语言学第2-3章Phonetics & Phonology

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chapter 2 phonetics 语音学(2012)

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2nd edition, 2002: 15
Articulatory Phonetics (发声语音学)
(Linguists’ interest)
studies from the speaker’s point of view, how speaker uses his organs to articulate sounds. Articulatory Phonetic description generally makes reference to six main factors: Air stream – vocal folds – soft palate – place of articulation – manner of articulation – lips Or two major factors: speech organs + articulation (place + manner)
How many segments /sounds in a word?
cough, bough, dough ? Meat, great, threat, Sea, bead, dead ？
(Ss
do the transcriptions by looking up in dictionary.)
Pitch
Theories of speech perception
Listeners
are active Listeners are passive Compromise
Study of the stages in humanmachine speech interaction

语言学chapter 2 phonetics

To make a speech sound visible so that we can measure its components objectively we must then go into the domain of acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear.
3.1.2 Places of articulation
In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types:
bilabial
labiodental
j
4. Vowels (refer to Poole, 2000: 60)
4.1 cardinal vowels 基本元音(refer to Poole, 2000: 50-51)
British phonetician Daniel Jones first fixed the qualities of the two vowels which were produced with the tongue is as high and as far forward as possible in [i]. Another, represented by [a], is the sound produced when the tongue is as low as possible at the back. The other six vowels have been plotted down between these two extremes, the front vowels being plotted at equal acoustic distances as are the back vowels.

英语语言学第二章 Phonetics and Phonology

scope of phonetics

articulatory phonetics

auditory phonetics
acoustic phonetics

articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 From the speaker’s point of view： studying how a speaker uses his or her speech organ to articulate sounds （研究语音的产生）

当声带分离时，气流容易通过，由此产生的语音叫清音（voiceless），如 [p, s, t]。当声带贴近时，气流使其产生震动（vibration），形成的声音成为浊音（voicing），如[ b, z, d]。当声带完全紧贴时，气流无法通过，不发出声音。

pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
2.1 the phonic medium of language

two media of language : speech and writing Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
2.2.2 speech

organs (发音器官)

《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 2 Phonetics

learners of English, and explain why they cause difficulty. 2. Observe your classmates’ pronunciation of the English consonant
[v] and write a short paper on the problem in the acquisition of [v] and how to solve it.
Phonetic features and natural classes
Teaching Aims
The Study of Speech Sounds
1. To make students familiar with sound production mechanism， the transcription and description of English sounds. 2. To make students understand the differences of consonants and vowels, the nature of phonetic features and natural classes. 3. To cultivate students’ cross-cultural awareness and research interests in discovering the regularities of speech sounds.
2.3 Phonetic transcription of sounds
Transcription of sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation Speech is a continuous flow of sound with interruptions only

《语言学教程》Chapter2phonetics

《语言学教程》Chapter2phoneticsIntroduction to Phonetics:Speech Sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): Articulatory Phonetics:Articulatory phonetics focuses on how speech sounds are produced and articulated by the vocal organs. These organs include the tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords. The sounds are produced by manipulating these organs to create different configurations and airflow patterns. For example, the sound [p] is produced by closing the lips and then opening them to release a burst of air.Acoustic Phonetics:Acoustic phonetics analyzes the physical properties of speech sounds in terms of sound waves and their frequencies. Sound waves are vibrations that travel through the air and reach our ears, where they are processed and interpreted as speech sounds. Different speech sounds have distinct acoustic properties, such as their pitch, loudness, and duration. These properties are measured and analyzed to better understand the characteristics of each sound.Auditory Phonetics:Auditory phonetics investigates how speech sounds are perceived and processed by the human auditory system. When we hear speech sounds, our ears detect the sound waves and send them to the brain for interpretation. The brain then matches these signals to specific speech sounds and recognizes their meaning. Auditory phonetics explores the mechanisms and processes involved in this perception and interpretation.Segmental and Suprasegmental Features:In linguistics, speech sounds can be classified into two categories: segmental and suprasegmental features. Segmental features pertain to individual sounds or phonemes, while suprasegmental features refer to properties that extend beyond individual sounds, such as stress, intonation, and rhythm. These suprasegmental features contribute to the melody and rhythm of speech and can carry additional meaning and emphasis.Phonetic Transcription:Conclusion:。

《语言学教程》Chapter 2 phonetics

Main contents in Chapter 2
Phonetics Speech sounds Sounds Phonology Sound systems 1. Phoneme, phone, allophone ClickPhonological 2. to add Title processes
2.2 Consonants and vowels
Preview questions: 1. What are consonants and vowels? 2. What is the major difference between consonants and vowels? 3. In what ways can we describe consonants and vowels respectively?
Chapter Two Speech Sounds
What is Phonetics?
Phonetics (语音学) studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.

Performance
Performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors; it is not stable.
A speaker’s performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence. Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.

语言学导论-第2章(1)Phonetics

Velar软腭音: back of the tongue raised to soft palate (velum) [k] [g] [ŋ]
Glottal喉音: at the larynx (space between vocal cords) [h]
Labial
Lips
Dental
Teeth
Consonants 辅音 Vowels 元音
Difference: In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever.
Consonants 辅音
In terms of manner of articulation 发音方式
Pah vs. Bah
•
• • •
b: voiced (bah), p: voiceless (pah) ba: vocal cord vibrates right away, pa has 80 ms delay What happens in between? No hybrids: either ba or pa
[k] [p] [s] (Speech sounds 语音)
What is phonetics 语音学
Phonetics: The study of speech sounds.
Articulatory(发音的)phonetics: how speech sounds are made. Acoustic(声学的)phonetics: physical properties of speech. Auditory(听觉的)phonetics: perception of speech sounds.

Phonetics 语言学方面

2.1 Phonetics
• Three Branches of phonetics
1. Articulatory phonetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phonetics
Phonetics
----A branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
语音学与音系学
Main Contents of the Lecture：
I. Phonetics语音学
II. Phonology音系学
Revision
1. The major branches of linguistics
2. Some important distinctions in linguistics
The diagram of speech organs 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 小舌
The diagram of speech organs
7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面
9. Back of tongue 舌背
Articulatory phonetics
• 发音语音学：研究语音的发生。
• Acoustic phonetics---deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.
Acoustic phonetics

语言学 Phonetics & phonology

Approximants are therefore more open than fricatives. e.g. central: [r] or lateral [l] in lip; semi-vowel approximants: [j] [w] in yes and well
5. Trills （颤音）and taps （触音） Trill: involves a series of rapid repetition of one articulator striking another. E.g., English 'r' in some Scottish accents. Tap (or 'flap' or 'flick'): a momentary variant of the trill. It involves a single rapid contact between one articulator and another without repetition. E.g. /r/ in AmE better.

English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation
Fricatives (摩擦音) A fricative is the type of consonant that is formed by forcing air through a narrow gap so that a hissing sound is created. /f/ in fin, / θ / in thin, / ʃ / in shin. /v/ in van, /s/ in sin, /h/ in hat, / θ / in that, /z/ in zoo and / ʒ / sound in genre.

英语语言学lecture 3 Phonetics

fricatives

When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point.[f][v][s][z]…(p.53)
Classification of English speech sounds:
Vowels (20):
the sounds are produced when the air-streams meet no
obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the

Stops:or plosive consonants:

When the obstruction created by the speech organ is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive: [p][b][t][d][k][g]

There are two kinds of transcription: narrow transcription and broad transcription. A narrow transcription records as many features of an utterance as possible. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. A broad transcription omits many of the irrelevant and predictable details of pronunciation . This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and textbook for general purposes.

语言学第二章语音学资料

Chapter 2 Phonology
Phonetic & Phonology
———the study of speech sounds
Speech sounds--- Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound.
----A phonetician is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds. He is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
❖ Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学） ----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”
❖ Acoustic phonetics---- （声学语音学） from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. It tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speakers issues
(alveolar) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 11. PhaWhen the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.

英语语言学概论 Chapter 3phonetics

Speech organs
• Oral cavity: lips, teeth, teeth ridge(alveolar ridge)(齿龈), hard palate(硬腭), soft palate(velum), glottis(声门), vocal cords • lip: labial; • teeth:dental • teeth ridge: alveolar • palate: palatal • velum: velar; glottis: glottal
3.4 coarticulation & IPA
• coarticulation(协调发音): the process of simultaneous and overlapping articulation of speech sounds. “pen’, • IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet(国际音标) : one symbol stands for one sound and every symbol has a consistent value, 72 symbols for consonants, 25 for vowels. • IPA: International Phonetic Association(国际语音学协会)
• 2 the position of the tongue • The vertical distance between the upper surface of the tongue and the palate: high,mid,low vowels: • Which part of the tongue is raised: • front, central, back vowel:

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第三版语音学Phonetics课件.ppt

Monophthongs (pure vowels) and diphthongs (vowel glides)
Tongue rising: open (low), half-open (midlow), half-close (mid-high), close
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
3
2. Branches
The study falls into three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.
Chapter Ⅱ Phonetics
外语系张Andy
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
1
Chapter Ⅱ Phonetics
1. Definition 2. Branches 3. Phonetic Description 4. Phonetic Transcription 5. Phonetic Classification
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
6
4.1 Segment and divergence
Segment: any linguistic unit in a sequence which may be isolated from the rest of the sequence, e.g. a sound in an utterance or a letter in a written text. (Feasibility)
Divergence: between sounds and symbols (necessity)

语言学Chapter2(2)phonetics

Give the phonsounds
[s] [z] [k]
Assimilation rules:
Word-final alveolars become dental before dental fricatives;
Word-final /t,d,s,z/ become palato-alveolar affricates (/t,d/) or fricatives(/s,z/) before /j/ and /j/disappears;
that pen /..p pen/ that boy/..p b../ that man /..p m../
Word-final /d/ become voiced bilabial before bilabial consonants /p, b,m/;
good pen /gub pen/
Word-final /t,d/ become velar before velar plosives;
2)the openness of the mouth
close vowels: [i:] [i] [u:] and [u]; semi-close vowels: [e] and [3;] semi-open vowels: [ə] and [Չ:] open vowels: [æ] [a] [] [Չ ]
live bird v ß
Word-final /l/ is non-velarised if followed by an initial vowel;
fill it
Word-final /t/ become bilabial before bilabial consonants /p, b,m/;

英语语言学 Chapter 2(2) phonetics

Word-final /s,z/ become palato-alveolar before palato-alveolar fricatives and the palatal frictionless continuant/; This ship This year has she those young men
1) the position of the tongue in the mouth Front vowels are the ones in the production of which the front part of the tongue is raised the highest such as [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a].
Phonology and phonetics
Phonetics is general, classificatory and descriptive Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Give the following phonetic symbols: Voiced palatal affricate
Voiceless labiodental fricative
Voiced alveolar stop Front close short Voiced bilabial stop
Word-final /d/ becomes a nasal before a nasal, at the place of articulation of the nasal; Word-final /v/ becomes a nasal before a nasal; Word-final lenis fricatives become fortis before an initial fortis consonant;

语言学第二章

《Summary》特刊语言学第二章总结编辑：孙波任冲校对：汪燕华老师康亮亮一、Phonetics 语音学1、definition：Studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.研究语音是如何产生，传递和感知。

2、Articulatory Phonetics、Acoustic Phonetics、Perceptual Phonetics发音语言学、声学语言学、感知语言学3、二、Phonology 音系学the study of the sound patterns and sound systems languages 研究语音模式和语音系统三、Voiceless & Voiced Sounds 清音和浊音1、Voiceless sounds：The sounds produced without causing vibration of the vocal cords. 在发音过程中，发音时声带不振动。

2、Voiced sounds：The sounds produced with causing vibration of the vocal cords. 在发音过程中，发音时声带振动。

四、Consonants & vowels 辅音和元音1、Consonants：sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞所发出的音。

2、Vowels：sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 发音时，声道不受到任何压缩或阻碍，因此不会有气流的紊乱或停滞所发出的音。

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• Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: • how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. • Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
• [t] and [d] are thus important sounds in English, because they enable us to distinguish tin and din, tie and die, and many more word pairs. • Similarly, [f] and [d] can be shown to be important units too, because they distinguish between fish and dish, fine and dine and many other pairs.
Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics: Speech Sounds
• Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Many languages in the world today are both written and spoken. • Language is first perceived through its sounds. Thus the study of sounds is of great importance in linguistics. Naturally, linguists are not interested in all sounds; they are concerned only with those sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication.
• A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain pholophone: different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of the phoneme • Phone(音素）: phonetic unit or segment
• Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. • i.e. A front vowel is one in the production of which the front part of the tongue maintains the highest position • English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.
• In minimal pairs, we can always identify two ―key‖ sound segments that semantically distinguish one word from the other, the two key sounds are therefore ―contrastive‖ in meaning. They are in contrastive distribution. • The two sounds are functioning in language by distinguishing meaning, because the replacement of one with the other will result in meaning change.
Speech sounds
• These sounds are limited in number. This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language, and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds（言语语音）.
Classification of English speech sounds
English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: • Vowels • Consonants • Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.
• For instance, the word tin in English consists of three separate sounds, each of which can be given a symbol in a phonetic transcription, [tin]. If we replace [t] by [d], a different word results: din.
Phonology: Sound Patterns
• Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language -- the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and focus.
• For example, when we pronounce the two words peak and speak, we are aware that the sound [p] is pronounced differently. • In the word peak, the [p] sound is pronounced with a strong puff of air stream; but the same stop sound is pronounced slightly differently in the word speak; the puff of air is withheld a little.
These three branches of phonetics
• articulatory phonetics （发音语音学） • it studies the sounds from the speaker's point of view, i.e. How a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. • auditory phonetics（听觉语音学） • It looks at the sounds from the hearer's point of view, i.e. How the sounds are perceived by the hearer. • acoustic phonetics（声学语音学） • It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
Minimal pairs (最小对立体）
• Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word.