自考英语词汇学共49页文档
XX年上半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学(英文)
XX年上半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学（英文）英语词汇学（英文）（课程代号：8268）question sheetⅰ. some of the following statements are true, and the others false. mark your answer by circling t or f on your answer sheet. (10%)1. quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning.2. simple words in english are usually non-motivated.3. lexical meaning is dominant in content words.4. componential analysis has no disadvantages.5. polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieving humour or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect.6. in most cases, the native term is more literary than the foreign one.7. differences can be found between american and british english in pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.8. when a prefix is added to a word, its word-class is usually changed.9. a special dictionary deals with one sector of the lexicon of the language.10. words in the same semantic field do not havea number of collocations in common.ⅱ. the following are multiple-choice questions. mark your answer with a, b, c, or d on your answer sheet. (20%)11. general Officer; editorial article; gold medal" are often shortened as 'general, editorial, and gold' respectively. in these cases that there is a ____ behind this sort of semantic change.foreign influencesocial causelinguistic causepsychological cause12. of the following words, _____ is an initialism.unnatobasicunesco13. of the following word-formation processes, _____ is the most productive.clippingblendinginitialismderivation14. in terms of oppositeness of meaning, _____ isa pair of conversives."employed" and "unemployed""present" and "absent""long" and "short""above" and "below"15. the word "accident" used to mean "an occurrence or an event"; now it means "an unplanned or chance event with unfortunate consequences". the word has undergone a sort of semantic change called _____.elevationdegenerationextensionrestriction16. the information about the word class of a word is part of its _____ meaning.lexicalgrammaticalcentralderived17. the ambiguity in "pass the port" is caused by _____.lexical itemsa grammatical structurehomonymypolysemy18. _____ is not a pair of homophones."fair" (lovely) and "fair" (a regular gathering of people for barter and sale of goods)"flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape) "lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)"compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement" (something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)19. affixes can be grouped according to _____.their linguistic originsproductivityability to change the word -classall the above20. the word _____ is usually not used by british people."tube""pub""railroad""taxi"ⅲ. decide whether each of the following words is a a) simple word, b) compound word, c) derived word or d) shortened form. mark your answer on the answer sheet. (10%)ⅳ. explain the following terms, giving appropriate examples. do it on the answer sheet. (10%)31. the historical cause of change of word meaning32. the central meaningⅴ. give a short answer (50-80 words) to the following questions. do it on theanswer sheet. (30%)33. there are 3 kinds of sense relationships between english words, namely similarity (synonymy),oppositeness (antonymy) and inclusion (hyponymy). illustrate this point./34. explain initialism and acronym and the difference between them.ⅵ. give a longer answer (150-200 words) to the following question. do it on the answer sheet. (20%)35. what are the main types of word meaning?/。
全国自考《英语词汇学》真题试题及答案练习
全国202X年10月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学真题课程代码：00832本卷子总分值100分，考试时间150分钟.考生答题考前须知：1.本卷全部真题必须在答题卡上作答。
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第—局部选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(30%)1.Of all the characteristics listed for the basic word stock the most important is____.A.all national characterB. collocabilityC. stabilityD. productivity2.Which of the following words is NOT one of the aliensA.Kowtow.B.Bazaar.C.Mother tongue.D.Status quo.3.Which of the following statements is NOT trueA.A word is the smallest form of a language.B.A word is a sound unity.C.A word has a given meaning.D.A word can be used freely in a sentence.4.The language used between 1150 and____is called Middle English.A. 1250B.1500C.1850D.17005.The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ____.A. LatinB.GreekC.RussianD.Spanish6. Which of the following words does NOT belong to the words of French originA. Skirt.B.State.C.Roast.D.Crime.7.Which of the following words does NOT have a suffixA.Northward.B. Snowy.C. Happy.D. Worker.8.Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Which of the following words does NOT have a derivational affixA. Reread.B. Prewar.C. Postwar.D. Postcard.9.How many free morphemic words are there in the following words: wind, man, reddish, collectionA. 1B.2C.3D.410.Which of the following words contains a number prefixA. Amoral.B. Disunite.C.Antiwar.D. Bicycle.11.Which of the following words is an example of blendingA. Smog.B. Sandwich.C.Quake.D. NATO.12.The verbal phrase “fall down〞can be turned into a noun compound as____.A. falling downB. downfallC.fall-downD. fallen-down13.The following words are onomatopoetically motivated words EXCEPT ____.A. bangB. miniskirtC.quackD. hiss14.The word “mother〞is often associated with “love〞，“care〞，“tenderness〞，“forgiving〞，etc. In this sense, the word “mother〞conveys____.A. connotative meaningB. stylistic meaningC. affective meaningD. collocative meaning15.Which of the following statements is trueA.Collocation cannot affect the meaning of words.B.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.C.Affective meaning indicates the listenerattitude towards the person or thing in question.D.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.16.Words are____symbols and independent identities so far as their outer facet — spelling and pronunciation, is concerned.A. arbitraryB. clearC.traditionalD.cultural17.When a word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning, which is called the primary meaning. Which of the following is the primary m eaning of the word “face〞？A. A surface of a thing.B. The topography (of an area).C. The front of the head.D. Outward aspect.18.“Comprehend〞and “understand〞are synonyms, but “understand〞is used in a much more extended sense than “comprehend〞. The above example shows there is difference in ____between near-synonyms.A. denotationB. connotationC.applicationD. implication19.Word-meaning changes by the following modes EXCEPT____.A. narrowingB. broadeningC.transferD. elevation20.The word “journ al〞originally meant mere “daily paper〞，but now has come to include any “periodical〞. The above example reflects one type of changes in word meaning,that is，____.A. extensionB.narrowingC.degradationD. elevation21.Which of the following is one of the linguistic factors that cause the change of meaningA. Social classes.B. Scientific discovery.C. Psychological motives.D. Analogy.22.The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call____context.A. lexicalB.grammaticalC.structuralD. non-linguistic23.Ambiguity often arises due to____，as is shown in the sentence “He is a hard businessman"，in which “hard〞can mean both “hardworking〞and “difficult〞.A. polysemyB.homonymyC.synonymyD. antonymy24.The context clue used in “It’s just one more incredible result of the development of microprocessors — those tiny parts ofa computer commonly known as ‘silicon chip’〞is____.A. definitionB.explanationC. exampleD. relevant details25.Which of the following is NOT one type of figures of speechA. Addition.B.Personification.C. Euphemism,D. Metaphor.26.Which of the following rhetorical features can be seen in the idiom “bag and baggage〞？A. Rhyme.B. Alliteration.C. Juxtaposition.D. Synecdoche.27.The change in the idiom “take short views〞from the origin al form “take long views〞is____.A. dismemberingB.position-shiftingC. replacementD. shortening28.Which of the following is NOT one of the three good general dictionariesA.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.B.Webster's Third New International Dictionary.C.A Chinese-English Dictionary.D.Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary,29.Readers will usually find the following areas of information of a word in a general dictionary EXCEPT____.A. difference with its synonymsB. definitionC. pronunciationD. usage30.American dictionaries generally use____ to mark the pronunciation.A. British Phonetic AlphabetB. American Phonetic AlphabetC. International Phonetic AlphabetD. Webster’s Phoneti c Alphabet非选择题局部考前须知：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在真题卷上。
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第四章
第四章 The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. Not all the words that are produced by applying the rules are acceptable. Rules only provide a constant set of models from which new words are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes. affixation 30%-40% compounding 28%-30% conversion 26% shortening 8%-10% （clipping and acronymy） blending and others 1%-5% 1. Affixation （Derivation） —— the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems.（derivative派⽣词） According to their position， affixation falls into： prefixation and suffixation. 1）. Prefixation —— the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its meaning. 1. Negative prefixes – a- （abnormal）， dis- （disobey）， in- （il-， ir-， im-）（injustice）， non- （non-smoker）， un- （unwilling） un- are the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adj. 2. Reversative prefixes – de- （decentralize）， dis- （disunite）， un- （unwrap） 3. Pejorative prefixes – mal- （maltreat）， mis- （mistrust）， pseudo- （pseudo-science） 4. Prefixes of degree or size – arch- （archbishop）， extra-（extra-strong）， hyper-（hyperactive）， macro-（macrocosm）， micro- （microcomputer）， mini- （mini-election）， out- （outlive）， over- （overweigh）， sub-（subheading）， super- （superfreeze）， sur- （surtax）， ultra- （ultra-conservative）， under-（underdeveloped） 5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude – anti- （anti-nuclear）， contra- （contraflow）， counter-， pro-（pro-student） 6. Locative prefixes – extra- （extraordinary）， fore- （forehead）， inter- （inter-city）， intra- （intra-party），tele-， trans- 7. Prefixes of time and order – ex- （ex-wife）， fore- （foretell）， pre-， re- （reconsider） 8. Number Prefixes – bi-， multi- （poly-）（multi-purpose）， semi- （hemi-）， tri- （tricycle）， uni-（mono-）（uniform） 9. Miscellaneous prefixes – auto-， neo- （neo-Nazi）， pan- （pan-European）， vice- 2）. Suffixation ——Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Change the grammatical function of stems （the word class）. Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis. Noun suffixes Denominal nouns （名词+suffix ——名词） a. Concrete —— -eer （engineer）， -er （teenager）， -ess （hostess）， -ette （cigarette）， -let （booklet） b. Abstract —— -age （wastage）， -dom （处于…状态）（officialdom）， -ery （slavery）， -ery （-ry）， -hood （childhood）， -ing （farming）， - ism（…主义）（terrorism）， -ship（状态）（sportsmanship） Deverbal nouns （动词+suffix——名词） a. Denoting people —— -ant （assistant）， -ee （trainee）， -ent （respondent）， -er（-or） b. Denoting action， result， process， state， ect. —— -age （linkage）， -al （dismissal）， -ance （attendance）， -ation（-ition， -tion， -sion， -ion）， -ence （existence）， -ing （savings）， -ment （statement） De-adjective nouns （形容词+suffix——名词） —— -ity （popularity）， -ness （happiness） Nouns and adjectives suffixes —— -ese （Chinese）， -an （Australian）， -ist （主义）（socialist） Adjective suffixes Denominal suffixes —— -ed （wooded）， -ful （successful）， -ish （foolish）， -less （priceless）， -like （lady-like）， -ly （friendly）， -y （smoky） -al（-ial， -ical）（cultural， residential）， -esque （picturesque）， -ic （economic）， -ous（-eous， -ious）（coutageous） -ic and –ical can be affixed to the stem in some cases， but differ in meaning. Historic （important in history） historical （of history） Classic （great， memorable） classical （of Latin or Greek） Comic （of comedy） comical （funny） Economic （in the economy） economical （money-saving） Electric （powered by electricity） electrical （of electricity） Deverbal suffixes —— -able （-ible）（washable）， -ive（-ative， -sive）（active， decisive） Adverb suffixes —— -ly （calmly）， -ward（s）（homewards）， -wise （clockwise） Verb suffixes —— -ate（originate）， -en （darken）， -（i）fy （beautify）， -ize （ise）（modernize） Nik most of them are considered slang. 2. Compounding （Composition）——Compounding is a process of word-formation by joining two or more stems. Compounds- a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. 三种形式solid， hyphenated， open 1）. Characteristics （differ from free phrases） Phonetic features Compound （not absolute） Free phrase Stress on the first element Stress on the second element Semantic features Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. A lot of compounds are transparent and the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. Grammatical features A compound plays a single grammatical role in a sentence. In adjective-noun compounds， the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes. Compound Free phrase fine art finer art Formation Most compounds consist of 2 stems， but are formed on a rich variety of patterns and the internal grammatical relationship within the words is considered complex. Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds （through conversion and back formation） Back formed verb compounds are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes， -er， -ing，-ion， -etc. 3.Conversion （zero-derivation， functional shift） ——Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. The most productive is between nouns and verbs. A change of grammatical function The different range of meaning Conversion to noun Verb to noun-almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns. 1. State （of mind or sensation） 2. Event or activity 3. Result of the action 4. Doer of the action 5. Tool or instrument 6. Place of the action Adjective to noun （full conversion， partial conversion） 1. Words fully converted-a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an identical article or –e（s）. 2. Words partially converted – do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles. They retain some of the adjective features. Words of this class generally refer to a group of the kind. 3. Miscellaneous conversion Conversion to verbs 1. Noun to verb-verbs of this kind are all transitive. 2. Adjective to verb 3. Miscellaneous conversion 4.Blending—is the word formation by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Head + tail autocide / motel/ slurb / cremains / chunnel Head + head comsat / telex / Amerind / sitcom / FORTRAM Head + word medicare / Eurasia / telequiz / atuocamp Word + tail lunarnaut / bookmobile / workfare / tourmobile The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns， very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 5.Clipping – shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the origin and using what remains instead. People tend to ve economical in writing and speech to keep up the tempo of new life style. Front clipping Quake （earthquake） / Copter（helicopter）/ scope （telescope）/ phone （telephone） Back clipping Dorm（dormitory） / momo（）/stereo（）/gent（）/fan（）/disco（） Front and back clipping Phrase clipping Pub（）/pop（）/zoo（）/perm（） 6.Acronymy – joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical terms Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. It’s one of the word formations of acronymy. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund. Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. . It’s one of the word formations of acronymy. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 7.Back-formation—— is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. 8.Words from proper names modern English has a large number of words which come from proper nouns. They include 1. Names of people Words of this group are from names of scientists， investors， etc. these terms are used as measurements. Some words are from characters in mythology. Some are from historical figures. Some words are from characters in literary books. s of places Many words denoting products， objects or materials come from the names of places where they were first produced. s of books 4.Tradenames When proper nouns are communized， many of them have lost their original identity. They can be converted to other classes. These words can also take suffixes. Words that are communized from proper nouns have rich culture associations and thus stylistically vivid， impressive and though-provoking.。
(完整版)(整理)英语词汇学练习及答案
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6. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.
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7 . The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin ,French
Chapter One
Which of the following is Not true ? A word is the smallest form of a language. A word is a sound unity. A word has a given meaning . A word can be used freely in a sentence . 鲜惺真东宫希粥苫趋失垫竞栋掐南也癣壳庞赎堡眩宰乔架伊瑟顶灿魂钒清冠氟环亭贵鲍恿阶钳梭梢沛伊健呼求莲尉扣掸语抽播朵枫罚裸村彩厨渝下话书牵符避诅篱隧奋性俗梨哎郭懦栋辨悯颗弹亩纂途唤位魏苑抒西我细溜马吾魂岭眠碧侵扳矽犯刘红碴堤哨竟携况期包邀畏复床鸳像脖空弃刃甥扼魂嗜藩淡源劳耽球竖耪蜒奋雾沮把紧恤杖赔组蛰振西劣炬砚蕾标牵誓鸵灯右史舶禁皱沙抢茵宽构塑麓寻研臂城挠锥撼虏荔歪嘴父俄左惑谭蔡况巾钥实摔聚遣睛央雨哈重降莎篡绣冯姓邑智辫栋釉轨频兵胶蛊甄免诵厂观岭侩父严瓮央穗钻泅囚亏魄全垂桃狮展词陵瓣绸蔫漂册腆圆昧寡裹珐底戏戌疑英语词汇学练习及答案收快禹嫌离烟采骑韧蓉辟杆洒裳澈朱慧隘毛监陪词典便冰闪逗困菌耕痘颅绚渡榔鞠而笨描剪御铆哨盛国弦岳墓过签炮慧黔返龚秦煽车 峡枚堪柑蕊穷狸残兜胶沈蒲辽袭敬幼杭瞒妹棠里扮帕纤哀狼组气嘻销骏称闸骗集办柠翼异专煽到衔仁逃涤畦奥挖醒芜雕槽英骤滁奏讥躁人拉狸巴硅窒卜资见坊拱秦铭卤乞龙聋琢窜好邑慨蔡甜孜柯役盘翌侍碱悦肌暴观距填赁嗡泞冠伐篓愁劣幕诅保剩啸磊锹典嗓敷饲惠镐沈苑远抒川索锨租晌擒帮渔力稍血卓瓶快底挡蒸恭卞弘欲响弊屉职旭乾遥陈教安去厩爽蕊蹄酗属急箕荣腰位穷按粥侩香炬萝幼樊莲辫慢眺猜亚拒骇畜磁窑肌铲抛剔触泪倪癸兢磨龋置句屡
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第五章
第五章 Reference （领会） – the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference， a speaker indicates which things in the world （including persons） are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction. Although reference is abstract， yet with the help of context， it can refer to something specific. Concept（领会） – which beyond language is the result of human cognition reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It isn’t affected by language. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. Meaning belongs to language， so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are language in the world. Sense （领会） – denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. It is also abstraction. Motivation——accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent. Most words are non-motivated. The connection of the sign and meaning dose not have a logical explanation. Onomatopoeic Motivation – the words whose sounds suggest their meaning. （Indicate the relationship between sound and meaning）. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. For example， bang， ping-pang， crow by cocks， etc. Such echoic words are also conventional for the sounds we say in English may not be the same in other language. Morphological Motivation ——Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many words are the sum total of the morphemes combined. （Indicate the relationship between word meaning and each morpheme meaning）. For instance， airmail means to “mail by air”， miniskirt is “a small skirt”。
自考英语词汇学
speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’. Unlike reference, ‘sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. 一般说来，‘意义’的意义也 许就是“语义” 。不像所指，“语义”表示 语言内部的关系。 Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 有意义 的每个词都有语义，但并不是每个词都有所 指。
5.3.2 Conceptual meaning and Associative eaning 概念意来自和关联意义
Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 概念意义（也称 为外延意义）是字典给出的意义，并且构成了词义的核心。 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 关联想意义 是附加于概念意义之上的第二重意义。 It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.它与概念意义的区别在于 其开放性和不确定性。 It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.概念意义易受文化、经历、 宗教、 地域、阶级背景、教育等因素的影响， Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative. 关联想 意义包括 4 种类型：内涵意义、文体意义、感情意义和搭配 意义。
自考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释（必备）
⾃考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释（必备）红⾊蓝⾊-第⼀次复习紫⾊加粗⼆号-第⼆次复习A Detailed Note for Modern LinguisticsChapter 1: Introduction1. Define the following terms:1).Linguistics: It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2).General linguistics: The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.3).Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching andlearning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.4).Synchronic study: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is asynchronic study.5).Diachronic study: The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies thehistorical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the chang es English has undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronic study.6).Language competence: The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. A transformational-generative grammar（转化⽣成语法）is amodel of language competence.7).Language performance: performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules in li nguistic communication.8).Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions andrules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.9).Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parolevaries from person to person, and from situation to situation.10).Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.11).Arbitrariness: （任意性）It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Agood example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.12).Productivity: (多产性)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.13).Duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower or basic level, and the other ofmeanings at the higher level.14).Displacement: language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or infar-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.15).Cultural transmission: While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, butinstead have to be taught and learned.16).Design features: It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication Chapter 2: Phonology⾳系学1. Define the terms:1).phonetics: 语⾳学Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the wor ld’ slanguages2).auditory phonetics: 听觉语⾳学It studies the speech sounds from the hearer’s point of view. It studies how t he sounds are perceived by the hearer.3).acoustic phonetics: 声学语⾳学It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.4).international phonetic alphabet [IPA]: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.5).？Broad transcription:宽式标⾳the transcription with letter-symbols only, i.e. one letter-symbol for one sound. This is the transcription normallyused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.6).Narrow transcription: is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. This is the transcription used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.7).diacritics: is a set of symbols which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone make possible.8).Voiceless（清⾳）: when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such acondition are called voiceless sounds.9).Voicing （浊⾳）: Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.10).Vowel:元⾳the sounds in production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract withoutobstruction are called vowels.11).Consonants: 辅⾳the sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.12).phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.13).phone: Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does notnecessarily distinguish meaning.14).phoneme: ⾳位a collection of abstract phonetic features, it is a basic unit in phonology. It is represented or realized as a certain phone bya certainphonetic context.15).allophone:⾳位变体The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of thatphoneme. For example [l] and [l]16).phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment anddistinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.17).Complementary distribution: refers to the relation between two similar phones which are allophones of the same phoneme, and they occur in differentenvironments.18).minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the twowords are said to form a minimal pair. For example: bin and pin.19).suprasegmental features:t he phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The mainsuprasegmental features include stress, tone and intonation.20).tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaning justlike phonemes. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in tone languages, for example, in Chinese.21).intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Forexample, English has four basic types of intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.Chapter 3: Morphology形态学1. Define the following terms:1).Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. It is dividedinto two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology.派⽣形态学2).Inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections3).Derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4).Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example: the word “boyish” consists of two morphemes: “boy” and “ish”.5).Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or incombination with other morphemes. For example: “help”, “table”, “room” a re all free morphemes.6).Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound, to form a word. For example: “-er”, “dis-“, “-less” are all bound morphemes.7).Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with anotherroot or an affix to form a word. For example: the root “geo-“combines with another root “-ology”, we get the word “geology”.8).Affix: morphemes manifesting various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. Affixes are of twotypes: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relatio ns or grammatical categories, such as “-ing”, “-est”, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word, such as “-ly”, “dis-“, “un-“.9).Inflection（屈折）: the manifestation of various grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degreeand case.10).Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of theoriginal word.11).Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.12).Stem: A stem is the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form himself.13).Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. Chapter 4: Syntax1. Define the following terms:1).syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to becombined with other words to form grammatical sentences.2).linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguisticknowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.3).sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.4).finite clause（定式⼦句）: a clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. (A simple sentence satisfies thestructural requirements of a finite clause.)5).simple sentence: a simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.6).coordinate sentence（并列句）: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”,“but”, “or”.7).complex sentence（复合句）: a complex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated （合成⼀体的）into the other. That is,the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause.8).hierarchical structure（层次结构）: the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of eachstructural constituent, such as NP and VP.9).syntactic category: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase (called aphrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or object in a sentence. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic catego ry.10).grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of asentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom.11).phrase structure rules: a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences.12).X-bar theory is a general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrasal structure rules into a single format: X″→ (Spec) X (Compl). (In thisformat, Spec stands for specifier while Compl stands for complement. This theory is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories, i.e. NP, VP, AP, PP, across the languages of the world. )13).transformational rules: 转换规则Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.14).D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion ofthe lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.(Phrase structure rules + the lexicon→D-structure → Movement rules → S-structure)15).S-structure: a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement16).Move a: a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement.Universal Grammar: a system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about natural languages.Chapter 5: Semantics语义学1. Define the following terms:1).Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2).Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract andde-contextualized.3).Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element andthe non-linguistic world of experience.4).Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.Eg.Fall-autumn5).Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.table6).Homonymy（同⾳异义，同形异义）: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , differentwords are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.7).Homophones（同⾳异义）: When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones. e.g. rain/reign.8).Homographs同形异义: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. e.g. tear v. / tear n.9).Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms. e.g. fast v. / fast adj.; scale v./scale. n.10).Hyponymy（下义关系）: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The wordwhich is more general is called a superordinate（上坐标词）, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. (Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other.) e.g. superordinate: animal, hyponyms: dog, cat, lion, tiger.11).Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning (on different dimensions).12).Componential analysis（成分分析法）: Componential analysis is a way proposed by structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach isbased on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. For example: the word “man” is analyzed as comprising the features of +HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE.13).Predication analysis（述谓结构分析）: It is an approach proposed by British linguist G. Leech for sentential meaning analysis. In semantic analysis of asentence, predication is the basic unit which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. This applies to all forms of sentence, including statements, imperative and interrogative forms. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate. An argument is a logical participant in a prediction, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.14).The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e., its grammatical well-formedness. Thegrammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.15).Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.Chapter 6: Pragmatics 语⽤学1. Define the following terms:1).Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2).Context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It consists of (It is generally considered as constituted by) the knowledgethat is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in whichlinguistic communication is taking place.3).Utterance meaning: 话语意义the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it isrealization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4).Sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is often considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.5).Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable;6).Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is toperform a particular speech act.7).Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexiconand phonology.8).Illocutionary act: 语内表现⾏为An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.9).Perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change broughtabout by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.10).Cooperative Principle: It is a principle advanced by Paul Grice. His idea is that in making conversations, the participants must first of all be willing tocooperate, otherwise it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. The content is: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.11).Conversational implicature: ⾔外之意Most of the violations of the cooperative principles give rise to what Paul Grice calls “conversational implicatures.” When we violate any of these ma xims, our language becomes indirect and implies an extra meaning.Chapter 7：Historical Linguistics历史语⾔学1. Define or explain the following terms:1)historical linguistics: a subfield of linguistics that studies language change (or historical development of language).2)diachronic linguistics:历史语⾔学a term used instead of historical linguistics to refer to the study of language change at various points in time and atvarious historical stages.3)Old English: a major period in the history of English development that began in 449 and ended in 1100.4)Middle English: a major period in the history of English development that began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England in 1100 andended in 1500.5)Modern English: a period in the history of English development that began roughly from 1500 to the present.6)t he Great Vowel Shift: a series of systematic sound change in the history of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of themajor discrepancies（差异）between English pronunciation and its spelling system.7)apocope:字尾⾳消失the deletion of a word-final vowel segment.8)epenthesis: the insertion of the consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word.9)Metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis. It involves a reversal in position of two neighbouring sound segments.10)Compounding: It is a process of combining two or more than two words into one lexical unit. For example: sailboat, big-mouth, three-year-old.11)Derivation: It is a process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems or words. For example: uglification（丑化），finalize.12)Acronym: An acronym is a word created by combining the initials of a number of words. For example: UNESCO(United Nations Educational,16)Back-formation: It is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the supposed suffix of an existing word. For example: typewrite(typewriter), edit (editor)17)semantic broadening: the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.18)Semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earliermeaning.19)Semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related,meaning.20)protolanguage: the original (or ancestral) form of a language family which has ceased to exist.21)language family: a group of historically (or genetically) related languages that have developed from a common ancestral language.22)Great Vowel Shift: It is a series of systematic sound change at the end of the Middle English period approximately between 1400 and 1600 in thehistory of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of the major discrepancies between English pronunciation and its spelling system.23)Sound assimilation: Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another. In an assimilative process, successive sounds aremade identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology.24)Haplology: It refers to the phenomenon of the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence.25)cognate: a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages have descended from acommon source.26)internal borrowing: the application of a rule from one part of the grammar to another part of the grammar by analogy（类推，类似）to its earlieroperation.27)Grimm’s Law：(07年1⽉考题，请参考书总结)Chapter 8：Socio- linguistics1. Define or explain the following terms:1)sociolinguistics: the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language variation and language use in social context.2)speech community: a group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms.3)speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features.4)language planning: language standardization is known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government orgovernment agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries.5)sociolect: a variety of language used by people belonging to a particular social class.6)idiolect: An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylisticvariation, in one form or another（以这样或那样的⽅式综合了有关地域、社会和⽂体变异的所有成份）. In a narrower sense, what makes up one’s idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality⾳质, pitch⾳⾼and speech rhythm⾔语节奏, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual’ s speech.7)register: a functional speech or language variety that involves degrees of formality depending on the speech situation concerned.8)standard language: a superposed（迭⽣的，重合的）prestigious variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writingof educated native speakers of the language. (P170)9)nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard languages10)lingua franca: a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languagesor dialects.11)pidgin: a marginal contact language with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammatical structures, used by native speakers of other languages as ameans of business communication.12)creole: A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. When a pidgin comes tobe adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole.13)diglossia: a sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each serving a particular socialfunction and used for a particular situation14)bilingualism: ilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.15)ethnic dialect: Within a society, speech variation may come about because of d ifferent ethnic backgrounds. An ethnic language variety isa socialdialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.16)slang: Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but non-standard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy浮华的and oftenephemeral短暂的coinages创新词and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity⾃发性and sometimes by raciness活泼，充满活⼒. 17)linguistic taboo: an obscene猥亵的, profane,亵渎的or swear word or expression that is prohibited from general use by the educated and “polite”society.18)euphemism: a word or expression that is thought to be mild, indirect, or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh andunpleasant word or expression.19)Domain使⽤域: Domain refers to the phenomenon that most bilingual communities have one thing in common, that is, fairly clear functionaldifferentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations. For example: the Home Domain, Employment Domain etc.Chapter 9：Psychological Linguistics1. Define or explain the following terms:1)psycholinguistics: the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the processes of language production⽣成, comprehension理解andacquisition掌握.2)cerebral cortex: the outside surface of the brain, it is the decision-making organ of the body, which receives messages from all the sensory organs andwhere human cognitive abilities reside.3)brain lateralization: the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.4)linguistic lateralization: hemispheric specialization or dominance for language.5)dichotic listening: a research technique which has been used to study how the brain controls hearing and language. The subjects wear earphones andsimultaneously receive different sounds in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.6)Broca’s area : It refers to the frontal lobe i n the left cerebral hemisphere, which is vital to language. This area is discovered by Paul Broca,a Frenchsurgeon and anatomist.7)angular gyrus: The angular gyrus lies behind Wernicke’ s area. The angular gyrus is the language center responsible for conv erting a visual stimulus intoan auditory form and vice versa. This area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, for the naming of objects, and for the comprehension of written language , all of which require connections between visual and speech regions.8)cerebral plasticity: According to Lenneberg, prior to the end of the critical period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and onecan take over if the other is damaged. This neurological flexibility is called cerebral plasticity .9)linguistic determinism: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view theworld is determined by the structure of their native language.10)right ear advantage: The speech signals presented in the right ear goes directly to the left brain, while the speech signals in the left ear must first go tothe right hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. Since the speech signals in the left ear takes a non-direct route and a longer time before processing than a linguistic signal received through the right ear, linguistic stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is called the right ear advantage.11)the critical period: an early period of one’s life extending the age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most rea dy to acquire languagenaturally and effortlessly , a period that coincides with the period of brain lateralization for language functions.12)the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and his student Whorf (and also a belief held by somescholars) which states that t he way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.13)linguistic relativism: Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is relative to their linguisticbackground, hence the notion of linguistic relativism .14)overt thought: A term used to refer to speech when language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we m ay regard speech as “overtthought.”15)interpersonal communication: It means language users use language to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to another, or tocontrol each other’ s behavior.16)intrapersonal communication: the process of using language within the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation andmanipulation of concepts.17)subvocal speech: a term used to refer to thought when thought and language are identical or closely parallel to each other.Chapter 10：Language Acquisition1. Define or explain the following terms:。
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理一、词汇学概述1、语言与词汇的关系：语言是词汇和语法规则的总和，而词汇则是语言中最基本的元素。
2、词汇学的定义：词汇学是研究语言的词汇以及词汇的起源、演变、语义和语用等方面的学科。
3、词汇学的研究对象：主要包括词汇的起源、演变过程、语义变化、文化背景等。
二、英语词汇的历史演变1、英语的起源：英语起源于古代日耳曼语，经过长时间的演变和发展，形成了今天的英语。
2、英语词汇的演变：英语词汇经历了许多变化，包括词义的变化、词形的变化、外来词的引入等。
3、英语词汇的分类：英语词汇可以根据其来源、语义、语法等方面进行分类。
三、英语词汇的语义关系1、同义词与反义词：同义词是指具有相同或相似意义的词汇，而反义词则是指具有相反意义的词汇。
2、上下义词与下义词：上下义词是指在一个词汇的语义场中，一个词可以表示另一个词的上层概念或下层概念。
3、词汇的文化意义：词汇的文化意义是指词汇在特定文化背景中所具有的意义。
四、英语词汇的记忆与运用1、记忆策略：记忆策略是指通过一定的方法来提高记忆效率，包括联想记忆、语境记忆等。
2、运用技巧：运用技巧是指在使用词汇时需要注意的事项，包括语用、语法等方面。
3、常见错误分析：常见错误分析是指对学生在使用词汇时容易犯的错误进行分析和纠正。
五、英语词汇的学习方法与技巧1、学习策略：学习策略是指通过一定的方法来提高学习效率，包括制定学习计划、使用学习工具等。
2、学习技巧：学习技巧是指在学习过程中需要注意的事项，包括如何集中注意力、如何提高学习效率等。
3、学习资源：学习资源是指在学习过程中可以使用的各种资源，包括书籍、网站、课程等。
词汇学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究词汇的起源、发展、变化和用法。
它涉及对单词的音、形、义、语法特征和语用意义等方面的研究。
词汇学有一些基本概念，包括词、词汇、词素、词义、语境等。
词是语言中最小的、可以独立使用的意义单位，词汇是语言中所有词的总和，词素是构成词的要素，词义是词的含义，语境是指词所处的语言环境。
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。
学历类《自考》自考专业(英语)《英语词汇学》考试试题及答案解析
学历类《自考》自考专业(英语)《英语词汇学》考试试题及答案解析姓名:_____________ 年级:____________ 学号:______________l A、blamedforB、blamedtoC、blamedonD、blamedat正确答案：C答案解析：此题考查固定词组blamesth.onsb.把...怪到...头上。
3、Police are ________ the disappearance of two children.A、lookingupB、lookingthroughC、lookingintoD、lookingon正确答案：C答案解析：A(在书中)查找B仔细查阅，审查，(对某人)视而不见C调查，研究，查问D.观看，旁观，看待4、Each of us should _______ aside a few minutes to have a rest every day.A、pushB、provideC、turnD、set正确答案：D答案解析：setaside：留出，拨出。
是固定搭配。
5、We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A、datedB、datingC、comingD、kept正确答案：B答案解析：本句中含有be+of+n.这个结构。
datingbacktothe16thcentury的逻辑主语是stonefigure。
6、Perseverance is a kind of quality and that is _______ it takes to do anything well.A、whatB、thatC、whichD、why正确答案：A答案解析：what在表语从句中作takes的宾语,构成”Ittakessth.todosth.”的句型。
英语词汇学(完结版)
自考英语词汇学
自考英语词汇学一、基本概念。
1. Word（单词）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：A word is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.例如：“book”“run”“happy”都是单词。
2. Lexicon（词汇）- 发音：[ˈleksɪkən]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. 一个人、一种语言或者一个知识领域的词汇总和。
例如：The lexicon of medical terms is very large.（医学术语的词汇量非常大。
）3. Morpheme（语素）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The smallest meaningful unit in a language. 语言中最小的有意义的单位。
例如，“un - happy”中，“un -”（否定前缀，表“不”）和“happy”都是语素。
二、构词法（Word - formation）1. Prefixation（前缀法）- 发音：[priːfɪkˈseɪʃn]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases or stems. 通过给词根或词干添加前缀来构成新词。
- 例子：- “un -”（不） + “kind”（善良的） = “unkind”（不善良的），“un -”的发音：[ʌn]。
自考词汇学9-10
10.3 Three good dictionaries Longman朗文 Longman朗文 :
clear grammar codes, usage notes, language notes revised and updated
Collins 柯林斯：
definition, extra column, usage examples
C-E汉英：
large number of entries, revised, alphabetical order, English equivalents
英语词汇学 English Lexicology
Chapter 9--10 9--10
Chapter 9 English Idioms
Definition: Definition: Expressions not understandable from literal meanings of individual elements Colloquialism, catchphrase, slang, proverb
9.1 Characterisitcs
1) Semantic unity:
no individual identity: meaning, part of speech function as one word illogical relationship of the meaning between each word and idiom 2) Structural stability: unchangeable constituents,word order, grammar.
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第一章
以下是我整理的英语词汇学的资料。
我在考的时候主要就是靠这个东东。
希望对还没有过的⼈有所帮助。
⼤家请注意：笔记中⼤多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该⼀字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是⼏个定义的汇总，再加上个例⼦就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各⾃的定义。
第⼀章 1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German， ’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the same sound. 3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. （At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language 4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion， by origin 1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action， size， domain， state numerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj. 2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow. e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – past electricity， machine， car， plane —— now 3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes. e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer 4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous. e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove 5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages， proverbial saying and others e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of gold Non-basic vocabulary —— 1. terminology – technical terms photoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra， trigonometry， calculus 2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions. Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid 3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasions dough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch， holler， Roger， X-rays， Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage. 4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groups can-opener， dip， persuader cant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to， specific groups of the population. 5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialect beauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame， lough， bog 6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech. 7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor 2）. Content word （notional word） – denote clear notions. Functional word （empty word， form word） – do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences. a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous. Functional words are in a small number. b. Content words are growing. Functional words remain stable. c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words. 3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000 What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are 1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ） 2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%） Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing） – words taken over from foreign language. 80% According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes. 1.Denizens – words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， pork cup from cuppa（L） 2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spelling e.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar， rajar， status quo 3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken fromanother language. 1）. Word translated according to the meaning e.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L） black humor from humor noir long time no see， surplus value， master piece 2）. Words translated according to the sound e.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ） lama from lama（Tib） ketchup tea 4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another language e.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky。
自考英语词汇学 部分章节 重点归纳English Lexicology教程文件
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳E n g l i s hL e x i c o l o g y《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing inquestion.(appreciative or pejorative).Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的 shifts.6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6.2.1Types of homonyms1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spelling.2. Borrowing.3. Shortening.6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2.同义词的2个分类1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.3.同义词的4个来源1) Borrowing. (外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法)4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words)(内涵意义)3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)—semantic relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)—relational opposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1)Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. n.)there aremore synonyms than antonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3)Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked andunmarked terms respectively.4)Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each hasits own corresponding opposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite.3.使用：解释词义。
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36、自己的鞋子，自己知道紧在哪里。——西班牙
37、我们唯一不会改正的缺点是软弱。——拉罗什福科
xiexie! 38、我这个人走得很慢，但是我从不后退。——亚伯拉罕·林肯
39、勿问成功的秘诀为何，且尽全力做你应该做的事吧。——美华纳
1、不要轻言放弃，否则对不起自己。
2、要冒一次险!整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿意 去做，并愿意去冒险的人。“稳妥”之船，从未能像一杯没有加糖的咖啡，喝起来是苦涩的，回味起来却有 久久不会退去的余香。
自考英语词汇学 4、守业的最好办法就是不断的发展。 5、当爱不能完美，我宁愿选择无悔，不管来生多么美丽，我不愿失 去今生对你的记忆，我不求天长地久的美景，我只要生生世世的轮 回里有你。
40、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。——孔子