationally, including regulations and practices——ranging from pharmaceutical testing to accounting and product standards to banking regulation.A. at largeB. off-the-wallC. sure-footedD. up for grabs3. E ffective strategies will have to appeal to elites’ perceptions of their self-interests. Appeals to or to concepts of equality or global welfare are unlikely to be sufficient.A. altruismB. fundamentalismC. MarxismD. consumerism4. Practices that are accepted in one period become downgraded or even in a later period because of evolution. Changed views of slavery or colonialism are examples.A. illegitimateB. obsoleteC. weirdD. paradoxical5. Public university systems are ruled over by government-run higher education boards. They financial requests and budget proposals and then allocate funds for each university in the system.A. revitalizeB. renewC. reviewD. revise6. The peoples of the U. S. mainland, including Alaska Natives, are believed to have migrated Asia, beginning between 12000 and 40000 years ago.A. ingeniousB. indigenousC. insightfulD. insidious7. Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns. During the 1980s and 1990s,A mericans’ caloric intake rose 24%;dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American “obesity epidemic.”A. oilyB. generousC. unnecessaryD. frequent8. Wealth, like income, is highly : The richest 10% of the adult population possesses 69.8% of the country’s household wealth,the second-highest share among developed nations.A. condensedB. concertedC. concentratedD. conductive9. Puppies shouldn’t be separated from the rest of thei r litter for adoption before 2 months of age. A new study that advice, showing that puppies removed from their broods earlier were more likely to develop behavioral problems as adult dogs.A. containsB. configuresC. corroboratesD. CONTRACTS10. It is inevitable that working moms will need to on some aspects of the way they approach their career or their parenting- or both.A. compromiseB. confessC. coordinateD. configureUnit two1. The exaggerated and reliance on the research of Piaget has encouraged teachers to have low expectations concerning children abilities.A. confoundedB. disgracedC. misplacedD. frustrated2. John said that the richer countries of the World should make a effort to help the poorer countries.B. glitteringC. franticD. concentrated3. He is absolutely right to be scornful of the pretentious organizational plans that often science policy in certain countries.A. Pass forB. pass downC. pass upD. pass by4. P roduction targets are set for each branch, and branch mana gers who don’t usually don’t last.A. take upB. measure upC. wind upD. Size up5. Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps rigid departmental boundaries.A. pass overB. stand forC. break downD. set off6. According to legal provisions, the properties will either the original owner or else be sold at auctionA. commit to B take to C. proceed to D. revert to7. T o everyone’s surprise, the woman candidate from a smallparty the poll in the first round of voting.A. eclipsedB. outshinedD. deprived8. The protest went ahead despite government assurances that they would press for with the neighboring country in the issuing of visas.A. reciprocityB. show-offC. payoffD. intimacy9. As a teenager, I was by passion for a film star I would never meet.A. pursuedB. seducedC. consumedD. guaranteed10. It was a really wonderful occasion which we will for many years to come.A. discountB. acquitC. cherishD. blurUnit three1. The problem is inherent and in any democracy, but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government, politics and politicians.A. perishableB. periodicalC. perverseD. perennial2. The last-moving tide sometimes surprises swimmers.A. attentiveB. unwaryC. cautiousD. sophisticated3. The economy has all other issues during the election campaign.A. eclipsedB. surpassedC. exceededD. highlighted4. T he company’s stock is being by many financial advisers.A. examinedB. slammedC. exaggeratedD. touted5. While there are American operas galore, some of which are quite good indeed, there is no opera tradition in America-instead, we have musical comedy.A. noticeableB. formalC. vernacularD. representative6. A(n) beauty descends upon the canyon as the sun begins to set.A. unspeakableB. ineffableC. dubiousD. undeniable7. He lived a life, working at the paper mill and living in histrailer.A. pedestrianB. extraordinaryC. engagingD. intriguing8. The wall of the church was with the names of the dead from the Great War.A. describedB. prescribedC. inscribedD. ascribed9. The rise of cable television the audience, creating ever smaller segments for an ever growing array of programming choices.A. joinedB. unitedC. amplifiedD. remified10. Her work on the project should her a promotion.A. distinguishB. clinchC. clampD. distributeUnit four1.At the Friday evening party at Martin’s home, Bethune and Frances met otherdoctors and socialites.A.SubtleB. progressiveC. eminentD. plausible2.The fingerprint expert was asked to at the trial immediately after the crimetook place a fortnight ago.A.AttestB. affirmC. testifyD. certify3.With a little more magnanimity Rome, there need never have been arenewal of the struggle.A.On the part ofB. in terms ofC. in place ofD. for the sake of4.As is known to all, commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooneror later.A.CounterfeitB. fakeC. imitativeD. fraudulent5.The experiment result shows that 10% of the rice on sale is with cadmium,which can cause itai-itai disease after it enters human bodies.A.InfectedB. contaminatedC. pollutedD. corrupt6.Chivalry, pure and passionless women, beauty: the highSouthern fantasypossessed them.A.SupernaturalB. uncannyC. unearthlyD. weird7.Some inconsistencies in the present guidelines only after scientists starteddoing research./doc/c512463728.html,e to lightB. come to an endC. come to lifeD. come todecision8.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to or at leastweaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A.ReverseB. revolveC. revoltD. revive9.One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all shipsfollow traffic rules in busy harbors.A.CautiouslyB. dutifullyC. faithfullyD. skillyfully10.It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have such acrime.A.ConfirmedB. clarifiedC. committedD. conveyedUnit five1.Nearly all the women I interviewed were highly to the idea ofmale-dominance.A.HospitableB. unfavorableC. antagonisticD. aggressive2.It would be to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straightaway.A.SubtleB. feebleC. nastyD. naive3.The views of the richest with those of the poorest and created a new publicconsensus.A.MergedB. convergedC. emergedD. combined4.Churchill’s inspiring speeches helped his countrymen to fight against theenemy.A.RallyB. allyC. resembleD. ramble5.Scientists have to break the compound down into its in order to analyze it.A.ConstitutionsB. alternativesC. constituentsD. substitutes6.The final technical report in to the accident the findings of initialinvestigations.A.AugmentedB. intensifiedC. magnifiedD. reinforced7.The invention of television marked the of the golden age of Hollywood.A.DemiseB. dismissalC. disseminationD. designation8.We live in an increasingly society, in which religion has less and less influenceon our daily lives.A, secular B. sacred C. transient D. tranquil9.Certainly every school high priority to the quality of teaching.A.AscribesB. refersC. reconcilesD. accords10.Business spirit was not to the United States; rather, it grew from the soil ofEuropean capitalism.A.IndignantB. ingeniousC. ingenuousD. indigenousUnit six1.Humans are , which enables them to make decisions even when they can’tjustify why.A.RationalB. reasonableC. hesitantD. intuitive2.Of course, Bernstein, never reluctant to make pronouncementsand the spotlight, was also a lightning rod for criticism.A.Revel inB. resent againstC. repelD. decline3.Recently misdiagnosed with less than 2 months to live, Burns wasstricken with following an unsuccessful suicide attempt.A.AmnesiaB. nostalgiaC. mysteryD. announcement4.Career change can do a number on many relationships. Sometimesone half of the couple cannot handle the other person struggling and becomes .A.ObsessedB. resentfulC. attachedD. tolerant5.Scientists believe a stable climate spanning about 500000 years was necessary forcomplex life to on Earth.A.LoomB. blossomC. shrivelD. cover6.The truth is that the Bouviers were third-generation French immigrants who hadmade good but felt it necessary to about their ancestry, converting shopkeepers into nobles.A.ExemplifyB. understateC. fantasizeD. describe7.Females traditionally score higher in and lower on self-esteem comparedwith their male counterparts.A.EchoB. rationaleC. hesitantD. empathy8.Playing instruments and singing with a trained music is supposed to helpchildren express themselves.A.TheologyB. theoryC. therapyD. therapist9.With proper privacy protections, we can consumers, enable better decisions,and spur innovation.A, embody B. emulate C. empower D. emphasize10.Their work supports young children to develop language, problem-solvingand social and physical skills.A.VolatileB. vulnerableC. validatedD. vertical。
高级英文写作教程教师用书
高级英文写作教程教师用书本册教师用书是根据《高级英文写作教程》课后练习中所提出的问题而编写的。
课后练习包括写作对象和目的、篇章结构、句法分析和词汇研究四个部分，涉及到写作的意图与对象，文章的组织与结构、段落的过渡与扩展、句型的选择与运用、词汇的分析与比较、语言的逻辑与表达、文体风格与语气、修辞与典故、节秦与韵律、引语与暗语、构词与词源等各方面的问题。
其中有些问题相当微妙、难解，我们在编写答案时颇感棘手，很难做出*肯定或否定的回答。
再者，由于读者对原文理解角度不同和观点上的差异，得出的结论与答案也不会全然一致，有的甚至截然不同，这是可以理解的。
本书所提供的只是参考性的答案。
本书以美国康乃狄克大学托马斯·凯恩和伦纳德·彼得斯编辑的WRITING PROSE为蓝本，精心改编而成。
本书旨在提高学生语言技能，培养学生驾驭英语语言和赏析文学作品的能力。
本书所选范文大都出自名家之手，结构严谨，构思精巧，用词考究，写作风格各具特色。
每篇课文后附有详尽的注释，包括作家简介，作品的时代背景，语言难点和重点等。
其练习新颖，实用。
Lesson 1 The Delicate Art of the ForestLesson 2 The Emotive Component of MeaningLesson 3 The Big Bull MarketLesson 4 The Evil of My TaleLesson 5 Oxford as I see ItLesson 6 PedantryLesson 7 PlotLesson 8 Loneliness-An Ameracan MaladyLesson 9 The Population of Augustan RomeLesson 10 General George Armstrong CusterLesson 11 Our Unfortunate ConvictsLesson 12 The Third Knight's SpeechLesson 13 Social Responsibility in Science and ArtLesson 14 The DelicatessenLesson 15 Chestnut StreetLesson 16 TouristsLesson 17 Golden GoaLesson 18 The Boston MerchantLesson 19 Mr.and Mrs.XLesson 20 John MasefieldLesson 21 My Average UncleLesson 22 The Unicorn in the GardenLesson 23 The Last FiestaLesson 24 Wilie StoneLesson 25 Short TripLesson 26 Edcation as PhilosophyLesson 27 JohnsonLesson 28 Street Haunting-A London AdventureLesson 29 The Evolutionary AppetiteLesson 30 Young JoanLesson 31 Courtesy to Readers-ClarityLesson 32 EvangelistIntroductionThis proposal sets out to examine options for the successful globalisation of ourˉBorders brand. The initial marker under consideration is Continental Europe. For the purposes of thisproposal, we will be considering three aspect of the brand, namely ourlogo, the ˉBorders concept and finally, the product itself, ˉBorders wellington boots.FindingsThe following findings summarise our key findings.It was found that our existing logo, a pair of wellington boots encircled by the word ˉBorders, is visual enough to be used in markets where English is not widely spoken.Attitudes to outerwear differ throughout Europe and our boots are likely to appeal to different market sectors in different areas. This has serious implications for the benefits we wish topublicise. Although Danish farmers would be willing to purchase such a high quality product, farmers in some countries are unlikely to choose a British brand over a domestic product. However,the very Britishness of the product would appeal to the style-conscious elements of the French and Italian markets, summoning up images of the English upper classes and country houses.Our current product is multi-purpose and as such would not need adapting to suit different sectors of the European market.ConclusionsIt was agreed that although the present logo and product are suitable for globalisation as they stand, we propose that the Borders concept be adaptedfor different markets.RecommendationsWe recommend that further studies be carried out into the marketing strategies best suited to different European regions.看过的人还：感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
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《研究生高级英语教师用书》Advanced English for Graduate Students（Teachers’ Book）UNIT ONEText: The Idea of a UniversityBackground InformationClark Kerr (1911-2003) was an American professor of economics and academic administrator. He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley and the twelfth president of the University of California (1958-1967). He is acknowledged as one of the architects of the modern public university — and, in particular, the American research university. In an era of unprecedented growth in American higher education, he recognized the distinct roles of community colleges, state universities and the ‘flagship’ research universities, and he coined the term “multiversity” in an attempt to capture the reality of large universities that had evolved to be a “whole series of communities and activities held together by a common name, a common governing board and related purposes,” reflecting the wisdom and thoughtfulness of one of America’s preeminent higher education specialists.Key to ExercisesIII. Vocabulary StudyChoose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.1. B2. D3. A4. A5. C6. B7. D8. C9. C 10. AIV. ClozeThere are 10 blanks in the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper word.1.relationship2. ability3. living4. farmers5. respond6. on7. benefits8. marry9. after 10. towardTranslation of the Text大学的理想克拉克⋅克尔一个多世纪前，红衣主教纽曼在参与建立都柏林大学时对“大学的理想”的阐述也许是最到位的。
他早年毕业于牛津，其观点也反映了他那个时代的牛津精神。
纽曼写道：“一所大学捍卫了全部的知识和科学，捍卫了事实和原则，捍卫了探究和新发现，捍卫了实验和猜测；大学开辟出知识的领域，并且确保外界没有僭越该领域，也不会向任何一方妥协。
” 他更崇尚“博学”，并声称“有用的知识”是“一堆垃圾”。
大约250年前，培根谴责了“人们对精神的一种迷恋……由此人类远离了对自然的思考，远离了对经验的观察，在自身的理性和自负中历经坎坷。
”纽曼对培根这个仍阴魂不散的观点进行了反驳。
培根认为知识应该为人类所用，并造福人类，知识“不应该只是个带来快感和虚荣的高级妓女，或者只是一个任凭主人使唤的丫头；知识应该是个贤妻良母，为家里传宗接代并给家人带来舒适的生活。
”针对培根的这个观点，纽曼回应道：“知识可以成为其自身的目的。
人们的心态亦是如此：任何一种知识都会有回报。
” 纽曼猛烈地抨击了培根，他说：“先生们，你们会说，功利性的哲学至少起到了作用；而且我承认—功利性的哲学虽立意不高，但也达成了其目的。
”纽曼认为其他机构应该从事研究工作，因为“如果其目标是科学和哲学的新发现，我弄不明白为什么一所大学为何需要招收学生” — 颇有讽刺意味的是，这个观察结果在当今的学生中也引起了共鸣。
他们觉得老师们对他们根本没兴趣，而只对研究有兴趣。
纽曼说，“大学里接受的训练旨在提升社会的旨趣，旨在启发民智，旨在提升国民的品味，旨在向满腔热情的大众灌输真正的原则，旨在在顺应民意的基础上制定目标，旨在弘扬并厘清时代所秉承的理念，旨在推动政治力量产生作用，旨在纯化人们在私生活中的交往。
” 它可以让人“胜任任何一个职位，轻易地掌握任何的科目。
”尽管这个美好的世界曾经被人描述地美轮美奂，但如今它还是遭到了彻底的破坏。
直到1852年，在纽曼的笔下，德国的大学正成为新的模式。
民主、工业和科技革命正在西方世界中如火如荼地进行着。
“在任何一个圈子里知识丰富的”绅士换个圈子就很快会无所适从。
科学开始取代道德哲学，而研究则取代了教学活动。
借用弗莱克斯纳的话来说，“现代大学的理念”业已出现。
弗莱克斯纳在1930年曾说过：“一所大学并非游离于某个时代的社会基本架构之外，而是存在于其中……它并不是孤立存在的东西，不是历史的东西，也不是那些极少屈从于或新或旧的各种力量和影响的那些东西。
恰恰相反……它是时代的表达，也是一种同时作用于当下和未来的影响力。
”有一点非常清楚，那就是到1930年时，“大学已经发生了深刻的变化— 而且通常是朝着社会演进的方向变化的。
大学同时也是社会演进的一部分。
”这种演进为大学带来了不同的院系，而且新的院系也在不断产生；这种演进为大学带来了不同的机构，机构数量也越来越多；这种演进催生了大量的研究型图书馆；这种演进将夸夸其谈的哲学家变成了实验室里或图书馆书架前的研究人员；这种演进将药物从专业人士的手中取走，放到科学家的手中；还有很多很多这样的例子。
全社会的需求取代了作为个人的学生的需求；被发现的新事物取代了纽曼这一永恒的“存于自然秩序中的真理”的论断；专才取代了通才。
按照弗莱克斯纳的说法，大学成了“一个一心致力于追求知识、解决问题、有批判性地看待一切成就以及培养高层次人才的机构。
” 单一的个人再也无法“掌握任何科目” — 纽曼眼中的全才一去不复返了。
然而就当弗莱克斯纳撰写关于“现代大学”的文章时，现代大学正在慢慢消失。
当柏林违背了牛津的精神时，柏林洪堡大学的精神也遭到了违背。
大学正在扮演太多的角色。
弗莱克斯纳自己也在抱怨说大学成了“二级学院、技校、教师培训学校、研究中心、进修机构和企业— 而且大学是在同时扮演所有这些角色和其他的角色。
它们“荒唐至极”，“都是些难以理喻的东西。
” 它们“不得不自降身价，变得粗鄙不堪和机械化。
” 最糟糕的是它们成了公众的“加油站”。
即使是哈佛也不例外。
弗莱克斯纳算了一笔账。
“很明显，在哈佛大学所有开支中只有不到八分之一是用于各个重点学科的基本建设的”。
他搞不懂“究竟是谁迫使哈佛走上了这条歧途？没人这么做。
这是哈佛自愿的；哈佛也很乐意这么做。
” 显然哈佛此举让弗莱克斯纳开心不起来。
他想让哈佛取消商学院研究生部，即使它想求生存，也得将它变成“波士顿商学院”。
他还想取消所有的新闻学院、家政学院、橄榄球学院、函授课程和很多其他的学院。
不仅是哈佛和其他美国大学如此，伦敦亦是如此。
弗莱克斯纳的问题是：“伦敦大学究竟怎么才算一所大学？” 伦敦大学只是“一个联盟。
”截止到1930年，美国各所大学已经和弗莱克斯纳心目中的“现代大学”相去甚远。
一所现代大学的核心是艺术和科学研究生院、高度专业的学院（在美国主要是医学院和法学院）以及一些特定的研究机构。
它们越来越不像“真正的大学”，弗莱克斯纳称之为“一个有着崇高和既定目标的机构，一个将精神和目标结合在一起的机构。
” 如果说1852年的老牛津在纽曼笔下被作为现代大学理想化的话，那么当弗莱克斯纳在1930年用笔提及它的时候，“现代大学”的概念几近消亡。
观察家们的笔总是赶不上历史演进的步伐。
不论是古代的经典作品、神学，还是德国的哲学家和科学家们都无法为真正意义上的现代大学— 综合性大学定下基调。
再也不会有吟游诗人来为“综合性大学的理想”大唱赞歌；再也不会有先知来阐述其宗旨；再也不会有监护人来确保其神圣不可侵犯。
有人会对它提出批评，有人会对它进行诽谤，也有人会违背它的宗旨。
也有人会向那些愿意倾听的人吆喝叫卖— 很多人都在这么做。
但它还是深深植根于历史的逻辑中。
与其说综合性大学是在多个美妙的选项中的一个理性选择，还不如说它是个势在必行的选择。
哈佛校长内森·普西在他最新的写给哈佛监督委员会委员的年度报告中提到现任的委员们平均毕业年份是1924年；自1924年以来哈佛已发生了翻天覆地的变化。
哈佛一半的建筑物是新造的。
哈佛的教职工人数增长了五倍，而预算增长了近十五倍。
“通过增进国际了解、扩大知识面以及采用越来越复杂的研究方法，我们几乎到处都能找到由当代大学的课程和实质带来的相关似曾相识的效果…… 亚洲和非洲、无线电望远镜、微波激射器、激光和供星际间探索的仪器在1924年都是人们根本无法想象的— 所有这些发展在当代大学的学术导向和目标领域带来了如此巨大的变化，以至于我们在学生时代所理解的大学已经成了一种异常落后、简单和几乎抱着无所谓态度的机构。
而它们仍继续保持着变化的节奏。
”这种情况不仅在哈佛出现。
去年，加州大学从各种渠道获得的经费将近五亿美元，此外还有近一亿美元用于校园建设；加州大学各部门的所有雇员加起来有四万多人，这个数字大大超过了IBM的雇员人数；包括校园在内，加州大学分布在一百多个地点；实验站、农业和城市延伸中心以及涉及五十多个国家的海外项目；学校专业目录中包括近一万门课程；和几乎所有的行业、各级政府和其所在地区的个人都保持着各种联系。
该学校还维护着大量昂贵的设备。
四千多个婴儿诞生在该校附属的医院里。
加州大学是世界上最大的小白鼠的提供者。
它也即将拥有世界上最大的灵长类动物种群。
它即将拥有十万学生— 其中三万人是研究生。
然而和教学直接相关的费用还远远不到其所有开支的三分之一。
加州大学已经有近二十万学生在修读扩展课程— 学生包括来自加州的三分之一的律师和六分之一的医生。