国际经济学2答案
南财大国际经济学1-3套试卷答案
国际经济学第一套试卷总分：100考试时间：100分钟一、单项选择题1、在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价在两国贸易前的（答题答案:C）A、两种商品的国内比价之上B、两种商品的国内比价之下C、两种商品的国内比价之间D、与任何一个国家的国内比价相同2、李嘉图的比较成本学说的分析方法属于（答题答案：A)A、静态分析B、动态分析C、正态分析D、常态分析3、在两个国家、两种商品的贸易模式中，如果一国国内商品价格比为0.5，另一国国内商品价格比为2，则两国交换时的价格比例应该位于的区间是(答题答案：B）A、小于0。
5B、大于0。
5小于2C、大于2D、小于14、若美国工人每人每年可生产4辆汽车或40单位小麦，加拿大工人每人每年可生产2辆汽车或30单位小麦。
若两国进行贸易，根据比较成本说，在生产小麦方面具有比较优势的国家和应该出口汽车的国家分别是（答题答案：B)A、美国、加拿大B、加拿大、美国C、美国、美国D、加拿大、加拿大5、两国分工后，所能得到的贸易利益大小主要取决于（答题答案:D)A、提供曲线B、贸易条约C、劳动生产率D、商品交换比率6、李嘉图认为国际贸易产生的根源是(答题答案:A）A、各国生产同种商品的劳动生产率不同B、各国生产要素禀赋不同C、各国间商品价格不同D、各国间要素价格不同7、两国之间同一商品的差异是两国具有不同比较优势的表现，也构成了互利贸易的基础（答题答案：B）A、绝对价格B、相对价格C、市场价格D、交易价格8、分工所得就是通过获得的贸易利益（答题答案：C）A、国际贸易B、国内生产C、国际分工D、国内分配9、某国10年间出口价格指数上升了10％，进口价格指数上升了15%,那么该国贸易条件(答题答案:B)A、改善B、恶化C、不变D、不能确定10、以下各项中哪一项不会促进国家间木材的自由贸易（答题答案：A）A、贸易前各国木树价格相等B、追求利润的木树价格套利C、国家间存在木材供给的差别D、国家间存在木材需求的差别11、在分析生产要素价格均等化过程，有一系列的假设条件，下列不是其假设条件的有（答题答案：D）A、生产要素在一国范围内的各部门间自由流动B、不存在贸易障碍和运输费用C、生产要素充分利用D、生产要素在国与国之间自由流动12、对里昂惕夫之谜的解释较为典型的观点不包括(答题答案：B)A、自然资源B、汇率因素C、要素密集度转换D、贸易壁垒13、如果A国可用1个工时生产3个单位的x产品或3个单位的y产品,B国可用1个工时生产2单位的x产品或1个单位的y产品,而且如果劳动是惟一的投入，那么（答题答案:C）A、A国在两种商品的生产上均具有比较优势B、B国在两种商品的生产上均具有绝对优势C、A国在两种商品的生产上均具有绝对劣势D、B国在两种商品的生产上均具有比较优势14、提出要素禀赋理论的是(答题答案：B)A、李嘉图B、俄林C、里昂惕夫D、马歇尔15、分工与自由贸易使交换的两国获得更多的福利，这表现在(答题答案：B）A、两国的生产组合处在更高的生产可能性曲线上B、两国的消费组合处在更高的社会无差异曲线上C、两国的消费组合处在更高的生产可能性曲线上D、两国的生产组合处在更高的社会无差异曲线上16、用相对要素价格定义要素禀赋考虑了(答题答案:C）A、要素的供给B、要素的需求C、要素的供求D、要素的分配17、要素价格均等化定理又称（答题答案：D)A、H—O定理B、H—S定理C、S—S定理D、H—O—S定理18、（）兴起于二战后发达国家之间的双向贸易（答题答案：A)A、产业内贸易B、产业间贸易C、制成品与初级产品的贸易D、产品内贸易19、美国经济学家波斯纳提出的（ ），以各国技术水平的差异为起点，分析国际贸易的成因(答题答案：B ）A 、偏好相似论B 、技术差距论C 、产品生命周期理论D 、要素禀赋论20、与中间产品贸易对应的国际分工是(答题答案：D ）A 、产业间分工B 、产业内分工C 、发达国家之间的分工D 、产品内分工21、（ ）与技术差距论放松了传统比较优势理论的假设，考虑技术扩散对产品国际化转移的影响（答题答案：C)A 、产业内贸易理论B 、产品内贸易理论C 、产品生命周期理论二、多项选择题1、从博弈论角度看,国际贸易是(答题答案：BC)A 、零和博弈B 、正和博弈C 、双赢博弈D 、负和博弈2、要素价格均等化定理的假设包括(答题答案：ABC)A 、完全竞争的市场B 、国家间没有贸易壁垒C 、各国具有相同的生产技术D 、各国具有同样的收入水平 3、新要素理论包括(答题答案：ABCD ）A 、自然资源说B 、技术要素说C 、人力资本要素说D 、研发要素说4、通过商品的国际贸易,两国同质要素的价格变化是(答题答案：ABC)A 、趋于绝对均等B 、趋于相对均等C 、原来便宜的要素价格会上升D 、原来便宜的要素价格继续下跌 5、影响商品价格的因素有（答题答案：ABCD ）A 、要素的价格B 、生产技术C 、商品的供给D 、商品的需求6、可以定义要素丰裕度的方法是(答题答案:CD ）A 、一国要素的绝对数量B 、一国要素的绝对价格C 、两国要素的数量比率D 、两国要素的相对价格 7、耐克公司一般如何布局不同的生产环节？（答题答案：ABC)A 、缝制在发展中国家B 、设计在美国C 、品牌推广在发达国家D 、没有特殊的布局8、技术落后国家对先进技术学习模仿的滞后包括（答题答案:BCD)A、信息滞后B、需求滞后C、反应滞后D、掌握滞后三、判断题1、一个产品不可能同时既具有绝对优势,又具有相对优势。
ch02国际经济学课后答案与习题（萨尔瓦多）
ch02国际经济学课后答案与习题（萨尔⽡多）*CHAPTER 2Chapter) (CoreCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGEOUTLINE2.1 Introduction2.2 Mercantilists’ Views on TradeCase Study 2-1 Mercantilism Is Alive and Well in the Twenty-First Century2.3 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam Smith2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo2.5 Gains from Trade with Comparative Advantage2.6 Comparative Advantage with MoneyCase Study 2-2 The Petition of the Candlemakers2.7 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity CostsCase Study 2-3 Labor Productivities and Comparative Advantage2.8 Production Possibility Frontier with Constant Costs2.9 Opportunity Costs and Relative Commodity Prices2.10 Basis and Gains from Trade Under Constant CostsAppendix: Comparative Advantage with More than Two Commodities and NationsA2.1 Comparative Advantage with More than Two CommoditiesA2.2 Comparative Advantage with More than Two NationsKey TermstheoryofvalueLabortradeBasisfortheorytrade OpportunitycostGainsfromtrade Production possibility frontierofPatterncostopportunityConstantMercantilismcommodityRelativeprices advantageAbsolutespecializationCompleteLaissez-faireLaw of comparative advantage Small-country case-7-Lecture Guide1. This is a long and crucial core chapter and may require four classes to cover adequately. In thefirst lecture, I would present Sections 1-4 and assign review questions 1-3.2. In the second lecture of Chapter 2, I would concentrate on Sections 5-6 and carefully explain the law of comparative advantage using simple numerical examples, as in the text. Both sections are crucial. Section 5 explains the law of comparative advantage and Section 6 establishes the link between trade theory and international finance. I find that the numerical explanations before the graphical analysis really helps the student to truly understand the law. The simple lawyer-secretary example should also render the law more immediately relevant to the student. I would also assign Problems 4-7.3. In the third lecture, I would cover Sections 7-9 and assign Problems 8-10.4. In the fourth lecture, I would Section 10 and go over problems 4-10. The appendixes could bemade optional for the more enterprising students in the class.Answer to Review Questions and Problems1. The mercantilists believed that the way for a nation to become rich and powerful was toexport more than it imported. The resulting export surplus would then be settled by an inflow of gold and silver and the more gold and silver a nation had, the richer and more powerful it was. Thus, the government had to do all in its power to stimulate the nation’s exports and discourage and restrict imports. However, since all nations could not simultaneously have an export surplus and the amount of gold and silver was fixed at any particular point in time, one nation could gain only at the expense of other nations. The mercantilists thus preached economic nationalism, believing that national interests were basically in conflict.Adam Smith, on the other hand, believed that free trade would make all nations better off.All of this is relevant today because many of the arguments made in favor of restrictinginternational trade to protect domestic jobs are very similar to the mercantilists argumentsmade three or four centuries ago. That is why we can say that “mercantilism is alive and well in the twenty-first century”. Thus we have to be prepared to answer and demonstrate thatthese arguments are basically wrong.2. According to Adam Smith, the basis for trade was absolute advantage, or one country being more productive or efficient in the production of some commodities and other countriesbeing more productive in the production of other commodities.The gains from trade arise as each country specialized in the production of the commodities in which it had an absolute advantage and importing those commodities in which the nation had an absolute disadvantage.Adam Smith believed in free trade and laissez-faire, or as little government interference with the economic system as possible. There were to be only a few exceptions to this policy of laissez-faire and free trade. One of these was the protection of industries important for national defense.3. Ricardo’s law of comparative advantage is superior to Smith’s theory of absolute advantage inthat it showed that even if a nation is less efficient than or has an absolute disadvantage in theproduction of all commodities with respect to the other nations, there is still a basis for beneficial trade for all nations.The gains from trade arise from the increased production of all commodities that arises wheneach country specializes in the production of and exports the commodities of its comparativeadvantage and imports the other commodities.A nation that is less efficient than others will be able to export the commodities of its compara-tive advantage by having its wages and other costs sufficiently lower than in other nations so asto make the commodities of its comparative advantage cheaper in terms of the same currencywith respect to the other nations.4. a. In case A, the United States has an absolute and a comparative advantage in wheat and theUnited Kingdom in cloth.In case B, the United States has an absolute advantage (so that the United Kingdom has anabsolute disadvantage) in both commodities.In case C, the United States has an absolute advantage in wheat but has neither an absoluteadvantage nor disadvantage in cloth.In case D, the United States has an absolute advantage over the United Kingdom in bothcommodities.b. In case A, the United States has a comparative advantage in wheat and the United Kingdomin cloth.In case B, the United States has a comparative advantage in wheat and the United Kingdomin cloth.In case C, the United States has a comparative advantage in wheat and the United Kingdomin cloth.In case D, the United States and the United Kingdom have a comparative advantage in neither commodities.5. a. The United States gains 1C.b. The United Kingdom gains 4C.c. 3C < 4W < 8C.d. The United States would gain 3C while the United Kingdom would gain 2C.6. a. The cost in terms of labor content of producing wheat is 1/4 in the United States and 1 in the United Kingdom, while the cost in terms of labor content of producing cloth is 1/3 in theUnited States and 1/2 in the United Kingdom.b. In the United States, Pw=$1.50 and Pc=$2.00.c. In the United Kingdom, Pw=￡1.00 and Pc=￡0.50.7. The United States has a comparative disadvantage in the production of textiles. Restrictingtextile imports would keep U.S. workers from eventually moving into industries in which the United States has a comparative advantage and in which wages are higher.8. Ricardo’s explanation of the law of comparative is unacceptable because it is based on the labor theory of value, which is not an acceptable theory of value.The explanation of the law of comparative advantage can be based on the opportunity costdoctrine, which is an acceptable theory of value.9. The production possibilities frontier reflects the opportunity costs of producing bothcommodities in the nation.The production possibilities frontier under constant costs is a (negatively sloped) straight line. The absolute slope of the production possibilities frontier reflects or gives the price of thecommodity plotted along the horizontal axis in relation to the commodity plotted along thevertical axis.10. a. See Figure 1.b. In the United States Pw/Pc=3/4, while in the United Kingdom, Pw/Pc=2.c. In the United States Pc/Pw=4/3, while in the United Kingdom Pc/Pw=1/2.d. See Figure 2.The autarky points are A and A' in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively. The points of production with trade are B and B' in the United States and the UnitedKingdom, respectively.The points of consumption are E and E' in the United States and the United Kingdom,respectively. The gains from trade are shown by E > A for the U.S. and E' > A' for the U.K.Fig 1.1aU.K. Fig 1.1bFigure1Fig 1.2aFig 1.2bFigure2Multiple-Choice Questions1. The Mercantilists did not advocated:*a. free tradeb. stimulating the nation's exportsc. restricting the nations' importsd. the accumulation of gold by the nation2. According to Adam Smith, international trade was based on:*a. absolute advantageb. comparative advantagec. both absolute and comparative advantaged. neither absolute nor comparative advantage3. What proportion of international trade is based on absolute advantage?a. allb. most*c. somed. none4. The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodityof its:a. absolute disadvantageb. absolute advantagec. comparative disadvantaged. comparative advantage5. If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is established that nationA has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nationB must have:a. an absolute advantage in commodity Yb. an absolute disadvantage in commodity Yc. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*d. a comparative advantage in commodity Y6. If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while nation B canproduce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input):a. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Xb. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*c. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity Xd. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity7. With reference to the statement in Question 6:a. Px/Py=1 in nation Ab. Px/Py=3 in nation Bc. Py/Px=1/3 in nation B*d. all of the above8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y:a. nation A gains 2X*b. nation B gains 6Yc. nation A gains 3Yd. nation B gains 3Y9. With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually beneficial trade between nation A and B is:a. 3Y < 3X < 5Yb. 5Y < 3X < 9Y*c. 3Y < 3X < 9Yd. 1Y < 3X < 3Y10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B:a. there will be no trade between the two nationsb. the relative price of X is the same in both nationsc. the relative price of Y is the same in both nations*d. all of the above11. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage on the basis of:*a. the labor theory of valueb. the opportunity cost theoryc. the law of diminishing returnsd. all of the above12. The Ricardian trade model has been empirically*a. verifiedb. rejectedc. not testedd. tested but the results were inconclusive13. The Ricardian model was tested empirically in terms of differences ina. relative labor productivities costs in various industries among nationsb. relative labor costs in various industries among nations*c. relative labor productivities and costs in various industries among nationsd. none of the above14. A difference in relative commodity prices between two nations can be based upon a difference in:a. factor endowmentsb. technologyc. tastes*d. all of the above15. In the trade between a small and a large nation:a. the large nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade*b. the small nation is likely to receive all of the gains from tradec. the gains from trade are likely to be equally sharedd. we cannot say。
华民国际经济学第2版课后答案
导论⼀、概念题1国际经济答：国际经济学研究的是发⼀在主权国家之间的经济活动，这些经济活动主要包括主权国家相互之间的商品、劳务与资本的流动，以及货币的⼀付等。
此外，国际经济学还研究各国在管制与调节商品、劳务、资本流动和货币⼀付时所采⼀的政策，以及由这些政策所带来的经济与社会的福利效应。
具体说来，国际经济学主要研究以下内容：国际贸易理论、国际贸易政策、国际收⼀理论以及国际收⼀的调节政策等。
除此之外，国际经济学也研究国际经济活动的各种制度安排，如国际贸易的制度安排、国际货币制度的安排等。
2国际贸易理论答：国际贸易理论主要分析国际贸易发⼀的原因，以及国际贸易的所得。
国际贸易理论的发展⼀致经历了古典、新古典、新贸易理论以及新兴古典国际贸易理论四个阶段。
古典和新古典国际贸易理论以完全竞争市场等假设为前提，强调贸易的互利性，主要解释了产业间贸易。
⼀战后，以全球贸易的新态势为契机，新贸易理论应运⼀⼀，从不完全竞争、规模经济、技术进步等⻆度解释了新的贸易现象。
新兴古典国际贸易理论则以专业化分⼀来解释贸易，⼀图将传统贸易理论和新贸易理论统⼀在新兴古典贸易理论的框架之内。
3国际贸易政策答：国际贸易政策是指⼀国所采取的对外贸易政策。
国际贸易政策主要分析各种贸易政策的产⼀及其对⼀国福利的影响。
国际贸易理论与国际贸易政策⼀起构成了国际经济学的微观部分。
4国际收⼀答：国际收⼀分为狭义的国际收⼀和⼀义的国际收⼀。
狭义的国际收⼀指⼀国在⼀定时期（通常为1 年）内对外收⼀和⼀出的总额。
⼀义的国际收⼀不仅包括外汇收⼀，还包括⼀定时期的经济交易。
国际收⼀是⼀个流量概念。
国际收⼀理论主要研究⼀国在开放经济下的国际收⼀的平衡问题与汇率的决定。
5国际收⼀政策答：国际收⼀政策即国际收⼀的调节政策，是⼀国采取的关于国际收⼀和汇率的调节的政策。
主要研究国际收⼀与汇率的调节⼀法。
它与国际收⼀理论综合在⼀起，构成了国际经济学的宏观部分。
6微观经济学答：微观经济学是研究单个⼀产者或企业如何利⼀有限的资源⼀产商品和劳务以获取最⼀利润，以及单个消费者或家庭是如何利⼀有限的货币收⼀购买商品和劳务以获取最⼀满⼀的学科。
国际经济学习题与答案2
国际经济学习题与答案2第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础习题（一）选择题1.微观经济学研究的是单个社会的资源配置问题，而国际贸易理论研究的是（）A 一国的资源配置问题B两国范围内的资源配置问题C地区范围内的资源配置问题D世界范围内的资源配置问题2. 一个人在作出选择时，（）A如果边际收益非常大，他或她就不用考虑机会成本B进行最小机会成本的选择C比较该选择活动的边际成本和边际收益D只有当总利益非常大时，他或她才会选择使用其稀缺的资源3.机会成本（）A由自己支付，而与他人无关B对劳务而言是零，因为劳务不会持续太久；对物品而言是正的，因为物品具有长久性C是为了进行某一选择而放弃的评价最高的选择D是为了进行某一选择放弃的所有选择4.如果两个人在商品的生产中具有不同的机会成本，那么他们能够从专业化与交换中（）A都受损B一人受益，一人受损C既不受益，也不受损D都能够受益5. 沿着外凸的生产可能性边界线向下移动时，随着一种物品产量的增加，生产该物品的机会成本将（）A保持不变B增加C减少D无法确定6 .一个国家（），能够在其生产可能性边界线之外的点上进行消费。
A没有任何时候B在充分就业的情况下C同其他国家进行贸易时D所有生产要素全部投入生产的时候7.供给曲线除了表示不同的价格水平所提供的商品数量外，还可以被认为是（）A愿意并有能力支付的曲线B边际收益曲线C供给的最高价格曲线D供给的最低价格曲线8. 在封闭条件下，一国生产技术的改进降低了棉花的生产成本，那么棉花的价格（），棉花的生产数量（）A上升；增加B上升；减少C下降；增加D下降；减少9 .对于两国贸易模型来说，国际均衡价格一定处于两国贸易前的（）A最低相对价格水平之下B最高相对价格水平之上C相对价格水平之间D根据具体情况而定10 .经济学家作出这样的假设：作为一种目标，消费者总是在追求（）A其效用最大化B其收入的最大化C其边际效用的最大化D以上选项均不对（二）简答题1如何理解狭义和广义的国际贸易，国际贸易理论的主要研究对象是什么？2既然国际贸易理论与微观经济学的基本原理存在着一致性，为什么还要区分国际贸易与国内贸易，将国际贸易作为一个独立的问题来研究呢？3用相对价格概念解释经济行为主体是如何摆脱“货币幻觉”的影响的。
(完整word版)国际经济学测试题答案
国际经济学测试题1答案一、单项选择（1’×10=10’）1.D2.C3.B4.A5.C6.C7.B8.D9.D 10.A二、多项选择（将答案填在下面的表格内，1’×10=10’）1. ABCD2. ABCDE3.ABD4.ABCDE5.ABDE6.ABD7.BCE8.ABE9.ABCD 10.ABD三、判断分析（分析不正确本题不得分。
2’×10=20’）1. 正确2. 错误。
跟大国比较接近。
3. 错误。
小国可以完全分工。
4. 正确5. 错误。
前者增加，后者下降。
6. 错误。
介于零关税和禁止性关税之间7. 错误。
国际生产折中理论8. 正确9. 错误。
动态效应更大更重要10. 正确四、名词解释（3’×4=12’）1．特定要素：只能被用来生产某些特定产品、不能在部门间自由流动的生产要素。
2．最优货币区：是指成员国相互之间的货币实行自由兑换，汇率保持长期固定不变，而对非成员国货币的汇率则实行联合浮动，通过商品和服务贸易以及要素的流动使多国经济紧密地联系在一起的地区。
3．出口替代战略：出口替代发展战略也是实现出口替代工业化的过程。
它是指一国将经济发展重点放在出口工业上，通过扩大出口本国工业制成品和半制成品来代替传统的初级产品出口，以增加外汇收入，带动工业体系的建立和推动整个国民经济的持续发展。
4．需求管理政策: 需求管理政策是通过改变国内总需求来校正国际收支失衡，它是以吸收理论为基础提出的，所以又称支出变化政策，主要政策工具包括财政政策和货币政策。
五、比较分析题（要求借助图形，每题9’，共18’）1. 比较小国利用关税和利用进口替代补贴进行贸易保护的不同效果。
征收关税之后，该国的总福利水平下降了：消费者剩余损失了(a+b+c+d)，其中a被生产者所得，c为政府财政收入所得，但尚有b和d的损失，国内没有任何人能得到相应的补偿。
这是由于关税使本国的生产资源从效率较高的部门转移到了效率较低的部门，即一国的生产资源向没有比较优势的进口竞争部门集中，因此造成了国民福利净损失。
冯德连主编《国际经济学》第二版课后习题答案
第一章练习与思考参考答案1．答：生产可能性曲线相同且为直线。
在自给自足经济下，各国将在生产可能性曲线与其社会无差异曲线的切点，EA 和EB上达到均衡。
需求条件的不同导致了各国在自给自足经济下的生产与消费的不同选择，但这些不同并不会引起两国之间相对价格的差异，两国的国内价格水平是相同的。
因此，不存在着贸易的基础。
2．答：因为，相对价格使得国际贸易成了物物交换的世界，消除了货币幻觉。
3．答：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
小国福利改善程度更明显些。
4．答：（1）在没有国际贸易的情况下，均衡要求国内需求数量与国内供给数量相等。
设两个方程相等，我们可以求出没有贸易情况下的均衡价格。
无贸易情况下的均衡价格为100，均衡数量为300。
（2）当价格为120时，A国的需求数量为290，它的供给数量为400。
在自由贸易条件下，A国将出口110个单位的产品。
（3）A国的消费者剩余将减少。
在无贸易情况下，由需求曲线与数值为100的价格线围成的是一个更大的三角形。
在自由贸易情况下，由需求曲线与数值为120的价格线围成的是一个更小的三角形。
A国的生产者剩余将增加。
在无贸易情况下，由供给曲线与数值为100的价格线围成的是一个更小的小三角形。
在自由贸易情况下，由供给曲线与数值为120的价格线围成的是一个更大的三角形。
整个国家从贸易中获得的净收益为生产者剩余的增加量与消费者剩余的减少量之差。
这一收益的大小等于一个三角形的面积：它的底边是产品贸易数量（110），它的高是价格的变化量（120-100=20）。
因此，总收益为1100。
5．答：他们的损失为，继续在国内销售480亿立方米木材价值的损失，加上少销售的40亿立方米木材价值总量的损失。
两者相加，共损失25亿美元。
6．答：（1）在自由贸易及每桶18美元价格下，国内生产数量QS 为18=+6QS，或QS=29亿桶。
国内消费数量18=42-4QD ，或QD=60亿桶。
国际经济学作业答案第二章
Chapter 2 World Trade—An OverviewMultiple Choice Questions1. What percent of all world production of goods and services is exported to other countries?(a) 10%(b) 25%(c) 50%(d) 100%(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B2.What percent of all world imports of goods and services were exported?(a) 10%(b) 25%(c) 50%(d) 100%(e) None of the above.Answer: D3. What percent of all world consumption (private and public, including real investment) was imported?(a) 10%(b) 25%(c) 50%(d) 100%(e) None of the above.Answer: B4. The gravity model, that states that size matters,predicts that the weight of the traded good will________ related to its likelihood to be exported(a) be directly(b) be inversely(c) not be(d) All of the above(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E5. The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact that(a) Trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.(b) Trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.(c) Trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products(d) Intra-European Union trade exceeds International Trade of the European Union.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: D6. The gravity model suggests that over time(a) trade between neighboring countries will increase(b) trade between all countries will increase(c) world trade will eventually be swallowed by a black hole.(d) trade between Earth and other planets will become important(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E7. The gravity model explains why(a) trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain(b) countries with oil reserves tend to export oil.(c) capital rich countries export capital intensive products(d) intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of trade between neighboringcountries.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A8. According to the gravity model, a characteristic that tends to affect the probability of trade existingbetween any two countries is(a) their cultural affinity(b) the average weight/value of their traded goods(c) their colonial—historical ties(d) the distance between them(e) the number of varieties produced on the average by their industries.Answer: D9. The one single trade partner country of the U.S. is(a) United Kingdom(b) Canada(c) Mexico(d) Japan(e) IsraelAnswer: B10. In general which of the following tend to promote the probability of trade volumes between twocountries(a) Linguistic and/or cultural affinity(b) Historical ties(c) Sizes of economies(d) Mutual membership in preferential trade agreements(e) All of the aboveAnswer: E11. Since World War II (the early 1950s), the proportion of most countries’ production beisome other country(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B12. Since World War II, the likelihood that foreign markets would gain importance in the averageexporters’ as a source of profits(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B13. Since World War II, the likelihood that any single item in the typical consumption basket of aconsumer in the U.S. originated outside of the U.S.(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B14. Since World War II, the likelihood that the job a new college graduate will be directly or indirectlyaffected by world trade(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B13 / 715. Since World War II, the relative importance of raw materials, including oil, in total world trade(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: C16. In the current Post-Industrial economy, international trade in services (including banking andfinancial services)(a) dominates world trade(b) does not exist(c) is relatively small(d) is relatively stagnant(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C17. In the pre-World War I period, the U.S. exported primarily(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C18. In the pre-World War I period, the United Kingdom exported primarily(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A19. In the pre-World War I period, the United Kingdom imported primarily(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C20. In the present, most of the exports from China are in(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A21. Which of the following does not explain the extent of trade between Ireland and the U.S.?(a) Historical ties(b) Cultural Linguistic ties(c) Gravity model(d) Multinational Corporations(e) None of the aboveAnswer: CEssay Questions1. When comparing the composition of world trade in the early 20th Century to the early 21st Century,we find major compositional changes. These include a relative decline in agricultural and primary-products (including raw materials). How would you explain this in terms of broad historicaldevelopments during this period?Answer: The typical composition of world production during this period experienced majorchanges. Focusing on today’s Industrialized Countries (primarily members of the OECD),the industrial-employment composition was focused primarily on agriculture. Most valuewas in land. The predominant single consumption category was food. Since then, theeconomies shifted from the agricultural to the manufacturing sectors (continuing trendsbegun over a century earlier in the industrial revolution). Incomes rose, and consumptionshifted in favor of (increasingly affordable) manufactures. Both income and priceelasticities were greater in manufactures than in agricultural products. At the same timethere was a steady tendency for synthetic (manufactured) inputs to replace agriculturalbased raw materials and industrial inputs. Hence, trade and of course international tradeconformed to overall changes in patterns of world production and consumption.2. In the past half century, the developing countries have experienced major compositional shifts fromexports of primary products (including agricultural and raw materials) to exports of manufactures.How might you explain this in terms of broad historical developments during this period?Answer: Any discussion of the export experience of the developing countries must first clarify the problem of definitional inclusion. In particular, the exports of the (non-OECD) developingcountries, has become increasingly dominated by the experience of a relatively smallnumber of countries in South-East Asia, termed the New Industrialized Countries (NICs).Since they experienced both very rapid increases in their exports, and very rapid increasesin the manufactured component of their exports, their experience alone may explain thebulk of the observed phenomenon. Many would exclude the NICs from the developingcountry category so as to be able to focus the discussion on a more representative sampleof (the over 100) developing countries. More recently, a second wave of East Asiancountries, notably including China have replicated the experience of the NICs, and thisagain muddies the water for one interested in focusing on the export experience of thegrowing heterogenous category, developing countries.15 / 7Another explanation of the growing dependence on manufactured exports on the part ofthe developing countries, follows the answer to question 1 above. Since the consumer( including industrial consumer) markets in OECD countries were rapidly shifting awayfrom primary products, these markets were rapidly disappearing.In addition, in the world markets for primary products was generally limited by low priceand especially income elasticities; agricultural sectors tended to be highly and rigidlyprotected in potential OECD markets; and escalating effective tariff structures leviedsystematically large levels of protection against the primary exports of the developingcountries; success in world exports had to be pursued outside of the traditional primaryexports of these countries.3. The Neoclassical Heckscher-Ohlin model assumes that all producers of any industrial product hasknowledge of, and may avail itself of the same production technology available to producers in anyother country. Many have flagged this identical technology assumption as an unrealistic assumption.During the past half century, the relative importance of the Multinational Corporations (MNCs) inidenticalworld trade has steadily increased. How would this trend affect the realism of the “technology” assumption?Answer: Noting that MNC plants tend to use more labor intensive production processes incountries where labor tends to be relatively cheap (both in “low” tech , e.g. Nike, and“high tech,” e.g. Motorola), one may argue that MNCs use different technologies indeveloping countries. However, this is a gross misunderstanding of the identicaltechnology assumption . It is axiomatically obvious that if the same MNC is producingsomething in both labor abundant and labor scarce using different processes, itnevertheless has knowledge (intimate knowledge in the case of proprietary patentedprocesses) of available technology. The fact that the MNC may choose not to apply thesame degree of capital intensity in environments with greatly different relative factorprices in no way lessens the fact that the Heckscher-Ohlin identical technologyassumption is strengthened due to the growing relative strength of MNCs in developingcountries. An additional fact that strengthens this argument is that, as compared to theearly 1950s, a growing proportion of MNCs are themselves based in developing countries,such as China and Brazil.4. One of the major political developments of the past several decades is the growing size andeconomic/monetary integration of the European Union. What effect do you think this will have oninternational trade between countries?Answer: The growing economic integration between the various countries of Europe, both the oldand existing members of the European Union (EU) and the new countries joining it(including perhaps soon, Turkey), means that the barriers to trade are steadily falling in aregion that has traditionally dominated world trade. The common monetary unit should initself go far to promote inter-country trade within the growing EU (judging by thepositive historical effect of a single currency in the U.S.). The standardization oftransportation (including railroad gauges, highway signs etc.) and product codes will alsopromote expansion of intra-EU trade. The decline in the probability of political conflictassociated with this comprehensive economic union, plus conscious attempts to cooperatein fiscal and monetary policy stances again point to growing international trade, allowingthese countries to increasingly enjoy the fruits of potential positive scale economies, andmore traditional classical and neo-classical gains from trade. The scale economies willalso tend to increase trade between the EU and other countries.5. The Services sector has been steadily rising in relative importance in GDP of the United States, as-tradables” (e.g. it well as elsewhere around the world. Since “services” have been identified as “no is difficult to export haircuts), it may be argued that this trend will likely slow the rapid growth ininternational trade. Discuss.Answer: This argument stands on questionable logical foundations. The past half century has seena steady growth in the absolute and relative importance of international trade. This trendhas been reversed only by global conflicts, i.e. the two World Wars. This trend hasremained steady and robust despite major compositional shifts (e.g. from primary tomanufacturing), and location shifts (e.g., the sudden rise of NICs as significant group ofexporters). The trend will probably continue into the reasonable future, fueled by bothsuper-regional preferential trade regions and a growing impact of the multilateral forces,represented institutionally by the World Trade Organization (WTO)—as illustrated by therecent abolishment of the epitome cartelized trade, the world trade in textiles. Driven bytechnology—especially in the areas of communication and transportation—a reversal ofthe growing trade trend is not likely in the near future. In any case, many-fact quite tradable. Examples would be financial services, long-distance teaching, “helpdesk” outsourcing, consult ing and management services and others. In fact, when a touristgets a haircut, we see that even haircuts become a “tradable” service.17 / 7。
国际经济学习题及答案2
Ⅱ
80 E E’
70
B M
20
10 ＰB=ｌ
2、答案提示：
当发生规模报酬递增时，产量增长比率大于要素投入增长比率。在规模报酬递增条件下，生产可能性曲线凸向原点，如图所示，沿MN曲线由N移向M，曲线斜率越来越小，表明随着X产品产量的增加，X产品的机会成本减少。
为突出规模报酬递增对贸易的意义，假定A、B两国的要素禀赋、生产技术和消费偏好完全相同。封闭条件下，A、B两国的生产可能性曲线与社会无差异曲线重合，均在E点生产和消费，且两国商品价格同等于Pd，按照传统贸易理论，两国不存在互利贸易的基础。开放条件下，在规模报酬递增的情况下，A国在增加X产品产量的同时，其生产成本趋于降低，生产点从E移向M，直至在M点实现完全专业化生产，同时以高效率产出的X对外进行交换。B国则同样可以借助规模经济所带来的效率在N点完全专业化生产Y产品。又因两国需求一致，故双方按照国际价格Pw(M和N的连线)进行交换，消费点移至代表更高福利水平的E1，A国用Q1M的X产品换取Q1E1的Y产品，B国用Q1’N的Y产品换取Q1E1的X产品，互利贸易得以展开。当贸易实现平衡时，Q1M＝Q1E1，Q1’N＝Q1E1。
由此可以看出，除了第一个假定在性质上基本介于外部性模型和R&D 模型之间外，卢卡斯模型与“干中学”模型和罗默模型并没有本质的不同。
南开大学20秋《国际经济学》在线作业-2(参考答案)
1.中国单位劳动产出为20码布或25公斤小麦，美国单位劳动产出为40码布或100公斤小麦，则下列哪一说法是不正确的?()A.1码布2公斤小麦是一种可行的国际交换价格B.中国在布的生产上具有比较优势C.贸易后布与小麦的全球总产量都将比贸易前得到提高D.如果国际比价为1码布1.25公斤小麦，则国际贸易对中国总体福利无影响答案：C2.成员国间实现了商品和要素自由流动，但经济政策尚未协调一致的国际经济一体化组织指的是()。
A.自由贸易区B.关税同盟C.共同市场D.经济联盟答案：C3.下列属于马歇尔—勒纳条件前提假定的是()。
A.供给弹性无穷大B.供给无弹性C.小国情况下D.大国情况下答案：A4.下列哪一项不是构成倾销的条件?()A.企业面临向右下方倾斜的需求曲线B.企业在国内与国外两个市场面临的需求曲线弹性不同C.该企业生产的边际成本不变D.国内与国外两个市场是完全分割的答案：C5.根据国际收支调整的“J曲线效应”，在货币贬值后的最初一段时间内，贸易收支倾向于()。
B.恶化C.不发生变化D.变化方向不确定答案：B6.下列哪一项不是积极财政政策的后果?()A.减少失业B.进口需求增加C.利率上升D.贸易收支改善答案：D7.根据蒙代尔提出的“分配法则”，当一国通胀和顺差并存时，为实现经济的内外平衡，应采取的政策搭配是()。
A.紧财政、松货币B.松财政、松货币C.紧财政、紧货币D.松财政、紧货币答案：A8.可以帮助一国缓解通胀压力和国际收支顺差的政策组合是()。
A.紧缩财政，放松货币B.紧缩财政，紧缩货币C.放松财政，紧缩货币D.放松财政，放松货币答案：A9.作为开放型区域经济合作组织的代表，APEC不具有哪一项特征?()A.非排他性B.非机制性C.渐进性D.集体行动一致性10.里昂惕夫之谜是对()进行实证研究时得到的结论。
A.产品生命周期理论B.相互倾销理论C.比较成本理论D.要素禀赋理论答案：D11.下列有关最佳关税的陈述中不正确的是()。
(完整版)国际经济学课后答案
第一章绪论1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。
2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。
3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。
国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。
4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。
调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。
5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等(2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系(3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业(4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治(5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景第二章比较优势理论1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。
高等教育出版社 《国际经济学》第二版 课后答案
课后习题第一章绪论(一) 选择题1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，是以（）作为基本的经济单位来划分的。
A. 企业B.个人C.政府D.国家2.国际经济学研究的对象是（）A国际商品流动B世界范围内的稀缺资源的最优配置C国际收支平衡D各国之间的经济活动和经济关系3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，（）流动最容易A商品B资本C人员D技术答案提示：1.D 2. B D 3.C（二）问答题1．试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。
答案提示：（1）联系：国际经济学与国内经济学研究的经济活动是相似的，面临的主要问题也是相似的；（2）最主要的区别是国际经济的民族国家性。
第二章古典的国际贸易理论（一）选择题本国生产A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30，根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势？（ ）（ａ）Ｄ、Ａ （ｂ）Ｃ、Ｂ （ｃ）Ａ、Ｄ （ｄ）Ｂ、Ｃ答案：Ｃ （二）问答题1．亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要贡献有哪些？答案提示：亚当·斯密的主要贡献是：（1）抨击了重商主义；（2）提出了绝对优势之一概念；（3）强调国际分工是使国民财富增加的最重要手段。
2．绝对优势理论和比较优势理论的区别是什么？答案提示：（1）绝对优势理论强调，国与国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因；（2）比较优势理论强调，劳动生产率的相对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因。
（三）计算题1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A国 B国X Y 621512表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A国 B国X Y 10455答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。
国际经济学课后习题答案(0002)
国际经济学课后习题答案第一章1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。
3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？答：两种商品同时达到均衡。
一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。
4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：略，参见书上5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
国际经济学阶段性练习(2)答案
国际经济学阶段性练习(2)答案第二阶段（国际金融部分：第5-9章）一、单项选择题（每题1分，共10分）1、有形的外汇市场又称为B外汇市场。
A.美国式B.欧洲大陆式C.日本式D.西方式2、我们现在所常说的《巴塞尔协议》是指B 。
A.《对银行国外机构的监管原则》B.《关于统一国际银行资本衡量和资本标准的协议》C.《银行业有效监管核心原则》D.《资本计量和资本标准的国际协议：修订框架》3、有关汇率决定最早的理论说明是A。
A.铸币平价理论B.购买力平价理论C.货币主义汇率理论D.资本选择平衡理论4、英国经济学家B首先提出输金点的存在也就是国际收支的自动调节机制。
A.李斯特B.休谟C.卡塞尔D.维克塞尔5、“一价定律”是A所采用的汇率决定原则。
A.绝对的购买力平价B.相对的购买力平价C.货币主义汇率理论D.资本选择平衡理论6、国际储备的需求管理，主要涉及两方面内容：一是数量管理；二是B。
A.规模管理B.结构管理C.总量管理D.币值管理7、下列几项中不属于政策引导机制中直接管制政策的是D。
A.关税壁垒B.非关税壁垒C.出口鼓励政策D.货币政策8、政府对外公布法定的平价和允许汇率上下波动的幅度，但可以定期调整法定的平价，以利用货币贬值来校正国际收支不平衡，这种汇率制度为A。
A.可调整的盯住汇率B.爬行盯住汇率C.有管理的浮动汇率D.浮动汇率9、布雷顿森林体系建立于C。
A.1914年B.1918年C.1944年D.1971年10、B首先承认浮动汇率制存在的合理性。
A.洛美协定B.牙买加协议C.史密森协议D.布雷顿森林体系二、多项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1、以下描述外汇市场的功能，正确的有BCDE。
A.仅仅发挥外汇买卖、调节余缺的作用B.提供了全球融资的场所C.为各国进行汇率的联合干预提供了场所D.为回避外汇风险和进行外汇投机提供了场所E.绝大多数外汇交易属于投机营利活动2、根据来源与用途的不同，外汇可分为ABC。
冯德连主编-人民大学出版社《国际经济学》第二版课后习题答案
冯德连主编-人民大学出版社《国际经济学》第二版课后习题答案内消费数量18=42-4Q D ，或Q D =60亿桶。
见下图。
（2）在无进口时，国内供给数量必须在国内均衡价格P 处等于国内需求数量（两者都等于Q E ）：42-4Q E =0.6+6Q E ，或Q E =41.4亿桶（生产和消费的数量）。
利用其中一个等式，我们可以计算出，国内价格为每桶25.44美元。
（3）国内石油生产者将获益。
他们得到了以图中面积a 代表的生产者剩余。
国内石油消费者将受到损失，即由图中面积a+b+c 代表的消费者剩余。
7．答：一个没有贸易的假想世界有5个条件：（1）两国相同商品的生产函数相同；（2）O 数量（10亿桶） 18 D S P O 25.44 a b D S 数量（10亿桶）c 18 2.9 6.0 2.9 6.0 4.14两国的相对要素禀赋相同；（3）两国的消费偏好相同；（4）规模收益不变；（5）两国的商品市场和要素市场都是完全竞争市场。
如果5个条件同时成立，那么，两国在封闭条件下的相对价格完全相同，因此，在这些条件下国际贸易是不可能发生的。
第二章练习与思考参考答案1．答：（1）2000045=+YX。
（2）封闭条件下，此国生产可能性边界的斜率是-5/4=PX /PY。
因为X的国际相对价格为2，所以此国出口X进口Y。
出口1000个单位的X 可以换得2000个单位的Y。
贸易三角形即可划出。
2．答：古典学派认为国际贸易发生的原因在于生产成本上的差异，古典学派假设劳动是惟一的生产要素，因而，古典学派的生产函数一般形式可写成如下形式：Q=F（L）因生产函数规模收益不变，故根据规模收益不变的定义，对任意的常数λ>0，则有：F（λL）= λF（L）由于λ可任意取值，不妨令λ=1/L，则：F（1）=（1／L）F（L）上式左边是一常数，它表示单位劳动投入的产出，而右边则表示平均劳动产出，即平均劳动生产率。
由等式可知，平均劳动生产率是固定不变的。
国际经济学答案2
CHAPTER 3Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage:The Ricardian Model*Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons:·Comparative advantage: countries are different in technology (chapter 3) or resource (chapter 4).·Economics of scale (chapter 6).*All motives are at work in the real world but only one motive is present in each trade model.§1. The Concept of Comparative Advantage1. Opportunity cost: The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of computers that could have been produced with the resources used to produce a given number of roses.Table 3-1 Hypothetical Changes in ProductionMillion Roses Thousand Computers United States －10 ＋100South America ＋10 －30Total 0 ＋702. Comparative advantage: A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.·Denoted by opportunity cost.·A relative concept: relative labor productivity or relative abundance.3. Comparative advantage and trade: Trade between two countries can benefit both countries if each country exports the goods in which it has a comparative advantage.§2. A One-Factor Economy1.Production possibilities: a LC Q C + a LW Q LW≤LFigure 3-1Home’s Production Possibility Frontier2. Relative price and supply·Labor will move to the sector which pays higher wage.·If P C/P W>a L C/a LW (P C/a L C>P W/a LW, wages in the cheese sector will be higher ), the economy will specialize in the production of cheese. ·In a closed economy, P C/P W =a L C/a LW.§3. Trade in a One-Factor World·Model: 2×1×2·Assume: a L C/a LW< a L C*/a LW*Home has a comparative advantage in cheese.Home’s relative productivity in cheese is higher.Home’s pretrade relative price of cheese is lower than foreign. ·The condition under which home has this comparative advantage involves all four unit labor requirement, not just two.(If each country has absolute advantage in one good respectively, will there exist comparative advantage?)1. Determining the relative price after trade·Relative price is more important than absolute price, when people make decisions on production and consumption.·General equilibrium analysis: RS equals RD. (World general equilibrium)·RS: a “step”with flat sections linked by a vertical section.(L/a L C)/(L*/a LW*)Figure 3-3World Relative Supply and Demand·RD: substitution effects·Relative price after trade: between the two countries’ pretrade price. (How will the size of the trading countries affect the relative price after trade? Which country’s living condition improves more? Is it possible that a country produce both goods?)2. The gains from tradeThe mutual gain can be demonstrated in two alternative ways.·To think of trade as an indirect method of production :(1/a L C)(P C/P W)>1/a LW or P C/P W>a L C/a LW·To examine how trade affects each country’s possibilities of consumption.Figure 3-4 Trade Expands Consumption Possibilities(How will the terms of trade change in the long-term? Are there income distribution effects within countries? )3. A numerical example :·Two crucial points:(1)When two countries specialize in producing the goods in which they have a comparative advantage, both countries gain from trade.(2)Comparative advantage must not be confused with absolute advantage; it is comparative, not absolute, advantage that determines who will and should produce a good.Table 3-2 Unit Labor RequirementsCheese WineHome a LC =1 hour per pound a LW =2 hours per gallon Foreign a *L C =6 hours per pound a *L W =3 hours per gallon Analysis: absolute advantage; relative price; specialization;the gains from trade.4. Relative wages·It is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good.***LC LC LW LW a a w w a >> **LC LC wa w a <；**LW LW wa w a > ·Relative wages depend on relative productivity and relative demand on goods.Special box: Do wages reflect productivity?·Debates about relative wages and relative labor productivity. ·Long-run convergence in productivity produces long-run convergence in wages.§4. Misconceptions about Comparative AdvantageThe proposition that trade is beneficial is unqualified. That is, there is no requirement that a country be “competitive”or that the trade be “fair”.1. Productivity and competitivenessmyth1: Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strong enough to stand up to foreign competition.·The gains from trade depend on comparative advantage rather than absolute advantage.·The competitive advantage of an industry depend on relative labor productivity and relative wage.·Absolute advantage: neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for comparative advantage (or for the gains from trade).2. The pauper labor argumentmyth2: Foreign competition is unfair and hurts other countries when it is based on low wages.·Whether the lower cost of foreign export goods is due to high productivity or low wages does not matter. All that matter to home is that it is more efficient to “produce” those goods indirectly than to produce directly.3. Exploitationmyth3: Trade exploits a country and makes it worse off if its workers receive much lower wage than workers in othernations.·Whether they and their country are worse off?·What is the alternative ?(If it refuses to trade, real wages would be even lower).§5. Comparative Advantage with Many Goods·Model: 2×1×n·For any good we can calculate a Li /a Li*, label the goods so that the lower the number, the lower this ratio.a L1/a L1*<a L2/a L2*<…<a LN/a LN *(or a L1*/a L1>a L2*/a L2>…>a LN*/a LN)1. Relative wages and specialization·Any good for which a Li*/a Li>w/w* will be produced in home. (Relative productivity is higher than its relative wage, wa Li<w*a Li*, goods will always be produced where it is cheapest to make them.) ·All the goods to the left of the cut end up being produced in home.Table 3-3 Home and Foreign Unit Labor RequirementsRelative HomeHome Unit Labor Foreign Unit Labor ProductivetyRequirement(a Li)Requirement(a*Li)Advantage(a*Li/a Li) Apples 1 10 10Bananas 5 40 8Caviar 3 12 4Dates 6 12 2Enchiladas 12 9 0.75If w/w*=3, A、B、C will be produced in Home and D、E in foreign. ·Is such a pattern of specialization beneficial to both countries? (Hint: Comparing the labor cost of producing import goods directly and indirectly).2. Determining the relative wage in the multigood model·w/w*: RD of labor equals RS of labor.·The relative derived demand for home labor (L/L*) will fall when the ratio of home to foreign wages (w/w*) rises, because:(1)The goods produced in home became relative more expensive.(2)Fewer foods will be produced in home and more in foreign.Figure 3-5 Determination of relative of wages.RD: derived form relative demand for home and foreign goods.RS: determined by relative size of home and foreign labor force (Labor can’t move between countries).§6. Adding Transport Costs and Nontraded Goods·There are three main reasons why specialization in the real international economy is not so extreme:(1)The existence of more than one factor of production(2)Protectionism(3)The existence of transport cost.E.g. suppose transport cost is a uniform fraction of production cost,say 100 percents. For goods C and D in table 2-4:D: Home 6hours < 12hours×1/3×2 foreignC: Home 3hours×2 >12hours×1/3 foreignThus, C and D became nontraded goods.·In practice there is a wide range of transportation costs.In some cases transportation is virtually impossible: services such as haircut and auto repair; goods with high weight-to-value ratio, like cement.·Nontraded goods: Because of absence of strong national cost advantage or because of high transportation cost.·Nations spend a large share of their income on nontraded goods.§7. Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model·Misleading predictions:(1)An extreme degree of specialization.(2)Neglect the effects on income distribution.(3)Neglect differences in resources among countries as a cause oftrade.(4)Neglect economics of scale as a cause of trade.·The basic prediction of the Ricardian model has been strongly confirmed by a number of studies over years.(1)Countries tend to export those goods in which their productivityis relative high.(2)Trade depends on comparative not absolute advantage.Figure 3-6Productivity and exportsAnswers to Problems of Chapter 31. a. b. a LA / a LB =3/2=1.5c. P A / P B = a LA / a LB =1.52. a.b.If the relative price of apples after trade is between 1.5 and 5, Home and Foreign will specialize in the production of apples and bananas respectively. The world relative supply of apples is:**/1200/31/800/12LA LB L a L a == 3. a. RD include the points )212()11()2,21()5,51(，、，、、b. the equilibrium relative price of apples is P A /P B =2c. Home produces only apples and trades them for bananas Foreign produces only bananas and trade them for applesd. Home ：(1/ a LA )（P A /P B ）=（1/3）×2= Foreign ：(1/*LB a )（P A /P B ）=（1/1）× =4.The equilibrium relative price of apples is 1.5, it equals pretread relative price of apples in Home, So Home produces both apples and bananas, neither gains nor loss form trade; Foreign produces only bananas and trades it for apples, Foreign gains from trade.5.The answer is identical to that in problem3 since the amount of “effective labor ”has not changed.6.·Pauper labor argument.·Relative wage reflects relative productivity, international trade can’t change it·Trading with a less productive and low-wage country will rise, nolower its standard of living.21/132=>LB a 51/121*=>LA a 217.·to determine comparative advantage need for all four unit laborrequirements (for both the manufacture and the service sectors)· is an absolute advantage in services, this is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for determining comparative advantage.·The competitive advantage depends on both relative productivity and relative wages.8. ·*ωω=·Since U.S. is considerably more productive in services, Service prices are relative low.·Most services are nontraded goods·P= , U.S. purchasing power is higher than that of Japan. 9.·The gains from trade decline as the share of the nontraded goodsincreases, no trade, no gains.10.·Label the countries so that(a LC /a LW )1<(a LC /a LW )2…<( a LC /a LW )N·Any country to the left of RD produces cheese and trades it for wine. Any country to right of RD produces wine and trades it for cheese.·If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion, the Country with that a LC /a LW produces both goods.*LS LS aa <*31P。
国际经济学课后习题答案2
这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！第二章古典国际贸易理论在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。
1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。
假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。
（1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路：（1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20（2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。
（3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。
国际经济学部分答案(详细解答过程)
国际经济学习题答案第一章1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。
3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？答：两种商品同时达到均衡。
一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。
4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：略，参见书上5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
国际经济学作业答案-第二章
Chapter 2 World Trade—An OverviewMultiple Choice Questions1. What percent of all world production of goods and services is exported to other countries?(a) 10%(b) 25%(c) 50%(d) 100%(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B2.What percent of all world imports of goods and services were exported?(a) 10%(b) 25%(c) 50%(d) 100%(e) None of the above.Answer: D3. What percent of all world consumption (private and public, including real investment) was imported?(a) 10%(b) 25%(c) 50%(d) 100%(e) None of the above.Answer: B4. The gravity model, that states that size matters,predicts that the weight of the traded good will________ related to its likelihood to be exported(a) be directly(b) be inversely(c) not be(d) All of the above(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E5. The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact that(a) Trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.(b) Trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.(c) Trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products(d) Intra-European Union trade exceeds International Trade of the European Union.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: D6. The gravity model suggests that over time(a) trade between neighboring countries will increase(b) trade between all countries will increase(c) world trade will eventually be swallowed by a black hole.(d) trade between Earth and other planets will become important(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E7. The gravity model explains why(a) trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain(b) countries with oil reserves tend to export oil.(c) capital rich countries export capital intensive products(d) intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of trade between neighboringcountries.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A8. According to the gravity m odel, a characteristic that tends to affect the probability of trade existingbetween any two countries is(a) their cultural affinity(b) the average weight/value of their traded goods(c) their colonial—historical ties(d) the distance between them(e) the number of varieties produced on the average by their industries.Answer: D9. The one single trade partner country of the U.S. is(a) United Kingdom(b) Canada(c) Mexico(d) Japan(e) IsraelAnswer: B10. In general which of the following tend to promote the probability of trade volumes between twocountries(a) Linguistic and/or cultural affinity(b) Historical ties(c) Sizes of economies(d) Mutual membership in preferential trade agreements(e) All of the aboveAnswer: E11. Since World War II (the early 1950s), the proportion of mostc ountries’ production being used insome other country(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B12. Since World War II, the likelihood that foreign markets would gain importance in the averageexporters’ as a source of profits(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B13. Since World War II, the likelihood that any single item in the typical consumption basket of aconsumer in the U.S. originated outside of the U.S.(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B14. Since World War II, the likelihood that the job a new college graduate will be directly or indirectlyaffected by world trade(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: B15. Since World War II, the relative importance of raw materials, including oil, in total world trade(a) remained constant(b) increased(c) decreased(d) fluctuated widely with no clear trend(e) both (a) and (d) aboveAnswer: C16. In the current Post-Industrial economy, international trade in services (including banking andfinancial services)(a) dominates world trade(b) does not exist(c) is relatively small(d) is relatively stagnant(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C17. In the pre-World War I period, the U.S. exported primarily(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C18. In the pre-World War I period, the United Kingdom exported primarily(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A19. In the pre-World War I period, the United Kingdom imported primarily(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C20. In the present, most of the exports from China are in(a) manufactured goods(b) services(c) primary products including agricultural(d) technology intensive products(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A21. Which of the following does not explain the extent of trade between Ireland and the U.S.?(a) Historical ties(b) Cultural Linguistic ties(c) Gravity model(d) Multinational Corporations(e) None of the aboveAnswer: CEssay Questions1. When comparing the composition of world trade in the early 20th Century to the early 21st Century,we find major compositional changes. These include a relative decline in agricultural and primary-products (including raw materials). How would you explain this in terms of broad historicaldevelopments during this period?Answer: The typical composition of world production during this period experienced major changes. Focusing on today’s Industrialized Countries (primarily members of the O ECD),the industrial-employment composition was focused primarily on agriculture. Most valuewas in land. The predominant single consumption category was food. Since then, theeconomies shifted from the agricultural to the manufacturing sectors (continuing trendsbegun over a century earlier in the industrial revolution). Incomes rose, and consumptionshifted in favor of (increasingly affordable) manufactures. Both income and priceelasticities were greater in manufactures than in agricultural products. At the same timethere was a steady tendency for synthetic (manufactured) inputs to replace agriculturalbased raw materials and industrial inputs. Hence, trade and of course international tradeconformed to overall changes in patterns of world production and consumption.2. In the past half century, the developing countries have experienced major compositional shifts fromexports of primary products (including agricultural and raw materials) to exports of manufactures.How might you explain this in terms of broad historical developments during this period?16 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh EditionAnswer: Any discussion of the export experience of the developing countries must first clarify the problem of definitional inclusion. In particular, the exports of the (non-OECD) developingcountries, has become increasingly dominated by the experience of a relatively smallnumber of countries in South-East Asia, termed the New Industrialized Countries (NICs).Since they experienced both very rapid increases in their exports, and very rapid increasesin the manufactured component of their exports, their experience alone may explain thebulk of the observed phenomenon. Many would exclude the NICs from the developingcountry category so as to be able to focus the discussion on a more representative sampleof (the over 100) developing countries. More recently, a second wave of East Asiancountries, notably including China have replicated the experience of the NICs, and thisagain muddies the water for one interested in focusing on the export experience of thegrowing heterogenous category, developing countries.Chapter 2 World Trade—An Overview 17 Another explanation of the growing dependence on manufactured exports on the part ofthe developing countries, follows the answer to question 1 above. Since the consumer( including industrial consumer) markets in OECD countries were rapidly shifting awayfrom primary products, these markets were rapidly disappearing.In addition, in the world markets for primary products was generally limited by low priceand especially income elasticities; agricultural sectors tended to be highly and rigidlyprotected in potential OECD markets; and escalating effectivetariff structures leviedsystematically large levels of protection against the primary exports of the developingcountries; success in world exports had to be pursued outside of the traditional primaryexports of these countries.3. The Neoclassical Heckscher-Ohlin model assumes that all producers of any industrial product hasknowledge of, and may avail itself of the same production technology available to producers in any other country. Many have flagged this identical technology assumption as an unrealistic assumption.During the past half century, the relative importance of the Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in world trade has steadily increased. How w ould this trend affect the realism of the “identicaltechnology” assumption?Answer: Noting that MNC plants tend to use more labor intensive production processes in countries where labor tends to be relatively cheap (both in “low” tech , e.g. Nike, and“high tech,” e.g. Motorola), one may argue that MNCs usedifferent technologies indeveloping countries. However, this is a gross misunderstanding of the identicaltechnology assumption . It is axiomatically obvious that if the same MNC is producingsomething in both labor abundant and labor scarce using different processes, itnevertheless has knowledge (intimate knowledge in the case of proprietary patentedprocesses) of available technology. The fact that the MNC may choose not to apply thesame degree of capital intensity in environments with greatly different relative factorprices in no way lessens the fact that the Heckscher-Ohlinidentical technologyassumption is strengthened due to the growing relative strength of MNCs in developingcountries. An additional fact that strengthens this argument is that, as compared to theearly 1950s, a growing proportion of MNCs are themselves based in developing countries,such as China and Brazil.4. One of the major political developments of the past several decades is the growing size andeconomic/monetary integration of the European Union. What effect do you think this will have on international trade between countries?Answer: The growing economic integration between the various countries of Europe, both the old and existing members of the European Union (EU) and the new countries joining it(including perhaps soon, Turkey), means that the barriers to trade are steadily falling in aregion that has traditionally dominated world trade. The common monetary unit should initself go far to promote inter-country trade within the growing EU (judging by thepositive historical effect of a single currency in the U.S.). The standardization oftransportation (including railroad gauges, highway signs etc.) and product codes will alsopromote expansion of intra-EU trade. The decline in the probability of political conflictassociated with this comprehensive economic union, plus conscious attempts to cooperatein fiscal and monetary policy stances again point to growing international trade, allowingthese countries to increasingly enjoy the fruits of potential positive scale economies, andmore traditional classical and neo-classical gains from trade. The scale economies willalso tend to increase trade between the EU and other countries.18 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition5. The Services sector has been steadily rising in relative importance in GDP of the United States, aswell as e lsewhere around the world. Since “services” have been identified as “non-tradables” (e.g. it is difficult to export haircuts), it may be argued that this trend will likely slow the rapid growth in international trade. Discuss.Answer: This argument stands on questionable logical foundations. The past half century has seena steady growth in the absolute and relative importance of international trade. This trendhas been reversed only by global conflicts, i.e. the two World Wars. This trend hasremained steady and robust despite major compositional shifts (e.g. from primary tomanufacturing), and location shifts (e.g., the sudden rise of NICs as significant group ofexporters). The trend will probably continue into the reasonable future, fueled by bothsuper-regional preferential trade regions and a growing impact of the multilateral forces,represented institutionally by the World Trade Organization (WTO)—as illustrated by therecent abolishment of the epitome cartelized trade, the world trade in textiles. Driven bytechnology—especially in the areas of communication and transportation—a reversal ofthe growing trade trend is not likely in t he near future. In any case, many “services” are infact quite tradable. Examples would be financial services, long-distance teaching, “help-desk” outsourcing, consulting and management services and others. In fact, when a touristgets a haircut, we s ee that even haircuts become a “tradable” service.。
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对外经济贸易大学
《国际经济学》期末考试试卷（B卷）
课程代码及课序号：ECON202－0
一、单项选择题：（每空2分，共20分）
A B C B C D D D B B
二、判断题：（每题2分，共20分，请分别用“9”或“8”表示“正确”或“错误”）
1. 8
2. 9
3. 8
4. 9
5. 9
6. 9
7. 8
8. 8
9. 8 10. 8
三、名词解释：（每题6分，共18分）
1、一国货币贬值后，贸易收支对汇率做出反应的过程或变化的轨迹。
即当货币贬值后，通常由于短期弹性低于长期弹性,在短期内贸易收支先恶化，经过一段时间后才逐步改善。
2、即要素价格均等化定理。
国际贸易会使各国同质要素获得相同的相对与绝对收入。
H-O-S定理表明国际间商品的自由贸易可以替代要素的流动。
3、在供给弹性无穷大的情况下，本币贬值能够改善贸易收支的进出口需求弹性条件。
即如果某国对进口品的需求弹性与外国对该国出口品的需求弹性之和大于1，货币贬值将促进该国恢复贸易平衡。
其公式为：dx + dm 〉1。
四、计算题（18分）
1、M = D – S = 200袋
2、M = D – S = 50袋
3、C’ = 500美元S’ =250美元; R = 500美元
五、论述题（每题12分，共24分）
1．经济增长到执政的福利效应和顺贸易效应，但由于贸易条件下降很多，使静福利效应为负。
图示说明
不幸的增长发生的条件：
增长使出口大增
外国需求弹性低
外贸依存度高
2.可以小国为例图示分析
图1出口市场（3分）图2进口市场（3分）
P P
S X
S X’
A B
P X D X P M B’A’S M
D M
D M’
0 Q X1 Q X2 Q M2 Q M1 Q M
小国所面临的外国对本国的进口供给及出口需求曲线均为水平线。
图1中由
于贬值出口商品竞争力提高，供给增加，S X下移到S X’,出口量由Q X1增至Q X2，外
汇供给由O Q X1P X A升至O Q X2P X B。
图2由于贬值，国际价格不变，本国消费者
所面临的进口商品国内价格上升，需求减少，D M下移到D M’,J进口量由Q M1降至
Q M2，外汇需求由O Q M1P M A’降至O Q M2P M B’。
（5分）
小国贬值后，由于不影响国际市场价格，其出口商品竞争力提高，外汇供给
增加，外汇需求减少，因而贬值能够改善贸易收支。
（1分）。