上海交通大学考博英语-1.doc

上海交通大学考博英语-1(总分：75.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Listenin(总题数：40，分数：20.00)1.I'll have to ______ this dress a bit before the wedding next week.（分数：0.50）A.let offB.let goC.let looseD.let out2.From the time of the Greeks to the Great War, medicine' s job was simple: to struggle with ______ diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. A. immortal B. immune C lethal D. toxic（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.3.Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ______ the postal service is less efficient.（分数：0.50）A.whereB.sinceC.thatD.whereas4.These people actively try to ______ what they believe to be bad English and assiduously cultivate what they hope to be good English.（分数：0.50）A.suppressB.regressC.enhanceD.revive5.Although the" on line" life style has dominated the majority of city youth, most people in the remote countryside still think Internet or something is ______ to their life.（分数：0.50）A.unconcernedB.irrelevantC.inseparableD.inaccessible6.The company, EDS, is smart enough to ______ 90, 000-person workforce into independent microteams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions.（分数：0.50）A.break outB.break offC.break away fromD.break down7.The 1982 oil and Gas Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation, and ______ the Corporation's statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compete in this supply.（分数：0.50）A.defersB.curtailsC.triggersD.sparks8.The poor quality of the film mined the ______ perfect product.（分数：0.50）A.ratherB.muchC.otherwiseD.particularly9.We had been taken over by another firm, and a management ______ was under way.（分数：0.50）A.clean upB.set upC.break outD.take out10.The book might well have ______ had it been less expensive.（分数：0.50）A.worked outB.gone throughC.caught onD.fitted in11.If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him ______ .（分数：0.50）A.on your accountB.on your behalfC.for your partD.in your interest12.What we call nature is, ______ , the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each other and upon their places.（分数：0.50）A.in common senseB.from a senseC.by the senseD.in a sense13.The widely publicized demonstration did not after all ______ .（分数：0.50）e offB.get onC.break outD.put on14.The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the ______ of the Russian winter.（分数：0.50）A.severityB.consequenceC.influenceD.threat15.How can personal income tax be levied to ______ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?（分数：0.50）A.interestB.benefitC.profitD.concern16.An intelligent TV viewer may occasionally become enraged by the ______ argumentation in commercials.（分数：0.50）A.imperativeB.fallaciousC.persuasiveD.fabulous17.They reached a(n) ______ to keep their dispute out of the mass media.（分数：0.50）A.understandingB.acknowledgementC.limitationsD.misgivings18.The business was forced to close down for a period but was ______ revived.（分数：0.50）A.successivelyB.subsequentlyC.predominantlyD.preliminarily19.______ near-perfect English language skills, the students were keen to explore every aspect of Australian culture, from Aussie eating customs to family and student life, popular culture, the natural landscape and the ever-popular Australian native animals.（分数：0.50）A.PossessingB.AcquiringC.ApprehendingD.Interpreting20.American literary historians are perhaps ______ to viewing their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. A. prone B. legible C incompatible D. prior（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.21.Nowadays, our government advocates credit to whatever we do or whoever we contact with. once you ______ your words, you will lose your social status and personal reputation.（分数：0.50）A.keep up withB.give away fromC.go back onD.lose sight of22.Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week but they are ______ by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone.（分数：0.50）A.outdoneB.outweighedC.outrunD.outrivaled23.As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or ______ our attention from the real issues at hand.（分数：0.50）A.retainingB.sustainingC.distractingD.obscuring24.This is a market in which enterprising businesses ______ for the demands of teenagers and older youths in all their rock mania and pop-art forms. A. cater B. entitle C appeal D. subject（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.25.The board of directors have already discussed the subject ______ in the previous meetings and they will handle it in all its aspects.（分数：0.50）A.in placeB.at lengthC.on endD.off and on26.The World Bank is taking steps to ______ its lending to reducing poverty in the Third World Countries.（分数：0.50）A.orientB.tailorC.adaptD.adjust27.______ this coming Thursdag. it will be too late to enroll for the course.（分数：0.50）A.As ofB.As forC.As toD.As on28.Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, ______ they may be.（分数：0.50）A.whatsoeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.which29.To many people, a husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family--they need children to enrich the circle, to ______ family character and to gather the redemptive influence of offspring.A. repressB. intimidate C validate D. confine（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.30.He went on to say that he would go to his hometown in ______ of peace.（分数：0.50）A.questB.allowanceC.thirstD.greed31.The floods did not start to ______ until two days after the rain had stopped.（分数：0.50）A.retireB.recedeC.retreatD.sink32.This is an alarming realization as natural resources and the environment are being degraded and ______ at a record pace.（分数：0.50）A.wastedB.reconstructedC.destructedD.reversed33.The year of 776 B. C. is considered to be the founding date of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The Games lasted more than 11 centuries ______ they were banned in 393 A. D.（分数：0.50）A.whenB.afterC.asD.until34.Brushing removes larger particles, but dentists suggest brushing the back of the tongue as well, where food residues and bacteria ______ . A. flourish B. collaborate C embark D. congregate （分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.35.To fund the ______ event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department(MDD).（分数：0.50）A.beneficentB.expensiveC.costlyD.luxurious36.After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have ______ about our map.（分数：0.50）A.troublesB.fearsC.limitationsD.misgivings37.Unless I was ______ mistaken, there was. something wrong with Louise.（分数：0.50）A.very muchB.tooC.almostD.very38.CharlesⅡwas another monarch ______ maligned by Victorian historians.（分数：0.50）A.muchB.veryC.greatlyD.deeply39.Most environmental ______ --from climate changes to freshwater and forest habitat loss--have become markedly worse.（分数：0.50）A.symptomsB.highlightsC.indicatorsD.symbols40.Total investments for this year reached $ 56 million, and to put this into ______ investments this year will double those made in 1997.（分数：0.50）A.sightB.visionC.perspectiveD.horizon二、{{B}}Part Ⅲ Reading (总题数：6，分数：30.00)In this part you are going to read six passages. Each of the passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Decide on the best choice according to the passage you read and write your choice.If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills, b)winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. c) soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania, d) none of the above. Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above". Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers." This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. or, put another way, expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming are nearly always made, not born.（分数：5.00）(1).The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to ______ .（分数：1.00）A.stress the importance of professional training.B.spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.C.introduce the topic of what males expert performance.D.explain why some soccer teams play better than others.(2).The word "mania" (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means ______ .（分数：1.00）A.fun.B.craze.C.hysteria.D.excitement(3).According to Ericsson good memory ______ .（分数：1.00）A.depends on meaningful processing of information.B.results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.C.is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.D.requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.(4).Ericsson and his colleagues believe that ______ .（分数：1.00）A.talent is a dominating factor for professional success.B.biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.C.the role of talent tends to be overlooked.D.high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.(5).Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?（分数：1.00）A."Faith will move mountains."B."one reaps what one sows."C."Practice makes perfect."D."Like father, like son."For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called "Ask Marilyn". People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What's the difference between love and fondness? or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it means to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children's version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant's areno longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks, rather tan simply dividing the mental are by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests. Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article "How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?". Steinberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership--that is it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions of skip.（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?（分数：1.00）A.Answering philosophical questions.B.Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C.Telling the differences between certain concepts.D.Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.(2).What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?（分数：1.00）A.People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.B.More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C.The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.D.Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.(3).People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because ______ .（分数：1.00）A.the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.B.creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.C.vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.D.the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.(4).We can conclude from the last paragraph that ______ .（分数：1.00）A.test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's abilityB.IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.C.testing involves a lot of guesswork.D.traditional tests are out of date.(5).What is the author's attitude towards IQ tests?（分数：1.00）A.Supportive.B.Skeptical.C.Impartial.D.Biased.During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially securehas been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback--a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise--stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen--and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent--and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.（分数：5.00）(1).Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that ______ .（分数：1.00）A.the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.B.their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.C.they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.D.they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.(2).As a result of President Bush's reform, retired people may have ______ .（分数：1.00）A.a higher sense of security.B.less secured payments.C.less chance to invest.D.a guaranteed future.(3).According go the author, health-savings plans will ______ .（分数：1.00）A.help reduce the cost of healthcare.B.popularize among the middle class.pensate for the reduced pensions.D.increase the families' investment risk.(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ______ .（分数：1.00）A.financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.B.the middle class may face greater political challenges.C.financial problems may bring about political problems.D.financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.(5).Which of the following is the best title for this text?（分数：1.00）A.The Middle Class on the AlertB.The Middle Class on the CliffC.The Middle Class in ConflictD.The Middle Class in RuinsIt never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earnthem--especially in America--the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year--from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California. Berkeley--have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate 11 systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities."Data is becoming an asset which needs no be guarded as much as any other asset." says I am Mendelson of Stanford University's business school. "The ability guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders". Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP. Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School. "Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one." he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore--and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than acompany letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged--though not justified--by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington. D. C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. （分数：5.00）(1).The statement: "It never rains but it pours" is used to introduce ______ .（分数：1.00）A.the fierce business competition.B.the feeble boss-board relations.C.the threat from news reports.D.the severity of data leakage.(2).According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out ______ .（分数：1.00）A.whether there is any weak point.B.what sort of data has been stolen.C.who is responsible for the leakage.D.how the potential spies can be located.(3).In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that ______ .（分数：1.00）A.shareholders' interests should be properly attended to.rmation protection should be given due attention.C.businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.D.the market value of customer data should be emphasized.(4).According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to ______ .（分数：1.00）A.see the link between trust and data protection.B.perceive the sensitivity of personal data.C.realize the high cost of data restoration.D.appreciate the economic value of trust.(5).It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that ______ .（分数：1.00）A.data leakage is more severe in Europe.B.FTC's decision is essential to data security.C.California takes the lead in security legislation.D.legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage.In spite of "endless talk of difference", American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption" launched by the 19th century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere". Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite, these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act". The mass media, advertising and sports are other forcesfor homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population;in 1900,13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990,3. I immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890,9. 2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation--language, home ownership and intermarriage. The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ' well' or ' very well' after ten years of residence". The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families. "Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U. S-born whites and blacks". By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez note that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power".Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.（分数：5.00）(1).The word "homogenizing" (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means ______ .（分数：1.00）A.identifyingB.associatingC.assimilatingD.monopolizing(2).According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century ______ .（分数：1.00）A.played a role in the spread of popular cultureB.became intimate shops for common consumersC.satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable eliteD.owed its emergence to the culture of consumption(3).The text suggests that immigrants now in the US ______ .（分数：1.00）A.are resistant to homogenizationB.exert a great influence on American cultureC.are hardly a threat to the common cultureD.constitute the majority of the population。